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Title: Analysis and comparison of boxing styles of elite amateur boxers from Cuba and Kazakhstan Objectives: The main goal of this thesis was to find out whether the frequency of use of punching techniques and the distance from which these punching techniques are used are statistically significant for the style of two the most successful countries in amateur boxing. The countries were compared in the use and success of the strikes and compared to their preference for long or medium combat distance. Methods: The method of quantitative observation was used, in which data was obtained by watching video recordings. Part of the matches was evaluated by recording the results manually on paper, the other part in the BORIS program. All data was then transcribed into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, where it was also processed. The source for the data were publicly available video recordings from top competitions in 2010-2020. Results: Differences between countries in the monitored indicators are insignificant and boxing styles do not differ much. In the frequency of the use of striking techniques between the rounds, a significant difference was found only between the first and second round of the Kazakhs. In the case of determining the preference for long and medium distance combat between the rounds, there...

ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, tablas Los barrenadores del género Diatraea causan daños considerables a los cultivos de caña en las regiones productoras de panela en Colombia. Debido a la amplia distribución de la especie Diatraea saccharalis y la variación geográfica de la composición de su feromona sexual, el objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender el comportamiento sexual y el éxito reproductivo de Diatraea saccharalis. Se evaluó el comportamiento de llamado de hembras vírgenes de uno, dos y tres días y el comportamiento de cópula y éxito reproductivo de adultos vírgenes de uno y dos días, bajo condiciones controladas de temperatura y humedad relativa (25 ± 2 ° C y 60 ± 10% de HR) y fotoperíodo. 12h (D): 12h (L), en el laboratorio de entomología de Agrosavia ubicado en Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia). El comportamiento de llamado se evidenció desde la quinta hasta la undécima hora de escotofase, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las edades. La duración del llamado varió en rangos entre 30 y 210 minutos. El inicio de la cópula fue a partir de la sexta hora y permaneció hasta la décima hora, con una duración entre 60 y 120 minutos. El 100% de las parejas copulan solo una vez. El porcentaje de eclosión de los huevos fue del 71,2%. La supervivencia del estado larval fue del 81,2%, pupa del 81,2% y adultos del 97,4%. (Texto tomado de la fuente). Borers of Diatraea genus cause considerable damage to cane crops in colombian panela (non-centrifugal cane sugar) producing regions. Due to the wide distribution of the species Diatraea saccharalis and the geographical variation of the composition of its sex pheromone, the aim of this work was to understand the sexual behavior and the reproductive success of Diatraea saccharalis. Virgin females of one and two days old calling behavior and virgin adults of one day old copula behavior and reproductive success, were evaluated under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity (25 ± 2 °C, and 60 ± 10% of RH) and photoperiod 12h(D):12h(L), in Agrosavia C.I. Tibaitatá Entomological Laboratory located in Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia).Calling behavior was evidenced from the fifth to eleventh hour of scotophase, there were no statistically differences between the ages. Calling duration varied in ranges between 30 and 210 minutes, althougth there wasn´t statistically diference between traitments, The mating beginning was from the sixth hour and remained until the tenth hour with a duration between 60 and 120 minutes. 100% of couples copulate only once. The eggs hatching percentage was 71.2%. Survival of the larval stage was 81.2%, pupa 81.2% and adults 97.4%. New studies will be carried out to know colombian populations borer sexual pheromone composition. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - Agrosavia Estrategias de manejo integrado de plagas y enfermedades asociadas a cultivos de caña de azúcar en regiones productoras de panela en Colombia Incluye anexos Maestría Magíster en Ciencias Agrarias Entomología Ciencias Agronómicas

The thesis deals with the issue of intensive livestock farming. Literary review describes the definition of the term, the historical development of meat consumption including the development of livestock farming and the current legislative framework of the issue. Furthermore, the negative impact of intensive farming on the environment, human health and livestock itself is discussed. The ethical level of the topic and possible existing alternatives are also outlined. The research part analyzes the results of the research based on the application of the methodology of the field research, the methodology of observation using the ethogram, the methodology of statistical evaluation and the comparative methodology. There are described and compared behaviors in intensive and alternative cow and hen breeding in different seasons of the year. Based on the results, the fulfillment of the ethological needs of farmed animals and their welfare are assessed. The evaluation of the results confirms the hypothesis that intensive breeding of dairy cows and laying hens does not meet the ethological needs of farmed animals.

