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Methane directly contributes to air pollution, as an ozone precursor, and to climate change, generating physical and economic damages to different systems, namely agriculture, vegetation, energy, human health, or biodiversity. The methane-related damages to climate, measured as the Social Cost of Methane, and to human health have been analyzed by different studies and considered by government rulemaking in the last decades, but the ozone-related damages to crop revenues associated to methane emissions have not been incorporated to policy agenda. Using a combination of the Global Change Analysis Model and the TM5-FASST Scenario Screening Tool, we estimate that global marginal agricultural damages range from ~ 423 to 556 $2010/t-CH4, of which 98 $2010/t-CH4 occur in the USA, which is the most affected region due to its role as a major crop producer, followed by China, EU-15, and India. These damages would represent 39–59% of the climate damages and 28–64% of the human health damages associated with methane emissions by previous studies. The marginal damages to crop revenues calculated in this study complement the damages from methane to climate and human health, and provides valuable information to be considered in future cost-benefits analyses. © 2023, The Author(s). JS and SW were supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under Interagency Agreement DW-089-92459801. The views expressed in this article are purely those of the authors and do not, under any circumstances, represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the European Commission. JS and SW were supported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under Interagency Agreement DW-089-92459801. The views expressed in this article are purely those of the authors and do not, under any circumstances, represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the European Commission.

Significance A full picture of the COVID-19 pandemic requires information on how its impact on lives and on livelihoods relates across different groups. We therefore estimate excess all-cause mortality and employment displacement in April 2020 nationally and separately by state and by age group. Initial economic damages from the pandemic are more widespread across groups than deaths, which were primarily concentrated in a few states and among the oldest old. While the two states with the largest mortality increase account for about half of national excess mortality, the two most economically affected states account for only 7% of national economic damages. These findings suggest that policy responses to contain the pandemic involve trade-offs across different demographic and geographic groups., The economic and mortality impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been widely discussed, but there is limited evidence on their relationship across demographic and geographic groups. We use publicly available monthly data from January 2011 through April 2020 on all-cause death counts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and employment from the Current Population Survey to estimate excess all-cause mortality and employment displacement in April 2020 in the United States. We report results nationally and separately by state and by age group. Nationally, excess all-cause mortality was 2.4 per 10,000 individuals (about 30% higher than reported COVID deaths in April) and employment displacement was 9.9 per 100 individuals. Across age groups 25 y and older, excess mortality was negatively correlated with economic damage; excess mortality was largest among the oldest (individuals 85 y and over: 39.0 per 10,000), while employment displacement was largest among the youngest (individuals 25 to 44 y: 11.6 per 100 individuals). Across states, employment displacement was positively correlated with excess mortality (correlation = 0.29). However, mortality was highly concentrated geographically, with the top two states (New York and New Jersey) each experiencing over 10 excess deaths per 10,000 and accounting for about half of national excess mortality. By contrast, employment displacement was more geographically spread, with the states with the largest point estimates (Nevada and Michigan) each experiencing over 16 percentage points employment displacement but accounting for only 7% of the national displacement. These results suggest that policy responses may differentially affect generations and geographies.

Monitoring of transport infrastructures, in terms of early damage detection, can prevent the loss of life and economic damage associated with sudden infrastructure collapse and inform timely intervention, such as repair, to increase the sustainability and service life of infrastructures. Self-sensing cementitious geocomposites with the ability to detect stress, strain, and damage based on a piezoresistive mechanism enable the development of more integrated and viable geomaterial monitoring solutions than existing monitoring technologies. Self-sensing cementitious geocomposites are composed of conductive phases embedded in cementitious geomaterials that exhibit both sensing ability and superior mechanical properties. The states of stress, strain, displacement, and damage in infrastructures can be investigated by analysing the change in their electrical resistance. In this review, different types of self-sensing composites, their preparation, influential parameters, and associated theoretical investigations are discussed in detail to inform future advances in the development of self-sensing geocomposites. The challenges of this technology have also been summarised. This review is expected to stimulate and inform research that explores the development and application prospects of self-sensing cementitious geocomposites., This work was supported by the European Commission-Shiff2Rail Program under the project “IN2TRACK2–826255-H2020-S2RJU-2018/H2020-S2RJU CFM-2018”. It is also partly financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC), under the R&D Unit of the Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Engineering Structures (ISISE; reference UIDB/04029/2020), as well as under the R&D Unit of the Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T).

