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Background: Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare disease with low incidence and prevalence but carries high rates of disability and potential fatality. Objective: To determine whether the presence of abnormal electroencephalographic patterns in patients with anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis affects functional prognosis at 3 months. Material and methods: A retrospective, observational, analytical, longitudinal-cross-sectional study was conducted with a retrospective cohort. Results: Out of a total of 44 patients with anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis, concerning electroencephalographic findings, 19 patients had a normal EEG result (43.2%), 18 had cortical dysfunction (40.9%), 7 had epileptiform reports (15.9%), and only 1 had a Delta Brush report (2.3%). The functional outcome of patients at 3 months measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was as follows: 3 patients without disability (6.8%), 6 patients with mild disability (13.6%), 17 patients with mild to moderate disability (38.6%), 9 patients with moderate to severe disability (20.5%), 1 patient bedridden (2.3%), and 2 deceased (5.6%). Conclusions: In our study, no association was found between an abnormal electroencephalographic pattern and a worse functional prognosis at 3 months in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. Although the electroencephalogram analyzed is the initial one, it would be necessary to assess later whether the persistence of abnormalities in the electroencephalogram is related to a greater number of sequelae and disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There exists a scarcity of neurocognitive research that has successfully used electrophysiology as an objective tool to assess different learning modalitiesthat are commonly used in anatomy. The objective of this study was to explore the trend in the expression of brain waves in medical students when using different didactic strategies in learning anatomy. An exploratory, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 22 firstsemester medical students in anatomy. Using didactic strategies with different pedagogical tools such as biological models (human skulls and pig hearts) and/or digital application (Visible Body software), and different evaluation methods, students were grouped into three groups: "EOR1" students who learned using a skull and were evaluated with it; "EOV1" students who learned using a pig heart and were evaluated with the Visible Body software; and "EOV2" for students who learned through the Visible Body software and were evaluated with it. During the evaluation, each student was monitored in real-time using an electroencephalogram and the Emotiv EPOC brain-computer interface system to record the electro-physiological activity of beta (B), theta (T), and gamma (G) waves. The data obtained (the trend of the electrical activity of each wave and its relationship with students' performance in each didactic strategy) were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Groups EOR1 and EOV1 had satisfactory results in their evaluations and showed a predominance of B waves (x=67.33) and T waves (x=57.67). Additionally, a strongly positive correlation (r=0.82) was found between the presence of B waves and the duration of T waves. Students who used three-dimensional biological models as a pedagogical tool showed a predominance of B and T waves, which are associated with sensorimotor and exploratory learning necessary for studying anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 33-year-old man with two bilateral tonic-clonic seizures of unknown onset 12 years earlier was admitted to our epilepsy monitoring unit for characterization of his nocturnal groaning spells suspicious for catathrenia. Video-scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) was suggestive of drug-resistant non-lesional localization-related focal epilepsy in the right hemisphere. Intracranial EEG showed right frontal opercular origin of seizures with insular spread as the cause of his spells. This illustrative case shows the importance of video-EEG monitoring to distinguish nocturnal frontal opercular seizures from catathrenia. We review the evidence on distinguishing the two disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: This study aimed to determine whether the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AED) alters the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalographies (EEG) performed early after a first epileptic seizure. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study including patients with a first seizure attended at our centre’s emergency department between July 2014 and November 2019. We collected clinical data, as well as technical data on the acquisition and interpretation of the EEG performed within the first 72 hours after the seizure, and the factors related with seizure recurrence. Results: We recruited 155 patients with a mean (SD) age of 48.6 (22.5) years; 61.3% were men. Regarding seizure type, 51% presented tonic-clonic seizures of unknown onset and 12% presented focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Thirty-nine patients (25.2%) received AED treatment before the EEG was performed: 33 received a non-benzodiazepine AED and 6 received a benzodiazepine. Epileptiform abnormalities were observed in 29.7% of patients. Previous administration of AEDs was not significantly associated with the probability of detecting interictal epileptiform abnormalities (P = .25) or with the risk of recurrence within 6 months (P = .63). Conclusions: Administration of AEDs before an early EEG following a first seizure does not decrease the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities. These findings suggest that starting AED treatment immediately in patients with a high risk of early recurrence does not imply a reduction in the diagnostic accuracy of the test. Resumen: Introducción: Determinar si la administración de fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) puede alterar la probabilidad de encontrar anomalías epileptiformes en EEG realizados de forma precoz tras una primera crisis epiléptica (CE). Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron los pacientes atendidos en urgencias de nuestro centro por una primera CE entre julio de 2014 y noviembre de 2019. Se recogieron los datos clínicos, las características técnicas de adquisición e interpretación de los EEG efectuados durante las primeras 72 horas tras la CE y los factores relacionados con la recurrencia. Resultados: Se recogieron 155 pacientes; edad media 48,6 ± 22,5 años; 61,3% hombres. El 51% presentaron crisis tónico-clónicas (TC) de inicio desconocido y el 12 % focales con progresión a tónico-clónica bilateral. El 25,2% (39/155) recibieron tratamiento con FAE antes de la realización del EEG; en 33 pacientes se administró un FAE no benzodiacepínico y en 6 una benzodiacepina. Se observaron anomalías epileptiformes en 29,7% de los pacientes. La administración previa de FAE no se asoció de forma significativa ni con la probabilidad de detectar anomalías epileptiformes (p = 0,25) ni con el riesgo de recurrencia a los 6 meses (p = 0,63). Conclusiones: La administración de un FAE previo a la realización del EEG precoz tras una primera CE no disminuye la probabilidad de detectar anomalías epileptiformes. Estos hallazgos sugieren que iniciar un FAE de forma inmediata en aquellos pacientes con alto riesgo de recurrencia precoz no implica un menor rendimiento diagnóstico de dicha prueba.

