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Modern trend in the food industry is the development of technology for healthy food products with increased nutritional value and enriched with new types of vegetable raw materials. Oatmeal cookies are popular among different groups of people. The purpose of the study is to develop a technology for producing oatmeal cookies by replacing premium wheat flour with spelled flour, and raisins with dried cranberries and Japanese persimmons. The choice of enrichment agents is justified. The recipe for the "Oatmeal New" cookie was taken as a control sample. We replaced premium wheat flour with spelled flour in a ratio of 70 : 30; 50 : 50; 30 : 70; 0 : 100. Persimmon has replaced 30 % of white sugar. The sample with full replacement of wheat flour with spelled flour is recognized as the best. A recipe for "Sweet Morning" oatmeal cookies has been developed. Organoleptic and physicochemical quality indicators of oatmeal cookies have been determined. The antioxidant activity of cookies of the new composition is 0.28 mg of quercetin/100 g of product, which is higher than in the control sample by 0.05 mg of quercetin/100 g of product. The nutritional and energy value of the products has been calculated. Oatmeal cookies "Sweet Morning" exceed the control sample in protein content by 1.2 times, dietary fiber by 2 times, vitamin В1 – 1,2, В5 – 2,3, В9 – 1.24, vitamin C – 5.8, PP – 1.3, K – 6.3, β-carotene – 1.5; minerals K – 1.9, Ca – 1.6, Mg – 1.8, P – 1.8; and microelements: Fe – 1.4, Zn – 2.5, Cu – 2.7, Se – 1.5, Mn – by 2.5 times. The energy value of the new product is 40 kcal (167 kJ) lower compared to the control one. "Sweet Morning" oatmeal cookies is recommended for people focused on maintaining a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet.

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The development of new dishes in the catering services market requires an understanding of consumers' needs, expectations, and motivations for their choices. The effect of the serving method of a dessert on customers' perceptions of its visual appeal, portion size, energy value, and expected price was evaluated. The study involved the presentation of desserts on plates of various sizes, shapes, and colors. The study was carried out among 1005 respondents using the CAWI method. Our findings revealed that along with an increasing plate size from a diameter of ϕ24–27 cm to ϕ31 cm, the ratings of the dish's perceived appearance (p ≤ 0.001), portion size (p ≤ 0.001), and energy value (p ≤ 0.01) decreased. Plate shape influenced the perceived appearance of the dessert. When placed on a square platter, round desserts were considerably (p ≤ 0.05) less appealing. The color of the plate had a significant influence (p ≤ 0.001) on the dish's perceived appearance and estimated monetary value, and it evoked more sensory–hedonic impressions. Red-plate and white-plate desserts were liked less than black-plate desserts, but color-plated desserts were perceived as more expensive than those served on white dishes. Consumers perceived bright desserts on white plates as traditional, natural, and boring; those on black plates as modern, appetizing, and aesthetic; and those served on red plates as artificial, unsightly, and unappetizing. Higher consumer food neophobia led to a lower rating related to appearance and price perceptions, but elevated perceptions of portion size and energy value appraisal. Our results may be used in the marketing of gastronomic dishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study was the technology of cooked sausages with hemp seed protein. The research considers determining the effectiveness of using protein from hemp seeds in the technology of cooked sausages to increase the nutritional value and improve the functional and technological indicators when replacing part of the meat raw material. The subject of the research was meat model systems, cooked sausage with hemp seed protein. Three prototypes of cooked sausages based on the analog were developed. In experimental samples of cooked sausages, second-grade beef was replaced with protein from hemp seeds (Cannabis Sativa L.) (ToV "Desnaland", Ukraine) in amounts of 12, 14, and 16 %. The functional and technological indicators of hemp seed protein were previously investigated at hydromodules of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. It was found that hydrated hemp seed protein in a ratio of 1:1 had the best parameters for introduction into minced meat systems. It was determined that the introduction of proteins from hemp seeds (hydromodule 1:1) in the amount of 12–16 % increases the water-binding capacity of minced meat to 97.8 %, plasticity by 16.19–23.85 %, and the content of total moisture in samples of cooked sausages after heat treatment by 5.08–7.08 %, yield of the finished product up to 129.83 %. Replacing second-grade beef in cooked sausage with protein from hemp seeds causes an increase in the mass fraction of protein in finished products by 14.99–19.98 %, and mineral substances by 68.52–97.22 %. The organoleptic indicators of the experimental cooked sausages met the regulatory requirements. The safety of the developed products was established according to microbiological indicators. It has been proven that the use of hydrated protein from hemp seeds in the technology of cooked sausages in the amount of 12–14 % makes it possible to obtain a meat product with a high level of functional and technological indicators of model meat systems and organoleptic indicators of finished products. The use of protein from hemp seeds in the production of cooked sausages makes it possible to expand the range of products popular among the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize can easily adapt to changing weather conditions, has moderate soil requirements, and offers high green mass productivity. The goals of this study were to assess the possibility of using ash from Carpinus betulus aided by soil amendment with compost and HumiAgra in Zea mays cultivation and to determine the energy potential of maize. Wood ash had a relatively minimal effect on the combustion heat and calorific value of maize biomass. It increased the contents of C, H, S, N, O, and ash in the aerial parts of the maize. In addition, it positively affected the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil pH, sum of exchangeable base cations, total exchangeable capacity of soil, and degree of soil saturation with alkaline cations. In contrast, it strongly decreased the yield of maize, negatively affected the biochemical activity of the soil, and reduced the hydrolytic acidity of the soil. Soil amendment with compost and HumiAgra had positive effects on the heat of combustion; calorific value; the contents of C, H, S, N, O, and ash in the aerial parts of maize; and on the properties of the soil. In addition, they mitigated the adverse effects of wood ash on maize biomass and the enzymatic properties of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry of bakery products that do not contain gluten has not been studied enough, so this topic is gaining popularity among scientists. The subject of the study was the development of a bread recipe using almond flour. Pumpkin puree and dried seaweed Laminaria ochroleuca were selected as additives. To improve the taste characteristics of the product, it was decided to add dietary fiber, which can add value to the finished product. The goal of the work was to develop a bread recipe using almond flour. The research was carried out in several stages: 1. development of a recipe and production of prototypes;2. analysis of organoleptic indicators; 3. carrying out physical and chemical studies (determination of humidity, acidity). To carry out the analysis, instrumental and visual research methods were used. During the experiment, five samples of bread were obtained, four of them with the addition of different concentrations of pumpkin and seaweed puree. The rate of dietary fiber was calculated based on the daily consumption rate. Sample No. 2, made with the addition of pumpkin puree in an amount of 100 g, had the best organoleptic properties. The bread had a pleasant taste and smell characteristic of the added raw materials, a soft and baked crumb, and the presence of pores. Samples of bread with added seaweed had a specific taste and smell, and traces of unkneading. The research results can be used in the baking industry to expand the range of bakery products. The developed bread can become a very useful product, especially for those categories of the population who are deficient in certain components. Also, given that for the majority of the population bread is a commodity of everyday demand, its preparation will be in great demand.