Significance As sea levels rise, coastal cities will rely on shoreline protection strategies such as levees and seawalls to mitigate flooding. Although these strategies provide local flood-reduction benefits, they can increase inundation along other shorelines within the same estuary or bay. Using hydrodynamic and economic models, we quantify previously unmeasured regional economic damages (up to $723 million per flood event) that result from the protection of individual shoreline segments in San Francisco Bay, CA. We also highlight and quantify opportunities to alleviate regional flood damage through strategic floodwater storage in low-lying areas. Integrating the findings into coordinated planning efforts that account for the regional impacts of local shoreline actions could provide opportunities to reduce shared risk in coastal regions globally., Coastal communities rely on levees and seawalls as critical protection against sea-level rise; in the United States alone, $300 billion in shoreline armoring costs are forecast by 2100. However, despite the local flood risk reduction benefits, these structures can exacerbate flooding and associated damages along other parts of the shoreline—particularly in coastal bays and estuaries, where nearly 500 million people globally are at risk from sea-level rise. The magnitude and spatial distribution of the economic impact of this dynamic, however, are poorly understood. Here we combine hydrodynamic and economic models to assess the extent of both local and regional flooding and damages expected from a range of shoreline protection and sea-level rise scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California. We find that protection of individual shoreline segments (5 to 75 km) can increase flooding in other areas by as much as 36 million m3 and damages by $723 million for a single flood event and in some cases can even cause regional flood damages that exceed the local damages prevented from protection. We also demonstrate that strategic flooding of certain shoreline segments, such as those with gradually sloping baylands and space for water storage, can help alleviate flooding and damages along other stretches of the coastline. By matching the scale of the economic assessment to the scale of the threat, we reveal the previously uncounted costs associated with uncoordinated adaptation actions and demonstrate that a regional planning perspective is essential for reducing shared risk and wisely spending adaptation resources in coastal bays.

Barren ground and sites with low coverage by vegetation (e.g., dunes, soil surfaces, dry lakes, and riverbeds) are the main source areas of sand and dust storms (SDS). The understanding of causes, processes (abrasion, deflation, transport, deposition), and influencing factors of sandy and dusty particles moving by wind both in the boundary layer and in the atmosphere are basic prerequisites to distinguish between SDS. Dust transport in the atmosphere modulates radiation, ocean surface temperature, climate, as well as snow and ice cover. The effects of airborne particles on land are varied and can cause advantages and disadvantages, both in source areas and in sink or deposition areas, with disturbances of natural environments and anthropogenic infrastructure. Particulate matter in general and SDS specifically can cause severe health problems in human respiratory and other organs, especially in children. Economic impacts can be equally devastating, but the costs related to SDS are not thoroughly studied. The available data show huge economic damages caused by SDS and by the mitigation of their effects. Management of SDS-related hazards utilizes remote sensing techniques, on-site observations, and protective measures. Integrated strategies are necessary during both the planning and monitoring of these measures. Such integrated strategies can be successful when they are developed and implemented in close cooperation with the local and regional population and stakeholders.

