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Abradable environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are used to reduce clearances between blades and casings in the hottest parts of aero gas turbines, increasing the overall efficiency of the turbine, however, research into the mechanical performance of such coatings is limited. The aim of this work was to better understand the relationship between microstructure and erosion and wear performance in abradable EBCs, since publicly available literature regarding such coatings is scarce and the potential efficiency gains in gas turbines are significant. In this study, ytterbium disilicate abradable EBCs containing three different porosity levels (determined by fugitive polyester phase addition) were deposited using atmospheric plasma spraying with porosity levels of 8, 15 and 21.5% by area. These coatings were then characterised in numerous ways; the porosity was quantified, the thermal conductivity was measured, the superficial hardness and erosion resistance were measured, and finally, the coatings were subjected to a rig test designed to simulate in-service cutting mechanisms against a tipped turbine blade. The results show that increasing the level of porosity via increasing the amount of pore forming phase in the feedstock, led to reduced erosion resistance and improved cutting by a turbine blade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University broadcasting was created in Brazil in 1950 and gained prominence at the end of the 1960s. Since then, public institutions have started to operate a few dozen stations. The scenario changed in 2023, in a movement coordinated by federal government and Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), in partnership with public universities and federal institutes. The objective of this article is to systematize the expansion of university and public broadcasting from that year, comparing it with the scenario in previous decades. This initiative can be equivalent to more than doubling the number of stations in Public Broadcasting National Network (RNCP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in asthma management include non-invasive methodologies such as sputum analysis, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). These techniques offer a means to assess airway inflammation, a critical feature of asthma, without invasive procedures. Sputum analysis provides detailed insights into airway inflammation patterns and cellular composition, guiding personalized treatment strategies. EBC collection, reflecting bronchoalveolar lining fluid composition, provides a non-invasive window into airway physiology. FeNO emerges as a pivotal biomarker, offering insights into eosinophilic airway inflammation and aiding in asthma diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the prediction of exacerbation risks. Despite inherent limitations, each method offers valuable tools for a more comprehensive assessment of asthma. Combining these techniques with traditional methods like spirometry may lead to more personalized treatment plans and improved patient outcomes. Future research is crucial to refine protocols, validate biomarkers, and establish comprehensive guidelines in order to enhance asthma management with tailored therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ingested particles or debris will cause high-speed & low-energy impact to the hot end components of aeroengine. Few literature focus on the projectile impact of SiC/SiC with Environmental Barrier Coating(EBC). The impact of 2 mm projectile was specially studied for Si/Yb2Si2O7/Yb2SiO5-SiC/SiC. Gas gun system was used to conduct impact testing at the speed of 3 m/s∼353m/s. The optical microscope, Scanning Electronic Microscope(SEM), micro CT were used to observe the impact and tension after impact(TAI) damage. For TAI, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to conduct the full-field strain detection around the impact point. Meanwhile, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) methodology was programmed in C++ and developed to simulate SiC/SiC impact problem by introducing modified Hashin-Rotem criteria, extending interface method to 3D and adding GPU accelerated algorithm. The results indicate that threshold velocities of EBC huge peeling and SiC/SiC penetration are different, TAI residual strength also has extinct threshold at the velocity of 246 m/s with 37.1% declining extent, and the impact pit depth of SPH simulation is in good agreement with the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the types, profiles, forms of work, and prospects of modern school museums in Ukraine. It has been found that the activity of museums at educational institutions has a long history and established traditions of educational practice formed based on scientific principles; the functioning of school museums in modern socio-historical conditions is based on the usage of innovative forms and methods of work. The principles on which school museums are created, and work are determined; trends according to which their work is being reformed are revealed. The legal framework on which school museums operate is determined. It is indicated how the organizational and methodical management of the activities of museums at educational institutions is carried out. An analysis of the activities of school museums (more than 4,000 of which operate in Ukraine) has been conducted based on the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine dated March 17, 2011 # 239 and on the Order dated June 17, 2019 # 987 "On the results of the inspection of museums at educational institutions under the management of the Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine." Valuable experience in organizing educational work based on school museums is presented, in particular, the usage of non-standard forms and methods of teaching. The role of museums at educational institutions (which, due to their specificity, is an optimally organized educational dimension) in introducing the principles of museum pedagogy into the educational process and implementing patriotic education of students based on personally oriented approaches with the usage of various types of practical activities is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the influence of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) on the air masses sampled at the mountaintop Hellenic Atmospheric Aerosol and Climate Change station ((HAC)2) at Mount Helmos (Greece) during the Cloud-AerosoL InteractionS in the Helmos background TropOsphere (CALISTHO) Campaign from September 2021 to March 2022. The PBL Height (PBLH) was determined from the standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity (σw) measured by a wind Doppler lidar (over a 30-min time window with 30 m spatial resolution); the height for which σw drops below a characteristic threshold of 0.1 m s–1 corresponds to the PBLH. The air mass characterization is independently carried out using in situ measurements sampled at (HAC)2 (equivalent black carbon, eBC; fluorescent particle number, aerosol size distributions, absolute humidity). We found that a distinct diurnal cycle of aerosol properties is seen when the station is inside the PBL (i.e., PBLH exceeds the (HAC)2 altitude); and a complete lack thereof when it is in the Free Tropospheric Layer (FTL). Additionally, we identified transition periods where the (HAC)2 site location alternates between the FTL (usually during the early morning hours) and the PBL (usually during the midday and late afternoon hours), during which the concentration and characteristics of the aerosols vary the most. Transition periods are also when orographic clouds are formed. The highest PBLH values occur in September [400 m above (HAC)2] followed by a transition period in November, while the lowest ones occur in January [200 m below (HAC)2]. We found also that the PBLH increases by 16 m per 1°C increase of the ground temperature.