The objective of this research is to present a comparative analysis using various lengths of time windows (TW) during emotion recognition, employing machine learning techniques and the portable wireless sensing device EPOC+. In this study, entropy will be utilized as a feature to evaluate the performance of different classifier models across various TW lengths, based on a dataset of EEG signals extracted from individuals during emotional stimulation. Two types of analyses were conducted: between-subjects and within-subjects. Performance measures such as accuracy, area under the curve, and Cohen's Kappa coefficient were compared among five supervised classifier models: K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Trees (DT). The results indicate that, in both analyses, all five models exhibit higher performance in TW ranging from 2 to 15 seconds, with the 10 seconds TW particularly standing out for between-subjects analysis and the 5-second TW for within-subjects; furthermore, TW exceeding 20 seconds are not recommended. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting TW in EEG signal analysis when studying emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the percentage of traffic accidents has increased, and according to statistics, this percentage will continue to increase every year, so it is necessary to develop new technologies to prevent this kind of accidents. This paper presents a drowsiness detection system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using a pair of channels (Fp1 and Fp2) applied to drivers before entering their vehicles. First, this model detects the relationship between the area under the curve (AUC) of alpha brain waves, an effective parameter for detecting drowsiness. Then, the extracted information is passed to a fuzzy expert system (FES) that classifies the subject's state as "alert" or "sleepy"; the criterion used was a threshold and training with subjective levels. The proposed system was compared with neural network models, such as support vector machine (SVM), K nearest neighbors (KNN), and random forest (RF). Measurements of one hundred and twenty minutes were performed on each of the ten drivers for two days to test the system. The tests confirm that this system is suitable for preventive measures and that the fuzzy system is superior to traditional neural network methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by symptoms associated with difficulties in emotion regulation, altered self-image, impulsivity, and instability in personal relationships. A relationship has been found between BPD symptoms and altered neuropsychological processes. Studies of event-related potentials (ERP) measured with electroencephalogram (EEG) have found neural correlates related to BPD symptoms. Of note is the P300 component, considered a potential mental health biomarker for trauma-associated disorders. However, no meta-analysis has been found to demonstrate this relationship. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between the P300 component and BPD symptoms. To evaluate the relationship of other ERP components with BPD symptoms. Methods: The method and procedure were adjusted to the PRISMA checklist. The search was performed in three databases: WOS, Scopus and PubMed. A Random Effects Model was used to perform the analysis of the studies. In addition, a meta-regression was performed with % women, Gini and GDP. Finally, a descriptive analysis of the main results found between P300, other ERP components (LPP, P100 and ERN/Ne) and BPD symptoms was performed. Results: From a review of 485 articles, a meta-analysis was performed with six articles that met the inclusion criteria. A moderate, positive relationship was found between the P300 component and BPD symptoms (REM = .489; p < .001). It was not possible to perform meta-analyses for other ERP components (LPP, P100 and ERN/Ne) due to the low number of articles found. Conclusion: The idea that P300 could be considered for use as a biomarker to identify altered neural correlates in BPD is reinforced. In addition, a moderating effect of inequality (Gini) was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Enseñanza de las Ciencias is the property of Revista Electronica de Ensenanza de las Ciencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: There are severe neurological conditions in patients with COVID-19, such as: cerebrovascular disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalitis, acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy and myelitis. Objective: We describe that the patient with SARS-CoV 2 with respiratory symptoms has subtle or subclinical neurological manifestations. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study, which included patients aged 18-65 years with respiratory symptoms and a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Intubated patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases or pre-existing neurological compromise were excluded. Semiology of the headache and neurological examination were performed; Serum levels of glucose, protein, electrolytes, lactate, C-reactive protein, lactic dehydrogenase, and D-dimer were measured. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and electroencephalogram (EEG) were also performed in patients who accepted the risks. Results: A high prevalence of subtle neurological manifestations was found in patients with COVID-19 with only a respiratory clinical picture. Headache, anosmia, dysgeusia, and hypopalesthesia predominated in the early stages, with frequent abnormal findings in the CSF (> 70%) and less frequently in the EEG (< 20%). Conclusions: Headache, anosmia, dysgeusia and hypoesthesia were frequent at the beginning of the infection, together with abnormal findings in CSF and EEG, without other neurological symptoms or neurological disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kranion is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Seizures are a frequent reason for admission to emergency departments and require early, precise diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and prognostic characteristics of a series of patients with seizures attended at our hospital’s emergency department. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study of all patients with seizures who were admitted to our hospital’s emergency department and attended by the on-call neurology service between February and August 2017. Results: We included 153 patients, representing 9.9% of all neurological emergency department admissions. The median age was 58 years, 52.3% of patients were women, and 51% had history of epilepsy. Onset was focal in 82.4% of cases, and the most frequent aetiology was cerebrovascular disease (24.2%). Twelve patients (7.8%) developed status epilepticus, which was associated with higher scores on the ADAN scale (P

Introduction: In recent decades, the EEG signal has been studied from a non-linear mathematical perspective, allowing the understanding of cerebral electrical activity as a complex dynamic system. Objective: analyze the Hurst exponents and correlations of such exponents in the gamma wave during the resolution of an alternating attention and interference inhibition task in university students. Methods: The sample consisted of 14 male students of physical education. The brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® was used to evaluate the electrical activity of the brain, the symbols and digits test was applied to evaluate the alternating attention, and the Stroop words and colors test were used to inhibit interference Results: Of the seven subjects who solved the alternating attention test, one presented a greater tendency to chaos in the left hemisphere, four revealed a greater tendency to chaos in the right hemisphere and two did not present a definite tendency. Of the seven subjects who solved the interference inhibition test, five presented variations in the mean H between the three Stroop plates, especially in the temporal region. The mean of the H exponents in both tests was less than 0,5. Conclusions: During the attention test, a greater chaos of brain electrical activity is observed, without correlations between the regions studied. During the inhibition test, H modifications do not present definite patterns towards order or chaos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tras algunas décadas de entusiasmo por el uso de las herramientas CAD en el diseño arquitectónico, surge ahora la preocupación sobre la pérdida de creatividad en el proceso de creación del proyecto, debido a la estandarización del procesamiento informático y al movimiento repetitivo de las manos. Diferentes teorías defienden que la percepción háptica durante el dibujo a mano alzada favorece la creatividad y así la generación de nuevas ideas. Las investigaciones sobre la función cerebral han demostrado que el movimiento percibido de la mano puede generar actividad en áreas cognitivamente relevantes de la corteza parietal y frontal, posiblemente relacionadas con la creatividad. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no se han realizado estudios experimentales para analizar la actividad cerebral durante el dibujo a mano. El presente artículo describe una investigación llevada a cabo en la que se ha comparado la actividad electroencefalográfica durante el dibujo arquitectónico a mano alzada frente al dibujo CAD con ratón. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que el dibujo a mano está relacionado con una actividad cerebral mayor, lo que respaldaría la tesis de que la creatividad se ve reforzada por los movimientos libres de la mano sobre el papel.