This thesis Sheep vital manifestation assessment contains evaluation of annual etological observation of sheep flock which took place on the pastures near the village Líšná. Each season was described and collected data from the observation in etogram form were analyzed and transformed into clear graphs and charts. Total lenght of obser-vation was 145 hours and 15 minutes. There were observed these daily activities in the flock: grazing, laying and chewing, locomotion, resting, standing and observing, drin-king, comfortable behaviour and mineral lick intake. Within special behaviour which were observed only in particular season was sexual and maternal behaviour. The most frequently observed aktivit in winter was “herding“ with value of 66,61 %, in spring “laying and chewing“ with value of 73,59 %, in summer “grazing“ with value of 49,49 % and in autumn “grazing“ with value of 86,59 % from the total observed time. Further, influence of seasons on each category of behaviour was evaluated. The avarage number of animals performing each behaviour grazing, laying and chewing, locomotion, resting, standing and observing varies depending on the season (p0,05). The avarage number of animals performing comfortable behaviour did not differ depen-ding on season (p>0,05).

Outra The Cerrado biome is a brazilian hotspot included among the most endangered biomes in the world. The Yellow-faced Parrot (Alipiopsitta xanthops) is one of the parrot species that are suffering with the current alterations on the biome. This species is endemic of the brazilian Cerrado and was once considered probably extinct in the state of São Paulo. Species conservation strategies should consider ex situ and in situ approaches. Therefore, this study intended to enlarge the in situ and ex situ knowledge about the Yellow-face Parrot in the state of São Paulo, aiming to stablish the minimum necessities for the species populations’ management in the remaining habitats in the state, and also provide behavioral information for the species in order to enable the in situ and ex situ management of the species. The in situ studies of the population were made at the municipality of Rifaina, northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, selected after ecological niche modeling results. The fieldwork comprised two field trips of ten days each. Active searches for the species were conducted on the region and the behavioral records were made using the Ad libitum method. The initial ex situ data collection for the species was based on a survey intended to animal-keeper institutions in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The ex situ behavioral studies were conducted on three animalkeeper institutions in the state of São Paulo, using the Ad libitum method followed by the “Focal Animal” method for quantification. A new occurrence area of the species was identified in the state of São Paulo, and behavioral, populational and dietary information were provided, including the use of anthropized areas for the species. In view of this new area of occurrence for the species and its use of anthropized areas, conservation actions become necessary in order to maintain the minimal conditions for the population maintenance in the region. Considering the ex situ data obtained, reproductive behaviors were recorded in captive animals despite the few occurrences of these behaviors reported by the keeper institutions. This fact, in addition to the record of normal behaviors for the group, elect the species as able to conservation strategies focused on captivity reproduction, in order to maintain backup populations. O Cerrado, hotspot brasileiro, aparece dentre os domínios mais comprometidos do mundo. Dentre as espécies de psitacídeos que vem sofrendo com alterações ocorrentes no cerrado está o papagaio-galego (Alipiopsitta xanthops). Espécie considerada endêmica desse bioma, já foi considerada provavelmente extinta no estado de São Paulo. Ao se elaborar estratégias visando a conservação de espécies, ações que envolvam as vertentes ex situ e in situ devem ser consideradas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esse estudo ampliar o conhecimento sobre A. xanthops in situ e ex situ no estado de São Paulo, buscando conhecer as necessidades mínimas para manutenção de populações nos habitats restantes da espécie no estado, bem como subsidiar informações comportamentais a respeito da espécie que possibilitem o manejo da espécie in situ e ex situ. As observações da população in situ foram realizadas no município de Rifaina nordeste do estado de São Paulo, região elencada a partir de modelagem de nicho ecológico. Essas observações ocorreram em duas campanhas de campo com duração de dez dias cada. Realizou-se busca ativa pela espécie na região e para anotações comportamentais foi utilizado o método Ad libitum. Para obtenção inicial de dados ex situ da espécie utilizou-se um questionário destinado às instituições mantenedoras de fauna do estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais, enquanto que o estudo comportamental ex situ foi realizado em três instituições do estado de São Paulo pelo método Ad libitum seguido de “Animal Focal” para quantificação. Foi identificada uma nova área de ocorrência para a espécie no estado de São Paulo, bem como obtidas informações comportamentais, populacionais, alimentares e observada a utilização de áreas antropizadas no local. A ocorrência da população em região não identificada previamente para espécie, somado ao uso de áreas antrópicas, torna necessárias ações de conservação, visando manter as mínimas condições a manutenção dessa população no local. Considerando a vertente ex situ, a espécie manifesta comportamentos reprodutivos em cativeiro, apesar dos poucos eventos relatados pelas instituições mantenedoras. Esse fato somado a obtenção de comportamentos considerados normais para o grupo, tornam a espécie apta a participar de estratégias de conservação com foco na reprodução em cativeiro, visando a manutenção de populações backoup.