Human milk (HM) contains the essential macronutrients and bioactive compounds necessary for the normal growth and development of newborns. The milk collected by human milk banks is stored frozen and pasteurized, reducing its nutritional and biological value. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hyperbaric storage at subzero temperatures (HS-ST) on the macronutrients and bioactive proteins in HM. As control samples, HM was stored at the same temperatures under 0.1 MPa. A Miris HM analyzer was used to determine the macronutrients and the energy value. The lactoferrin (LF), lysozyme (LYZ) and α-lactalbumin (α-LAC) content was checked using high-performance liquid chromatography, and an ELISA test was used to quantify secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). The results showed that the macronutrient content did not change significantly after 90 days of storage at 60 MPa/−5 °C, 78 MPa/−7 °C, 111 MPa/−10 °C or 130 MPa/−12 °C. Retention higher than 90% of LYZ, α-LAC, LF and sIgA was observed in the HM stored at conditions of up to 111 MPa/−10 °C. However, at 130 MPa/−12 °C, there was a reduction in LYZ and LF, by 39 and 89%, respectively. The storage of HM at subzero temperatures at 0.1 MPa did not affect the content of carbohydrates or crude and true protein. For fat and the energy value, significant decreases were observed at −5 °C after 90 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Expanded soybean meal has been widely used in the poultry industry. Precisely evaluating the available energy value of expanded soybean meal by using the difference method will provide important information for feed formulation. Replacing the energy-yielding ingredients with 25% expanded soybean meal by using the difference method increased nitrogen intake, excreta, and energy deposition as protein of broilers. It was found that bird age had remarkable effects on the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and efficiency of net energy to AME (NE/AME) of expanded soybean meal. The results are expected to provide reliable and available energy values of expanded soybean meals and optimize feed formulations for broilers at different ages. Accurately determining the energy values of ingredients is crucial for meeting energy requirements and achieving maximum production performance of animals. This study was conducted to measure the available energy values of three expanded soybean meals (ESBMs) for Arbor Acres male broilers from 14 to 16 day and 28 to 30 day using the difference method. A corn–soybean basal diet was formulated, and test diets were developed with 25% ESBMs as substitutes for energy-yielding ingredients. A completely randomized design was used for determining heat production and energy balance of broilers in 12 open-circuit respiration chambers, with six replicates per group. Prior to measurement, four (14 to 16 day) or two (28 to 30 day) birds per chamber were given a 4-day adaption to diets and chambers. The period lasted for 3 days to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen balance, gas exchanges, and heat production. Broilers fed test diets with 25% ESBM exhibited higher nitrogen intake (p < 0.05), nitrogen excreta (p < 0.05), and increased energy deposition as protein irrespective of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, results showed that AME, nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn), and net energy (NE) values of 3 ESBMs averaged 10.48, 8.93, and 6.88 MJ/kg for broilers from 14 to 16 day, while averaged 11.91, 10.42, and 6.43 MJ/kg for broilers from 28 to 30 day. Broilers from 28 to 30 day showed significantly higher AMEn values but lower NE/AME values of ESBMs compared with those from 14 to 16 day (p < 0.05). Therefore, age-dependent energy values of a single ingredient should be considered in feed formulations to optimize economic returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In overweight and obese patients, elevated serum and breastmilk leptin concentrations are observed, with serum leptin also being likely affected by the diet. We analyzed serum and breastmilk leptin in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) mothers, and evaluated its associations with (1) maternal anthropometric parameters; (2) markers of cardiometabolic health; and (3) the maternal diet. The BLOOM (Breastmilk and the Link to Overweight/Obesity and Maternal diet) study was conducted among 40 women (n = 20 OW/OB; n = 20, NW) who were exclusively or predominantly breastfeeding for 15.5 ± 1.2 (OW/OB group (0.99)) weeks. We collected 24 h breastmilk and fasting blood samples for leptin analysis by ELISA. Maternal dietary habits were evaluated using a 3-day dietary record and food frequency questionnaire, which were used to calculate the Polish-adapted Mediterranean Diet score. Maternal anthropometric measurements and DEXA scans were performed, and anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices were calculated. The OW mothers had 1.4 times higher serum levels, while OB mothers had 4.5 and 6.2 higher serum and breastmilk leptin levels, respectively, in comparison to the NW mothers. The FM% was correlated with serum and breastmilk leptin levels (r = 0.878, r = 0.638). Serum leptin was associated with markers of cardiometabolic health such as AIP, CMI, and VAI in the NW mothers, and with LAP in the OW/OB mothers. Higher energy, fructose intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were associated with serum leptin in the NW mothers (β = 0.323, 0.039–0.608; β = 0.318, 0.065–0.572; β = 0.279, 0.031–0.528); meanwhile, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet could protect against elevated breastmilk leptin concentrations in OW/OB mothers (β = −0.444, −0.839–−0.050), even after adjustment for FM%. Our results suggest a potential association between maternal serum leptin concentrations and cardiometabolic health. In addition, we confirm the importance of healthy dietary patterns in the improvement of breastmilk composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapadura is a well-recognized sugar-cane-derived product with a sweet, characteristic flavor and hard texture. This product is a cultural Brazilian landmark, particularly in Ceará, Brazil, where it is usually produced by small family businesses and consumed locally. This feature contributes to the difficulties of rapadura production standardization, a requirement for the global market. Against this backdrop, this study focuses on analyzing the centesimal composition and mineral content of rapadura. Six samples from different cities in Ceará were analyzed for moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, energy value, and minerals. The results ranged from 6.42–11.74% for moisture, 0.23–1.12% for ash, 0.49–0.92% for protein, 85.18–89.12% for lipids, and 352.00–391.19 Kcal for energy value. Significant variations were observed between the samples, showing a lack of standardization in the production process. The analysis of micronutrients revealed low levels, with copper and iron standing out in sample D. It can be concluded that the rapadura analyzed meets the physical-chemical parameters established by national legislation and is a food rich in carbohydrates and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is obvious that secondary raw materials resulting from the industrial processing of partial fish species, in particular, the roe film-caviar complex, can be widely used for the production of various food products, including functional ones. There is an obvious need to conduct research on the chemical composition of the roe film-caviar complex of silver carp, carp, pike perch and catfish, which will allow us to adequately evaluate rational approaches to the production of phospholipid and protein products from them that are in demand on the market. The purpose of the research was to study and analyze the chemical composition and energy value of the roe film-caviar complex of silver carp, carp, pike perch and catfish in order to extract valuable substances from it. Data on the total lipid content in the roe film-caviar complex of pike perch and catfish are practically not provided, however, the indicators for catfish eggs and those obtained experimentally almost coincide, but for pike perch there are differences. The identified concentrations of total protein in the composition of the studied caviar make it possible to recommend its use in the technology of protein isolates and textures. The total content of minerals (ash) in the roe film-caviar complex is higher than in fish meat, and averages 1.5...2.0%. The results obtained for determining the mass fraction of ash in the roe film-caviar complex of silver carp, carp, pike perch and catfish can be considered quite satisfactory. Analysis of data on the chemical composition and energy value of the roe film-caviar complex of silver carp, carp, pike perch and catfish, which according to morphological characteristics correspond to the IV stage of maturity, shows that in terms of the chemical composition these products belong to high-protein raw materials, while the caviar of all of the above fish, except, perhaps, pike perch, it also belongs to fatty raw materials, while the calculated energy value does not allow this raw material to be classified as dietary.

