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The use of observational studies for causal inference is a necessity, as randomized trials are not always available or possible to carry out. To reduce sources of bias present in "classical" observational studies, the target trial framework has been proposed. First one defines the following components of the pragmatic clinical trial (the target trial) would answer our research question: eligibility criteria, treatment strategies, assignment, follow-up, outcomes, causal contrast, and statistical analysis plan. Then, these components are modified based on available observational data, and used to emulate the target trial as closely as possible. This leads to observational studies that are generally less biased and with more reliable results. Nonetheless, it is important to consider the limitations of this framework given it is still an observational study and not a randomized experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia has historically been a prominent diplomatic partner for the Pacific Island countries, providing development assistance to support their social and economic progress. China gradually heightened its political and economic influence in the Pacific area by integrating the region into its Belt and Road Initiative. This development has encouraged scholars to examine Australia's diplomatic engagements in the Pacific region in response to China's growing presence. This article approaches this issue by using the concept of economic statecraft as an analytical tool. It argues that Australia's reactions to China's presence through the infusion of strategic motivations into foreign aid and the use of multilateral agreements and initiatives can be seen as positive economic statecraft with two characterizations: emulation of China's successful strategies and differentiation from Chinese approaches through the incorporation of multilateral and ideational methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 crisis demanded rapid, widespread policy action. In response, nations turned to different forms of social distancing policies to reduce the spread of the virus. These policies were implemented globally, proving as contagious as the virus they are meant to prevent. Yet, variation in their implementation invites questions as to how and why countries adopt social distancing policies, and whether the causal mechanisms driving these policy adoptions are based on internal resources and problem conditions or other external factors such as conditions in other countries. We leverage daily changes in international social distancing policies to understand the impacts of problem characteristics, institutional and economic context, and peer effects on social distancing policy adoption. Using fixed‐effects models on an international panel of daily data from 2020, we find that peer effects, particularly mimicry of geographic neighbors, political peers, and language agnates drive policy diffusion and shape countries' policy choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the article highlights the importance of the conceptual foundations derived from the sociological institutionalism approach to world culture to understand globalization based on the convergence criterion through categories such as policy diffusion and diffusion mechanisms. Objective: it proposes to analyze the diffusion of science policy models and to observe the diffusion of the international model of science policy focused on innovation. Method and technique: based on the foundations of sociological institutionalism, through documentary analysis of secondary sources, it addresses the diffusion of science policy ideas in the United States and Latin America. Results: it shows evidence of contradictions or decouplings between the guidelines derived from the science policy model and the situation of science. Conclusion: it is concluded that, in the latter countries, a diffusion by emulation has predominated, which has led to an institutional isomorphism in the world of science, but which expresses many uncouplings that are generating controversy in the national scientific communities. Finally, the possibility of articulating the world culture approach to field theory is considered, in order to investigate the aforementioned controversies that appear as variations of the same theme in different Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: El estudio expone un sistema de emulación pioneril alternativo al que se utiliza actualmente en la escuela Secundaria Básica cubana, como vía para elevar los niveles de participación protagónica. Métodos: Se emplearon métodos teóricos como el enfoque en sistema y el análisis y la síntesis para la construcción de un marco referencial, la inducción deducción para evaluar las causales más significativas que influyen en el estado actual del sistema emulativo pioneril que se aplica en la Secundaria Básica cubana, y métodos empíricos como la entrevista, la encuesta y la observación participante para lograr la introducción en la práctica escolar de la nueva propuesta y registrar su evolución. Resultado: Se demuestra la pertinencia viabilidad de la propuesta a través de su experimentación en la práctica educativa, se revelan los principales elementos teóricos y metodológicos que lo sustentan y se fundamentan los indicadores necesarios para evaluar la trasformación. Conclusiones: Es posible optimizar el funcionamiento e impacto de la Organización de Pioneros José Martí (OPJM) en la formación integral de los adolescentes cubanos en la Secundaria Básica, a partir de la aplicación de un novedoso sistema de emulación que propicie la participación protagónica estudiantil en los procesos escolares.

