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The electronic wedge brake (EWB) uses self-reinforcement principles to optimise stopping power, but its mathematical model has various actuation angles and system dynamics making controller design complex and computationally burdensome. Therefore, the model order reduction (MOR) is made based on three factors that may have a negligible influence on the EWB system: the motor inductance, lead screw axial damping, and wedge mass. Six reduced order model (ROM) types were proposed when one, two, or all factors were ignored. The ROM accuracy was analysed using the frequency and time domain. The percentage of root means square error (RMSE) response value between the EWB benchmark model, and the predicted response based on the ROM was found to be less than 2%, with ROM size reduced from 5 to 2 orders. It guarantees that the new ROM series will be useful for simpler EWB controller design. The proposed ROM simplifies the original model drastically while retaining accuracy at an adequate level. Even though the simplest EWB model is a 2nd order linear system, the best ROM vary depending on EWB design parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new design of an electronic wedge brake (EWB) system called the Cone Wedge Shape Based Electronic Wedge Brake (CW-EWB). The CW-EWB brake is made up of two cone wedges, one female and one male, stacked on top of each other. The CWEWB is powered by the linear movement of a roller screw caused by the rotation of an electric motor through the roller screw, which causes the lower wedge to move tangentially to the disc brake, creating braking torque as the wheel rotates. A dynamic model of the CW-EWB that creates braking torque was built in this study, utilising a physical parametric estimate method. A torque tracking controller based on the proportional integral derivative (PID) control scheme is presented to ensure the CW-EWB model performs properly. The resulting mathematical model and control method were then experimentally tested using a braking test rig outfitted with multiple sensors and input-output (IO) devices. The performance of the brake mechanism is analysed in terms of actuator voltage, current, wedge position, wheel speed, and brake torque. Consequently, comparisons are made between experimental outcomes and simulated model responses. There are comparable trends between simulation results and experimental data, with an acceptable level of error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic wedge brake system (EWB) used in the automotive industry is a new structure designed for brake-by-wire systems. This paper proposes a novel EWB system which is mainly composed of a screw-driven wedged inner brake pad, a fixed outer brake pad, a fixed caliper-flexible brake rotor and a hybrid stepper motor. The proposed EWB system does not have a planetary gear set or a ball screw mechanism, it simplified the existing EWB systems. The proposed EWB system is designed to take advantage of the self-interlocking ability of the screw mechanism to hold the brakes with zero-overhauling and the self-energizing ability of the wedge brake pad to reduce the braking effort. In the braking phase, the screw driven wedge inner brake pad forces the flexible rotor against a fixed flat brake pad. The rotor is elastically deformed to make the contact against the fixed pad. Except for the applied force, the friction force between the brake rotor and the wedge pad exerts additional force as the wedge is pulled along the direction of rotation, thus requiring a lower brake actuation force. In this paper, the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm is introduced to improve the response ability and stability of the proposed EWB. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADRC controller in the proposed EWB system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brake system is one of the most critical parts of a vehicle's technology for avoiding accidents. The ultimate focus of the braking system is to guarantee that adequate stopping force is available to stop the vehicle's longitudinal movement. Therefore, the ability of a brake system to stop a vehicle must be examined in terms of analyzing the brake system's performance and the implementation of the brake system on actual vehicles. This study offers a performance evaluation of the Electronic Wedge Brake based on the Cone Wedge Shape (CW-EWB) on the vehicle brake systems. The evaluation was carried out through dynamic assessments, namely sudden braking tests at constant speeds of 40, 60, and 90 km/h using the MATLAB Simulink software simulation method and an experimental study using hardware-in-loop simulation (HILS). In the simulation study, the performance of the vehicle brake system using CW-EWB was compared with the brake performance of the vehicle using the conventional hydraulic brake (CHB). The results showed that CW-EWB behaved similarly to the hydraulic brake in terms of required brake torque output but with a faster response time, i.e., between 0.5 – 1 s. The HILS experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the CW-EWB on actual vehicles. This method confirmed the HILS results against the simulation results with a variable response time of less than 6%. Vehicle body speed, wheel speed, longitudinal tire slip, and stopping distance experienced by the vehicle were all evaluated. The study's findings show that the proposed CW-EWB is quite effective and sufficiently dependable to be used as a vehicle brake system, notably in Antilock Braking Systems.