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-02T14:50:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana_Walerius2017.pdf: 932754 bytes, checksum: cc0c99130f89646094f3b4fee12e13b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T14:50:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana_Walerius2017.pdf: 932754 bytes, checksum: cc0c99130f89646094f3b4fee12e13b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is considered an important pest of the yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), causing considerable economic losses. Most insects use chemical, visual, or acoustic signals in interspecific communication. Sex pheromones are the main signals involved in mating behavior. In this sense, this work aimed to describe the mating behavior of G. spegazziniana, to verify the attractiveness between males and females in Y olfactometer bioassays, and to identify the sex pheromone of this species. To describe the mating behavior virgin couples were placed in cages containing a yerba mate seedling. The insect behavior during the photophase and scotophase was observed. For behavioral tests in Y-olfactometer, virgin males or virgin females and a branch of yerba mate were used as odor source. To verify the presence of a sexual pheromone, body extracts of virgin males or virgin females were obtained and were analyzed by using gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Mating occurred only during the photophase, in the scotophase the couples remained immobile in the abaxial surface of the leaves. The mating sequence showed that the female walks on the new leaves and the male goes to meet her, standing face to face with her. After a brief antennal touch between the couple, the male turns the abdomen and attaches to the female. As a result of Y olfactometer bioassays, males and females were attracted to females in the olfactometer but were not attracted to males, suggesting a presence of volatiles released by females for sexual attraction. There was a presence of a single female-specific compound, identified as 2-nonadecanone, that may act as sex pheromone.The results suggest that G. spegazziniana females release sex pheromone to attract males for mating. The compounds released by the females can interact with the volatiles emitted by the yerba mate, resulting in the attractiveness of G. spegazziniana males. Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) é um psílideo considerado uma das principais pragas da cultura da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis), causando grandes prejuízos econômicos. A maioria dos insetos utiliza sinais químicos, visuais ou acústicos na comunicação interespecífica. Os feromônios sexuais são os principais sinais envolvidos no acasalamento. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o comportamento de acasalamento de G. spegazziniana, verificar a atratividade entre machos e fêmeas em bioensaios com olfatômetro em Y e identificar o feromônio sexual da espécie. Para a descrição do acasalamento, casais virgens foram colocados em gaiolas contendo uma muda de erva-mate. Foi observado o comportamento dos casais durante a fotofase e escotofase. Para os ensaios de atratividade em olfatômetro em Y, foram utilizados insetos vivos (machos e fêmeas virgens) e um ramo de erva-mate como fonte de odor. Para analisar a presença do feromônio sexual foram feitos extratos do corpo de machos e fêmeas virgens, que foram analisados em cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado à espectrômetro de massas (CG-MS). Foi verificado que a cópula ocorreu somente durante a fotofase, sendo que na escotofase os casais permaneciam imóveis na parte abaxial da folhas. A sequência de acasalamento demonstrou que a fêmea caminha principalmente pela brotação e o macho vai ao seu encontro, ficando frente a frente com a mesma; após um breve toque de antenas entre o casal, o macho vira o abdome e rapidamente ocorre a cópula. Nos bioensaios de atratividade, machos e fêmeas foram atraídos para fêmeas vivas no olfatômetro, porém não foram atraídos para machos vivos, o que sugere a presença de voláteis liberados pelas fêmeas para atração sexual. Foi constatada a presença de um composto fêmea-específico, identificado como 2-nonadecanona, com o possível papel de feromônio sexual. De acordo com os resultados, sugere-se que as fêmeas de G. spegazziniana liberam feromônios sexuais para atrair machos para o acasalamento. Os compostos liberados pelas fêmeas podem interagir com os voláteis emitidos pela erva-mate, resultando na atratividade dos machos de G. spegazziniana.