A healthy diet is key to good health. A healthy weight is very important for long-term good health. Maintaining a normal weight is achieved through a balance between food intake and energy expenditure.. We set ourselves the tasks of studying the organization of nutrition control and assessing the energy value and product sets for healthy food for children and students in organized collectives in the Silistra region for 2019-2022. We used data from the Silistra Research Institute and the Ministry of Health:. evaluations of the nutrition of children and students, reports, thematic inspections, normative documents Ordinance No. 6 for healthy nutrition for children from 2011 and Ordinance No. 37 for students from 2009 of the Ministry of Health, collections of recipes for healthy nutrition for different age groups: from 3 to 7 years. from 2020 and from 7 to 19 years from 2012. Measured and calculated energy consumption by RZI Silistra in nurseries, kindergartens, schools for 2019-2022. Results: In children, malnutrition leads to retardation in growth, physical development, disorders in the immune system and serious health problems. Children in different age groups up to 3 years old. between 4 and 8 years, after 8-9 years they have significant differences in nutritional needs, which increase many times over. No difference for girls and boys Silistra Research Institute (RZI) evaluates nutrition, its energetic value, variety of food products, assessment of energy and nutrients in a weekly menu, coverage of the recommended norms for average daily energy intake according to the Regulations of the Ministry of Health for health feeding. During the study period, a total of 56 units were planned and implemented in Silistra region. inspections by year: 2019-35 units, 2020-6 units, 2021-11 units, 2022-4 units. Conclusions: The average daily protein intake in kindergartens is from 12.4% to 17.8% of kindergartens from 11.8% to 17.9%, students. from 18.8% to 25.4% of the total energy value of food with a recommended rate of 10-15% for 2019. For 7 to 10-year-olds, the recommended energy value of food is not provided: 20.54 E% -20.28 E%, 10-15 E%. in 2022 The average daily fat intake is from 10.3% to 40.5% of the total energy value of food, with the recommended norm of 25-35%, with the exception of SU Glavinitsa, where there is compliance. The average daily intake of carbohydrates is from 46.2% to 61.7% of the total energy value of food and the recommended norm of 50-65% for all schools, with the exception of SU "V. Levski" Glavinitsa (46.2 %) Weekly menus in schools are uniform, meals are repeated. and conditions for heating the food are not provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the effects of applied fertilization and irrigation regimes on the physicochemical and biochemical indicators of the white strawberry variety. A two factors experiment was conducted during 2023 in unheated greenhouse in the Chelopechene experimental field, Sofia, Bulgaria with drip irrigated and fertigated white strawberry variety (Fragaria x Anannassa „Snow White”). The irrigation and the fertilization factors were applied in two rates: I1 –75% (ETc) I2 – 50% (ETc), F1: optimal fertilization N8.09P12.76K15.62; F2 – suboptimal fertilization – 75% (F1). Five treatments were tested: control: I0F0:100% (ETc) without fertigation; I1F1; I1F2; I2F1; I2F2. In the first growing season of the strawberries were determinated physicochemical and biochemical analyzes during according harvest: dry matter (weight and refractometric), moisture, active acidity, color, sugars, titratable acidity, sugar-acid ratio, fats, proteins, total carotenoids, total pectin, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, content of total polyphenols and their energy value was determined. It was established that the applied agricultural techniques have an impact on the cited physicochemical and biochemical parameters of all the studied strawberries (p<0.05). The strawberries from the variant with 75% irrigation and 100% fertilization have the highest values according to the investigated indicators compared to the strawberries from the control and the other selected variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize can easily adapt to changing weather conditions, has moderate soil requirements, and offers high green mass productivity. The goals of this study were to assess the possibility of using ash from Carpinus betulus aided by soil amendment with compost and HumiAgra in Zea mays cultivation and to determine the energy potential of maize. Wood ash had a relatively minimal effect on the combustion heat and calorific value of maize biomass. It increased the contents of C, H, S, N, O, and ash in the aerial parts of the maize. In addition, it positively affected the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil pH, sum of exchangeable base cations, total exchangeable capacity of soil, and degree of soil saturation with alkaline cations. In contrast, it strongly decreased the yield of maize, negatively affected the biochemical activity of the soil, and reduced the hydrolytic acidity of the soil. Soil amendment with compost and HumiAgra had positive effects on the heat of combustion; calorific value; the contents of C, H, S, N, O, and ash in the aerial parts of maize; and on the properties of the soil. In addition, they mitigated the adverse effects of wood ash on maize biomass and the enzymatic properties of the soil.

Abstract. Maize is the most widely spread energy source used in rations for farm animals and poultry, especially in countries in America, Southern Europe and Asia, where maize grain is the main cereal used for feed. The quality of maize grain is formed under the influence of several interrelated factors. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and energy value of maize grain grown under irrigation conditions in non-ruminants. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora under irrigation conditions on cinnamon-meadow soil with maize for grain, medium late hybrid LG 35.36 with density of crops - 70000 plants per hectare. The study includes the following four treatments of fertilization: 1 experimental variant N0P80K60 – non-fertilizer control, 2 experimental variant N100P80K60 – fertilization with 100 kg N.ha-1, 3 experimental variant N150P80K60 – fertilization with 150 kg N.ha-1 and 4 experimental variant N200P80K60 – fertilization with 200 kg N.ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the vegetation of the crop in phase 3-5 leaf, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in rates 80 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 60 kg K2O.ha-1 in the main tillage. During the vegetation of the maize, pre-irrigation humidity of 80-85% of field capacity (FC) was maintained by 3 waterings. As the fertilization rate increases, the crude protein content in the maize grain also grows up. During the treatment with the highest fertilizer rate of 200 kg N.ha-1, 9.5% per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) was obtained, followed by the treatment with 150 kg N.ha-1 – with a value of 9.1% per 1 kg of dry matter. The content of crude fiber in the grain of maize with increasing fertilization rate decreases, being the smallest in the treatment with rate 100 kg N.ha-1 – 0.8% per 1 kg of dry matter. The fertilization rate does not have a significant effect on the content of digestible and metabolite energy in corn grain grown under irrigated conditions in pigs and poultry.

Rubi idaei fructus is a source of nutritionally important bioactive chemical compounds, mainly antioxidants, which strengthen the immune system and can be used in the prophylaxis and adjuvant therapies of many oxidative stress-induced diseases. There are no literature reports presenting a comprehensive comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity and nutritionally relevant metabolites contained in the fruits of repeat-fruiting raspberry cultivars, which are commonly grown in Europe. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential (Folin–Ciocalteu, DPPH, FRAP), the content of selected primary and secondary metabolites, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids and fatty acids in the fruits of R. idaeus cv. 'Pokusa', 'Polana', and 'Polka'. The fruits of the analyzed cultivars have a low caloric value (171–219 kcal/100 g); low content of available carbohydrates (6–6.6%) and total carbohydrates (3.4–4.8%); and high levels of dietary fiber (4.7–5.8%), vitamin C (22.8–27 mg/100 g), anthocyanins (25.1–29.6 mg/100 g), and flavonoids (0.5–2.6 mg/100 g). The fruits were found to contain valuable unsaturated fatty acids (35–60%), especially MUFAs with dominant oleic, elaidic, palmitic, and erucic acids and PUFAs (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and linoleic acids). MUFAs from the ω-9 group accounted for 12–18%, whereas the content of PUFAs from the ω-3 and ω-6 groups was in the range of 15–23 and 6–21%, respectively. Exogenous amino acids, accounting for 56–62%, were dominated by leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. The following order of the total polyphenolic content was established in the fresh fruit juice from the analyzed cultivars: 'Pokusa' < 'Polana' < 'Polka'. The different antioxidant capacity assays used in the study confirmed the high antioxidant potential of the fruits and fresh juice from the three R. idaeus cultivars. This indicates that raspberry fruits can serve as a source of nutrients and can be used as a valuable supplement in a healthy human diet and a raw material in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to explore the nutritional value and harvest time of a new feed of dairy cows-HBS sprouting in the container. Samples were collected on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th days after hydroponics to determine the plant height, grass weight and nutritional value. The partition of protein and carbohydrate was estimated using CNCPS. The digestible nutrient contents and energy value were predicted using NRC model. The results showed that with the prolongation of hydroponics days, the plant height and grass weight of HBS increased significantly (P<0.05). The content of crude protein, crude fat, neutral washing fiber, acidic washing fiber, crude ash, neutral washing insoluble protein, acidic washing insoluble protein, soluble protein, non protein nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, methionine, and lysine significantly increased (P<0.05). The content of PB2 decreased significantly (P<0.05), while other protein components increased significantly (P<0.05). The content of CHO, CA and CNSC decreased significantly (P<0.05), and CB2 increased significantly (P<0.05). The NRC prediction model showed that the content of tdCP, tdNDF and tdFA increased significantly (P<0.05). Assuming the planting period was one month, it was found that DM weight, CP and NELP content of HBS were the highest on the 7th day of hydroponics. The experiment indicates that considering the nutrient composition, energy value and the maximum benefit of HBS in planting cycle, it is suitable for hydroponics to the 7th day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We report the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, utilizable crude protein, and energy values of four different formulations of concentrate feeds, three contrasting qualities of grass silages, and mixtures thereof (45% concentrate, 55% silage, dry weight basis) using the ANKOM RF wireless gas production system. The concentrates were two pelleted diets (control concentrate for dairy cows and alkaline concentrate with ammoniated barley) and two mash forms (concentrate with ingredients of the alkaline diet prior to alkalization and concentrate with basal ingredients as in the alkaline diet with feed-grade urea). The grass silages were early cut, late cut, and a 1:1 mix thereof. For mixed diets, no interaction effects of the concentrate feeds by silage quality were observed for the tested parameters. For concentrates, the pelleted diets were higher in in vitro dry matter digestibility and molar proportion of propionate. The alkaline pelleted concentrate produced a higher utilizable crude protein value than others. For silages, estimated protein and energy values, total short-chain fatty acids, and molar proportions of propionate and branched-chain fatty acids decreased with increasing stage of maturity. Results for silages and their mixtures with concentrates highlight the importance of silage quality in dietary energy and protein supply for ruminants. Four formulations of concentrate feeds, three contrasting qualities of grass silages, and mixtures of the silages (55%) and concentrates (45%, dry weight) were tested for in vitro fermentation kinetics, in vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD), utilizable crude protein (uCP), and metabolizable energy (ME) values. The concentrates were pelleted control concentrate for dairy cows (CONT-P); pelleted alkaline concentrate with ammoniated cereal grains (ALKA-P); mash form concentrate with ALKA-P main ingredients but with feed-grade urea and barley replacing ammoniated cereal grain (UREA-M); and mash form of ALKA-P ingredients prior to alkalization (ALKA-M). The grass silages were early cut, late cut, and a mixture (1:1) of early and late cut. The objectives were to test if the feeds differed in the tested parameters within each feed category and assess the modulatory effect of concentrate feeds on the grass silage fermentation characteristics in the mixed diets. No interaction effects of the concentrate feeds by silage quality were observed for the tested parameters in the mixed diets. For concentrates, the pelleted diets were higher (p < 0.05) in IVDMD and molar proportion of propionate but lower in butyrate. The ALKA-P produced the highest estimated uCP (p < 0.01). For silages, uCP, ME, total short-chain fatty acids (VFAs), and molar proportions of propionate and branched-chain VFAs decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing stage of maturity. In conclusion, the ALKA-P could match the CONT-P in uCP and ME values and fermentation characteristics. Results for silages and their mixtures with concentrates highlight the importance of silage quality in dietary energy and protein supply for ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A potential in improving nutrition and health is the consumption of high balanced whole grains. A breeding program was launched by the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA-Morocco), aiming to develop new domesticated tetraploid oat lines of Avena murphyi Ladiz., with high nutritional benefits. A sequence-based diversity study was conducted on ten tetraploid oat lines of A. murphyi to shed light not only on the importance of domesticating wild oat species for crop improvement but also to highlight the nutritional traits of those oat lines. In this study, we assessed the lines for some grain nutritional traits, such as groat contents of proteins and lipids as well as ash, fiber fractions, carbohydrates, and minerals.The obtained results showed a wide range of chemical contents among lines. The results revealed a high significant difference (P < 0.001) in the groat contents of proteins (11.46–15.12%), fat (4.14–10.14%), carbohydrates (48.68–57.38%), and ash (2.71–5.18%). Analysis of total fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, ADL and CF), showed the presence of significant differences between the assessed lines. The lines A. murphyi 8 and 9, recorded the highest groat protein contents of 15.12% and 13.66%, with an interesting macroelement profile, mainly magnesium and phosphorus, and iron and manganese as minor mineral profile.Due to their biochemical composition, Moroccan domesticated tetraploid oat lines of A. murphyi offer many opportunities to improve oat cultivation in Morocco and serve as an excellent raw material for foodstuffs formulation.

