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Millions of tons of fish are filleted each year, and a significant portion of unwanted carcasses is discarded worldwide. An alternative approach to use these materials is through hydrolysis reactions, which allow for the production of compounds with modified technological properties such as solubility, emulsification capacity, foam formation ability, and viscosity. In addition, they may exhibit different biological activities with beneficial effects such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticarcinogenic, lipid profile-lowering, and neuroprotective properties. Thus, these compounds can be included in food formulations as promising adjuncts in treatments, with health benefits to consumers. This study discussed the different enzymatic hydrolyses used in the treatment of fish waste and evaluate the compounds and their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are organisms whose biomass contains different biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, pigments, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds, with numerous industrial applications, highlighting the food, nutritional, cosmetic, pharmacological, and biofuel segments. However, access to these biomolecules in an integrated manner is often hampered due to the structural rigidity of their cell wall, requiring the application of a pre-treatment that promotes cell lysis. Various cell rupture techniques applied to microalgae biomass have been reported. These methods can be mechanical, especially ball milling techniques and high-pressure homogenization (HPH), or non-mechanical, such as chemical, thermal, and enzymatic procedures, each with advantages and disadvantages. Thus, this review addressed the different methods of cell disruption, listing their advantages and disadvantages, applications in cell biomass, and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of inoculum (mature compost) was assessed in an aerobic system for the rapid degradation of organic solid waste, with a focus on the release of reducing sugars. Isothermal (35 and 55 °C) and non-isothermal (35-55°C) treatments were conducted. Key indicators, including the rate of oxygen consumption (O2) and carbon dioxide production (CO2), were measured to assess microbial activity. Additionally, the concentration of reducing sugars, pH, enzymatic activity, and the presence of pathogens were evaluated. Treatments with inoculum at 35 °C and without inoculum at 55°C exhibited an increase in oxygen consumption and CO2 production, indicating heightened microbial activity and, consequently, greater mineralization of organic matter. The treatment without inoculum at 35-55 °C presented the highest concentration of reducing sugars (160 mg/g dry weight), suggesting its potential as a pretreatment for bioconversion processes aimed at generating value-added products. At a temperature of 55°C, there was a reduction of 84.4, 87.28, and 67.33% in the concentrations of fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and parasites, respectively. This result suggests that elevated temperature contributes to the effectiveness of pathogen elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El suelo es impactado por diversas actividades antropogénicas, como la minería, la agricultura y la ganadería, lo que afecta negativamente a la biodiversidad y la seguridad alimentaria debido a la contaminación. La actividad enzimática representa uno de los indicadores más importantes del estado del suelo. Además, permite realizar procesos de biorremediación y restauración, sin generar residuos. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la información bibliográfica disponible sobre los principales métodos para determinar la actividad enzimática en suelos contaminados, en los portales de SciELO, Redalyc, Google Académico y Dialnet. En este trabajo fueron seleccionadas cuatro enzimas fundamentales. La ureasa, una de las enzimas involucradas en el ciclo de nitrógeno, además de participar en la hidrólisis de carbono, se determina por método descrito por Tabatabai y Bremmer. Las β-glucosidasas actúan en la hidrólisis de carbohidratos y son consideradas indicadores del metabolismo; el método aplicado es la colorimetría. Las fosfatasas se encargan de la hidrólisis de ésteres para la disponibilidad de microorganismos y se determinan mediante el método espectrofotométrico. Por último, las catalasas sirven como indicador de la actividad microbiana aeróbica, y se determinan mediante el método de Johnson y Temple. Estos métodos son ampliamente utilizados y aportan valiosa información sobre la actividad enzimática en el suelo. Presentan también algunas limitaciones, principalmente por influencia de los factores ambientales. Esto sugiere la necesidad de realizar un mayor desarrollo investigativo para superar las limitaciones actuales y lograr una mayor precisión en la medición de la actividad enzimática en suelos contaminados.

Uno de los principales objetivos de la extracción de ADN es obtener material con alta pureza y en cantidad suficiente. Se han reportado métodos para aislar ADN total a partir de tejido foliar de Phaseolus vulgaris. Sin embargo, la alta variabilidad genética, la cual se manifiesta en diferentes capacidades de acumulación de carbohidratos y compuestos fenólicos, dificulta los procesos de extracción de ADN. En el presente estudio se evaluó la eficiencia de extracción de ADN foliar de dos métodos basados en el uso de CTAB. Se usaron dos métodos: método 1, el cual incluyó el uso de Proteinasa K y RNAsa y el método 2, sin las enzimas. El método 1, permitió obtener entre 115.55 y 1138.23 ng/μL de ADN, en cambio el método 2, permitió obtener mayor cantidad de ADN, entre 354.90 y 2513.10 ng/μL. La amplificación por PCR de marcadores ISTR generó bandas mejor resueltas en las muestras de ADN obtenidas con el método 2 que con el método 1. El método 2 es efectivo y económico para obtener ADN en cantidad y calidad adecuadas de genotipos silvestres de P. vulgaris, que puede ser usado en estudios moleculares. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v18i1.1374