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Triphasic waves (TW) constitute an electroencephalographic pattern associated with certain kinds of encephalopathy. Brain atrophy may be a predisposing factor linked with TW. Objective: To compare the degree of brain atrophy and white matter disease between patients with acute encephalopathy with and without TW. Methods: A retrospective observational study including adult patients with encephalopathy, with and without TW, hospitalized between 2016 and 2017. The degree of brain atrophy and white matter lesion were defined using the Global Cortical Atrophy and Age Related White Matter Changes (ARWMC) scales, respectively. Scores were compared between groups. Mortality rates were registered. Results: Sixteen patients with TW were identified matched by age and sex with 30 patients without TW. The mean age was 80 years in the TW group. Women represented 87.5%. Multifactorial encephalopathy was the most frequent diagnosis followed by metabolic encephalopathy. Patients with TW had more brain atrophy (10.43 vs 6.9, p= 0.03). Mean ARWMC was 9.43±6.5 and 8.5 ±7.89 in patients with and without TW respectively (p= 0.5). Mortality rate was higher in the TW group (31.25 vs 6.66% p= 0.02). Conclusions: Patients with acute encephalopathy and TW had higher degree of cerebral atrophy. It is possible that this structural alteration predisposes to the appearance of TW. There was no significant difference in white matter lesion degree. The mortality of the TW group was high, so future studies are necessary to determine their prognostic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Electroencephalography (EEG) is an essential diagnostic tool in epilepsy. Its use in emergency departments (ED) is usually restricted to the diagnosis and management of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). However, EDs may also benefit from EEG in the context of other situations in epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study using the clinical histories of patients treated at our hospital's ED for epileptic seizures and suspicion of NCSE and undergoing EEG studies in 2015 and 2016. We collected a series of demographic and clinical variables. Results: Our sample included 87 patients (mean age of 44 years). Epileptic seizures constituted the most common reason for consultation: 59.8% due to the first episode of epileptic seizures (FES), 27.6% due to recurrence, and 12.6% due to suspected NCSE. Interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) were observed in 38.4% of patients reporting FES and in 33.3% of those with a known diagnosis of epilepsy. NCSE was confirmed by EEG in 36.4% of all cases of suspected NCSE. Presence of IED led to administration of or changes in long-term treatment in 59.8% of the patients. Conclusions: EEG is a useful tool for seizure management in EDs, not only for severe, sudden-onset clinical situations such as NCSE but also for diagnosis in cases of non-affiliated epilepsy and in patients experiencing the first episode of epilepsy. Resumen: Introducción: El electroencefalograma (EEG) es una prueba diagnóstica esencial en epilepsia. Su uso en los Servicios de Urgencias (SU) es limitado, estando habitualmente restringido al diagnóstico y el manejo del estado epiléptico no convulsivo (EENC). Sin embargo, pueden existir otras situaciones en las que, por su perfil temporal, el EEG puede ser una herramienta útil en este entorno. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, sobre la base de la historia clínica, de los pacientes atendidos en el SU de nuestro hospital por crisis epilépticas (CE) y sospecha de EENC a los que se realizó un EEG, en el periodo 2015-2016, recogiendo variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados: Se reclutó a 87 pacientes, con una edad media de 44 años. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue CE, el 59,8% por primera CE (pCE) y el 27,6% por CE en paciente con epilepsia; en 12,6% la sospecha era EENC. Se observaron descargas epileptiformes interictales (DEI) en el 38,4% de los pacientes atendidos por pCE y en el 33,3% de los epilépticos conocidos; el 36,4% de los posibles EENC se confirmaron mediante EEG. El EEG con DEI supuso un inicio o cambio de tratamiento crónico en el 59,8% de los pacientes. Conclusiones: El EEG es una herramienta útil en el manejo de las CE en los SU, tanto de situaciones agudas graves como el EENC, como en el estudio diagnóstico de la epilepsia de debut o no filiada.

Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a set of motor and non-motor symptoms that affect the lives of patients. Objective: To assess resting-state electroencephalogram-derived functional connectivity and network topological properties in patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia. Methods: Cross-sectional study of cases and controls in 26 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease without dementia and 26 healthy subjects. The electroencephalogram was obtained while awake. Functional connectivity was calculated based on the spatial synchronization matrix between the electrodes. For the quantification of graph theory, the parameters clustering coefficient, mean path length, local and global efficiency were evaluated. Results: Patients with Parkinson's disease showed increased synchronization for beta frequency and decreased synchronization for alpha, theta, and delta frequencies compared to healthy subjects (permutation test p<0.05). In the topological properties of the network, the local efficiency and beta, theta, and delta mean path length, as well as the alpha, beta, theta, and delta clustering coefficient were lower in Parkinson's disease patients compared to healthy subjects (test independent samples p<0.05). Conclusions: Alterations in functional connectivity and patterns described in graph theory for all frequency bands of the electroencephalogram in patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia show a de-structuring of the functional network towards a