Invasive species have caused severe impacts on biodiversity and human society. Although the estimation of environmental impacts caused by invasive species has increased in recent years, economic losses associated with biological invasions are only sporadically estimated in space and time. In this study, we synthesized the losses incurred by invasions in Asia, based on the most comprehensive database of economic costs of invasive species worldwide, including 560 cost records for 88 invasive species in 22 countries. We also assessed the differences in economic costs across taxonomic groups, geographical regions and impacted sectors, and further identified the major gaps of current knowledge in Asia. Reported economic costs of biological invasions were estimated between 1965 and 2017, and reached a total of US$ 432.6 billion (2017 value), with dramatic increases in 2000–2002 and in 2004. The highest costs were recorded for terrestrial ectotherms, for species estimated in South Asia, and for species estimated at the country level, and were related to more than one impacted sector. Two taxonomic groups with the highest reported costs were insects and mammals, and two countries with the highest costs were India and China. Non-English data covered all of 12 taxonomic groups, whereas English data only covered six groups, highlighting the importance of considering data from non-English sources to have a more comprehensive estimation of economic costs associated with biological invasions. However, we found that the estimation of economic costs was lacking for most Asian countries and for more than 96% of introduced species in Asia. Further, the estimation is heavily biased towards insects and mammals and is very limited concerning expenditures on invasion management. To optimize the allocation of limited resources, there is an important need to better and more widely study the economic costs of invasive alien species. In this way, improved cost reporting and more collaborations between scientists and stakeholders are needed across Asia.

Hurricanes and flood-related events cause more direct economic damage than any other type of natural disaster. In the United States, that damage totals more than USD 1 trillion in damages since 1980. On average, direct flood losses have risen from USD 4 billion annually in the 1980s to roughly USD 17 billion annually from 2010 to 2018. Despite flooding&rsquo, s tremendous economic impact on US properties and communities, current estimates of expected damages are lacking due to the fact that flood risk in many parts of the US is unidentified, underestimated, or available models associated with high quality assessment tools are proprietary. This study introduces an economic-focused Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) approach that builds upon an our existing understanding of prior assessment methods by taking advantage of a newly available, climate adjusted, parcel-level flood risk assessment model (First Street Foundation, 2020a and 2020b) in order to quantify property level economic impacts today, and into the climate adjusted future, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change&rsquo, s (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and NASA&rsquo, s Global Climate Model ensemble (CMIP5). This approach represents a first of its kind&mdash, a publicly available high precision flood risk assessment tool at the property level developed completely with open data sources and open methods. The economic impact assessment presented here has been carried out using residential buildings in New Jersey as a testbed, however, the environmental assessment tool on which it is based is a national scale property level flood assessment model at a 3m resolution. As evidence of the reliability of the EIA tool, the 2020 estimated economic impact (USD 5481 annual expectation) was compared to actual average per claim-year NFIP payouts from flooding and found an average of USD 5540 over the life of the program (difference of less than USD 100). Additionally, the tool finds a 41.4% increase in average economic flood damage through the year 2050 when environmental change is included in the model.

В статье рассмотрены причины отстранения от работы лиц, занятых на работах во вредных и (или) опасных условиях труда. Авторами проанализировано количество человек с медицинскими противопоказаниями, которые могут рассматриваться в качестве показателя для оценки прямых и косвенных экономических потерь. Medical contraindications identified during mandatory periodic medical examinations is the ground to suspend people working in harmful and (or) hazardous conditions. Compulsory replacement of employees results in direct and indirect economic damages to society and economic entities. Suspension from work results in direct economic damages to citizens. Identified permanent medical contraindications may be considered as an indicator for assessing direct and indirect economic damages.