El valle de Cuatrociénegas posee una importante reserva ecológica compuesta por diversas pozas y dunas ricas en sales de calcio y magnesio. La biocenosis perteneciente al valle presenta un alto nivel de endemismo y biodiversidad. Esta diversidad microbiana es de interés biotecnológico debido a los diversos mecanismos metabólicos que emplean estos microorganismos para adaptarse y crecer en las condiciones desérticas extremas. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar fisiológica y molecularmente una bacteria aislada de una poza de Cuatrociénegas, conocer su capacidad enzimática y determinar su potencial biotecnológico. Se caracterizó morfológicamente, se determinaron crecimientos óptimos de pH, temperatura y concentraciones de sales; se estudió su capacidad enzimática y producción de metabolitos por HPLC; se identificó por la técnica de reacción de la polimerasa (PCR); se realizó la separación de proteínas mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida (1D SDS-PAGE), y una búsqueda de enzimas. El análisis por PCR indicó que corresponde a Microbacterium paraoxydans. Es un bacilo Gram positivo, con pigmentación amarilla. Creció en un amplio rango de temperaturas (15 a 37 °C), de pH (5 a 9), y concentraciones de sales de hasta 5%, se considera halófila moderada. Fermentó glucosa, sacarosa y manitol; positiva para la enzima lisina descarboxilasa. El cromatograma del HPLC mostró dos señales, que corresponden al ácido pirúvico y/o ácido cítrico y un carotenoide. El gel 1D SDS-PAGE mostró bandas proteicas con pesos moleculares de 20 a 250 kDa. Estos microorganismos producen diversos metabolitos con potencial para el desarrollo de nuevos bioproductos o bioprocesos.

RESUMO: As microalgas são organismos cuja biomassa possui biomoléculas abundantes como carboidratos, lipídeos, proteínas, pigmentos, vitaminas, minerais e compostos antioxidantes, com inúmeras aplicações industriais com destaque para os segmentos de alimentos, nutricional, farmacológico, cosmético e de energia, na produção de biocombustíveis. Entretanto, o acesso de forma integra a essas biomoléculas pode ser dificultado pela rigidez estrutural de sua parede celular, sendo necessário a aplicação de um pré-tratamento que promova a lise celular. As diferentes técnicas de ruptura celular aplicáveis à biomassa microalgal descritas na literatura podem ser de natureza mecânica, com destaque para as técnicas de moagem em moinho de bolas e homogeneização à alta pressão (HAP) ou não mecânica (química, térmica e enzimática), cada uma com vantagens e desvantagens. Assim, o objetivo da presente revisão narrativa é descrever o uso de diferentes métodos para o rompimento de células de microalgas, com suas vantagens, desvantagens e seus desafios.

can cause contamination in body of water or leachate when disposed of in landfills. These residues, such as the shells of some fruits, are very rich in pectin, which cannot be easily fermented by yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, a search is made for bacteria and fungi that possess this metabolic machinery, in a database built from their nucleotide sequences in a Megablastn, with the DNAsp, Mega, and Jalview software. The isomerase pathway of 4 microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Erwinia carotova, Dickeya dadantii, was selected in order to understand the genetic variability. It was obtained that UxaA presented more significant variability in the isomerase pathway. Each UxaA enzyme was modeled by structure predictors. The global protein alignment relationship was found respect to the phylogenetic distance. The isomerase routes of two saprophytic microorganisms Erwinia carotova and Dickeya dadantii are proposed as possible solutions to transfect Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fermentative alternative to these agro-industrial residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar (BC) is presented as an amendment based on biomass pyrolysis residue that promotes an increase in the amount of beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal communities and the quantity of elemental nutrients for plant fertility; in addition, by its characteristics, it provides recalcitrant carbon, generates physicochemical changes, such as an increase in pH, increase in water retention in soil and cation exchange capacity. Most studies about BC focus on evaluating the results in physicochemical variables into soils, however, few studies show and explain reasons because BC increases beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal communities to plant growth, for this reason is necessary to selectively analysis to define the mechanisms between BC and microorganisms. This review examines publications of the last 12 years of research on BC in different databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springerlink, SciELO, Google Scholar), focusing on the years (2020-2022), to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that let the interaction between BC-soil microbial communities and its benefits as an agricultural amendment. An accepted hypothesis is the high porosity into BC that serves as a “microhabitat” since it allows ideal conditions of space, temperature, humidity, air, and food growing levels of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungus involved in the solubilization of nutrients such as N, P and K increasing the exo-enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease between others improving soil fertility and plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los mejores suelos agrícolas de Venezuela se encuentran en la cuenca del lago Valencia, pero lamentablemente por diversas razones, como el uso de aguas grises recicladas con o sin tratamiento de origen urbano e industrial, han sido objeto de acelerados procesos de degradación. Detectar las causas del deterioro del suelo en etapas tempranas con indicadores bioquímicos permitirá aplicar medidas correctivas oportunas. En este trabajo se adoptaron tres herramientas de medición adecuadas con los siguientes índices matemáticos: índice de alteración (AI3), media geométrica enzimática y área de diagrama de radar. Se evaluó la calidad de los suelos aluviales y lacustres de la cuenca del lago Valencia cultivados con caña de azúcar y plátano. El cálculo de los índices se basó en las determinaciones de deshidrogenasa, amonif icación de arginina, fosfomonoesterasa ácida, actividades de fosfomonoesterasa alcalina, β-glucosidasa, ureasa y proteasa. Los índices de calidad estimados mostraron que el uso agrícola provoca una alteración del equilibrio natural, siendo el orden: vegetación natural > caña de azúcar > plátano. El índice de alteración (AI3) y la media geométrica de la enzima (MGe) se correlacionaron significativamente con el cociente de eficiencia metabólica. Los gráficos de radar para cada tipo de suelo (lacustre y aluvial) bajo ambos tipos de uso de la tierra (caña de azúcar y plátano) confirmaron los resultados de los otros índices. Los suelos sembrados con ambos cultivos mostraron una calidad inferior en comparación con los suelos de referencia bajo vegetación nativa. vegetación natural > caña de azúcar > plátano. El índice de alteración (AI3) y la media geométrica de la enzima (MGe) se correlacionaron significativamente con el cociente de eficiencia metabólica. Los gráficos de radar para cada tipo de suelo (lacustre y aluvial) bajo ambos tipos de uso de la tierra (caña de azúcar y plátano) confirmaron los resultados de los otros índices. Los suelos sembrados con ambos cultivos mostraron una calidad inferior en comparación con los suelos de referencia bajo vegetación nativa. vegetación natural > caña de azúcar > plátano. El índice de alteración (AI3) y la media geométrica de la enzima (MGe) se correlacionaron significativamente con el cociente de eficiencia metabólica. Los gráficos de radar para cada tipo de suelo (lacustre y aluvial) bajo ambos tipos de uso de la tierra (caña de azúcar y plátano) confirmaron los resultados de los otros índices. Los suelos sembrados con ambos cultivos mostraron una calidad inferior en comparación con los suelos de referencia bajo vegetación nativa.