Recent advancements in asthma management include non-invasive methodologies such as sputum analysis, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). These techniques offer a means to assess airway inflammation, a critical feature of asthma, without invasive procedures. Sputum analysis provides detailed insights into airway inflammation patterns and cellular composition, guiding personalized treatment strategies. EBC collection, reflecting bronchoalveolar lining fluid composition, provides a non-invasive window into airway physiology. FeNO emerges as a pivotal biomarker, offering insights into eosinophilic airway inflammation and aiding in asthma diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the prediction of exacerbation risks. Despite inherent limitations, each method offers valuable tools for a more comprehensive assessment of asthma. Combining these techniques with traditional methods like spirometry may lead to more personalized treatment plans and improved patient outcomes. Future research is crucial to refine protocols, validate biomarkers, and establish comprehensive guidelines in order to enhance asthma management with tailored therapeutic strategies and improved patient outcomes.

A reliable determination of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations derived from filter absorption photometers (FAPs) measurements depends on the appropriate quantification of the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) for converting the absorption coefficient (babs) to eBC. This study investigates the spatial–temporal variability of the MAC obtained from simultaneous elemental carbon (EC) and babs measurements performed at 22 sites. We compared different methodologies for retrieving eBC integrating different options for calculating MAC including: locally derived, median value calculated from 22 sites, and site-specific rolling MAC. The eBC concentrations that underwent correction using these methods were identified as LeBC (local MAC), MeBC (median MAC), and ReBC (Rolling MAC) respectively. Pronounced differences (up to more than 50 %) were observed between eBC as directly provided by FAPs (NeBC; Nominal instrumental MAC) and ReBC due to the differences observed between the experimental and nominal MAC values. The median MAC was 7.8 ± 3.4 m2 g-1 from 12 aethalometers at 880 nm, and 10.6 ± 4.7 m2 g-1 from 10 MAAPs at 637 nm. The experimental MAC showed significant site and seasonal dependencies, with heterogeneous patterns between summer and winter in different regions. In addition, long-term trend analysis revealed statistically significant (s.s.) decreasing trends in EC. Interestingly, we showed that the corresponding corrected eBC trends are not independent of the way eBC is calculated due to the variability of MAC. NeBC and EC decreasing trends were consistent at sites with no significant trend in experimental MAC. Conversely, where MAC showed s.s. trend, the NeBC and EC trends were not consistent while ReBC concentration followed the same pattern as EC. These results underscore the importance of accounting for MAC variations when deriving eBC measurements from FAPs and emphasize the necessity of incorporating EC observations to constrain the uncertainty associated with eBC.

This study explores both the coloniality of knowledge and politics of representation and the dominant political ideologies manifested within the Ethiopian Brodcasting Corporation (EBC). It also deepens media coverage of protests by interrogating how the media in Ethiopia construct knowledge and negotiate politics of representation in every aspect of the political scene. The study employed an exploratory case study research design through the lens of decolonial epistemic theory to scrutinise the mass media coverage of protests deployed in the EBC. This study mainly discusses the colonial matrix of power, dominant discourses and their ideologies in EBC regarding protest representation against Addis Ababa's Integrated Master Plan (AAIMP). The study extends its argument to how decolonisation occurs in the struggle for economic control through the land-grabbing political system of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) government of Ethiopia. The study's central argument regards AAIMP's goal to annex the neighbouring Oromia regions, proposed in 2014. Through this colonial matrix, as emphasised by the work of Tlostanova and Mignolo, the study elaborates on how the government imposes restrictions on the media representation of protests and how and why the media partially or fully ignore or distort the coverage of social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo traz parte da pesquisa sobre a institucionalização da comunicação pública no Brasil, feita em mestrado na Escola de Comunicação da UFRJ, que apresentou os principais marcos legais e históricos dos veículos da Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e legislativa. Destacamos neste artigo a trajetória da Rádio MEC, fundada em 1923 como Rádio Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados os fundamentos da comunicação pública, da economia política da comunicação e da cartografia nas comunicações. Ao longo dos anos, depois de ser doada ao governo brasileiro, a emissora alavancou o setor de radiodifusão educativa no país e foi ameaçada de ser fechada nos últimos anos.