Scientific models provide important input to the governance of complex socio-ecological risks. However, scientific knowledge rarely translates to policy in a simple, direct manner. By focusing on the use of scientific models for oil spill risk assessment and management in the Gulf of Finland (GoF), Baltic Sea, this paper aims to enhance the understanding of the capacity of scientific models to connect science, operational decision-making, and policy. In this study, we conceptualize scientific models as boundary objects, i.e. tools that facilitate interactions between different actors, types of knowledge, and perspectives across system boundaries. The study focuses on the different affordances associated with the models regarding their ability to represent, share, and convey knowledge between science and policy and to link the involved knowledge to action (i.e. changes in practice and in policy). We explore 1) how do the different oil spill models work as boundary objects in the science-policy interface, 2) how do different science-policy contexts affect the model affordances, and vice versa. We also provide recommendations for future research. The study is based on interviews of modelers/researchers, response operators, and policymakers. The results suggest that the existing models lack several of the important affordances that are required to successfully integrate different types of knowledge and transform new knowledge to action. As such, we suggest that currently models remain as instrumental, calculative, tools that support pre-determined policies rather than as means for exploring alternative framings of risks and the possible solutions. Finally, we argue that the co-production of knowledge best supports the plurality of model affordances needed to enable transformative change in policy and practice.

Octena mušica ploda (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931)) polifagna je strana invazivna vrsta koja uzrokuje ekonomske štete u uzgoju jagodastog voća diljem svijeta. Štetnik je rasprostranjen u Hrvatskoj i s obzirom da su ekonomske štete u plasteničkoj proizvodnji jagodastog voća zabilježene prije nekoliko godina, mogu se očekivati nove štete u uzgoju bobičastog voća. Razvoj štetnika praćen je na 50 prezrelih plodova sorata ‘Amira’ i ‘Sugana’ uzgajanih u plastenicima tijekom 2018. godine u Zagrebu. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi sortnu preferenciju štetnika kako bi se procijenio rizik od njegove pojave u uzgoju maline. Prisutnost štetnika zabilježena je na obje sorte u isto vrijeme, a vrsta D. suzukii bila je dominantna octena muha u uzorkovanim plodovima. Značajno više octenih muha i vrste D. suzukii razvilo se na sorti ‘Amira’. Na sorti 'Amira' ukupno se razvilo 373 primjeraka ženki i 211 primjeraka mužjaka vrste D. suzukii, dok se na sorti 'Sugana' razvilo 253 primjeraka ženki i 142 primjerka mužjaka. Prosječan broj štetnika po plodu maline na sorti 'Amira' iznosio je 11.68, a na sorti 'Sugana' 7.9. Vrsta D. suzukii razvija se u visokim populacijama u plasteničkom uzgoju maline te predstavlja ozbiljnu opasnost za uzgoj maline na području istraživanja., Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931)) a polyphagous alien invasive species causes economic damages in cultivation of soft fruits all over the word. It is widespread in Croatia and considering that the economic damage occurred in greenhouse cultivation of soft fruit several years ago, new damage in this production can be expected. The pest development was monitored on 50 overripe fruits of cultivars 'Amira' and 'Sugana' cultivated in greenhouses in Zagreb in 2018 to investigate pest preference for these cultivars and to make a risk assessment in raspberry cultivation. Pest presence was recorded on both cultivars at the same time, and D. suzukii was dominant drosophilid species in development. Significantly more drosophilids as well as individuals of D. suzukii were developed on cultivar 'Amira'. On 'Amira' 373 female and 211 male of D. suzukii developed, while on 'Sugana' 253 female and 142 males developed. Average number of pests per fruit on 'Amira' counted 11.68 and on 'Sugana' 7.9. Drosophila suzukii develops in high populations in the greenhouse production of raspberry cultivars, which poses a serious risk for their cultivation in the study site.

Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931)) a polyphagous alien invasive species causes economic damages in cultivation of soft fruits all over the word. It is widespread in Croatia and considering that the economic damage occurred in greenhouse cultivation of soft fruit several years ago, new damage in this production can be expected. The pest development was monitored on 50 overripe fruits of cultivars 'Amira' and 'Sugana' cultivated in greenhouses in Zagreb in 2018 to investigate pest preference for these cultivars and to make a risk assessment in raspberry cultivation. Pest presence was recorded on both cultivars at the same time, and D. suzukii was dominant drosophilid species in development. Significantly more drosophilids as well as individuals of D. suzukii were developed on cultivar 'Amira'. On 'Amira' 373 female and 211 male of D. suzukii developed, while on 'Sugana' 253 female and 142 males developed. Average number of pests per fruit on 'Amira' counted 11.68 and on 'Sugana' 7.9. Drosophila suzukii develops in high populations in the greenhouse production of raspberry cultivars, which poses a serious risk for their cultivation in the study site.