This article aims to analyze the demand for residential real estate in Natal in the light of subjective factors, among which the search for social differentiation exposed in the works of Thorstein Veblen, notably in his book The Theory of the Leisure Class (1987). The research is based on semi-structured interviews with brokers employed in real estate companies in the city, between December 2017 and January 2018. The working hypothesis is that the motivation for the purchase of residential real estate is subject to socially constructed references, which appear in the forms of exaltation of status symbols and emulation mechanisms, setting up their conspicuous consumption. The research results increase the degree of confidence in the validity of the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo atiende al ejercicio de imitación y emulación literaria que Vicente Espinel llevó a cabo con el Quijote de Miguel de Cervantes, cuya segunda parte se había publicado tres años antes de que se estamparan las Relaciones de la vida del escudero Marcos de Obregón (1618). Indagamos en la problemática posición que el Marcos de Obregón tiene dentro del corpus picaresco, cuya extraña naturaleza ha hecho que, a día de hoy, siga viviendo en una suerte de limbo literario. La causa, según entendemos y como intentaremos demostrar en estas páginas, se encuentra en la especial relación que la obra de Espinel mantiene con el Quijote cervantino.

This article aims to treat photography as an emulation mechanism of reality that could be embedded in socioeconomic relations and introduced itself in history as "another real". Emulation imposes an apparent conflict with the initial source of the image and acts - concomitantly - as an equal, similar and rival of events in the world. Starting from two examples of the institutional photography - images of Itaipu hydroelectric power plant and the image of White House summit watching the raid that captured Osama Bin Laden - the concept of emulation is proposed in tension with the notion of simulacrum by Jean Baudrillard, taking the contributions of authors such as Vilem Flusser and Norval Baitello Junior, in order to understand the relationships and interferences of images-emulators with social and cultural relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Librosdelacorte.es is the property of Instituto Universitario "La Corte en Europa" - IULCE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ingeniería Solidaria is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ñawi: Arte, Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El volumen de tejido activo (VTA) es un enfoque bien establecido para modelar los efectos directos de la estimulación cerebral profunda en el tejido neuronal. Estudios previos han señalado sus posibles aplicaciones clínicas. Sin embargo, el elevado costo computacional requerido para estimar el VTA con las técnicas estándar utilizadas en el modelado neuronal biológico limita su usabilidad a nivel práctico. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una metodología novedosa para reducir el tiempo de cálculo en la estimación del VTA. Con ese fin, se construyó un emulador basado en procesos gaussianos. Este combina modelos axonales de múltiples compartimientos acoplados al campo de estimulación eléctrica con un sistema de clasificación basado en procesos gaussianos, siguiendo la premisa de que calcular el VTA a partir de un campo axonal es en esencia un problema de clasificación binaria. Se logró una reducción considerable en el tiempo promedio requerido para estimar el VTA, tanto bajo condiciones de conductividad isotrópica idealizada como bajo condiciones realistas de conductividad anisotrópica, limitando la perdida de precisión y superando otros inconvenientes presentes en métodos alternativos.

This paper presents an approach for passive upper limb rehabilitation based on four case studies by analyzing the pathologies and exercises that are applied. To carry out the experimentation in the proposed cases, the data from the trajectories of the patient's arm articulations were registered, performing the rehabilitation exercises with a therapist. The ERMIS exoskeleton's seven degrees of freedom was designed to emulate the anatomical movements in the arm during rehabilitation from the requirements of the case studies. To validate the exoskeleton performance in the study cases, the ERMIS's dynamic model was simulated and the data were compared with the sampled data of the exercises. At the end, the results obtained from exoskeleton exercises emulating rudder therapy, where shoulder, elbow and wrist movements were showed with an accuracy of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La simulación es una técnica que compromete ingeniería de software, ingeniería mecánica e ingeniería electrónica, además de emulación, que definen los modelos matemáticos para dotar a una máquina especificaciones funcionales, para la apariencia en tiempo real de comportamientos idénticos a los de su contraparte a imitar. Asimismo, emular es una reproducción de las operaciones de otro, intentando igualarlas e incluso excederlas. De esta manera, una máquina se dota con la simulación y la emulación en tiempo real, diseñando máquinas capaces de imitar y remedar otras, sin los riesgos, humanos o de infraestructura que involucra en la realidad, con la emulación acorde con la máquina a igualar. El entrenamiento puede ejecutarse en este tipo de máquinas, para proporcionar y evaluar las habilidades necesarias a desarrollarse en la vida real, con el fin de disminuir los costos y los tiempos que implican. Es así que el objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una visión sobre simuladores aeronáuticos puestos en práctica en la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana.