A inclusão de aditivos na alimentação de frangos de corte tem sido uma estratégia para reduzir os custos de produção, sendo o ponto central das pesquisas na avicultura, uma vez que a alimentação equivale a 70% do custo total de produção. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar uma atualização sobre os benefícios do uso de proteases adicionadas à dieta de frangos de corte e como elas são oportunidades para melhorar variáveis produtivas como desempenho das aves, digestibilidade de nutrientes da ração e parâmetros hismorfométricos intestinais. Além disso, foi destacado que sua inclusão pode aumentar a energia metabolizável aparente e diminuição da proteína que chega ao cólon, que podem gerar síndromes inflamatórias intestinais e levar à diarreia, além de servir de substrato para o crescimento de bactérias patogênicas. Alguns estudos de viabilidade econômica mostraram que, quando manejadas dietas hipoproteicas com adição de protease, se pode ter melhor rentabilidade do que dietas comerciais totalmente balanceadas. Por isso, novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas.

Introdução: O diabetes mellitus é um distúrbio metabólico crônico, caraterizado pelo aumento da concentração de glicose no sangue (hiperglicemia). Óleos essenciais apresentam constituintes que podem auxiliar no controle do diabetes com base em diversos mecanismos de ação (estimulação da produção de insulina, inibição enzimática, entre outros), surgindo como candidatos promissores antidiabéticos. Objetivo: avaliar a composição química e atividade antidiabética in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Algrizea minor e Eugenia brejoensis. Metodologia: Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestilação, caracterizados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionização de chamas (CG-DIC). Os óleos foram avaliados quanto a inibição de α-amilase e α-glicosidase por métodos colorimétricos. Resultados: Foi possível identificar 94,56% da composição química do óleo essencial de A. minor, que apresentou como componentes marjoritários o β-pineno, α-pineno, germacreno, biciclogermacreno, cariofileno e limoneno; e 96,92% da composição química do óleo essencial de E. brejoensis, sendo seus compostos majoritários o (E)-cariofileno, cadineno, Epi-α-muurolol, biciclogermacreno, α-cadinol e espatulenol. Quanto a inibição de α-amilase e α-glicosidase o óleo essencial de A. minor obteve inibição, com valores de CI50 (concentração inibitória média) de 0,83 ± 0,00 μg/mL e 9,12 ± 0,12 μg/mL, para as referidas enzimas respectivamente. O óleo essencial de E. brejoensis também foi capaz de inibir as enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo dos carboidratos, apresentando valores de CI50 de 1,42± 0,02 μg/mL e 37,23± 0,01 μg/mL para α-amilase e α-glucosidase, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os óleos essenciais apresentam a capacidade de inibir enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo dos carboidratos, podendo tornar-se ferramenta terapêutica estratégica para o tratamento do diabetes mellitus.

Resumo A aterosclerose é a causa mais comum de doença cardiovascular em todo o mundo, ela está associada a uma alta incidência de eventos clínicos. O acúmulo de evidências elucidou que os RNAs longos não codificantes (LncRNAs) são uma nova classe de transcritos com papéis críticos nos processos fisiopatológicos da aterosclerose. Nesta revisão, resumimos o progresso recente dos LncRNAs no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Descrevemos principalmente os diversos mecanismos regulatórios dos LncRNAs nos níveis transcricionais e pós-transcricionais. Este estudo pode fornecer informações úteis sobre os LncRNAs como alvos terapêuticos ou biomarcadores para o tratamento da aterosclerose.