Significance Observations indicate that climate change has driven an increase in the intensity of natural disasters. This, in turn, may drive an increase in economic damages. Whether these trends are real is an open and highly policy-relevant question. Based on decades of data, we provide robust evidence of mounting economic impacts, mostly driven by changes in the right tail of the damage distribution—that is, by major disasters. This points to a growing need for climate risk management., Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. Does this translate into increased economic damages? To date, empirical assessments of damage trends have been inconclusive. Our study demonstrates a temporal increase in extreme damages, after controlling for a number of factors. We analyze event-level data using quantile regressions to capture patterns in the damage distribution (not just its mean) and find strong evidence of progressive rightward skewing and tail-fattening over time. While the effect of time on averages is hard to detect, effects on extreme damages are large, statistically significant, and growing with increasing percentiles. Our results are consistent with an upwardly curved, convex damage function, which is commonly assumed in climate-economics models. They are also robust to different specifications of control variables and time range considered and indicate that the risk of extreme damages has increased more in temperate areas than in tropical ones. We use simulations to show that underreporting bias in the data does not weaken our inferences; in fact, it may make them overly conservative.

This paper provides an overview of how economists think about climate change impacts with a focus on Asia. It is designed to discuss the steps along the causal chain from physical impacts to impacts on human and natural systems. It starts with a summary of the projected physical impacts of climate change on Asia based on the IPCC's 5th assessment report. It then discusses the concept of the social cost of carbon and how integrated assessment models are used to obtain estimates of this number. This includes a discussion of how a mapping from physical climate impacts to economic damages - called the damage function - is obtained. A recent literature using a mapping of weather/climate into GDP growth rates is discussed, including impact estimates from the literature. The second part of the paper contains an extensive discussion of the mitigation challenge, both physical and economic and concludes with a discussion of the policy challenges going forward.