The electronic wedge brake system (EWB) used in the automotive industry is a new structure designed for brake-by-wire systems. This paper proposes a novel EWB system which is mainly composed of a screw-driven wedged inner brake pad, a fixed outer brake pad, a fixed caliper-flexible brake rotor and a hybrid stepper motor. The proposed EWB system does not have a planetary gear set or a ball screw mechanism, it simplified the existing EWB systems. The proposed EWB system is designed to take advantage of the self-interlocking ability of the screw mechanism to hold the brakes with zero-overhauling and the self-energizing ability of the wedge brake pad to reduce the braking effort. In the braking phase, the screw driven wedge inner brake pad forces the flexible rotor against a fixed flat brake pad. The rotor is elastically deformed to make the contact against the fixed pad. Except for the applied force, the friction force between the brake rotor and the wedge pad exerts additional force as the wedge is pulled along the direction of rotation, thus requiring a lower brake actuation force. In this paper, the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm is introduced to improve the response ability and stability of the proposed EWB. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ADRC controller in the proposed EWB system.

An electronic brake safety evaluation index is proposed as a quantitative analysis metric for evaluating the fail-safe control strategies of brake-by-wire systems for improvement in the straight braking stability. The proposed electronic brake safety evaluation index is developed with the combination of a longitudinal deceleration deviation term and a lateral deviation term of a vehicle in straight braking situations. A fuel cell electric vehicle with a brake-by-wire system model is used to simulate the effectiveness of the electronic brake safety evaluation index in various failure modes. Brake safety evaluation scenarios are proposed to find effective fail-safe control strategies for the brake-by-wire systems. The simulation results for the fail-safe control strategies of a brake-by-wire system in various failure modes show that the proposed electronic brake safety evaluation index can be a useful and effective quantitative metric for evaluating fail-safe control strategies in the development, verification and validation stages of brake-by-wire systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the automotive industry is shifting towards electrification, brake-by-wire technologies are becoming more prevalent. However, there has been little research comparing and optimizing brake-by-wire actuators in terms of their energy expenditure and response time. This paper investigates the comparison of three different smart brake-by-wire actuators, Electro-Hydraulic Brakes (EHB), Electro-Mechanical Brakes (EMB), and Electronic Wedge Brakes (EWB), first by defining an objective metric and then using both linear and nonlinear optimization techniques. Modeling of the actuators is performed using the bond graph method. Then, the controllers are designed using a robust control strategy, Youla parameterization. After designing the controllers, two types of optimization are performed on the actuators. Optimizations are performed in two ways: 1. by linearizing the plants and optimizing using their transfer functions and 2. by nonlinear optimization of the plants in the closed-loop following a specific clamp force target. The objective metrics or the cost functions for these optimizations are chosen to be the energy usage of the plants during the closed-loop operation, maximum power requirement, and their dynamic responsiveness. Using this optimization framework, we can show a significant improvement in the energy usage of the actuators and slight improvements in their responsiveness. In the end, the actuators are compared in terms of their energy usage for sets of initial and optimized physical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic wedge brake is one of the brake-by-wire systems with a self-energizing effect. It is attractive because it can produce enough braking torque with the 12-voltage system. However, the electronic wedge brake cannot be implemented unless the self-energizing effect is effectively controlled. In this study, the electronic wedge brake is modeled into dynamic equations, and a sliding mode controller is designed based on the model. The clamping force is estimated based on the simplified electronic wedge brake model and the contact point detection algorithm is also provided. The performance of the proposed controller is verified in simulations and experiments using a prototype electronic wedge brake. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An electronic wedge brake (EWB) uses the wedge principle to provide a self-reinforcement mechanism, resulting in reduced current to the actuation motor. However, this mechanism can lead to an unstable open-loop system. In this study, an upper-wedge moving-type EWB is developed and a control algorithm is proposed to follow the target clamping force and to prevent jamming of the EWB system using the push-pull control of the actuator. The performance of the EWB is evaluated using a dynamometer and a simulator. Based on testing and simulation, the clamping force and braking time of the proposed EWB are shown to be satisfactory with respect to the required braking deceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]