The thesis deals with the domesticated pig. It involves it's history, ethological needs, expressions of intelligence and pathological phenomena when the animal's needs are not met. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the two basic methods of breeding of this farm animal, i.e. conventional breeding and ecological breeding. In order for the animal expressions in different methods of breeding to be compared, ethological observations were conducted and recorded in conventional breeding, ecological breeding and also in free-range breeding, where the conditions are most similar to those of wild boars. The observations are then compared and it is established, how well were the ethological needs of pigs met in each of the variety of breeding methods.

Outra The Lear's Macaw (Anodorhyncus leari) is an endemic parrot of northeastern Bahia state, classified as endangered mainly due to the destruction of their habitats and wildlife trade. It was recently discovered in the wild, and few studies are known for this species. Understanding behavioral patterns of species threatened by extinction is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Here we describe the behavioral repertoire of a group of this species maintained by the São Paulo Zoological Park Foundation. We carried out observations between October 2014 and February 2015, totaling 348 hours of sampling effort through ad libitum continuous record, in two different environmental conditions, both in in pairs and in flock. We described 60 behavioral states, grouped in categories maintenance, locomotion, feeding, social, stereotyped, reproductive and alert. We also found five patterns of vocalization (alarm, contact, cohesion, reproduction and imitation). Most of the behaviors described for other species is also reported here to A. leari, more similar to A. hyacinthinus. We discuss the differences in order to contribute to the formulation of a behavioral profile for this species, and with information that may assist in maintaining normal behavior in captivity. A arara-azul-de-lear (Anodorhyncus leari) é um psitacídeo endêmico da caatinga do nordeste do estado da Bahia, classificada como em perigo de extinção em decorrência principalmente da destruição do seu habitat e do tráfico de animais silvestres. Foi descoberta na natureza a relativamente pouco tempo, sendo escassos estudos sobre a espécie. A compreensão de padrões comportamentais de espécies ameaçadas é fundamental para a elaboração de estratégias conservacionistas eficientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento do repertório comportamental de um grupo de indivíduos da espécie mantidos pela Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. As observações ocorreram entre outubro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2016, totalizando 348 horas de esforço amostral através de amostragem ad libitum de registro contínuo com caráter qualitativo em duas condições ambientais distintas, tanto na manutenção dos indivíduos em pares quanto em bando, resultando na descrição de 60 condutas comportamentais dentro das categorias manutenção, locomoção, alimentação, social, estereotipado, reprodutivo e alerta, além de cinco padrões de vocalização (alarme, contato, coesão, reprodução e imitação). A maioria dos comportamentos descritos para outras espécies é relatada para A. leari, com maior semelhança com A. hyacinthinus. Porém as diferenças são discutidas com o objetivo de contribuir com a formulação de um perfil comportamental para a espécie e com informações que possam auxiliar na manutenção de comportamentos naturais em cativeiro.