Este trabajo presenta el diseño de una arquitectura hardware para emular circuitos cuánticos basados en compuertas tipo Toffoli con la cual se pueden emular circuitos de más de 50 qubits. El estado del sistema se obtiene procesando independientemente cada estado base mediante las funciones determinadas por las compuertas cuánticas para cada qubit; el tiempo requerido para la emulación crece exponencialmente en función del número de qubits que se usan solamente para generar una superposición de estados, y no en función de la cantidad total de qubits del sistema como ocurre cuando se usa la representación matricial convencional. Adicionalmente, se diseñó un arreglo de unidades de procesamiento para disminuir el tiempo de ejecución. Los resultados de síntesis permiten concluir que se requieren 9,35 segundos para emular la exponenciación modular de 8 bits, la cual utiliza 48 qubits, 155.312 compuertas cuánticas y requiere procesar 131.072 estados base. Estos resultados también permiten estimar que se pueden implementar 256 unidades de procesamiento de 52 qubits en el FPGA EP3C120F780I7.

The volume of tissue activated (VTA) is a well-established approach to model the direct effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on neural tissue. Previous studies have pointed to its potential clinical applications. However, the elevated computational runtime required to estimate the VTA with standard techniques used in biological neural modeling limits its suitability for practical use. The goal of this study was to develop a novel methodology to reduce the computation time of VTA estimation. To that end, we built a Gaussian process emulator. It combines multicompartment axon models coupled to the stimulating electric field with a Gaussian process classifier (GPC), following the premise that computing the VTA from a field of axons is in essence a binary classification problem. We achieved a considerable reduction in the average time required to estimate the VTA, under both ideal isotropic and realistic anisotropic brain tissue conductive conditions, limiting the loss of accuracy and overcoming other drawbacks entailed by alternative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo presenta la utilización de una plataforma con herramientas de emulación y experimentación remota como recursos de apoyo en un enfoque de aprendizaje basado en proyectos para cursos de sistemas de control lineal. La emulación y la experimentación remota se incorporan como recursos de experimentación en las actividades académicas de este enfoque. Los recursos de la plataforma permiten la definición de proyectos en nuevos contextos y observar la dinámica de problemas complejos de control de diversa naturaleza. Adicionalmente, la emulación se utiliza para experimentar con sistemas no disponibles en el laboratorio y observar el desempeño de los controladores antes de su implementación en contextos reales. Este trabajo describe el enfoque de aprendizaje, la plataforma, y sus diferentes condiciones de operación. Estas condiciones se muestran a través de la emulación de un modelo de un motor DC con modo oscilante en la carga. Por último, este documento presenta los resultados de la encuesta utilizada para evaluar la plataforma, haciendo énfasis en la evaluación de la herramienta de emulación como recurso de aprendizaje.

La creciente literatura sobre el sistema de la simpatía de Adam Smith ha permitido recuperar una visión enriquecedo-ra para nuestra comprensión de las interacciones sociales. La atención se ha concentrado en la construcción de comu-nidades morales y sociales y el proceso de identificación y reconocimiento. Un aspecto menos estudiado de las carac-terísticas que Smith adjudica a su mecanismo de identificación intersubjetiva también puede llevar a explorar la posibilidad de la exclusión de algunos miembros de la comunidad. La asimetría de la simpatía explica tanto la emula-ción de los más afortunados y la exclusión de los más miserables. A través de una representación formal, buscamos ilustrar los fenómenos de inclusión y exclusión presentes en las relaciones intersubjetivas y en la construcción de una comunidad.

La emulación o simulación en tiempo real, en los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje o para el desarrollo de investigaciones en diseño de controladores, permite la experimentación controlada sin disponer del sistema real. Este artículo presenta la emulación de una de las operaciones más importantes en procesos de plantas químicas como son las columnas de destilación. El desarrollo del emulador es realizado a partir del modelo de la columna en una plataforma de aplicación en tiempo real basada en LINUX compuesta por los proyectos RTAI, RTAI-Lab y RTAI-XML. En la emulación se obtiene la respuesta de la composición del producto bajo perturbaciones en la alimentación. Los resultados de las emulaciones son comparados con los resultados de las simulaciones obtenidas en MATLAB y muestran que la respuesta de la composición a cambios en las entradas o cambios en las perturbaciones se acerca a la respuesta obtenida con la simulación en MATLAB.