This study was to investigate time-course effects of different types of dietary fiber on the energy values, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 19.8 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design, including a basal diet (CON) and 3 fiber-rich diets replacing corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the CON diet with 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP), defatted rice bran (DFRB) or soybean hull (SBH), respectively. Fresh feces were sampled on d 7, 14 and 21, followed by 5 d total feces and urine collections. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between any of the fiber ingredients on d 7, 14 or 21. However, fiber inclusion decreased the DE and ME of the diet (P

Accurately determining the energy values of ingredients is crucial for meeting energy requirements and achieving maximum production performance of animals. This study was conducted to measure the available energy values of three expanded soybean meals (ESBMs) for Arbor Acres male broilers from 14 to 16 day and 28 to 30 day using the difference method. A corn–soybean basal diet was formulated, and test diets were developed with 25% ESBMs as substitutes for energy-yielding ingredients. A completely randomized design was used for determining heat production and energy balance of broilers in 12 open-circuit respiration chambers, with six replicates per group. Prior to measurement, four (14 to 16 day) or two (28 to 30 day) birds per chamber were given a 4-day adaption to diets and chambers. The period lasted for 3 days to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen balance, gas exchanges, and heat production. Broilers fed test diets with 25% ESBM exhibited higher nitrogen intake (p < 0.05), nitrogen excreta (p < 0.05), and increased energy deposition as protein irrespective of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, results showed that AME, nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn), and net energy (NE) values of 3 ESBMs averaged 10.48, 8.93, and 6.88 MJ/kg for broilers from 14 to 16 day, while averaged 11.91, 10.42, and 6.43 MJ/kg for broilers from 28 to 30 day. Broilers from 28 to 30 day showed significantly higher AMEn values but lower NE/AME values of ESBMs compared with those from 14 to 16 day (p < 0.05). Therefore, age-dependent energy values of a single ingredient should be considered in feed formulations to optimize economic returns.

In overweight and obese patients, elevated serum and breastmilk leptin concentrations are observed, with serum leptin also being likely affected by the diet. We analyzed serum and breastmilk leptin in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) mothers, and evaluated its associations with (1) maternal anthropometric parameters; (2) markers of cardiometabolic health; and (3) the maternal diet. The BLOOM (Breastmilk and the Link to Overweight/Obesity and Maternal diet) study was conducted among 40 women (n = 20 OW/OB; n = 20, NW) who were exclusively or predominantly breastfeeding for 15.5 ± 1.2 (OW/OB group (0.99)) weeks. We collected 24 h breastmilk and fasting blood samples for leptin analysis by ELISA. Maternal dietary habits were evaluated using a 3-day dietary record and food frequency questionnaire, which were used to calculate the Polish-adapted Mediterranean Diet score. Maternal anthropometric measurements and DEXA scans were performed, and anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices were calculated. The OW mothers had 1.4 times higher serum levels, while OB mothers had 4.5 and 6.2 higher serum and breastmilk leptin levels, respectively, in comparison to the NW mothers. The FM% was correlated with serum and breastmilk leptin levels (r = 0.878, r = 0.638). Serum leptin was associated with markers of cardiometabolic health such as AIP, CMI, and VAI in the NW mothers, and with LAP in the OW/OB mothers. Higher energy, fructose intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were associated with serum leptin in the NW mothers (β = 0.323, 0.039–0.608; β = 0.318, 0.065–0.572; β = 0.279, 0.031–0.528); meanwhile, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet could protect against elevated breastmilk leptin concentrations in OW/OB mothers (β = −0.444, −0.839–−0.050), even after adjustment for FM%. Our results suggest a potential association between maternal serum leptin concentrations and cardiometabolic health. In addition, we confirm the importance of healthy dietary patterns in the improvement of breastmilk composition.

The aim of the study was to assess the nutrition of selected fermented dairy products available in Polish supermarkets and how many of them meet the criterion set by the European Parliament and Council Act (UE) no. 1924/2006 form 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods regarding low sugar content in a solid product. In the study 100 fermented products, widely available in Polish supermarkets, were selected, and their nutrition was analysed based on the information placed on the producer's label, and the carbohydrate content was compared against the recommended 5 g per 100 g of the solid product. As a result, it was determined that among natural products, 92% of the kefirs and 36% fulfilled the carbohydrate content criterion, whereas out of the analysed flavoured products, only one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is the most widely spread energy source used in rations for farm animals and poultry, especially in countries in America, Southern Europe and Asia, where maize grain is the main cereal used for feed. The quality of maize grain is formed under the influence of several interrelated factors. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and energy value of maize grain grown under irrigation conditions in non-ruminants. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute - Stara Zagora under irrigation conditions on cinnamon-meadow soil with maize for grain, medium late hybrid LG 35.36 with density of crops - 70000 plants per hectare. The study includes the following four treatments of fertilization: 1 experimental variant N0P80K60 -- non-fertilizer control, 2 experimental variant N100P80K60 -- fertilization with 100 kg N.ha-1, 3 experimental variant N150P80K60 -- fertilization with 150 kg N.ha-1 and 4 experimental variant N200P80K60 with 200 kg N.ha-1. -- fertilization Nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the vegetation of the crop in phase 3-5 leaf, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in rates 80 kg P2O5 .ha-1 and 60 kg K2O.ha-1 in the main tillage. During the vegetation of the maize, pre-irrigation humidity of 80-85% of field capacity (FC) was maintained by 3 waterings. As the fertilization rate increases, the crude protein content in the maize grain also grows up. During the treatment with the highest fertilizer rate of 200 kg N.ha-1, 9.5% per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) was obtained, followed by the treatment with 150 kg N.ha-1 -- with a value of 9.1% per 1 kg of dry matter. The content of crude fiber in the grain of maize with increasing fertilization rate decreases, being the smallest in the treatment with rate 100 kg N.ha-1 -- 0.8% per 1 kg of dry matter. The fertilization rate does not have a significant effect on the content of digestible and metabolite energy in corn grain grown under irrigated conditions in pigs and poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Algeria, the high prices of animal products are due to the cost of food, itself linked to the lack of food resources.A fodder deficit really exists, it is urgent to remedy it by relaunching new varieties adapted to our pedoclimatic conditions to cover the needs of farm animals throughout the year. It is in this context that our study takes place, the objective of which is to appréciate the nutritional value of fodder plants newly introduced and tested in the Algerian south-east, the region ofBiskra, it is about the two plants; Panicum maximum from the Poaceae family and Sesbania aculeata from the Fabaceae family. The determination of the chemical composition of these plants revealed significant energy and nitrogen values. It appears that panicum presents the highest values in CC, MM, ADF and NDF (37.60%, 17%, 55.32% and 70.54%, respectively).The study of CPArevealed that sesbania is in the same group with lucerne which makes it a food of good nutritional quality with energy values of UFmeat and UFmilk (1.04 and 1.01) and nitrogen values PDIE and PDIN (111.84 and 101.63) , respectively the highest.