This thesis deals with monitoring of two raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) by camera traps at Prague minizoo Malá Chuchle in the period from February to May 2016. Activity and behaviour of both raccoon dogs is presented by charts and diagraphs for better understanding. Overview of Canidae family, its description and area, is included in this thesis. KEYWORDS racoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, activity, ethogramm, camera trap

Aggressive behavior is important for social insects because it makes possible for the colony to defend itself and the offspring from the action of invasive species. We studied the recognition and aggressiveness of the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel) to co-specific workers from other nest and heterospecific workers of Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans Santschi, Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Forel) and Acromyrmex niger (Smith); and queens of their social parasite Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares and Della Lucia. Workers of other species were placed in contact with those of A. subterraneus subterraneus for three minutes and during this period the behavioral interactions were quantified. The aggressiveness index (AI) for each agonistic encounter was obtained. Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus workers exhibited greater aggressiveness against heterospecific than against conspecific competitors. Aggressiveness is connected to differences in the chemical profiles, which are larger in heterospecifics colonies.

The aim of this thesis is to create an educational programme for teaching ethology at grammar schools, in which theoretical knowledge will be directly linked with practical activities. To fulfil the goals of this ethological educational programme there is used the creation of ethograms.The whole educational programme is divided into three parts. In the first part pupils are acquainted with the theory of ethology and individual types of animal behaviour and also with the principles of direct observation of animals, the creation of ethological records and their evaluation. In the second part pupils observe directly a chosen animal in zoological gardens or similar institutions and on the basis of their obtained theoretical knowledge they describe its behaviour to previously prepared forms. In the third part pupils create ethograms of vertebrates based on the gained data, which are part of an expert seminar paper in a form of an expert text, a power-point presentation or a poster. In these papers pupils keep the basic format and content rules for ethogram creation.To determine the suitability, adequacy and benefits of this educational programme there is used the evaluation of the output papers created by pupils, a questionnaire and the findings acquired from the realization of the whole programme. The...

Tema diplomske naloge je bila preučiti reproduktivno in agresivno vedenje hišnega murna (Acheta domesticus). Preučevali smo odrasle murne gojene v terariju, ki smo jih pred opazovanjem vedenja izolirali in namestili v manjše terarije. Opazovali smo reproduktivno vedenje samca in samice ter agresivno vedenje dveh samcev. Izdelali smo kataloga vedenjskih vzorcev za vsako vedenje posebej in izdelali etograme. Izkazalo se je, da je reproduktivno vedenje zelo stereotipno in da si vedenjski vzorci sledijo v določenem zaporedju. Začne se s samčevim pozivnim napevom, sledi srečanje samca in samice z dotikom anten. Nato se pozivni napev spremeni v napev dvorjenja, ki vodi v parjenje. Po parjenju samec varuje samico, ko le–ta leže jajčeca. Tudi agresivno vedenje je stereotipno in se začne s klicanjem enega izmed samcev. Samca se prepoznata z dotikom anten, sledi pretep, ki traja, dokler se eden izmed samcev ne umakne. Pri agresivnem vedenju so tekom borbe prisotni različni vedenjski vzorci, njihova prisotnost in intenziteta pa je odvisna od agresivnosti oziroma dominantnosti osebkov. Opazili smo mečevanje z antenami, razpiranje mandibul, grizenje, dvigovanje telesa v grozilno pozo, brcanje, zaletavanje z glavama. Po končani borbi je vedno sledil še pregon poraženega in agresivni napev dominantnega. The diploma thesis studies the reproductive and aggressive behaviour of the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). We examined the grown up crickets, bred in terrarium and transferred into smaller terrariums when observed. We took into consideration the reproductive male and female behaviour as well as the aggressive behaviour of two males. Consequently two behaviour pattern catalogues dealing with each behaviour pattern separately as well as the etograms were designed. It turned out that the reproductive behaviour was a stereotype and that behaviour patterns followed each other in a certain order. It all starts with the male's calling song, followed by the female and male encounter with the touch of the antennae. Then the calling song changes into the courting song which leads to mating. After mating the male protects the female in order to lay eggs. The aggressive behaviour is a stereotype as well and it starts with calling one of the males. They detect each other by antennae, then they fight until one of them withdraws. During the fight one can notice different behaviour patterns. Their presence and intensity depends on the aggression and dominance of the subjects. We noticed fencing with antennae, opening of the mandibles, biting, body lifting into a threatening posture, kicking, bumping into each other’s heads. After the fight one can always notice the persecution of the defeated and hear the dominant’s aggressive song.