This article presents a review of the methods currently used to measure Quality of Experience - QoE and Quality of Service - QoS for video service using techniques of streaming video through an internet service provider, the main differences are enunciated between objective and subjective metrics, use scenarios and disadvantages presented in a wireless environment. In addition, the radio access technology - RAN Long Term Evolution - LTE as the radio access technology and wireless technology most likely to be used in the coming years is presented, development tools for handling platforms emulation systems LTE are compared. Additionally, the article describes the challenges and research gaps in evaluating and measuring the quality of experience for video services supported by wireless technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amauta 'Todo lo Humano es Nuestro' is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dentro del panorama de los programas de regularización y de mejoramiento de barrios que han sido actuados durante los últimos veinte años, el programa Rosario Hábitat (Rosario, Argentina) representa una experiencia de gran interés por la integridad de su enfoque y por los éxitos logrados durante su realización. A partir de un análisis del contexto nacional e internacional del cual Rosario Hábitat hace parte, se presentara la estructura del programa, la metodología aplicada y los resultados obtenidos, evaluados en base a los objetivos establecidos y comparados con los resultados de otros programas similares. El Rosario Hábitat es aquì presentado como una experiencia altamente significativa, evaluada respecto a otras prácticas internacionales análogas, teniendo en cuenta su inversión económica, su escala de acción y la respuesta de sus habitantes.

This work presents the design of a hardware architecture for the emulation of quantum circuits based on Toffoli gates allowing the emulation of more than 50 qubits. The state of the system is obtained processing each basis state by means of the functions determined by the quantum gates for each qubit; the time required to execute the emulation grows exponentially only with the number of qubits that are used to generate a superposition of states, but not with the total amount of qubits of the system as occurs when the conventional matrix representation is used. Additionally, an array of processing units was designed to decrease the execution time. The synthesis results allow concluding that 9.35 seconds are required to emulate the 8-bit modular exponentiation, which uses 48 qubits, 155,312 quantum gates and requires processing 131,072 basis states. Furthermore these results allow estimating that 256 processing units of 52 qubits can be implemented in the FPGA EP3C120F780I7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article features a research about the use and interpretation of the myth of the Argonauts and other classical heroes in the little-known book Argonautica Americanorum, written in latin in 1647 by the German jesuit Johann Bissel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution surveys the emergence and character of the Middle Horizon in Peru's north highlands. It centers on Ancash department, a region with a rich and unique archaeological record for contextualizing interaction during the period. My discussion begins by detailing the sequence and variability of interregional interaction in Ancash Department during the latter half of the 1st millennium AD. Then I will examine the general implications of the available data -- especially architecture, long distance goods and ceramic style -- with a view to identify current difficulties and to encourage future problem-oriented investigations. Two terms help contextualize the cultural dynamism of the Middle Horizon: bundling (purposeful acquisition and clustering of objects from long-distance) and vector (a distinct cultural predisposition facilitating interaction). Although there is evidence of Wari contact before imperial expansion, trade interaction increased dramatically during the early Middle Horizon, focused on 'bundled' patterns of acquisition. These were followed by new exchange orientations and stylistic emulation. There is very little evidence to indicate territorial control, but Wari strategies highlighted the rich areas of western Ancash, while apparently de-emphasising Eastern Ancash. Religion and prestige economies appear to have been the most common factors for local engagements with Wari culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-1990s, Brazil and Mexico created innovative social policies known as Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs). Since then, CCTs have spread to countries throughout Latin America and beyond. While these programs reflect a new development norm, their spread is surprising given that some emulating countries lack the basic education and health infrastructure to support increased demand from beneficiaries. This article draws on a policy diffusion framework to explain the spread of CCTs. The author contrasts domestic preconditions (political ideology, state capacity and human development levels) with international pressure (neighborhood effects, professional norm-creation and financial inducements by international financial institutions) to explain the diffusion of CCTs. In order to elucidate the mechanisms that drive diffusion processes, the article draws on mixed methods to uncover learning and emulation among actors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this essay I propose that the Girardian distinction between "mensonge romantique" and "vérité romanesque" may engender a new interpretation of the Latin American culture. In order to unfold this possibility, I will begin with a discussion of the Girardian concepts of "mensonge romantique", "vérité romanesque" and "interdividuality". I will then propose the concept of "poetics of emulation" as a strategy of Latin American cultural history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]