A cutting trial was conducted to determine the nutritional value, crude protein (CP) fractions distribution and CP ruminal degradability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) as the dominant species of permanent grassland. The legume and grass herbage was obtained in the field experiment carried out on pasture throughout a spring growth season where rotational grazing was simulated using three consecutive cuts, which were compared. The fractionation of CP, according to Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS v6.5), was used to predict protein degradability of the legume and grass forage. A significant (p

Simple Summary: The study concerns the effect of wheat middling's replacement with 5, 10, and 15% wheat germ expeller, as a feed additive given to broiler chickens, on their meat's metabolizable energy and nutritional value. The breast and thigh muscles of chickens were analyzed. The additive wheat germ expeller did not affect the muscles' energy values but did affect the nutritional value. The daily consumption of 100 g of breast muscles from broilers to a large extent covers the consumer nutrient reference values-requirements (NRV-R) for P, Mg Fe, Cu, and Mn. However, thigh muscles cover the NRV-R to a greater extent for Ca and Zn. Adding 5% WGE to broiler feed is optimal as it does not impair the nutritional value of the muscles. The study concerns the effect of wheat germ expeller (WGE) as a feed additive given to male Ross-308 broiler chickens on their meat's energy and nutritional value, and coverage of nutrient reference values-requirements (NRV-R) of consumers for particular minerals. The chickens in the control group (CT—Control Treatment) were fed a standard complete mix. The experimental groups (EX5, EX10, EX15) were given a feed in which wheat middling was replaced with 5, 10, and 15% WGE. The breast and thigh muscles of 32 randomly selected chickens (8 in each group) were analyzed. More water, crude protein, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Mn were determined in the breast muscles, and more crude fat, crude ash, Ca, and Zn in the thigh muscles. Chickens from the CT group consumed significantly (p ≤ 0.01) less feed per body weight than those from groups EX5 to EX15, but achieved the highest body weight per 100 g of consumed feed. A higher (p ≤ 0.01) feed, energy, crude protein, and crude fat intake was observed in groups EX5 to EX15 compared to CT. The higher (p ≤ 0.01) value of protein efficiency ratios was indicated in the CT group. The WGE additive did not impact the muscles' energy values but affected the nutritional value. The daily consumption of 100 g of breast muscles to a large extent covers the consumer NRV-R for P, Mg Fe, Cu, and Mn. However, thigh muscles cover the NRV-R to a greater extent for Ca and Zn. The EX15, EX5, and EX10 muscles covered most of the NRV-R for P, Ca, and Mg, while the CT muscles did the same for Zn and Mn. Adding 5% WGE to broiler feed is optimal as it does not impair the nutritional value of the muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the effects of temperature on cookies are necessary especially if the impact on quality attributes are to be deduced. More so, blending wheat flour, date flour, and pineapple juice could improve the nutrient quality required in modern-day cookies. This current study investigated the quality attributes of date and wheat flour pineapple juice blended cookies as affected by different baking temperatures. With pineapple juice serving as water substitute, the formulated date, and wheat flour blends adhered to the following ratios: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. Baking cookies involved two different temperatures (160 °C and 180 °C) with constant time (30 min). Quality attributes determined proximate composition, micronutrients, physical and functional properties, and microbial and sensory qualities. Cookies proximate results showed moisture (6.89–7.40%), protein (8.73–10.22%), fat (14.37–15.99%), fiber (1.02–1.11%), ash (0.77–1.20%) and carbohydrate (64.85–67.71%). Various ranges appeared, from energy values (434.90–444.10 kcal), minerals (calcium = 33.18–62.45 mg/100 g; iron = 3.47–5.75 mg/100 g; potassium = 100.07–358.63 mg/100 g), vitamins (vitamin A =1.99–4.89 mg/100 g; vitamin C = 0.04–0.15 mg/100 g), physical (weight = 7.4–7.75 g; diameter = 3.50–4.01 cm; thickness = 0.99–1.20 cm; volume = 3.11–3.77 cm3; density = 2.06–2.41 g/cm3; spread ratio = 2.92–4.05 cm3), to functional (water absorption = 1.14–1.18 g/g; oil absorption capacity = 1.31–1.33 g/g; bulk density = 0.74–0.76 g/mL) properties. The microbial loads seemed somewhat acceptable as overall acceptability favoured sample WDFb (90% wheat, 10% date flour). The acceptability of cookies baked at 160 °C over those baked at 180 °C suggests the need for further studies to determine the energy requirements, and long-term environmental implications such (baking) temperatures would pose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study aims to assess the seasonal and sex‐wise variations in proximate composition, amino acid profile and protein quality of Odonus niger, which will be the first report for this species. High‐protein (15.15%–20.05%) and low‐fat contents (0.46%–1.94%) were observed for the species studied. The highest protein was observed in September and December for male and female fishes respectively. The total essential amino acid (TEAA) content was 58.65–77.41 mg g−1 (males) and 60.25–77.38 mg g−1 (females) and leucine was the predominant EAA in both the sexes. The EAA index and biological value ranged between 17.50–22.56 and 7.38–12.89 for males and 18.02–22.48 and 7.94–12.80 for female fishes respectively. In male, TEAA followed Sept>Jan > Dec > Aug > Oct > Nov and in female it was Oct > Sept>Dec > Nov > Aug > Jan. The chemical score for histidine and threonine was more than the FAO recommended values. Overall, the nutritional quality of this unconventional species proved very good and comparable with other commercially important lean fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Heat treatment methods including frying (with and without fat or oil), deep frying, oven roasting, grilling, charcoal roasting, broiling, steaming, and microwave cooking promote a cascade of adverse changes in the functional properties of meat, including protein fraction, lipid oxidation, and loss of some vitamins and mineral compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three cooking methods (sous vide (SV), microwave (M) cooking, and stewing (S)) on the basic chemical composition, cholesterol content, energy value, mineral concentration, and retention coefficients in goose meat. Methods: Basic chemical composition and mineral analysis were determined using AOAC methods. Total cholesterol content was established using the HPLC method. Results: Both types of goose meat (without and with skin) and heat treatment had a significant effect on nutrient values, mineral concentration, and retention coefficients. The S meat was characterized by a higher protein content than M and SV meat, and had the lowest fat, protein, and cholesterol retention, among other methods. The M meat had lower total cholesterol content than SV and S meat. There were significant differences in energy value for SV, M, and S meats. The SV meat contained less P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and more Na and K than the M and S samples. The highest values of Zn, Mg, and Fe content and the lowest of K and Ca were recorded in S meat compared with the SV and M samples. The retention coefficients of P, Mg, Na, Ca, and K in S meat were lower than in the SV and M samples. The meat without skin was characterized by a lower energy value, fat content, retention of proteins, and cholesterol, but higher fat retention than skin samples. This meat contained more minerals such as P, Mg, Fe, K, Na, and less Ca than skin meat. Higher retention coefficients were observed for Zn, P, Mg, Ca, and lower were observed for Na, Fe, and K in meat without skin than in samples with skin. Conclusions: From a dietary point of view, the most beneficial were SV muscles without skin. Whereas, taking into account the protein, fat content, and retention coefficients of fat, cholesterol, Zn, and Na, the most optimal form of cooking for meat with skin seems to be stewing. These results may be used by consumers in making dietary choices by taking into account the type of goose meat and kind of heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food is considered as the process that is responsible for the supply of nutrients that are required and essential that complement nutrition, nutrients are defined as the substances that are present in food, which are essential for growth, maintenance, repair of the human body. In the evaluation of body composition has been identified the characteristics of energy intake, the various nutrients, the type of physical activity, growth by which the nutrients that the food possesses become part of the human body and the nutritional needs depend on the body structure. In the execution of the research to identify the influence of calories on the energy use of the human body, a qualitative retrsopective study was applied, it was evidenced that there is a controlled caloric use since the influence of sugars equals 50% of the total energy that must be accompanied by vegetables, fruits, because they are a source of vitamins, minerals but legumes, cereals are the emissions of healthy, cheap energy they produce a satiating effect, but fats should not contribute more than 35%, proteins of animal, vegetable origin contribute 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of feed represents an important part of the total cost in swine and poultry production (>60%) with energy accounting for at least 70% of feed cost. The energy value of ingredients or compound feeds can be estimated as digestible (DE), metabolisable (ME) and net energy (NE) in pigs and ME and NE in poultry. The current paper reviews the different methods for evaluating DE, ME and NE of feeds for monogastric animals and their difficulties and limits, with a focus on NE. In pigs and poultry, energy digestibility depends on the chemical characteristics of the feed, but also on technology (pelleting, for instance) and animal factors such as their health and body weight. The ME value includes the energy losses in urine that are directly dependent on the proportion of dietary N excreted in urine resulting in the concept of ME adjusted for a zero N balance (MEn) in poultry. For poultry, the concept of true ME (TME, TMEn), which excludes the endogenous fecal and urinary energy losses from the excreta energy, was also developed. The measurement of dietary NE is more complex, and NE values of a given feed depend on the animal and environmental factors and also measurement and calculation methods. The combination of NE values of diets obtained under standardised conditions allows calculating NE prediction equations that are applicable to both ingredients and compound feeds. The abundance of energy concepts, especially for poultry, and the numerous feed and animal factors of variation related to energy digestibility or ME utilisation for NE suggest that attention must be paid to the experimental conditions for evaluating DE, ME or NE content. This also suggests the necessity of standardisations, one of them being, as implemented in pigs, an adjustment of ME values in poultry for an N retention representative of modern production conditions (MEs). In conclusion, this review illustrates that, in addition to numerous technical difficulties for evaluating energy in pigs and poultry, the absolute energy values depend on feed and animal factors, the environment, and the methods and concepts. Finally, as implemented in pigs, the use of NE values should be the objective of a more reliable energy system for poultry feeds.