Introduction: mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of rare and innate disorders caused by the dysfunction or absence of lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of mucopolysaccharides or also called glycosaminoglycans. Objective: to describe clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of mucopolysaccharidosis. Method: a narrative bibliographic review was carried out, using the synthetic and historical-logical analytical methods, by analyzing the articles retrieved from the SciELO, Scopus and ClinicalKey databases. Filters were used for the selection of articles in English and Spanish languages; as well as articles published in the period 2018 to 2023. A total of 110 references addressing the main clinical epidemiological characteristics of the disease in question were selected. Results: mucopolysaccharidosis generally occurs in 1 in 28,000 live newborns; it is of autosomal recessive inheritance where mucopolysaccharidosis type II has X-linked inheritance. The characteristics of mucopolysaccharidosis are varied due to disseminated organ involvement; among the most visible are short stature, large head, microscopic face, thick lips and eyebrows, large eyes with corneal opacity, developmental or psychomotor delay with progressive neurological involvement. Conclusions: Mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases. In mucopolysaccharidosis an adequate diagnosis is essential to improve the life expectancy of patients. The treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis is based on reducing the progression of the disease with the consequent improvement of the patient's quality of life.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemia). Essential oils have constituents that can help control diabetes based on several mechanisms of action (stimulation of insulin production, enzymatic inhibition, among others), emerging as promising antidiabetic candidates, Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro antidiabetic activity of essential oils from Algrizea minor and Eugenia brejoensis. Methodology: The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The oils were evaluated for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition by colorimetric methods. Results: It was possible to identify 94.56% of the chemical composition of the essential oil of A. minor, which presented as major components β-pinene, α-pinene, germacrene, bicyclogermacrene, caryophyllene, and limonene; and 96.92% of the chemical composition of the essential oil of E. brejoensis, its major compounds being (E)-caryophyllene, cadinene, Epi-α-muurolol, bicyclogermacrene, α-cadinol, and spathulenol. As for the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, the essential oil of A. minor was inhibited, with IC50 values (mean inhibitory concentration) of 0.83±0.00 µg/mL and 9.12±0.12 µg /ml, for said enzymes respectively. The essential oil of E. brejoensis was also able to inhibit enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism, showing IC50 values of 1.42±0.02 µg/mL and 37.23±0.01 µg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Conclusion: Essential oils can inhibit enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism and may become a strategic therapeutic tool for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To identify the enzyme-mediated insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti in Tapachula, Mexico. Materials and methods. Biochemical assays were undertaken to determine the enzyme levels in mosquitoes from 22 sites collected in 2018 and 2020 in Tapachula. Results of 2018 were correlated with the resistance to insecticides published. Results. Mosquitoes had higher levels than those of the susceptible strain in 2018 and 2020 respectively of a-esterases in 15 and 12 sites; ß-esterases in 7 and 6 sites; glutathione-S-transferases in 11 and 19 sites; ρNPA-esterases in 21 and 17 sites; and cytochromes P450 in 20 and 22 sites. In mosquitoes of 2018, there was a moderate correlation between previously documented Malathion resistance ratios and the insensitive acetylcholinesterase (r=0.459, p= 0.03). Conclusions. The elevated enzyme levels found indicate its contribution to the resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates already published in mosquitoes from Tapachula. Bioassays using enzyme inhibitors resulted in greater mortality, confirming that metabolism contributes to resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of phytase and chelated minerals on performance, organs weight and bone mineralization indicators in broiler chickens. 240 male broiler chicken (Cobb 500) were evaluated in three experimental treatments (Basal diet, Basal diet + phytases and with Basal diet + chelated minerals) with 4 replicates (20 birds per replicate). The study was divided into three phases: start, growth and finisher. At the end of each phase, autopsies were performed to weigh the gastrointestinal organs and to evaluate indicators of bone mineralization of the left tibias. Significant differences (p <0.05) were found in the productive performance of chickens in favor of phytase treatment, except in feed intake (p > 0.05). Compared to control animals, the birds with phytase showed a significantly lower relative weight of the pancreas (p <0.05) and a statistically (p <0.05) greater intestine weight. Finally, at 42 days of age, statistical differences were observed in bone density (p < 0.05) and the Seedor index (p < 0.05) in favor of birds supplemented with phytase. Phytase supplementation improved the productive performance, reduced the weight of the pancreas and increased the weight of the intestine, and also increased bone mineralization, being more efficient than chelated minerals with respect to these variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the green harvesting system of sugarcane, a large amount of agricultural harvest residue is produced that can be left as mulch on the soil, removed from the field or incorporated into the profile, depending on the agroecological characteristics of each area. It is important to rapidly decompose the cover crop residue in areas where it is detrimental to sugarcane production. One of the alternatives to accelerate the natural decomposition of the residue is the use of lignocellulolytic fungi. The objective of this work was to isolate autochthonous fungal strains from sugarcane ARH, select and characterize culturally, morphologically and molecularly those with the greatest potential to accelerate the decomposition of the green harvest residue of the sugarcane field. Five autochthonous fungal strains were isolated from fragments of freshly harvested residue. Cellulolytic and ligninolytic activity was evaluated in vitro, using carboxymethylcellulose and guaiacol as substrates, respectively. Strain HR5E3 was the only strain able to decompose cellulose and lignin. This strain was culturally, morphologically and molecularly characterized as Trichocladium pyriforme and produced enzymes of the lignin peroxidase group, polyphenol oxidases and laccases. In solid substrate fermentation bioassays, this strain accelerated the decomposition of the residue by di-auxic growth with glucose. Trichocladium pyriforme HR5E3 could be used as a bioinoculant capable of degrading lignocellulose, and avoid the detrimental effects that the unaltered cover of the agricultural residue could have on the development of sugarcane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universidad Médica Pinareña is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar cambios de la calidad del suelo asociados a la implementación de técnicas de agricultura ecológica (AE) en cafetales bajo diferentes coberturas en San José de Pare, Boyacá. Para el cumplimiento de este objetivo se determinaron cambios en parámetros fisicoquímicos, abundancia de grupos funcionales de microorganismos (solubilizadores de fosfatos, celulolíticos, fijadores de nitrógeno) y actividades enzimáticas (fosfatasa acida y alcalina, β -glucosidasa, ureasa y proteasa). Las muestras de suelo se recolectaron de manera bimensual durante un periodo de diez meses en parcelas con cultivo de café con tres diferentes coberturas: plátano, mandarina y una mezcla de cítricos. Los resultados mostraron modificaciones de los indicadores de calidad del suelo como consecuencia de la aplicación de técnicas de AE, encontrando un aumento significativo en el contenido de fósforo, carbono, bacterias y hongos solubilizadores de fosfato y hongos celulolíticos. En contraste, no se observaron cambios significativamente relevantes en la actividad enzimática.