The appearance of limit cycle oscillations in control systems with fixed threshold based samplers degrades the performance of the control loop, accelerates the wear out of actuators, and introduces an unnecessary communication overhead in distributed control systems. In this paper, the role of the input signals to the control loop is taken into account when analyzing the existence of limit cycles induced by fixed threshold samplers. With this analysis, a methodology to re-tune PID controllers while running to avoid limit cycle oscillations generated by ramp-like excitation signals is presented. Implementation guidelines and several examples to illustrate the usefulness of the method are provided. • Biased limit cycle oscillations induced in a kind of fixed sampled loops are studied. • A methodology to retune the controller to correct the bias effect is proposed. • The robustness assured by the original controller is granted after the retuning. • The method is applicable to the most commonly found controllers in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most prevalent cancers with the highest fatality rate worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being considered potential new molecular targets for early diagnosis, follow-up, and individual treatment decisions in LC. Therefore, this study evaluated whether lncRNA expression levels obtained from exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples play a role in the occurrence of metastasis in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma (LA). Methods: A total of 40 patients with advanced primary LA and 20 healthy controls participated in the study. EBC samples were collected from patients (during diagnosis and follow-up) and healthy individuals for molecular analysis. Liquid biopsy samples were also randomly obtained from 10 patients with LA and 10 healthy people. The expression of lncRNA genes, such as MALAT1, HOTAIR, PVT1, NEAT1, ANRIL, and SPRY4-IT1 was analyzed using cfRNA extracted from all clinical samples. Results: In the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with LA, lncRNA HOTAIR (5-fold), PVT1 (7.9-fold), and NEAT1 (12.8-fold), PVT1 (6.8-fold), MALAT1 (8.4-fold) expression levels were significantly higher than those in healthy controls, respectively. Additionally, the distinct lncRNA expression profiles identified in EBC samples imply that decreased ANRIL-NEAT1 and increased ANRIL gene expression levels can be used as biomarkers to predict the development of bone and lung metastases, respectively. Conclusion: EBC is an innovative, easily reproducible approach for predicting the development of metastases, molecular diagnosis, and follow-up of LC. EBC has shown potential in elucidating the molecular structure of LC, monitoring changes, and discovering novel biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the formation and estimation of a thermoradiant and temperature field in ceramics Thermal- Environmental-Barrier Coatings (TBC/EBC) has been considered with complex heat transfer but under the influence of the penetrating intense radiant component. The authors proposed to analyze not only TBC but also EBC from the point of view of the optics of semitransparent scattering and absorbing media in the range of ~0.4–4 μm of external radiant action. This paradigm allows us to continue the study of ceramic fibers embedded in ceramic matrix CMCs (C/C, C/SiC, SiC/SiC) as a traditional class of opaque materials. However, at the same time, mullites, Al2O3/Al2O3 have been reviewed as a class of semitransparent elements for designing CMCs. The relevance of studying the effect of oriented fibers on the formation of thermoradiation and temperature fields in a semitransparent material was noted. Modeling the scattering asymmetry coefficient influence (scattering phase function) on the generation of the subsurface thermal radiation source was carried out. The methodology for calculating the thermoradiative field in a semitransparent medium (with relative absorption, scattering indexes, and scattering asymmetry coefficient) was used under a one-dimensional two-flux model as the first approximation for solving the radiative heat transfer equation. Calculations of temperature profiles in opaque and semitransparent ceramics were presented under heat load typical for the combustion chambers operating regime of diesel and gas turbine engines.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a consequence of therapeutic thoracic irradiation (TR) for many cancers, and there are no FDA-approved curative strategies. Studies report that 80% of patients who undergo TR will have CT-detectable interstitial lung abnormalities, and strategies to limit the risk of RILI may make radiotherapy less effective at treating cancer. Our lab and others have reported that lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) exhibits metabolic defects including increased glycolysis and lactate production. In this pilot study, we hypothesized that patients with radiation-induced lung damage will exhibit distinct changes in lung metabolism that may be associated with the incidence of fibrosis. Using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to identify metabolic compounds, we analyzed exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in subjects with CT-confirmed lung lesions after TR for lung cancer, compared with healthy subjects, smokers, and cancer patients who had not yet received TR. The lung metabolomic profile of the irradiated group was significantly different from the three nonirradiated control groups, highlighted by increased levels of lactate. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that EBC from the case patients exhibited concurrent alterations in lipid, amino acid, and carbohydrate energy metabolism associated with the energy-producing tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Radiation-induced glycolysis and diversion of lactate to the extracellular space suggests that pyruvate, a precursor metabolite, converts to lactate rather than acetyl-CoA, which contributes to the TCA cycle. This TCA cycle deficiency may be compensated by these alternate energy sources to meet the metabolic demands of chronic wound repair. Using an "omics" approach to probe lung disease in a noninvasive manner could inform future mechanistic investigations and the development of novel therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as the third leading cause of death among adults, is a significant public health problem around the world. However, about 75% of smokers do not develop the disease despite the severe smoking burden. COPD is a heterogeneous disease, and several phenotypes, with differences in their clinical picture and response to treatment, have been distinguished. Metabolomic studies provide information on metabolic pathways, and therefore are a promising tool for understanding disease etiopathogenesis and the development of effective causal treatment. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the metabolome of the respiratory epithelial lining fluid of patients with COPD, compared to healthy volunteers, refractory smokers, and subjects with other lung diseases. We included observational human studies. Sphingolipids, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins distinguished COPD from non-smokers; volatile organic compounds, lipids, and amino acids distinguished COPD from smokers without the disease. Five volatile organic compounds were correlated with eosinophilia and four were associated with a phenotype with frequent exacerbations. Fatty acids and ornithine metabolism were correlated with the severity of COPD. Metabolomics, by searching for biomarkers and distinguishing metabolic pathways, can allow us to understand the pathophysiology of COPD and the development of its phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment Barrier Coatings (EBCs) working in real service process meet not only environment of high-temperature water vapour, but also face of calcium and magnesium corrosion. In this paper, EBCs made by plasma spray with Yb2Si2O7 coatings were tested by thermal shock in a calcium/magnesium-included water vapour environment at 1 250 °C for 300 cycles. The results showed that there formed two-layer corrosion structures at the coating surface. The topmost layer sustained calcium corrosion, forming obvious multi-phase structure with large pores with phases of (Yb/Ca)2 Si2 O7, (Yb/Ca)2 SiO5 and (Ca/Yb)2 SiO4. The subsurface layer sustained both calcium and magnesium corrosion but mainly the magnesium corrosion, also forming multi phases (Yb/Mg/Ca)2SiO5 and (Mg/Ca/Yb)2SiO4 with relatively dense structure. Via analyses on surface morphology, cross section microstructure, micro-EDS composition and XRD phase structures, the chemical reaction mechanism of the EBC coatings was studied under the calcium/magnesium-included water-vapour thermal shock environment, and the failure mechanism of the coating was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the formation and estimation of a thermoradiant and temperature field in ceramics Thermal- Environmental-Barrier Coatings (TBC/EBC) has been considered with complex heat transfer but under the influence of the penetrating intense radiant component. The authors proposed to analyze not only TBC but also EBC from the point of view of the optics of semitransparent scattering and absorbing media in the range of ~0.4–4 μm of external radiant action. This paradigm allows us to continue the study of ceramic fibers embedded in ceramic matrix CMCs (C/C, C/SiC, SiC/SiC) as a traditional class of opaque materials. However, at the same time, mullites, Al2O3/Al2O3 have been reviewed as a class of semitransparent elements for designing CMCs. The relevance of studying the effect of oriented fibers on the formation of thermoradiation and temperature fields in a semitransparent material was noted. Modeling the scattering asymmetry coefficient influence (scattering phase function) on the generation of the subsurface thermal radiation source was carried out. The methodology for calculating the thermoradiative field in a semitransparent medium (with relative absorption, scattering indexes, and scattering asymmetry coefficient) was used under a one-dimensional two-flux model as the first approximation for solving the radiative heat transfer equation. Calculations of temperature profiles in opaque and semitransparent ceramics were presented under heat load typical for the combustion chambers operating regime of diesel and gas turbine engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the practicability of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as a biological matrix to detect and measure hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in workers occupationally exposed to Cr(VI). EBC samples were collected from workers in France, Finland, Italy, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom from three different target activities: chrome platers, stainless steel welders and surface treatment workers. Pre and post working week EBC samples were collected from 177 exposed workers and 98 unexposed workers (control group). Hyphenated chromatography systems with inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were for the analysis. The results showed that the occupationally exposed workers had significantly higher levels of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) than the control group. Chrome platers exhibited the highest Cr(VI) levels in their EBC samples, with a significant increase from their pre to post samples for both Cr(VI) and Cr(III). A significant difference was also found between pre and post EBC samples for Cr(III) in welders. This study has shown that EBC has the potential to be a valid, non-invasive biological matrix to assess occupational exposure to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) for biological monitoring assessment, with the ability to detect low level inhalation exposures. [Display omitted] • Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) reflects tri- and hexavalent chromium in the lungs. • Both chromium species were higher in EBC of workers compared to controls. • Both chromium species increased from pre to post workweek EBC in chrome platers. • EBC may provide lung-specific, non-invasive occupational exposure data for hexavalent chromium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment Barrier Coatings (EBCs) working in real service process meet not only environment of high-temperature gases with thermal gradient burning, but also condition of sand blasting. In this paper, EBCs made by plasma spray with Si bond coat and Yb2Si2O7 top coat were tested by surface blasting and hot-gas thermal gradient burning. Firstly, the sand-blasting behavior of the EBCs was analyzed. The results showed that the blasting caused the cracking and spallation of the coatings. Secondly, the surface burning morphology was analyzed at different sample zones after the burning test at 1 400 ℃,and the coating failure behavior at the center burning zone was studied. The results indicated that the coating failure was directly related to the diffusion of Si. According to the microstructure and micro composition study, the mechanism of the coating burning failure induced by Si diffusion was clarified in discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including SiC/SiC, C/SiC, C/C, Al 2 O 3 reinforced Al 2 O 3 , face various challenges at high temperature applications, including grain growth, sintering, and creep deformation which are leading to strength loss. The new generation of Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBCs) must allow the protection of these CMCs when operating under harsh conditions, which can reach up to 1100 °C in some applications, such as gas turbines and certain reforming processes. In this work, 8 wt% yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) applied by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) on top of a porous alumina oxide matrix with reinforced alumina fibers Al 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 -CMC (OCMC), considering different interfaces, has been studied. Surface morphology and pre-treatment of CMCs is the most challenging part for thermal spray applications. Hence, two different surface structure were used in this work. The results show that the roughness of OCMC can be reduced from Rz = 41.8 ± 6.8 μm to 20.3 ± 1.1 μm with the new porous bond coat and plasma sprayed coating, resulting in a homogeneous surface morphology.. In terms of thermal stability, a numerical model that combines Object Oriented FEM (OOF) and Cohesive Zone Model CZM tools, has been developed to evaluate the effect of the porosity of the real microstructure and the characteristics of the interfacial roughness profile, respectively, in CMC/EBC structures. In addition, other materials, such as La 2 Zr 2 O 7 and Y 2 O 3 , have been numerically studied in order to evaluate their suitability as EBC. • Two different surface preparations are applied to the OCMC/EBC interface: structured by peel ply fiber and alumina porous coating (APO) • APO enables a better adhesion of EBC and homogenous coating • A numerical model based on the combination of OOF and CZM tools was developed to evaluate both surface preparations in terms of interfacial and mechanical properties • The mechanisms of crack propagation in OCMC/EBC systems were predicted by analysing the numerical results • The APO layer acts as a bond coat that improves adhesion and reduces the thermal stresses due to its porous structure [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abradable environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) can be implemented to realise crucial gains in gas turbine efficiency. The aim of this study was to better understand how abradable coatings perform when exposed to molten calcium magnesium alumino-silicates (CMAS), one of the key challenges facing current EBC design, and how this exposure affects the mechanical properties of the abradable coatings. In this study, three ytterbium disilicate (Yb 2 Si 2 O 7) abradable EBCs containing 8, 15 and 22 % porosity were deposited using atmospheric plasma spraying. These coatings were then exposed to CMAS at high temperatures for 0.5 h, 4 h and 100 h. The results show that increasing the overall level of porosity had minimal impact on the degree of CMAS infiltration and interaction observed in the coatings during exposure. Reaction with the CMAS occurred by a dissolution-precipitation mechanism, with a reprecipitated ytterbium disilicate phase and Yb-apatite (Ca 2 Yb 8 (SiO 4) 6 O 2) crystals noted as the only reaction products. After 100 h CMAS exposure, the erosion resistance of the coatings was investigated. For all the coatings, ductile failure was the main erosion mechanism. The change in phase composition and microstructure after CMAS exposure led to an increase in erosion resistance for all the coatings. • Ytterbium disilicate abradable EBCs were exposed to molten CMAS. • Corrosion occurred via dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism. • Porosity level in abradable coatings had no effect on degree of CMAS infiltration. • Long term CMAS exposure increased erosion resistance of abradable coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process scale-up of fully oxide-based environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) on sintered SiC and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) sub-components was investigated using various slurry manufacturing processes (dip, spray, spin–dip). The performance of EBC-coated sub-components (SiC heating element, SiC/SiC ceramic matrix mini-composite, SiC airfoil, SiC/SiC CMC airfoil) was evaluated in steam oxidation and combustion rigs. Steam oxidation was conducted at 1427 °C in 90 vol.% H2O (g) + 10 vol.% O2 (g) with a 1 h hold at 1427 °C per cycle (1 h hot and 20 min cooling). For high-pressure combustion rig testing, the EBC surface temperature ranged between 1354 °C and 1538 °C with the temperature gradient through CMC + EBC ranging between 100 °C and 150 °C. Dip and spin–dip are non-line-of-sight processes, whereas spray is a line-of-sight process. The three processes, collectively, demonstrated the capability to manufacture slurry EBCs on sub-components with various shapes and sizes. There was no discernable disparity in the EBC steam oxidation performance between the coupons and sub-components in this study and coupons in a previous study. The dependence of steam oxidation rates on the substrate chemistry reported previously was confirmed. The steam oxidation rate of EBC-coated sintered SiC, compared with EBC-coated CVI CMC, was ~2 times and ~1.5 times higher after 100 h and 500 h, respectively, due to the boron sintering aid in sintered SiC. An EBC-coated CMC airfoil after 150 15-h-long cycles in a high-pressure combustion rig test showed only limited EBC spallation along the leading edge and more substantial spallation along the trailing edge, demonstrating the feasibility of an oxide-based bond coat to meet the extreme temperature requirements of next-generation EBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different Si/Yb-silicate environmental barrier coating systems (EBCs) were atmospheric plasma sprayed using various spray currents (275, 325, 375 A) for Yb-silicate deposition. The EBCs were thermally cycled between room temperature and 1300 °C up to 1000 h in air. Additionally, bare Si coatings were tested under isothermal and thermal cycling conditions in the as-sprayed state and after polishing at 1300 °C in air. Parabolic oxidation kinetics were observed and oxidation protection provided by Yb-silicate was found to be influenced by the spray conditions, i.e. only at 325 A, Yb-silicate was effectively protecting the bond coat. The controlling mechanism was attributed to densification in the Yb-silicate layer during thermal cycling, which was quantified via image analysis. The surface finish of the Si coating was also found to be influencing the oxidation rate. The TGO was thinner and less cracked on polished APS Si coating in comparison with the as-sprayed Si coating surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental Barrier Coating systems (EBCs) were thermally cycled in a burner rig test facility. Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 (YbDS) layer was deposited by air plasma spraying while two suspension plasma sprayed Yb 2 SiO 5 (YbMS) microstructures were evaluated in duplex (YbDS/YbMS) systems: columnar and segmentation cracked. EBCs underwent 2000 cycles at a surface temperature of 1300 °C without signs of delamination failure. A porous YbMS layer formed at the base of intercolumnar gaps and segmentation cracks in the duplex systems, presumably due to reactions with entrapped water vapor. Furthermore, Yb 2 O 3 depletion zones were evident at both the surface and YbDS/YbMS interface of the duplex EBCs. • Dense Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 on Si bond coated SiC/SiC CMC shows mud cracking after 2000 cycles at the burner rig. • Columnar and segmentation cracked Yb 2 SiO 5 on dense Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 survive 2000 cycles at burner rig. • Yb 2 O 3 in plasma sprayed Yb 2 SiO 5 layer transforms to Yb 2 SiO 5 during burner rig test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermochemical degradation of hafnium silicate (HfSiO 4) was investigated with a molten calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass relevant to gas turbine engine applications. Sintered HfSiO 4 coupons were fabricated, within which wells were drilled and filled with CMAS glass powder at a loading of ∼35 mg/cm2. Samples were heat treated at 1200°C, 1300°C, 1400°C, and 1500°C for 1 h, 10 h, and 50 h. At 1200°C and 1300°C, slow formation of a Ca 2 HfSi 4 O 12 cyclosilicate phase was observed at the HfSiO 4 -CMAS interface. At 1300°C and higher, rapid infiltration of CMAS into the material along the grain boundaries was observed. Initial conjecture into CMAS degradation mechanisms of HfSiO 4 are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Abstract The new ceramic material for Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBC) on ceram material was developed. Design/methodology/approach: The ytterbium monosilicate was deposited using t> methods: atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and plasma spray physical vapour deposition (PS-PV Findings: Obtained coating was characterized by dense structure and columns typica formed in PS-PVD process were not observed. In comparison with APS-deposited coating, this method, both elements segregation and formation of ytterbium oxide occurred. Research limitations/implications:Researchlimitations/implications: The further research for production of columnar coatings will be necessary. Practical implications: Developed coatings migh be used for next generations of ceran materials used for gas turbine and jet engine blades and vanes as a high temperature a corrosion