Rubi idaei fructus is a source of nutritionally important bioactive chemical compounds, mainly antioxidants, which strengthen the immune system and can be used in the prophylaxis and adjuvant therapies of many oxidative stress-induced diseases. There are no literature reports presenting a comprehensive comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity and nutritionally relevant metabolites contained in the fruits of repeat-fruiting raspberry cultivars, which are commonly grown in Europe. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential (Folin–Ciocalteu, DPPH, FRAP), the content of selected primary and secondary metabolites, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids and fatty acids in the fruits of R. idaeus cv. ‘Pokusa’, ‘Polana’, and ‘Polka’. The fruits of the analyzed cultivars have a low caloric value (171–219 kcal/100 g); low content of available carbohydrates (6–6.6%) and total carbohydrates (3.4–4.8%); and high levels of dietary fiber (4.7–5.8%), vitamin C (22.8–27 mg/100 g), anthocyanins (25.1–29.6 mg/100 g), and flavonoids (0.5–2.6 mg/100 g). The fruits were found to contain valuable unsaturated fatty acids (35–60%), especially MUFAs with dominant oleic, elaidic, palmitic, and erucic acids and PUFAs (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and linoleic acids). MUFAs from the ω-9 group accounted for 12–18%, whereas the content of PUFAs from the ω-3 and ω-6 groups was in the range of 15–23 and 6–21%, respectively. Exogenous amino acids, accounting for 56–62%, were dominated by leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine. The following order of the total polyphenolic content was established in the fresh fruit juice from the analyzed cultivars: ‘Pokusa’ < ‘Polana’ < ‘Polka’. The different antioxidant capacity assays used in the study confirmed the high antioxidant potential of the fruits and fresh juice from the three R. idaeus cultivars. This indicates that raspberry fruits can serve as a source of nutrients and can be used as a valuable supplement in a healthy human diet and a raw material in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Studying the effects of temperature on cookies are necessary especially if the impact on quality attributes are to be deduced. More so, blending wheat flour, date flour, and pineapple juice could improve the nutrient quality required in modern-day cookies. This current study investigated the quality attributes of date and wheat flour pineapple juice blended cookies as affected by different baking temperatures. With pineapple juice serving as water substitute, the formulated date, and wheat flour blends adhered to the following ratios: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. Baking cookies involved two different temperatures (160 °C and 180 °C) with constant time (30 min). Quality attributes determined proximate composition, micronutrients, physical and functional properties, and microbial and sensory qualities. Cookies proximate results showed moisture (6.89–7.40%), protein (8.73–10.22%), fat (14.37–15.99%), fiber (1.02–1.11%), ash (0.77–1.20%) and carbohydrate (64.85–67.71%). Various ranges appeared, from energy values (434.90–444.10 kcal), minerals (calcium = 33.18–62.45 mg/100 g; iron = 3.47–5.75 mg/100 g; potassium = 100.07–358.63 mg/100 g), vitamins (vitamin A =1.99–4.89 mg/100 g; vitamin C = 0.04–0.15 mg/100 g), physical (weight = 7.4–7.75 g; diameter = 3.50–4.01 cm; thickness = 0.99–1.20 cm; volume = 3.11–3.77 cm3; density = 2.06–2.41 g/cm3; spread ratio = 2.92–4.05 cm3), to functional (water absorption = 1.14–1.18 g/g; oil absorption capacity = 1.31–1.33 g/g; bulk density = 0.74–0.76 g/mL) properties. The microbial loads seemed somewhat acceptable as overall acceptability favoured sample WDFb (90% wheat, 10% date flour). The acceptability of cookies baked at 160 °C over those baked at 180 °C suggests the need for further studies to determine the energy requirements, and long-term environmental implications such (baking) temperatures would pose.

Diversification and expansion of the poultry industry with fast-growing and highly prolific birds such as the quail (Coturnix coturnix), could contribute significantly in achieving global food and nutrition security. However, sustainable intensification of the quail relies on the cost of dietary ingredients used during feed formulations. The use of non-conventional energy sources such as sorghum, millet, and cassava in lieu of expensive energy sources such as maize, could ensure sustainable quail businesses. Generally, alternative feedstuffs should be cost-effective and possess comparable nutritional qualities as maize. In tropical countries such as South Africa, the use of sorghum, millet, and cassava in quail diets can serve as ideal alternatives because they have relatively comparable energy values as maize. Furthermore, these alternatives are largely available and easily accessible in many farming areas of South Africa. However, the presence of antinutritional factors such as tannins, cyanides and phytic acid, among others, as well as their high fiber levels may limit their utilization in quail nutrition. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to develop improved varieties with low antinutrient compositions, for instance, low-tannin sorghum varieties are increasingly being fed to poultry birds. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that certain processing techniques such as sun-drying, soaking, boiling and fermentation, among others, can lower the concentrations of antinutrients in these alternative feedstuffs, thus increasing their feeding value. To this end, nutritional feeding trials on the positive effects of sorghum, millet and cassava in quail nutrition are inconsistent, mainly due to differences in cultivar type, harvesting site or environmental conditions, sampling, and handling methods amongst other factors. Thus, the present review aimed to discuss the potential of substituting maize with sorghum, millet, and cassava in quail diets.