more random one, therefore, it is thought that from very early stages of the disease, there are already alterations in functional brain networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous non-invasive electroencephalographic monitoring is an essential technique for critical care patients as It shows directly and Indirectly the patient's brain activity and makes it possible to relate it with findings in the clinical status. It is highly sensitive, although its specificity Is lower, so they can show alterations of the state of consciousness without clarifying the etiology. Continuous electroencephalographic recording In patients with altered levels of consciousness, seizures, and convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus has been increasing In recent years as real-time feedback of the cerebral function shows evolution changes and allows for the identification of electric and subclinical epileptic seizures that are highly important since they do not have clinical correlations. These findings In electroencephalographic monitoring also help to modify pharmacological and antiseizure treatments. For practitioners, they are advantageous when making timely decisions that Impact the prognosis of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) is an EEG pattern that appears during childhood, and is often associated with cognitive impairment. It can appear in the course of epileptic syndromes, as well as in benign epilepsy. The aim of this study is to analyse epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with CSWS, in order to describe possible predictive factors in their outcome. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on paediatric patients with CSWS treated in a third-level hospital from November 1997 to November 2017. Results: The study included 25 patients (68% male), of whom 76% had abnormalities in the neuroimaging or suffered from psychomotor development disorder (secondary CSWS). The rest were healthy, or diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. The mean age of onset of CSWS was 6.7 years, but earlier in the secondary CSWS cases. Symptoms were present during the CSWS episode in 72% of cases. All of them were treated with antiepileptic drugs, which were effective in 36%. CSWS stopped in 72%, and remission was longer if the CSWS onset occurred at an older age. One-third (33%) presented with sequelae, mostly cognitive and behavioural alterations. Outcome was poorer in those with secondary CSWS and, in those whose CSWS started at an earlier age and lasted longer. Conclusion: The CSWS pattern, although rare, is still a therapeutic challenge. A close follow-up of the patients with epilepsy is important, especially if associated with cognitive impairment, in order to establish an early diagnosis and treatment. Resumen: Introducción: La punta-onda continua durante el sueño lento (POCS) es un trazado electroencefalográfico característico, que aparece en la infancia y que en ocasiones condiciona un deterioro cognitivo. Este patrón electroencefalográfico puede aparecer tanto en determinados síndromes epilépticos como en la evolución de epilepsias idiopáticas y sintomáticas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de pacientes que presentan en algún momento de su evolución POCS, describir la respuesta a distintos tratamientos y estudiar factores predictores de su evolución. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes pediátricos con POCS seguidos en un hospital terciario en el periodo de noviembre 1997 a noviembre 2017. Resultados: Obtuvimos una muestra de 25 pacientes (68% varones). El 76% presentaba de base alteraciones en pruebas de neuroimagen o retraso psicomotor (POCS secundaria). El 24% restante eran niños sanos o con epilepsias benignas (POCS primaria). La edad media al inicio de la POCS fue de 6,7 años, siendo menor en los casos secundarios. Durante el periodo de POCS, el 72% presentó alguna manifestación clínica añadida. Todos recibieron combinaciones de antiepilépticos, siendo eficaces en el 36%. La POCS cesó en el 72%, siendo más probable el cese cuanto más tarde se hubiera instaurado. Un tercio tuvo alguna secuela, principalmente alteraciones cognitivas y del comportamiento, más frecuentes en POCS secundaria y en los pacientes en que duró más tiempo. Conclusiones: El trazado electroencefalográfico de POCS, aunque infrecuente, supone un reto terapéutico. Es importante seguir a los pacientes con epilepsia, especialmente si asocia deterioro neurológico, para detectar la presencia POCS e iniciar tratamiento precoz.

Debido a los avances en las neurociencias, la evolución y accesibilidad a dispositivos biométricos, que permiten la captura de respuestas fisiológicas ante estímulos externos, se ha presentado una forma diferente de conocer al consumidor y poder adaptar todas las estrategias de mercadeo lo más personalizado posible en una disciplina llamada Neuromarketing. Atendiendo a esta realidad, el objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar de forma experimental la percepción frente a ciertos estímulos sensoriales derivados de cinco sabores (vainilla, fresa, chocolate, chicle y cookies and cream) de malteadas pertenecientes a la industria de helados y postres. Se realizó una muestra de 20 sujetos, seleccionados mediante una entrevista semiestructurada para garantizar que no habían consumido los sabores de esas malteadas. Posteriormente, fueron expuestos a los cinco sabores en tres momentos diferentes, sólo con el olfato como primer momento, sólo con el canal sensorial del gusto y, por último, sólo con el canal sensorial de la vista. Esto nos permitió capturar la actividad cerebral de ondas (theta, alpha, beta y hi-beta), y también la actividad galvánica, mediante un electroencefalograma (EEG) y un medidor (GSR). Los resultados permitieron observar que los sabores de chocolate y fresa son los que mostraron más cambios y diferencias de género, así mismo, el canal del olfato es el que mayor incidencia tiene en la forma como se perciben los sabores.