protection. Originality/value: The first time the ytterbium monosilicate was produced bot by APS a LPPS methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to characterize the PM2.5 and the equivalent black carbon (eBC) inside/outside vehicles (hereafter called “in/out-cabin”) and near roadway, and to estimate their personal exposure to the driver himself as well as the school-aged children. Based on the DoseDEP of a mouse reaching the 90% polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs90%) (Stoeger et al., 2006), the time (day) to reaching the PMNs90% in the blood of a male resident who lives around the roadway was newly calculated. Five independent measurements of PM2.5 and eBC were intensively taken in May 2019 using the monitors attached to the interior and exterior of the vehicle, respectively. In-cabin and out-cabin PM2.5 on the course of driving measurement ranged from 29.4-47.4 μg/m3 with an average of 34.4 μg/m3 and 32.5-56.0 μg/m3 with an average of 45.6 μg/m3, respectively. The eBC in/out-cabin ratio during idling on a busy road ranged from 22% to 86% depending on the windows open/close and ventilation on/off. The in-cabin DosePM2.5 (ng) for 30 seconds on the test driving route ranged from 166-240 ng with an average of 190.4 ng. The average in-school DosePM2.5 (μg) for the schoolchild attending the school near a bus stop is 1.2 times higher than that of schoolchild attending the school away from a bus stop. The time (day) to reaching the PMNs90% due to DEP inhalation for the male resident who lives around the roadway was estimated as 113 days.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as the third leading cause of death among adults, is a significant public health problem around the world. However, about 75% of smokers do not develop the disease despite the severe smoking burden. COPD is a heterogeneous disease, and several phenotypes, with differences in their clinical picture and response to treatment, have been distinguished. Metabolomic studies provide information on metabolic pathways, and therefore are a promising tool for understanding disease etiopathogenesis and the development of effective causal treatment. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the metabolome of the respiratory epithelial lining fluid of patients with COPD, compared to healthy volunteers, refractory smokers, and subjects with other lung diseases. We included observational human studies. Sphingolipids, phosphatidylethanolamines, and sphingomyelins distinguished COPD from non-smokers; volatile organic compounds, lipids, and amino acids distinguished COPD from smokers without the disease. Five volatile organic compounds were correlated with eosinophilia and four were associated with a phenotype with frequent exacerbations. Fatty acids and ornithine metabolism were correlated with the severity of COPD. Metabolomics, by searching for biomarkers and distinguishing metabolic pathways, can allow us to understand the pathophysiology of COPD and the development of its phenotypes.

Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) is considered a superfood with its favourable nutrient composition and being gluten free. Quinoa has high tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, water deficit (drought) and cold. The tolerance mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Quinoa has epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) that densely cover the shoot surface, particularly the younger parts of the plant. Here, we report on the EBC's primary and secondary metabolomes, as well as the lipidome in control conditions and in response to abiotic stresses. EBCs were isolated from plants after cold, heat, high‐light, water deficit and salt treatments. We used untargeted gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse metabolites and untargeted and targeted liquid chromatography‐MS (LC–MS) for lipids and secondary metabolite analyses. We identified 64 primary metabolites, including sugars, organic acids and amino acids, 19 secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, betanin and saponins and 240 lipids categorized in five groups including glycerolipids and phospholipids. We found only few changes in the metabolic composition of EBCs in response to abiotic stresses; these were metabolites related with heat, cold and high‐light treatments but not salt stress. Na+ concentrations were low in EBCs with all treatments and approximately two orders of magnitude lower than K+ concentrations. Characterizing the changes in primary and secondary metabolites and lipids of epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) from C. quinoa in response to several abiotic stresses, such as heat, cold, salinity, high light and water deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated pulmonary hypertension (COPD-PH), one of the most prevalent forms of PH, is a major burden on the healthcare system. Although PH in COPD is usually of mild-to-moderate severity, its presence is associated with shorter survival, more frequent exacerbations and worse clinical outcomes. The pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for PH development in COPD patients remain unclear. It is envisioned that a better understanding of the underlying mechanism will help in diagnosis and future treatment strategies. Objectives: The present study aims to determine metabolomic alterations in COPD-PH patients as compared to healthy controls. Additionally, to ensure that the dysregulated metabolites arise due to the presence of PH per se, an independent COPD cohort is included for comparison purposes. Methods: Paired serum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were collected from male patients with COPD-PH (n = 60) in accordance with the 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines. Age, sex and BMI matched healthy controls (n = 57) and COPD patients (n = 59) were recruited for comparison purposes. All samples were characterized using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: Fifteen serum and 9 EBC metabolites were found to be significantly altered in COPD-PH patients as compared to healthy controls. Lactate and pyruvate were dysregulated in both the biofluids and were further correlated with echocardiographic systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP). Multivariate analysis showed distinct class separation between COPD-PH and COPD. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate an increased energy demand in patients with COPD-PH. Furthermore, both lactate and pyruvate correlate with sPAP, indicating their importance in the clinical course of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jornalistas e organizações noticiosas brasileiras são historicamente resistentes à transparência, o que torna mais opacas as condições de produção do noticiário e impede os cidadãos de conhecerem lógicas, interesses e idiossincrasias. Apesar disso, a transparência é superficialmente evocada no discurso profissional. Neste artigo, analisamos normas internas e editorial guidelinesde dois conglomerados da comunicação no Brasil: o Grupo Globo e a Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC). Públicos, esses documentos permitem entrever se existem políticas internas de transparência e media accountability e como são tais práticas. O corpus de análise é formado pelos Princípios Editoriais do Grupo Globo e por documentos da EBC sobre orientações jornalísticas, governança corporativa, gestão e conduta ética. Os textos compõem um acervo das representações sociais desses conglomerados midiáticos e nos possibilitam ver os entraves para a implementação de mais transparência nas práticas jornalísticas.

Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are an enabler for SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in gas turbines by protecting CMCs from environmental degradation. A critical EBC failure mode is the EBC spallation due to a build-up of elastic strains caused by the formation of SiO 2 scale, known as TGO (thermally grown oxide). H 2 O, a byproduct of combustion reactions, accelerates the TGO-induced EBC failure by increasing TGO growth rates by orders of magnitude. NASA's approach to improve the EBC life, therefore, is to reduce TGO growth rates. NASA discovered that modifying the TGO chemistry by modifying the EBC chemistry of Gen 2 EBC (Si / Yb 2 Si 2 O 7) reduces the TGO thickness by up to ∼80 %. A study was undertaken to understand the oxidation mechanism of modified Gen 2 EBCs as well as to investigate the effect of EBC and CMC chemistry on TGO growth rates. This study confirmed the previously proposed TGO-controlled oxidation mechanism of modified Gen 2 EBCs and determined the correlations between the EBC and CMC chemistry, TGO chemistry, and TGO growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yunxia Wang,1 Jiping Liao,1 Yijue Zhong,1 Cheng Zhang,1 Xueying Li,2 Guangfa Wang1 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Medical Statistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guangfa WangDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100034, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail wangguangfa@hotmail.comBackground: In China, the high prevalence and mortality rate of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the poor intervention effect makes it into a heavy social burden. The main reason is that the current diagnosis of COPD mainly based on the static lung function, which is difficult for early intervention. Through matching a predictive model for high-risk groups of COPD that rewards FEV1 rapid decline as the core, we will establish the early warning model and prove its validity and socio-economic value.Methods: This is a multi-center, prospective, cohort study. A total of 10,000 people aged 40∼75 without lung disease will be recruited and followed for 3 years. Some questionnaires such as St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), income class, educational level, comorbidity, smoking habit, and biomass smoke exposure history will be collected. The baseline level of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP), microRNAs-23a (miR-23a) in peripheral blood and pH value in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) will be measured, lung spirometry will be tested in the first, second, and fourth years. Primary outcome is the incidence of COPD, multivariate regression analysis will be used to establish the predictive model for COPD in China.Discussion: With the rapid decline of lung function as the core and the baseline inflammatory biomarkers in peripheral blood and pH of the exhaled breath condensate as affecting factors, a predictive model to achieve early detection of high-risk COPD groups will be established and promoted.Trial registration: This study has been registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (registration identifier: NCT03532893) on 21 May 2018, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov.Keywords: COPD, decline in FEV1, inflammatory biomarkers, EBC, microRNA-23a

Yttria coatings for all-oxide combustor walls were tested for their crack-growth behavior. These environmental and thermal barrier Y2O3-coatings were processed by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The stiffness and strength were measured for as-received and aged samples that were heat treated at 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1200 °C for a 10 h dwell time. The results show a clear development with respect to the aging conditions. The changes of the modulus and the bending strength indicate that the microstructural changes are not completed, even after aging at 1200 °C for 10 h. The fracture toughness was tested for different orientations on samples aged at 1200 °C. Bending tests as well as indentation experiments were conducted. Furthermore, a bending device was designed to observe the crack-growth in situ. The device had to be rigid and is driven by a piezo stack. The crack growth resistance shows differences in the rise of the R-curves for different orientations of the crack propagation. This is in agreement with the microstructure that results from the plasma spray process.

Abstract Background The human respiratory tract represents the major portal of entry for numerous microorganisms, primarily those occurring as airborne particles such as viral and bacterial entities, or fungal spores. Microorganism characteristics coupled with the local host immune response will determine whether they will be cleared or adhere and colonize the airways leading to acute or chronic pulmonary disease. Like bacteria, fungi can cause severe lung diseases, but their infection rates are much lower. The lung microbiota is commonly sampled using relatively invasive bronchoscopic procedures. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection offers a potentially less invasive alternative for lung microbiota sampling. This study tries to determine the composition of fungal communities in a cohort of healthy adult volunteer subjects from Puglia (Apulia), Italy. Methods Fungi diversity in 27 EBC samples collected from Italian adult volunteers was investigated using conventional microbiological culturing and DNA sequencing approach. Results Ten tested subjects (37,03%) turned out to present fungi in the EBC. We observed complex fungal communities, in which more than 10% of the isolated species are represented by Aspergillus sydowii (14,8%) and Cladosporium spp (11,11%). Three subjects that showed fungal presence in EBC have been diagnosed with a respiratory disease. Conclusions We present a survey of an important scientific field in its early stages that is fungal contamination of airways of healthy subjects in a small geographic area. Furthermore, we interpreted our results to highlight the potential role of fungi in the context of respiratory diseases.