Магістерська дисертація складається зі вступу, п’яти розділів, висновку, переліку посилань з 26 найменувань, 4 додатки, і містить 19 рисунків, 35 таблиць. Повний обсяг магістерської дисертації складає 108 сторінки, з яких перелік посилань займає 3 сторінки, додатки – 16 сторінок. Актуальність теми. З точки зору безпеки трубопроводи мали хороший досвід у перевезенні небезпечних матеріалів, але зараз виникають декілька факторів, які дозволяють зробити висновок, що дотримання найкращих міжнародних стандартів трубопровідності може бути недостатнім для задоволення безпеки та екологічних очікувань суспільства. Основними чинниками, що ведуть до цього висновку, є: – трубопроводи зношуються, і записи показують, що ймовірність виникнення інцидентів на цих трубопроводах зростає; − трубопроводи працюють в районах, де щільність населення збільшилася. Недоліки трубопроводів, що містять деякі небезпечні матеріали, можуть становити серйозні ризики навіть з невеликих викидів. Враховуючи вищезазначене, Європейське співтовариство розробляє ініціативу з безпеки трубопроводів, яка, як очікується, вимагатиме демонстрації безпеки та стану трубопровідних систем у випадку безпеки. Для підвищення репрезентативності, змістовності та достатності інформації необхідно врахування більшої кількості початкових даних, інформації з різних джерел, а просторова прив'язка дозволяє зробити цю інформацію зручною для її сприйняття та використання при прийнятті рішення, саме цю задачу вирішуватиме розроблена система. Метою дослідження є створення методичної та алгоритмічної бази для ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах. Для досягнення поставленої задачі були сформульовані наступні завдання дослідження, що визначили логіку дослідження та його структуру: − проаналізувати критерії та показники екологічних ризиків аварій на трубопроводах; − проаналізувати сучасні інформаційні ГІС-технології в задачах моніторингу довкілля; − визначити розрахункові моделі оцінки екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах; − спроектувати архітектуру системи ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах; − розробити програмне забезпечення для ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах. Об’єктом дослідження є інформаційні технології моніторингу довкілля. Предметом дослідження є інформаційні технології моніторингу екологічних ризиків. Методико-математичне забезпечення. Розв’язання поставлених задач виконувались з використанням наступних методико-математичних забезпечень: − індивідуальний ризик; − колективний ризик; − комплексні ризики; − збитки. Практичне значення одержаних результатів роботи полягає в розробці системи ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах, що спрощує роботу працівників міністерства надзвичайних ситуацій. Master's thesis consists of an introduction, five sections, a conclusion, a list of references from 26 denominations, 4 appendices, and have 19 figures, 35 tables. The full volume of the master's thesis is ?? pages, 3 of which is list of references, ?? – appendices. Topicality. From the safety point of view, pipelines have had good experience in the transport of hazardous materials, but now there are several factors that can lead to the conclusion that compliance with the best international pipeline standards may not be sufficient to meet the security and environmental expectations of society. The main factors leading to this conclusion are: − pipelines are wearing out, and records show that the probability of incidents occurring on these pipelines is increasing; − pipelines operate in areas where population density has increased. Disadvantages of pipelines containing some hazardous materials can pose serious risks even with small emissions. Taking into account the above, the European Community is developing a pipelines' safety initiative, which is expected to require demonstration of the security and status of pipeline systems in the event of a safety concern. In order to increase the representativity, content and sufficiency of information, it is necessary to take into account more initial data, information from different sources, and spatial binding allows making this information convenient for its perception and use when making a decision, this task will be solved by the developed system. The aim of the research is creation of methodical and algorithmic basis for GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines. To accomplish the task, the following research objectives were formulated, which determined the logic of the research and its structure: − analyze the criteria and indicators of environmental risks of pipeline accidents; − to analyze modern information technology GIS in the tasks of environmental monitoring; − to determine the estimated models of environmental risk assessment as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines; − to design the architecture of the system of GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines; − to develop software for GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas pipelines. The object of research is the information technology of environmental monitoring. The subject of research is an information technology for monitoring environmental risks. Methodological and mathematical support. The solving of defined tasks was performed using the following methodological and mathematical support: − Individual risk; − collective risk; − complex risks; − losses. The practical value of research the work is to develop a system of GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines, which simplifies the work of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

La Ley 35/2015, de 22 de septiembre, establece un nuevo sistema para la valoración de los daños y perjuicios causados a las personas en accidentes de circulación, el cual incluye indemnizaciones cuya finalidad es compensar los perjuicios patrimoniales que sufren los perjudicados, ya se trate de lucro cesante o de daño emergente.Conforme a lo establecido en la propia Ley, las más relevantes de esas indemnizaciones requieren una valoración actuarial, siendo ese el caso de la indemnización por necesidad de ayuda de tercera persona. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la metodología de valoración actuarial que, para esta indemnización, se incluye en las “Bases Técnicas Actuariales del Baremo” y los resultados que se obtienen en el marco de los principios y criterios que la Ley 35/2015 establece con carácter general para el sistema y, en particular, para dicha indemnización. The Law 35/2015, September 22nd, establishes a new system for valuation of traffic accident victims damages which includes compensations of economic damages (loss of income/profit or emerging damage). According to the Law, the more relevant of these compensations require actuarial valuation. The compensation for victims requiring third party aid is one of them. In this paper, we analyze the actuarial valuation methodology that the “Bases Técnicas Actuariales del Baremo” (Scale Actuarial Technical Basis) set to calculate this compensation, as well as the assumed biometric, economic and financial hypothesis and the obtained results. The framework for this is the set of principles and criteria which the Law 35/2015 establishes in general for the system and in particular for this compensation.