Cenchrus is important genera of grasses inhabiting tropical pastures and the Indian grasslands system. Its forage value is well established to sustain nomadic livestock and wildlife. This study deals with the evaluation of the representative set of global Cenchrus germplasm collection with 79 accessions belonging to six species (C. ciliaris, C. setigerus, C. echinatus, C. myosuroides, C. pennisetiformis, and C. biflorus) at flowering stage. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and lignin values were in the range of 61.1–136, 640–749, 373–490, 277–375, and 35.6–75.50 g kg−1DM, respectively, while sugar contents varied from 11.6 to 101 mg g−1 DM. From the evaluated germplasm, 14 accessions of C. ciliaris having >70 mg g−1 DM sugar contents were selected and further evaluated for protein, fiber, carbohydrate and protein fractions, palatability indices, in vitro CH4 production, and ensiling traits. Protein contents were lower in EC397323 (61.8) and higher in IG96-96 (91.5), while the NDF, ADF, cellulose, and lignin contents varied between 678–783, 446–528, 331–405, and 39.6–62.0 g kg−1DM, respectively. The carbohydrate and protein fractions of selected accessions differed (p < 0.05), and the sugar contents varied (p < 0.05) between 74.6 and 89.6 mg−1g DM. Dry matter intake (DMI) and relative feed value (RFV) of accessions varied (p < 0.05) and were in the range of 1.53–1.77% and 58.2–73.8 g kg−1 DM, respectively. The total digestible nutrients (TDNs), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME) of selected accessions varied between 362–487 g kg−1 DM, 6.62–8.90, and 5.42–7.29 Mj kg−1 DM, respectively. In vitro gas and CH4 production (24 h) varied (p < 0.05) between 73.1 to 146 and 7.72 to 21.5 ml/g, respectively, while the degraded dry matter (g kg−1 DM) and CH4 (ml/g DDM) ranged between 399–579 and 17.4–47.2, respectively. The DM contents at ensiling, silage pH, and lactic acid contents of accessions differed (p < 0.05) and ranged between 185–345 g kg−1 DM, 5.10–6.05, and 1.39–23.3 g kg−1 DM, respectively. Wide genetic diversity existed in germplasm and selected C. ciliaris accessions for protein fiber, energy, sugar, and other nutritional traits. Silage prepared from EC397366, IG96-96, IG96-50, and EC397323 had pH and lactic acid contents acceptable for moderate to good quality silage of tropical range grasses.

AbstractFinger millet is an important cereal crop in Africa, where it plays an important role in nutrition and food security. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the germination period on the physicochemical properties of elite finger millet varieties. Axum, Meba, Tadesse and Tessema varieties were soaked for 24 h and germinated for 24, 48 and 72 h at room temperature (23.2 ± 2.6°C) and relative humidity (37.91 ± 8.17%), before being oven-dried and milled into four different flour samples. Results showed that as the germination period increased, the shoot length, germination percentage, germination loss, total titratable acidity and protein content increased, while the pH value, ash and fat content decreased from 6.43 to 5.97, 2.41 to 1.67 mg/100 g and 2.41 to 1.67 mg/100 g respectively. In all varieties, color L of germinated flour increased significantly (P

ABSTRACT Two experiments were carried with broilers from 29 to 42 days of age for the nutritional evaluation of dietary chia. Thus, the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the apparent metabolizability coefficients of gross energy and ether extract of chia seeds and oil, toasted soybean grain (TSG), and soybean oil were determined in the experiment I, by total excreta collection method, using 120 broilers. Each experimental diet (reference diet [RD] and four diets with the tested feedstuffs) was evaluated in eight replicates of three broilers. The TSG and chia seeds replaced the RD in 250 g/kg, whereas soybean and chia oils replaced the RD in 100 g/kg. Simultaneously, a second experiment was carried subdivided into two trials. In the performance trial, we evaluated the dietary feedstuffs effects on performance, carcass and cut yields, blood parameters, and activity of lipogenic enzymes. The nutrient metabolizability coefficients and AMEn were evaluated in the metabolism trial. The AMEn values of 37.49, 37.35, 15.85, and 8.43 MJ/kg of dry matter were determined for chia oil, soybean oil, TSG, and chia seeds, respectively (experiment I). In the second experiment, the best feed conversion was observed in broilers fed diets containing chia oil and TSG. However, the diet formulated with chia seeds worsened broiler feed conversion, exhibited the smaller energy value and apparent metabolizability coefficient of the ether extract, and increased the activity of the malic enzyme and serum total cholesterol level. There was no difference for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In general, chia oil showed to be efficient in replacing soybean oil in broiler diets.

Four formulations of concentrate feeds, three contrasting qualities of grass silages, and mixtures of the silages (55%) and concentrates (45%, dry weight) were tested for in vitro fermentation kinetics, in vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD), utilizable crude protein (uCP), and metabolizable energy (ME) values. The concentrates were pelleted control concentrate for dairy cows (CONT-P); pelleted alkaline concentrate with ammoniated cereal grains (ALKA-P); mash form concentrate with ALKA-P main ingredients but with feed-grade urea and barley replacing ammoniated cereal grain (UREA-M); and mash form of ALKA-P ingredients prior to alkalization (ALKA-M). The grass silages were early cut, late cut, and a mixture (1:1) of early and late cut. The objectives were to test if the feeds differed in the tested parameters within each feed category and assess the modulatory effect of concentrate feeds on the grass silage fermentation characteristics in the mixed diets. No interaction effects of the concentrate feeds by silage quality were observed for the tested parameters in the mixed diets. For concentrates, the pelleted diets were higher (p < 0.05) in IVDMD and molar proportion of propionate but lower in butyrate. The ALKA-P produced the highest estimated uCP (p < 0.01). For silages, uCP, ME, total short-chain fatty acids (VFAs), and molar proportions of propionate and branched-chain VFAs decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing stage of maturity. In conclusion, the ALKA-P could match the CONT-P in uCP and ME values and fermentation characteristics. Results for silages and their mixtures with concentrates highlight the importance of silage quality in dietary energy and protein supply for ruminants.