This article is part of the master's research on the history of Empresa Brasil de Comunicação, focusing on social participation provided by two mechanisms: the Board of Trustees, which deliberated on the editorial line and public principles, and the Ombudsman, responsible for receiving statements from the audience and analyzing the contents. Created in 2007 to implement the constitutional pillar of public communication in Brazil, the EBC suffered changes since 2016 that disfigured the public principles of the company. Through a bibliographic, documentary and legislative survey, we found that, without these mechanisms of social control, the EBC becomes increasingly governmental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periostin is considered to be a marker of eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma. However, there are no literature data on exhaled breath condensate (EBC) periostin level in pediatric patients with asthma. The aim of this study was to analyze EBC periostin concentration in children with mild asthma and to evaluate the potential usefulness of EBC periostin level as a biomarker for the disease. EBC and serum periostin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 23 children with asthma and 23 healthy controls. EBC periostin concentration was 250- to 780-fold lower than that found in serum. No significant differences between serum nor EBC periostin concentration in asthmatics and the control group were showed. The comparison between children with Th2 and non-Th2 type of asthma did not show significant differences in periostin concentration, both in serum and EBC. Serum periostin concentration inversely correlated with BMI and age not only in asthma patients but also in controls. In children with mild asthma, periostin may be measured not only in serum but also in EBC. The low periostin level in patients with mild asthma and lack of difference between asthmatic subjects and controls indicate that EBC periostin may not be useful as an asthma biomarker in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A instabilidade, conferida previamente pela Lei 11.652/08, que consolidou a criação da EBC e possibilitava ingerências na empresa pública, bem como por um contexto de anacronismo regulatório do setor, já definia como incerto o caminho da comunicação pública brasileira. Com o início do governo de Michel Temer (PMDB) no Brasil, após abertura de um processo polêmico de impeachment na Câmara Federal, em abril de 2016, e sua consolidação no Senado, em agosto, a EBC, especialmente na figura da TV Brasil, viu-se ainda mais ameaçada. O processo de desmonte ganhou fôlego com a Medida Provisória 744/16, assinada em setembro e consolidada pela Lei 13.417/17, em vigência desde março. Considerando esse cenário, assim como a premissa da comunicação pública como princípio constitucional e sua implantação correspondente às melhores práticas estrangeiras, a discussão da temática é mais que necessária, é urgente.

Structurally unique halimanes EBC‐232 and EBC‐323, isolated from the Australian rainforest plant Croton insularis, proved considerably difficult to elucidate. The two diastereomers, which consist an unusual oxo‐6,7‐spiro ring system fused to a dihydrofuran, were solved by unification and consultation of five in silico NMR elucidation and prediction methods [i.e. ACDLabs, olefin strain energy (OSE), DP4, DU8+ and TD DFT CD]. Structure elucidation challenges of this nature are prime test case examples for empowering future AI learning in structure elucidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tension‐tension fatigue performance of a SiC/SiC composite with an ytterbium‐disilicate environmental barrier coating (EBC) was investigated at 1200°C in air and steam. The composite is reinforced with Hi‐Nicalon™ SiC fibers and has a melt‐infiltrated matrix processed by chemical vapor infiltration of SiC with subsequent infiltration with SiC particulate slurry and molten silicon. The EBC consists of a Si bond coat and an Yb2Si2O7 top coat applied via air plasma spraying. Tensile properties were evaluated at 1200°C. Tension‐tension fatigue was examined for maximum stresses of 110‐140 MPa. To assess the efficacy of EBC, experimental results obtained for the coated composite are compared to those for a control uncoated composite. Surface grit‐blasting inherent in the EBC application process degrades tensile strength of the composite. However, the EBC effectively protects the composite from oxidation embrittlement during cyclic loading in air or steam. Fatigue runout set to 200 000 cycles (55.6 hours at a frequency of 1.0 Hz) was achieved at 110 MPa in air and steam. Retained properties of pre‐fatigued specimens were characterized. Composite microstructure, along with damage and failure mechanisms were investigated. Damage and failure of the composite are attributed to the growth of cracks originating from numerous processing defects in the composite interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public radios and TV stations face institutional, political, economic and cultural challenges to achieve a position of legitimacy and importance in society. Based on the premise that commercial media diffuses visions on particular subjects, this article maps arguments most widely used by big newspapers to refer to public broadcast. Content analysis is the method used to observe 36 editorials, published between 2007 and 2018 by the newspapers Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de São Paulo and O Globo. In general, public media is presented from a mostly negative perspective, showing that public radio and tv stations are at the service of an official, partisan and propagandistic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EBC's alleged high cost has been used as one of the arguments supporting the option to privatize the company. This article aims to assess whether this cost is really high based on EBC's historical budget and on a comparison of these values with that of foreign public broadcasters. This analysis shows that, according to the adopted criteria, EBC's cost is low, and it is important to highlight the decrease in the percentage of the budget allocated to investments in recent years. The company has been limited to the payment of its employees and regular operating expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law: Research Papers / Studia Prawnicze. Rozprawy i Materialy is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)