Introducción: A nivel industrial la utilización de enzimas se ha ido incrementando a medida que se han optimizado sus procesos de producción, estabilización y condiciones operativas de la mano de la minimización de los costos asociados a su uso y de la sustentabilidad ambiental. El uso de la modelación matemática ha sido un factor clave para este avance, por lo que es un área de gran interés científico. Objetivo: Conocer el estado del arte en esta área del conocimiento, resaltando los hallazgos más exitosos y promisorios publicados recientemente. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de publicaciones recientes de alto impacto entre el 2015 y el 2021 en bases de datos reconocidas internacionalmente, y se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo/comparativo de los enfoques y contribuciones de la literatura seleccionada. Resultados y Discusión: Se evidenció que la mayoría de los modelos matemáticos desarrollados parten de la ecuación cinética de Michaelis-Menten pero las simplificaciones asumidas, las condiciones operativas evaluadas y los métodos utilizados para la resolución de estos sistemas, definen la singularidad y complejidad de cada investigación, lo que hace compleja su comparación o implementación de manera estandarizada. Conclusiones: En todos los casos, los modelos planteados se ajustaron a resultados experimentales o se observó concordancia al utilizar diferentes métodos de resolución matemática, lo que puede aportar valiosa información en la mejora de procesos y en el diseño de equipos, minimizando costos y tiempo de experimentación, a través de estrategias más amigables con el medio ambiente.

La incidencia de tumores epiteliales ginecológicos y su diagnóstico en etapas avanzadas ocasionan daños físicos, impactan en la salud reproductiva y producen afectaciones psicológicas en las mujeres. Reducir el tiempo de su detección constituye un gran reto para la Salud Pública. El conocimiento y validación de diversos métodos enzimáticos de estudio, aplicados a la patología tumoral, permitirá la integración de cada resultado al entramado de reacciones, mecanismos de reconocimiento molecular y celular, así como de las vías de señalización, útiles para la comprensión de la enfermedad y sus mecanismos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. La determinación de la actividad de las enzimas metalo-óxidorreductasas en suero es una tentativa para la implementación de biomarcadores líquidos para el diagnóstico temprano y el pronóstico de tumores ginecológicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es la recopilación de información actualizada acerca de los biomarcadores enzimáticos para la predicción, diagnóstico y seguimiento de los tumores epiteliales ginecológicos.

The incidence of gynecological epithelial tumors and their diagnosis in advanced stages cause physical damage, impact on reproductive health and produce psychological effects in women. Reducing the time of its detection constitutes a great challenge for public health. The knowledge and validation of various enzymatic study methods, applied to tumor pathology, will allow the integration of each result into the network of reactions, molecular and cellular recognition mechanisms, as well as signaling pathways, useful for understanding the disease and its diagnostic and therapeutic mechanisms. The determination of the activity of metallo-oxidoreductases enzymes in serum is an attempt to implement liquid biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of gynecological tumors. The aim of the research is the compilation of updated information about enzyme biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis and follow-up of gynecological epithelial tumors.

Resumo O uso de história e filosofia da ciência no ensino-aprendizagem é comumente negligenciado, linear e/ou descontextualizado nos livros didáticos. Isso aconteceria com a história do conceito de enzimas? Este trabalho busca investigar essa questão. Para a fundamentação teórica, foi realizada breve revisão bibliográfica, investigando-se como o conceito de enzimas é apresentado em nove livros didáticos, seguindo três categorias de análise. Encontrou-se, de forma geral, falta de interconexão nos assuntos de bioquímica, sendo as enzimas usualmente apresentadas apenas pelo modelo “chave-fechadura”, que hoje não é representativo da complexidade do fenômeno. Além disso, foram observados limites conceituais decorrentes da ausência ou deficiência na contextualização histórica presente no material didático.

El biochar (BC) se presenta como una enmienda para suelos a partir del residuo de pirólisis de biomasa, que promueve el incremento de las comunidades bacterianas y micorrícicas benéficas y de nutrientes elementales para la fertilidad vegetal; por sus características, aporta carbono recalcitrante, genera cambios fisicoquímicos positivos como el incremento del pH, el aumento de la retención de agua en suelo y en la capacidad de intercambio catiónico. La mayoría de los artículos sobre BC se enfocan en evaluar los resultados de variables fisicoquímicas del suelo, sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que expliquen cómo y porqué el BC incrementa las comunidades microbianas benéficas para el crecimiento vegetal, razón por la cual es necesario analizarlos selectivamente para definir las causas y los efectos de la interacción entre el BC y los microorganismos del suelo. Esta revisión examina publicaciones de los últimos 12 años de investigación sobre el BC en diferentes bases de datos (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springerlink, SciELO, Google Scholar), enfocándose en los años (2020-2022), con el fin de elucidar los mecanismos subyacentes que permiten la interacción entre BC-comunidades microbianas del suelo y sus beneficios como enmienda agrícola. La hipótesis aceptada es que la alta porosidad del BC que puede servir como “microhábitat” permite las condiciones ideales de espacio, temperatura, humedad y alimento para alterar los niveles de rizobacterias y hongos micorrícicos involucrados en la solubilización de nutrientes como N, P y K aumentando los niveles exo-enzimáticos de deshidrogenasa, β-glucosidasa, ureasa entre otras, mejorando la fertilidad del suelo y el crecimiento de plantas.