Ponašanje afričkog lava (Panthera leo leo) u zatočeništvu

Osam jedinki vrste dinarskog voluhara promatrano je u zatočeništvu u različitim životnim razdobljima u periodu od 10 mjeseci. Cilj istraživanja bio je sastaviti etogram, popis svih uočenih ponašanja dinarskog voluhara u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Ponašanja su izravno za vrijeme opažanja bilježena opisom riječima i njihovim skiciranjem u dnevniku opažanja te su snimana videokamerom. Analizom zabilježenog u dnevnik i na snimkama videokamere napravljen je etogram gdje su opisanim ponašanjima priložene i odgovarajuće fotografije. Popisano je 58 ponašanja koja su grupirana u dvije cjeline, 10 kategorija i tri potkategorije. Eight specimens of the Martino`s vole were observed in captivity during different age periods through 10 months. The goal of the research was to make an ethogram, a list of all observable behaviours of the Martino`s vole in laboratory conditions. Behaviours were directly noted by verbal description and drawing into the laboratory notebook and recorded with digital video camera. The ethogram was made by analysing the notes and the video camera recordings, and it consists of behaviour descriptions and photographs. There were 58 behaviours listed and they were grouped in two wholes with 10 categories and tree subcategories.

This study investigates a dominance hierarchy in a male group of ruffed lemurs (Varecia spp.). I introduce a new method of data processing in unstable and inconsistent dominance hierarchy. Data were collected in the Ostrava ZOO during 30 days in the summer of 2009 and 28 days in the of winter 2010. The results demonstrate unusual structure in the sequences of agonistic interactions. The lemur group exhibited unstable and inconsistent dominance hierarchy with a low level of linearity. It appears that dominance hierarchy in ruffed lemurs is based on their social role in the family group and not on agonistic interactions.

Četiri jedinke malog indijskog munga u zatočeništvu promatrane su u različito životno doba. Cilj istraživanja bio je sastaviti etogram, popis svih uočenih ponašanja malog indijskog munga u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Promatranje su istovremeno provodila dva opažača. Ponašanja su izravno za vrijeme opažanja bilježena opisom riječima i crtežom u laboratorijski dnevnik te snimana videokamerom. Analizom zabilježenog u dnevnik i na snimci videokamere napravljen je etogram gdje su ponašanja opisana i prikazana fotografijom. Popisana su 72 ponašanja, koja su grupirana u dvije cjeline, deset kategorija i sedam podkategorija.

Mali indijski mungo unesen je na mnoga mjesta i otoke kako bi kontrolirao štakore i zmije otrovnice. Nedugo nakon toga i sam je postao štetočina, uzrokujući izumiranje lokalne faune. Godine 1910. donesen je i na dalmatinski otok Mljet i nakon toga i na otoke Korčulu, Hvar, Čiovo i poluotok Pelješac. Cilj istraživanja bio je napraviti etogram, popis svih uočenih ponašanja malog indijskog munga na otoku Korčuli, na odlagalištu otpada «Kokojevica», gdje se zbog uvijek i lako dostupne hrane, velik broj jedinki nalazi na malom prostoru. Istraživanje je provedeno tokom lipnja 2003. i lipnja 2004. godine. Popisano je 50 različitih ponašanja, koja su grupirana u kategorije koje označavaju svrhu određenog ponašanja.