Background and Objectives. The study of the attentional function, a focus of interest in the neurosciences field, can be carried out through electroencephalographic quantification, a non-invasive technique that enables the evaluation of the brain activity. The objective of this work is to analyze the attention/concentration of staff of the Spanish Armed Forces in tactical simulations of handling military vehicles. For this purpose, variations in cortical bioelectric numerical complexity are analyzed when moving from resting states to simulation tasks, and with the difficulty of the task. Material and methods. Electroencephalographic signals were analyzed from a group of 36 volunteer subjects with the Mobility, an estimator of the average frequency of the signal that measures the standard deviation of the derivative of the signal in reference to the standard deviation of the amplitude. The data have been statistically studied by means of an exploratory survey, an analysis of variance of two factors and a hypothesis test. Results. An increase of the cortical average of Mobility is observed in each type of electroencephalogram as the task becomes more complex and requires more attention, and decreases as the activity ceases. Mobility shows a considerable increase in the occipital and part of the temporal areas during the simulations, which shows the activation of the signals corresponding to the primary visual area and the primary auditory cortex. Conclusions. Mobility detects changes in the activity of different cortical areas with the change in cognitive tasks. Thus, it can be considered a good indicator of brain activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We analyze the diagnostic utility of urgent EEG (electroencephalogram) performed in children under 16 years of age in our center., Material and Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, observational study of consecutive patients from 0 to 16 years of age, who underwent an urgent EEG for any reason, from January to December 2022., Results: Of the 388 patients, 70 were children: 37 (52.85%) women, and 33 (47.14%) men. Average age: 6.27 ± 4.809. Of the 70 patients, 6 (8.57%) had previous epilepsy. Reasons for consultation: 17 febrile seizures, 10 first focal seizures, 10 first TCG seizures, 6 paroxysmal episodes, 6 absences, 3 myoclonus of extremities, 3 syncope, 2 SE, 2 visual alterations, 2 low level of consciousness, 2 cyanosis, 2 suspected meningitis or encephalitis, 1 choking, 1 atypical headache, 1 chorea, 1 presyncope, 1 language delay. Of the 70 patients, 47 had a normal EEG (67.14%). Of the 47 patients with a normal EEG, 10 were diagnosed with epilepsy, and 3 of them began receiving antiepileptic treatment upon discharge. None of the patients with suspected syncope or paroxysmal disorder (17 patients, 24.28%) had EEG abnormalities. Of the 17 patients with atypical febrile seizures, 3 had EEG abnormalities., Conclusions: A third of the EEG records performed in the Emergency Department showed alterations, probably due to the time taken. Almost half of the patients with suspected epilepsy or EE showed EEG abnormalities, which confirmed the diagnosis in these cases and encouraged the clinician to start drug treatment. No case with a high suspicion of epilepsy was dismissed due to the normality of the EEG recording in our series. No patient diagnosed with syncope or paroxysmal disorder had EEG abnormalities. Nearly a quarter of patients with atypical febrile seizures showed EEG abnormalities. We barely register cases of status epilepticus, probably due to the degree of complexity of our center., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Este estudio se centró en identificar la variedad de aspectos motivacionales que se pueden implementar en los Ambientes Virtuales de Aprendizaje. Se utilizó el paradigma de investigación cuantitativa, a partir del modelo experimental, donde la variable independiente es el estímulo (motivación) y la variable dependiente es el resultado obtenido en los campos cerebrales que mostraron activación. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la suite de office Microsoft Excel con la herramienta de análisis de datos. El estudio permitió observar un aumento leve de la actividad cerebral en el área prefrontal del hemisferio derecho, moderado en las áreas temporal y parietal del mismo hemisferio, y leve en el área central y las áreas frontales en ambos hemisferios. El área frontal está relacionada con la construcción y diseños de objetos y figuras, al tiempo que interviene en la memoria de trabajo para el material visual. Esto indica que las personas deben ser estimuladas de diferentes formas, entre las que se encuentran los aspectos motivacionales, para generar estados óptimos en el cerebro para los procesos de aprendizaje. Por lo tanto, se pueden definir estrategias tecnopedagógicas para el diseño de cursos que mejoren la atención, incidan en el aprendizaje significativo y garanticen la permanencia en la modalidad virtual.

Es objetivo de este trabajo revisar las evidencias disponibles sobre el papel del electroencefalograma (EEG) en el contexto de la afectación del sistema nervioso central debida a infección por SARS-CoV-2. Para ello se hizo una revisión exhaustiva de las publicaciones indexadas en la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (Pubmed/Medline). Al abordar las complicaciones neurológicas de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 se enfatiza en los reportes de crisis epilépticas, estado epiléptico no convulsivo, crisis sintomáticas agudas y encefalopatías. Se detallan los hallazgos del EEG reportados en la literatura y se presentan recomendaciones para el registro e interpretación del EEG en pacientes en investigación por COVID-19, en régimen ambulatorio y en hospitalización, puntualizando en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se concluye que el EEG aporta información relevante en la evaluación de las manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes en investigación por COVID-19. La realización de las diferentes modalidades de estudios de EEG requiere la valoración del riesgo versus beneficio, y demanda el cumplimiento de los protocolos de bioseguridad.