Los residuos de cosecha juegan un papel importante en la producción animal a nivel mundial. Aumentar el potencial nutricional de opciones de baja calidad con enzimas fibrolíticas mejoraría la digestibilidad y la utilización del forraje. Utilizando un método in vitro se evaluó el efecto de celulasas (EC:3.2.1.4) y xilanasas (EC:3.2.1.8) aplicados a cuatro niveles: 0 (control); 2.000; 4.000 y 8.000 UI·kg-1 MS en panca de maíz (PM), broza de espárrago (BE) y cáscara de maní (CM). Al aplicar celulasas a la PM, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (DIVMS) y fibra detergente neutra (DIVFDN) fueron mayores (P

Many metabolic and biological processes are catalyzed by enzymes; Enzymes are organic chemical compounds that belong to the specific group of biomolecules called proteins. Enzymes have in their quaternary molecular structure, internal organizations that allow defining a place called the active center; its chemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic function is related to the decrease in activation energy during the net reaction. The enzymatic reaction mechanisms that occur in the metabolic interactions of microor)ganisms have made it possible to develop a series of qualitative tests that determine the presence or absence of bacteria in a sample or culture using rapid techniques that facilitate clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a survey of projects that have been funded by FAPESP under the BIOTA-Microorganisms program. These projects generated a wide variety of results, including the identification of novel antibacterial-producing microorganisms, the characterization of novel microbial enzymes for industrial applications, taxonomic classification of novel microorganisms in several environments, investigation of the soil and mangrove microbial ecosystems and its influence on endangered plant species, and the sequencing of novel metagenome-assembled genomes. The results surveyed demonstrate the importance of microorganisms in environments that play important roles in human activities as well as the potential that many of these microorganisms have in contributing to biotechnological applications crucial for human survival in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, derived from vegetal and animal prime matter, is a renewable fuel that has recently been highlighted as a possible replacement for fossil fuels, especially diesel. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterification or esterification, where lipases which may be synthesized by lipolytic fungi used as catalysts. Current research analyzes the prospection of lipolytic enzymes in fungi and employed crude enzymatic broth to produce biodiesel. The growth of fungi occurred in a mineral medium with a single carbon source: extra-virgin olive oil. Crude broth was analyzed by spectrophotometry using p-NPB as substrate to quantify lipases. Crude broth produced was employed without any modification with different proportions of a central plan composed of soybean and methanol for the production of methyl esters analyzed in gas chromatography. Fungi Paecilomyces formosus (Sakag. & Tada & Samson) I, Paecilomyces formosus II and Aspergillus tubingensis Mos. respectively produced a specific lipolytic activity of 9.268 U g-1, 7.032 U g-1 and 6.447 U g-1. From the crude broth directly used for the production of biodiesel, a rate of 41.60% of methyl esters was obtained. Results show that the fungi's lipases are active and, when applied directly in the crude broth medium, transesferification is possible with greater rates than those reported in the literature. In fact, the lipase has relevant industrial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el potencial nematicida de aislados fúngicos provenientes de cultivos de plátano de los municipios de Andes y Jardín (Suroeste antioqueño). Se analizaron in vitro diez aislados fúngicos frente a los nematodos fitoparásitos de los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Los hongos pertenecían a los géneros Paecilomyces, Pochonia, Arthrobotrys, Lecanicillium y Metarhizium. Se realizaron pruebas metabólicas cualitativas con diversos sustratos con el fin de observar la capacidad de degradación de diferentes compuestos característicos en la estructura de huevos o juveniles de nematodos. También, se evaluó la capacidad de colonizar huevos o juveniles de Meloidogyne sp. y, la mortalidad de los aislados frente a los géneros Meloidogyne y Radopholus. Se encontró que la mayoría de los aislados fueron capaces de degradar Tween 80 (90% de los aislados), seguido de caseína (80%), gelatina (80%), Tween 20 (60%), y en menor medida quitina (40% de los aislados); además, el 30% de los aislados presentaron formación de cristales en los medios de Tween. El 70% de los aislados podían infectar huevos, mientras que el 30% restante infectaban juveniles (J2) de Meloidogyne sp., después 24 horas de incubación. En cuanto al porcentaje de mortalidad del hongo y el filtrado, se encontró que todos los aislados difieren del control (p

Recentes avanços no diagnóstico e tratamento dos erros inatos do metabolismo têm melhorado substancialmente o prognóstico de muitos pacientes com estas condições. Na pratica médica é importante o diagnóstico precoce destas patologias, especialmente em um paciente agudamente enfermo, para que um tratamento adequado e rápido seja instituído. Neste artigo, apresentamos várias estratégias terapêuticas para alguns erros inatos do metabolismo, que devem ser utilizadas no sentido de melhorar o seu prognóstico.