Domestikacija je proces u kome su se životinje prilagodile čovjeku i okolišu. Kada su smještene u okoliš koji je fizički sličan staništu njihovih predaka, bihevioralna i fiziološka prilagodba se postiže brzo. Okoliš uvjetuje vladanje jer je ono oblikovano evolucijom tako da su životinje sposobne podnijeti varijabilnost okoliša. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je prikazati dio etograma tj. opisati ispoljena vladanja nerasta na farmi jer razumijevanje vladanja daje važnu informaciju kako sa životinjama najbolje postupati i unaprijed spriječiti moguće probleme. Promatrano je vladanje 32 nerasta u okolišu tipičnom za farmski uzgoj. Nerasti su bili smješteni pojedinačno u bokseve s ispustima, koji su bili odjeljeni betonskim zidom, odnosno rešetkastom ogradom. Svaki boks imao je hranilicu i pojilicu. Vladanje svakog nerasta bilo je promatrano po 3 sata kroz 5 dana (ukupno 15 sati ili 900 minuta), tijekom srpnja i kolovoza. Nerasti su najviše ležali na boku (480 min, 53, 33% vremena promatranja), kraće su stajali (279 min, 31, 00%), ležali na trbuhu (112 min, 12, 44%), a najmanje su vremena proveli hodajući (22 min, 2, 44%) i sjedeći (7 min, 0, 78%). Nerasti su u prosjeku jeli 88 min (9, 78%), pili 23 min (2, 56%), defecirali 1 min (0, 11%), urinirali 4 min (0, 44%), rovali 4 min (0, 44%), njušili 50 min (5, 56%), timarili se 3 min (0, 33%), roktali 65 min (7, 22%), društveno se vladali 32 min (3, 56%), ispoljavali elemente spolnog vladanja 12 min (0, 11%), promatrali okolinu 75 min (8, 33%), ispoljavali stereotipije 36 min (4, 00%) i mirovali 571 min (63, 44%). Nerasti su koristili prostor boksa 251 min (27, 89%) i prostor ispusta 649 min (72, 11%). Sličan popis vladanja opisali su i drugi autori na temelju promatranja svinja u poluprirodnom okolišu, no razlike postoje u trajanju pojedinih vladanja. Kod nerasta u boksu dominantan je položaj ležanje na boku, dok se svinje istraživane u poluprirodnom okolišu više kreću. Ležanje na boku vezano je uz mirovanje i može biti pokazatelj apatije ili potrebe da se rashlade. Ležanje na trbuhu i sjedenje predstavljali su prijelazne položaje. Nerasti su relativno dugo stajali jer su u tom polažaju obavljali većinu funkcionalnih vladanja. Najviše vremena nerasti su ležali zatvorenih očiju i nisu reagirali na nikakve podražaje u okolini. Hranu dobivaju ujutro, pa se može smatrati da su jeli kratko što je u suglasju sa spoznajama o dugim fazama neaktivnosti kod svinja hranjenih smjesom. Uz vladanje jela vezano je prethodno kratkotrajno njušenje i rovanje, koje u prirodi znatno duže traje. Takvo vladanje pokazatelj je neatraktivnosti ponuđene hrane. Pijenje, uriniranje i defeciranje su vladanja koja su se javljala fragmentarno. Nerasti međusobno kontaktiraju kroz ogradu i reagiraju na vladanje drugog nerasta istim vladanjem. Glasanje se razlikuje po glasnoći i trajanju, a odraz je stanja životinje. Malo korišteni nerasti su ispoljavali oblike spolnog vladanja, za razliku od onih koji su bili korišteni češće. Samotimarenje su nerasti kratkotrajno ispoljavali. Stereotipije su bile malobrojne. Nerasti su znatno više vremena provodili u ispustu nego u boksu, što je posljedica mikroklimatskih uvjeta. Osiromašeni okoliš boksa utječe na dio etograma nerasta time što smanjuje trajanje vladanja zanimanja za okolinu, a povećava trajanje mirovanja i ležanja. U ovom istraživanju broj ispoljenih vladanja odgovara repertoaru vladanja svinja iz drugih istraživanja, pa se može zaključiti da životinja pronalazi stimulanse sama kako bi ispoljila vladanja potrebna za održavanje homeostaze.