Actualmente, métodos basados en neurociencia y tecnología (neurotecnología), se utilizan para conocer cómo las personas procesan los diferentes estímulos del marketing. Estos métodos podrían ser utilizados para generar adecuadas políticas en salud pública, pero está siendo aprovechado por empresas agroalimenticias para mejorar sus estrategias de comercialización e incentivar el consumo de comida rápida, ingesta de alimentos alto en azucares, sal, y grasas saturadas y trans, siendo el origen de enfermedades no trasmisibles como la obesidad, infartos, cáncer, hipertensión y diabetes, además de carencias nutricionales, las cuales constituyen un gran peligro para las personas y para la salud pública. Los neurocientíficos han venido utilizando diferentes tecnologías (resonancia magnética funcional (RMF), electroencefalografía (EEG), magnetoencefalografía (MEG), tomografía por emisión de positrones (TEP), seguimiento ocular, codificación facial, respuesta galvánica de la piel (RGP) o actividad electrodérmica (AED), condicionamiento clásico, Test de Asociación Implícita (TAI), y Neurofeedback o Biofeedback electroencefalográfico), los cuales aportan nuevo conocimiento sobre procesamiento de estímulos del marketing y la toma de decisiones. La evidencia recomienda que la neuroimagen es capaz de revelar información sobre preferencias del consumidor, que con otras herramientas seria casi imposible lograr. Esta revisión, destaca las preocupaciones profesionales, éticas y científicas aplicada a las relaciones académico-industriales derivados del uso de la neurociencia o neuromarketing en publicidad y en la toma de decisiones sobre el consumo de productos agroalimenticios, donde la neuroética aparece como una disciplina de mucha importancia. Investigaciones futuras de neurociencia deben orientarse a contribuir a la satisfacción eficaz de las necesidades, a diferenciar y mejorar las ofertas de valor, donde el interés principal sea una situación de mayor satisfacción y bienestar para la sociedad.

Poincare plot is a non-linear method which allows analyzing the variability of a signal by plotting the signal against itself after a delay time. Although this method has been used to analyze the electroencephalogram (EEG) in order to assess general anesthesia, its application on light sedation has not been addressed in depth yet. In this work, several time-delays are considered in the Poincaré plot to characterize levels of light anesthesia on 110 patients scheduled to digestive endoscopy. Poincaré Plot indexes are mixed with parameters obtained from spectral analysis of signals with EEG and EMG (electromyography) information in order to model light anesthesia levels, according to Ramsay Sedation Scale. The best prediction, using indexes from Poincaré plot, of sedation level and analgesia level (Pk = 0.711) is obtained with a time delay of 8ms in a frequency range from 30 Hz to 110 Hz and 6ms in a frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 30 Hz, respectively. Pk = 0.799 was obtained with a model mixing different parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report two cases with an unusual variant of multiple sclerosis, from a clinical, imaging and electrophysiological point of view. Clinical case reports: Two patients from the same family are reported with an unusual variant of multiple sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (IMR) (3T) was performed on them using T1, T2 and FLAIR weighted sequences; neurophysiological study, which included visual, auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials; as well as conventional and quantitative electroencephalogram. In addition, the data of other members of the family were collected. The members of the family affected with multiple sclerosis exhibited similar alterations in the studies, such as typical imaging alterations of multiple sclerosis, prolongation of P100 in the visual evoked potential, slow and paroxysmal activity in the electroencephalogram, and presence of oligoclonal bands in the study of cerebrospinal fluid. Moderate involvement of the disease was found, which can be distinguished from sporadic forms. Conclusions: Cases with family multiple sclerosis have similar clinical, imaging and electrophysiological characteristics, which could be differentiated from cases with sporadic multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: La epilepsia benigna de la infancia con puntas centro-temporales es el síndrome epiléptico focal más común en pediatría. No hay datos sistematizados en Colombia sobre esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, electroencefalográficas y familiares de este síndrome. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, con análisis exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes

Son varios los estudios que de acuerdo con el avance tecnológico se han venido desarrollando en apoyo al diagnóstico y tratamiento de los trastornos de la atención. En los estudios comúnmente realizados se emplea el electroencefalograma (EEG), cuya contribución al estudio del Trastorno de Déficit de Atención (TDA) ha sido de gran importancia, por los resultados recolectados por muchos investigadores. Además de la contribución que ha tenido el EEG en el diagnóstico del TDA, ha sido una herramienta muy útil para su tratamiento. Este documento presenta el diseño y resultados de un dispositivo electrónico que registra y analiza continuamente la actividad eléctrica cerebral para aplicar un proceso de condicionamiento operante llamado Neurofeedback, el cual brindará apoyo al tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención

Relevance of the study: Seizures are some of the most common pediatric problems, requiring the patient to be addressed to medical emergency services, and often intensive treatment. During a seizure the bioelectric activity of the brain is disturbed, developing a transient process determined by an abnormal, excessive or synchronous electrical activity, which can lead to changes in consciousness, behavior and/or abnormal movements, usually with sudden onset and end, of short duration, from seconds to minutes, which are detected using electroencephalography, i. e., EEG. Convulsions frighten parents and caregivers; however, most can be controlled with antiepileptic drugs. The recognition of epileptic seizures and early therapeutic intervention is essential for the prevention of complications. Scope of the study consists in presenting the National clinical protocol on the convulsions in the child, developed on the basis of international guidelines and assessment of the type of seizures, in accordance with the modern classification of these nosological entities. Methodology of the study: The study was based on review of literature, protocols and inernational guidelines. A retrospective analysis medical records of 211 children's aged from 28 days to 5 years, suspected for epileptic seizures, was carried out to determine the type of the seizure, conform to classification of epileptic seizures, ILAE 2017. Additional examinations are neurological tests, electroencephalographic investigation, i. e., EEG, cerebral imaging, and genetic analysis. Were used methods of statistical processing, i. e., t-criterion Student and confidence interval evaluation 95CI. Results: The results of the study allowed to identify the type of seizure. The focal seizures - 120 cases (56,9%; 95CI 53,49-60,31) prevailed over generalized seizures - 56 cases 26,5%; 95CI 23,46-29,54). Also, were determined seizures with unknown type - 24 cases 11,4%; 95CI 9,21-13,59) and unclassifiable seizures - 11 cases (5,2; 95CI 3,67-6,73). Among the seizures prevailed the tonic-clonic seizures - 72 (34,1%; 95CI 30,84-37,36), followed with the tonic seizures - 29 (13,7%; 95CI 11,33-16,07), myoclonic seizures - 17 (8,1%; 95CI 6,23-9,97), epileptic spasms - 10 (4,7%; 95CI 3,24-6,16), clonic seizures - 7 (3,3%; 95CI 2,07-4,53), etc., in descending order, most of the phenomena were encountered. It is not ruled out that in some cases the focal or generalized onset of the crisis was missed, for which reason the unknown or unclassifiable type was confirmed. The results of the EEG changes characterized the type of crisis, but in some cases the type of seizures remained unknown. Imaging and genetic examinations have facilitated confirmation of some causes of epileptic seizures, especially with structural changes (58 cases, 27,5%; 95CI 24,43-30,57). Genetic pathologies were found only in 5 cases (2,4%; 95CI 1,36-3,44). However, part of the causes of seizures remained unknown (15,6%; 95CI 13,1-,18,1). Seizures were addressed from a therapeutic point of view based on the clinical protocol developed and the present therapeutic algorithm. Conclusion: The approach of a child with seizures is based on 6 criteria: Recognizing the epileptic nature of a seizure; Correct therapeutic guidance of the patient during the seizure; Identification of the causes of the seizure; Adherence to the therapeutic principles with anticonvulsant pharmaceuticals; Surveillance of the patient after the seizure; Ensuring of psychological support to the child and family. The classification developed for the recognition and differentiation of seizures is useful and covers most of the available variants. Further examinations using EEG and cerebral MRI help to identify the type of seizure. The recognition of epileptic seizures and early therapeutic approach is essential for the prevention of complications. Timely relief helps to improve the patient's prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment in neurological diseases is still nowadays a challenge in the Psychology. In the current manuscript, we present diverse psychophysiological approaches allowing the study of cognitive alterations with a temporal resolution of 1 millisecond or to assess cognitive mechanisms that do not involve a voluntary response from the subject. All these procedures will be presented in well-known diseases as multiple sclerosis or attention deficit disorder, and at the same time, in "high risk mental state", what is considered an early phase in the potential development of psychosis in human subjects. All evidences described in the following pages will allow seeing that is possible to improve our knowledge of cognitive impairment in diverse brain diseases using psychophysiological approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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