Bioactive compounds of interest are available in various parts of plants; its extraction and stability are important in the preparation of functional foods. In this work, the antioxidant characteristics of the aqueous extracts from Moringa oleifera leaves were evaluated. Various extraction methods. hot, enzymatic, with ultrasound and microwaves were evaluated in order to select the most convenient method to prepare a drink. Furthermore, the antioxidant stability of the drink was evaluated for 28 days at 10, 25 and 35 °C. It was determined that the most suitable method was hot extraction at 85 °C with a concentration of 0,5 % of moringa leaves. The drink showed a retention percentage of 90 %, 91% and 84 % in total phenols, CA Cuprac and % DPPH * inhibition at 25 ° C with respect to its initial content and a half-life time of 6,4 months in the content of total phenols. In the evaluated period, the drink showed acceptable sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the potentiality of the microbial consortium Curvularia kusanoi L7- Trichoderma pleuroticola as biological pretreatment of high fiber sources destined for animal production. Materials and methods. The Strains used where Curvularia kusanoi L7 and Trichoderma pleuroticola. The degradative potential was evaluated through the production kinetics of cellulolytic (endo-1,4-β- glucanase and exo-1,4-β-glucanase) and ligninolytics enzymes (laccase and peroxidase) in solid submerged fermentation of bran wheat and sugarcane bagasse. The growth of the co culture in plates was analyzed. The effect of the consortium on the carbon mineralization of raw wheat straw was determined and the degree of fiber degradation was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy (IR). Resulted. Both strains showed high cellulolytic production. Only C. kusanoi L7 showed ligninolytic activity, with a maximum laccase activity of 1400 U/L. No antagonism was found between the strains and the results of carbon mineralization and evaluation of their final products by IR indicate the effectiveness of the consortium to degrade the cell wall more efficiently than each of the strains individually. Conclusions. It is concluded that the microbial consortium C. kusanoi L7-T. pleuroticola has great potential for structural modification of fibrous sources destined for animal feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes, a palatabilidade das dietas e as características fecais de cães alimentados com uma dieta controle e uma dieta contendo 20% de gérmen desengordurado (GD), com e sem adição de complexo enzimático (amilase, xilanase, betaglucanase e mananase). Para o experimento de digestibidade e das características fecais, foram utilizados 12 cães adultos, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dieta x enzima). O segundo experimento avaliou a palatabilidade, por meio da primeira escolha e da razão de ingestão (RI) da dieta DC vs. 20% de GD, utilizando-se 16 cães. O teste de palatabilidade contou com três dias consecutivos, totalizando 48 repetições. A dieta com inclusão de 20% de GD teve os menores valores de CDA da MS, da EB e da EM (P0,05). Em relação à palatabilidade, os cães preferiram a dieta 20% de GD, tanto na primeira escolha como na RI (P

Objetivo. Evaluar la potencialidad del consorcio microbiano Curvularia kusanoi L7- Trichoderma pleuroticola como método biológico de pretratamiento de alimentos altos en fibra destinados a la producción animal. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron las cepas Curvularia kusanoi L7 y Trichoderma pleuroticola. Se evaluó el potencial degradativo a través de las cinéticas de producción de las enzimas celulolítica (endo-1,4-β- glucanasa y exo-1,4-β- glucanasa) y ligninolíticas (lacasa y peroxidasa) en fermentación sólido sumergido de salvado de trigo y de bagazo de caña de azúcar. Se analizó el crecimiento del cocultivo en placas. Se determinó el efecto del consorcio sobre la mineralización del carbono de la paja de trigo cruda y se evaluó el grado de degradación de la fibra por espectroscopía infrarroja (IR). Resultados. Ambas cepas mostraron alta producción celulolítica . Solo C. kusanoi L7 mostró actividad ligninolítica, con actividad lacasa máxima de 1400 U/L. No se encontró antagonismo entre las cepas y los resultados de mineralización del carbono y evaluación de sus productos finales mediante IR, indican la efectividad del consorcio para degradar la pared celular de forma más eficiente que cada una de las cepas de manera individual. Conclusiones. Se concluye que el consorcio microbiano C. kusanoi L7-T.pleuroticola presenta grandes potencialidades para emplearse en la modificación estructural de fuentes fibrosas destinadas a la alimentación animal.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in the soil quality associated with the implementation of ecological agriculture (EA) techniques in coffee plantations under different coverings (banana, mandarin, and a mix of citrus fruits) in San José de Pare, Boyacá. To this effect, changes in physicochemical parameters, the abundance of functional groups of microorganisms (phosphate solubilizers, cellulolytic microorganisms, nitrogen fixers), and enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, urease, and protease) were determined. The soil samples were collected on a bimonthly basis for a period of ten months in plots cultivated with coffee plantations with three different coverings: banana, mandarin, and a mix of citrus fruits. The results showed modifications in the soil quality indicators as a consequence of the application of EA techniques, finding a significant increase in the content of phosphorus, carbon, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi, and cellulolytic fungi. In contrast, no significant changes were observed for enzymatic activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copoazú is a fruit originated from Colombian Amazon belonging to Theobroma genus, which includes species such as cacao raw material for chocolate. Both species presented similar processing stages, with different process parameters due to the physical qualities of each fruit. Enzymatic, mechanical, and combined methods for pulping copoazú seeds and their effect on the biochemical dynamics of fermentation were evaluated. The pulping treatments evaluated were manual (Ma), mechanical (Me), enzymatic (Ez), and enzymatic-mechanical (Ez-Me), considering the yield as a response variable. The results showed higher percentages of pulp recovery for enzymatic, enzymatic-mechanical, and manual treatments with 61.01%, 66.80%, and 65.71%, respectively. The dynamics of the fermentation showed a reduction of seven to four days for the fermentation stage with the enzymatic treatments, registering up to 85.3% of well-fermented grain at the end of this phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Industrially, the use of enzymes has increased over time, as their production processes, stabilization and operating conditions have been optimized. Meanwhile associated with their use are minimized with environmental sustainability. The use of mathematical modeling has been a key factor in this advance, making it an great scientific interest area. Objective: To know the state of the art in this area of knowledge, highlighting the most successful and promising findings at present. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of recent high-impact publications between 2015 and 2021 was carried out in internationally recognized databases. A qualitative/comparative analysis of the approaches and contributions of the selected literature was carried out. Results and Discussion: It was evidenced that most of the mathematical models was developed from the Michaelis-Menten kinetic equation, but the simplifications assumed, the operating conditions and the mathematical methods used to solve these systems define the singularity and complexity of each investigation, which makes complex their comparison or implementation in a standardized way. Conclusions: In all cases, the proposed models were adjusted to experimental results or they agreed when different mathematical resolution methods were used. These results can provide valuable information for processes improvement and for equipment design, minimizing costs and time of experimentation and being more friendly to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Em seus ecossistemas, as plantas são submetidas a diversos potenciais inimigos, tanto os bióticos como os abióticos. No entanto, os vegetais por meio de mutações, seleção natural e mudanças evolutivas desenvolveram mecanismos de defesa não só estruturais como também ao nível metabólico, o que proporcionou o surgimento de compostos tóxicos, retardantes e mais isolantes, os quais foram transferidos para os seus descendentes. Esses compostos são classificados como metabólitos secundários, os quais são subdivididos em três grupos: terpenos, compostos fenólicos e compostos nitrogenados. O grupo dos compostos fenólicos é o mais heterogêneo, dentre os compostos desse grupo a lignina é a substancia mais abundante no vegetal, perdendo apenas para a celulose. Esta macromolécula fenólica possui uma constituição complexa com ramificações em três dimensões, mas de forma geral é formada pelos álcoois coniferil, cumaril e sinapil. A lignina proporciona maior rigidez estrutural, durabilidade dos tecidos, transporte de água nos vasos do xilema e funciona como uma barreia a ação patogênica, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre essa dinâmica. Acredita-se que controles genéticos e fisiológicos complexos atuem modulando a expressão de genes de lignina e que suas respostas ao déficit hídrico variam em função da espécie e da intensidade e duração do estresse, no qual as respostas das enzimas poderiam ser expressas isoladamente ou em conjunto, com a mesma cinética ou não. A elucidação da biossíntese da lignina contribuirá para os programas de melhoramento, para a formulação de modelos matemáticos e para um melhor manejo de pastagens.