Surveys were carried out in Moscow oblast to estimate the green forage nutritional value and the yield performance of sunflower, sweet sorghum, and corn hybrids split into different maturity groups with the comparison approach. The crop yields and chemical composition of vegetative mass of the crops listed above were determined. All the experimental silage crops are characterized by high yields of vegetative mass. In corn, for instance, it increases along with increasing the value for the condition early maturity index (FAO) from 374 centners/ha in early maturity hybrids to 486 centners/ha in medium maturity hybrid plants. The highest value for this index, comprising 491 centers/ha, was recorded in sweet sorghum. The sunflower vegetative mass made up 442 centners/ha. An increase in the plant cutting height when harvesting mid-early hybrids reduces the vegetative mass yield by 10%, while it tends to increase the green-forage energy value from 2.08 to 2.41 MJ ME. Harvesting mid-early maturity hybrids after the first frost strikes contributes to a slight increase in the nutrient content of natural feeds (from 1.87 to 2.00 MJ ME), reducing the energy concentration in dry matter from 9.74 to 9.48 MJ ME. Sweet sorghum in terms of the nutrient yield per ha and the energy concentration in the silage dry matter is not inferior to the corn. With respect to the protein yield per ha, it is characterized by the highest value for this indicator, comprising 1028 kg. However, the natural sweet-sorghum feed is inferior to the natural corn feed in terms of the energy value (1.86 MJ ME). Sunflower is different in the low green-forage nutrient content (1.53 MJ ME) and the least metabolizable energy per ha (67.6 vs. 90.9 GJ for medium-maturity corn hybrids) because of high humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulping industry generates vast amounts of bark and wastewater treatment sludges, which are combined and stored in stacks, often in the open air, prior to combustion for energy. The effects of incorporating sludge into bark on heating value and storage-related environmental impacts were investigated in laboratory and outdoors. Biological degradation was found to be higher in treatments containing 25% sludge (B75S25) and 50% sludge (B50S50) in comparison with pure bark (B100). Mean monthly dry mass loss was 2.1% (B100), 3.3% (B75S25), and 3.7% (B50S50) in the laboratory and 2.7, 4.2, and 4.8%, respectively, outdoors. Addition of sludge maintained degradation activity at low temperatures (+ 3 °C). Co-storage of sludge and bark led to loss of energy, mainly due to increased loss of biomass and increased moisture, which governed the heating value. Cumulative methane emissions were higher from the sludge-containing treatments than from pure bark, but emissions of nitrogen-containing gases (N2O and NH3) were negligible throughout. Sludge addition roughly halved the cumulative chemical oxygen demand (COD) of leachate and minimized its concentration of phosphate-P. However, larger amounts of inorganic elements were released from the sludge-containing treatments. Overall, these results indicate that finding alternative uses for the sludge fraction would be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia spp. (Cactaceae) were used as food resources, folk medicine for centuries for its valuable nutritional properties and health benefits in some diseases, specifically diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the qualitative and quantitative nutritional composition of the plant. Physical and chemical soil analyses were performed using Particle Size Analysis, Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma, Flame Photometer and titration methods. The quantitative nutritional assessments for each cladode and fruit were performed using standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. While determinations of amino acids, lipids, sugars have been studied using Amino Acid Analyzer, GC\MS and TLC; respectively. Seasonal variations in ash, crude fiber, carbohydrate, nitrogen, protein and lipid were observed to adapt the changes in climate. Cladodes and fruits contained 17 and 16 protein amino acids, respectively; the major was glutamic acid in both. The GC-MS chromatogram of the petroleum ether extract of the cladode showed the existence of 26 compounds dominated by Undecan and 34 compounds in fruit dominated by linoleic acid. Meanwhile, the TLC sugar profile revealed the presence of 8 free and 6 combined sugars in cladode, 9 free and 5 combined sugars in fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the popularity of snack foods is increasing due to the fast-paced lifestyle of society. Thanks to the prevailing trends related to a healthy lifestyle and organic food, the need to create new products is increasing, but also more and more attention is being paid to high nutritional value. The aim of the study has been to evaluate the energy, nutritional, and health-promoting value of freeze-dried vegetable-based products with hydrocolloids as structure forming additives. The research included mathematical estimation of the energy and nutrients content, as well as selected health-promoting components, such as vitamins and micro- and macro-nutrients. The calculation was based on tabular data of the nutritional values each components of the products. In addition, the quality of the bars has been assessed by means of the daily requirement and the nutritional quality index. The bars have proven to be characterized by high energy and nutritional and health-promoting value. The Index Nutritional Quality (INQ) indicator has shown that the tested products are incorrectly adjusted in terms of the content of nutrients in relation to the energy supplied. The broccoli bar has turned out to be the best option because it has the highest content of protein, fat, and all the relevant vitamins and minerals. Obtained results verified that tested snacks were not enough to cover daily intake of specific nutrients, but introducing such products to balanced diet may have beneficial influence on human health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials of the article present data on research on the chemical, mineral-vitamin composition and nutritional value of a new feed additive from citrus pomace. The article presents the results of research on the technological line of granulation of citrus waste, established the optimal composition for granulation of citrus feed additives: sunflower meal - 20%, molasses - 5% and 75% of citrus fruits. Their chemical composition was studied, the gross content of proteins, fats, assimilated carbohydrates, including simple sugars, was determined, and the efficiency of use in the diets of farm animals was determined. The positive influence of citrus waste granulation technology has been established, which allows to obtain high-quality granules. Chemical analysis of citrus granules showed that 100 g contains: protein - 6.15 g, fat - 0.99 g, carbohydrates - 21.8 g, of which simple sugars 14 g, the energy value of this feed additive - Kcal (kJ) - 120.7 (505.7). The possibility of preparation of feed additives in the form of granules is revealed, which allows to avoid selfsorting of components and overdose of microelements and to improve the consumption of feed ingredients. The ability to prepare feed additives in the form of granules avoids self-sorting of components and overdose of micronutrients and improve the consumption of feed ingredients. The results of zootechnical researches, structure and nutritional value of average daily rations with use of citrus pomace are resulted. It was found that the introduction into the diet of dairy cows feed additives from citrus pomace during stable lactation increases the average daily expectations by 1.8 kg or 15.5%, feed costs for milk production containing 4 fat were 0.97-0, 98 feed units. When using a feed additive from citrus pomace, the nutritional value of the diet is improved due to the ratio of sugar - protein (0.62: 1 vs. 0.8: 1.2).

The objective of this study was to compare the energy values of high-fiber dietary ingredients with different solubility (sugar beet pulp [SBP] and defatted rice bran [DFRB]) in growing pigs using the difference and the regression methods. A total of 21 barrows (initial BW, 40.5 ± 1.2 kg) were assigned to 3 blocks with BW as a blocking factor, and each block was assigned to a 7 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 7 diets and two 13-d experimental periods. The 7 experimental diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 6 additional diets containing 10%, 20%, or 30% SBP or DFRB in the basal diet, respectively. Each of the experimental periods lasted 12 d, with a 7 d dietary adaptation period followed by 5-d total fecal and urine collection. Results showed that the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of the SBP determined by the difference method with different inclusion levels (10%, 20%, or 30%) were 2,712 and 2,628 kcal/kg, 2,683 and 2,580 kcal/kg, and 2,643 and 2,554 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. The DE and ME in the DFRB evaluated by the difference method with 3 different inclusion levels were 2,407 and 2,243 kcal/kg, 2,687 and 2,598 kcal/kg, and 2,630 and 2,544 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. Different inclusion levels had no effects on the energy values of each test ingredient estimated by the difference method. The DE and ME of the SBP and the DFRB estimated by the regression method were 2,562 and 2,472 kcal/kg and 2,685 and 2,606 kcal/kg DM basis, respectively. The energy values of each ingredient determined by the regression method were similar to the values estimated by the difference method with the 20% or 30% inclusion level. However, the energy values of the SBP and DFRB estimated by the difference method with the 10% inclusion level were inconsistent with the values determined by the regression method (P

ABSTRACT: This study measured the metabolizable energy of soybean meal (SBM) and evaluated effects of soybean meal specific enzymes supplementation in corn-soybean diets on growth performance, intestinal digestion properties and energy values of 28-day-old broilers. A total of 336 one-day-old male AA broiler chickens were distributed to 7 groups in a completely random design. The birds were given 7 diets containing 6 diets with different combined soybean meals and a fasting treatment, 8 replicates per treatment and 6 birds per replicate (Trial 1). A total of 672 one-day-old male AA broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatments including a control diet and 6 diets supplemented with 300 mg/kg α-galactosidase, 200 mg/kg β-mannanase, and 300 mg/kg protease individually or in combination (Trial 2). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of broilers was measured from d 25 to 27 in both trial 1 and trial 2. The results showed that AME values of combined soybean meals averaged 2,894 kcal/kg. Dietary β-mannanase and protease supplementation increased body weight gain (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 14, whereas did not affect the growth performance (P > 0.05) during d 14 to 28. Addition of β-mannanase in combination with other enzymes significantly increased lipase and trypsin content (P < 0.05) in ileum. In addition, dietary β-mannanase and protease supplementation individually or in combination enhanced trypsin enzyme content in jejunum (P < 0.05). The β-mannanase enzyme enhanced villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) of ileum compared with control diet. Moreover, supplementation of enzyme except for protease enhanced raffinose and stachyose degradation ratio (P < 0.05). Dietary β-mannanase supplementation individually or in combination enhanced AME and AMEn values (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that dietary enzyme supplementation especially β-mannanase improved intestinal digestion properties and contributed to high energy values.

The article is devoted to the scientific substantiation of the optimal modes of the method of mechanical processing of flour poly-cereal mixtures prepared from whole-ground grain of cereals in the production of co-extruded food products. Functional thermostable fillings based on vegetable and animal raw materials for enrichment of products of a high degree of readiness increase the nutritional value and expand the range of finished poly-cereal products for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The novelty of the research is the acquisition of deeper scientific, technical and practical knowledge about the biologically active substances of co-extruded poly-cereal products of a high degree of readiness, about the enrichment of products with physiologically functional ingredients that have health-improving and prophylactic properties. The production of highly prepared poly-cereal products with fruit and berry and meat and dairy filling will help expand the range of new food products, improve the nutritional structure, strengthen health, and increase the immune defense of the human body.

The giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) is one of the most essential energy plants. It also finds various alternative uses, including installing belts to prevent soil erosion. Biomass from such belts should be removed and rationally managed every year. The parameters of miscanthus biomass were investigated in terms of its suitability for combustion and anaerobic fermentation. Under the conditions of the experiment, miscanthus achieved a stable yield already in the second year of vegetation, mainly due to the high planting density. Energy parameters turned out to be typical for straw biomass (calorific value 18.06 MJ/kg). Relatively low ash melting temperatures (<1400 °C) and their chemical composition meant a high risk of contamination depositing on heating devices, which is often indicated as a shortcoming of biomass compared to hard coal. Miscanthus silage can be a valuable substrate for anaerobic digestion, but it requires a sufficiently early harvest, which affects the yield of biomass. The yield of energy in biomass obtained after drying plants was 163,623.6 MJ/ha. In contrast, the yield of energy from biomass collected in summer and processed into biomethane was much lower and amounted to 72,978.2 MJ/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]