Se realizó un estudio con la finalidad de evaluar los parámetros productivos, concentraciones de IgA secretora intestinal, colesterol, LDL, HDL en suero, de gallinas de postura alimentadas con dietas sorgo + soya + canola con menor contenido de nutrientes adicionadas con un complejo multienzimático (proteasas, amilasas y xilanasas) y un probiótico (Bacillus subtilis). Se emplearon 180 gallinas Bovans White de 42 a 54 semanas de edad distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar, con 3 tratamientos: 1) dieta testigo, 2) dieta reducida en energía metabolizable (50 kcal/kg y 2% de proteína y aminoácidos metionina y lisina) + enzimas, 3) dieta 2 + probiótico. Para los resultados de rendimiento productivo existió diferencia (P0.05) entre tratamientos. Se puede concluir que la inclusión de enzimas y probiótico permitió reducir nutrientes (EM, proteína y aminoácidos lisina y metionina) con resultados similares en parámetros productivos respecto a la dieta testigo, y sin cambios en inmunidad intestinal, niveles de colesterol, lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad en gallinas Bovans White.

A commercial enzyme preparation consisting of pectolytic, cellulotic and hemicellulotic enzymes was applied to the oil extraction by cold pressing from apricot kernel, flaxseed and grape seed. The effects of enzyme pre-treatment varied depending on the different oil seed used as raw material. Although the increase in free fatty acidity can be considered as a negative effect (from 0.37 to 0.52), the decrease in peroxide number and p-anisidine values, increase in oil yield (22.75%), higher levels of total carotenoids and tocopherols, as well as a remarkable increase in phenolic content (x1.68) and radical scavenging effect (including hydrophilic and lipophilic-induced and total antioxidant capacity) showed that the use of enzyme application in the cold pressing of apricot kernel oil would be beneficial. Many of these positive results could not be achieved in the pressing of flaxseed or grape seed oils under the same conditions. A high negative correlation (r=-92.2) was found between p-anisidine value and Î'-tocopherol for grapeseed oil. Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and total carotenoids negatively correlated well (r values above 80) with peroxide values for apricot seed oil. Correlation results showed that carotenoids play an important role in the oxidative stability of the oils, where it was much more evident for apricot seed oil (r=-97.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El escaldado como pretratamiento en diversos procesos de transformación alimentaria en productos de consumo masivo ha demostrado ser eficaz tanto para garantizar la inocuidad como para mantener o incrementar los compuestos bioactivos. Las frutas y verduras poseen una gama de nutrientes, entre los que se destacan las fibras dietéticas, polifenoles, vitaminas C, A, B y E, carotenoides, potasio y hierro, entre otros. Aunque una matriz alimentaria es compleja, los productos resultantes de la transformación de estos alimentos pueden ver afectadas sus características sensoriales y nutricionales por una inadecuada aplicación del escaldado. Los objetivos de este artículo fueron revisar (1) los tipos de escaldado, (2) los propósitos del escaldado y (3) la evaluación de la efectividad del proceso de escaldado.

En la actualidad la industria alimentaria busca ofrecer productos alimentarios frescos pero a su vez que tengan una vida útil prolongada. Existen varias técnicas que requieren tratamiento térmico las cuales permiten aumentar la vida útil de los alimentos pero estas pueden afectar la calidad final del producto. La alta presión hidrostática y la homogeneización por altas presiones son nuevas técnicas no térmicas que permiten actuar sobre los alimentos a temperaturas de proceso bajas alargando la vida útil y conservando la calidad nutricional. La alta presión hidrostática se ha aplicado en diferentes frutas mínimamente procesadas para conservar su frescura y propiedades nutricionales entre ellas los duraznos, el mango, las cerezas, las fresas, la pulpa de naranja, el melón, la chirimoya y las aceitunas donde se ha determinado que esta técnica conserva mejor las propiedades de estos materiales vegetales respecto a tratamientos térmicos convencionales. En cuanto a la homogeneización por alta presión se ha aplicado principalmente en jugos de manzana, fresa, mango, sandía, toronja y zumo de naranja obteniendo una buena inactivación de microorganismos y una mejor conservación de compuestos bioactivos, sin afectar las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales.