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Informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija in digitalizacija že dalj časa zaznamujeta naše življenje. Posledice digitalne revolucije so že dolgo osrednjega pomena za delo različnih mednarodnih organizacij. V vseh ciljih in agendah za naslednja leta se daje poudarek na večanju digitalne zrelosti držav in družbe. Še posebej pa se je vpliv ravni digitalne zrelosti držav pokazal v času krize COVID-19, ko smo bili ljudje primorani ostati doma in smo nekatere storitve lahko opravljali le na daljavo. V magistrskem delu je obdelano področje kazalnikov digitalne zrelosti, ki vplivajo na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Analizirani so kazalniki digitalne zrelosti in njihov vpliv na uporabo storitev e-uprave v Sloveniji in izbranih državah EU. Digitalne veščine in digitalna infrastruktura sta ena izmed glavnih dejavnikov, ki vplivata na to, da nek posameznik uporablja storitve e-uprave. Zato je pomembno, da se daje dovolj velik poudarek na nadaljnjem razvoju teh dveh področij v kombinaciji s preostalimi dejavniki, ki še vplivajo na zmožnost uporabe storitev e-uprave. V empirični raziskavi smo s statistično korelacijo raziskali pomen digitalnih veščin in digitalne infrastrukture na uporabo storitev e-uprave, kjer smo zaznali pozitivno in značilno korelacijo med analiziranimi spremenljivkami, podobno tudi na področju uporabe spletnih storitev in njihovega vpliva na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Z metodo linearne regresije smo raziskali vpliv digitalnih veščin na uporabo storitev e-uprave, kjer smo ugotovili, da digitalne veščine statistično značilno in pozitivno vplivajo na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Raziskani dejavniki digitalne zrelosti nam ponujajo vpogled v kompleksnost obravnavane tematike in odpirajo nove možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave na področju kazalnikov digitalne zrelosti, ki vplivajo na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Information and communication technology and digitization have marked our lives for a long time. The consequences of the digital revolution have long been central to the work of various international organizations. In all goals and agendas for the following years, emphasis is placed on increasing the digital maturity of countries and society. In particular, the impact of the level of digital maturity of countries was shown during the COVID-19 crisis, when people were forced to stay at home and some services could only be provided remotely. The master's thesis deals with the area of digital maturity indicators that affect the use of e-government services. Indicators of digital maturity and their impact on the use of e-government services in Slovenia and selected EU countries are analyzed. Digital skills and digital infrastructure are one of the main factors influencing an individual's use of e-government services. Therefore, it is important to place sufficient emphasis on the further development of these two areas in combination with the remaining factors that still affect the ability to use e-government services. In the empirical research, we used statistical correlation to investigate the importance of digital skills and digital infrastructure on the use of e-government services, where we detected a positive and characteristic correlation between the analyzed variables, similarly in the area of the use of online services and their impact on the use of e-government services. Using the linear regression method, we investigated the influence of digital skills on the use of e-government services, where we found that digital skills have a statistically significant and positive effect on the use of e-government services. The researched factors of digital maturity offer us an insight into the complexity of the discussed topic and open up new possibilities for further research in the field of digital maturity indicators that affect the use of e-government services.

Sodobni digitaliziran svet prinaša novosti z namenom olajševanja in poenostavljanja življenja, med katere uvrščamo modernizirano javno upravo, ki svojim uporabnikom ponuja opravljanje e-storitev javne uprave. Med države z razvitim elektronskim poslovanjem javne uprave umeščamo tudi Slovenijo in Hrvaško. Obe državi sta se na tem področju modernizirali, vendar vsaka s svojim tempom. V diplomskem delu smo s pomočjo znanstvenih in strokovnih virov proučili razvoj e-uprave na podlagi razvojnih strategij Slovenije in Hrvaške, analizirali portala eUprava in e-Građani ter razvoj obeh portalov v triletnem časovnem obdobju. S statistično raziskavo smo za izbrani državi proučili razvoj informacijske družbe v triletnem časovnem obdobju in pri tem uporabili podatke Eurostata. Skozi diplomsko delo smo ugotovili, da se obe državi uspešno razvijata in se skušata približati uporabniku. Vzpostavljata novosti in iščeta rešitve problematik, a kljub vsemu še vedno nista v e-poslovanje prepričali celotne populacije. Ugotovimo lahko, da bo za vzpostavitev primarno digitalnega elektronskega poslovanja javne uprave potrebno še veliko truda in različnih korakov. Diplomsko delo nam ponuja pregled skozi različne razvojne strategije. Opominja nas na spremembe, ki so se na tem področju do zdaj že zgodile in hkrati predstavlja motivacijo in opomnik za nadaljnje premike. Rezultati kažejo na prednosti e-uprave in njene izzive ter spodbujajo k večji uporabi tehnologije in e-storitev uprave za boljšo prihodnost. The modern digitized world brings innovations to facilitate and simplify life. Modernized public administration is classified as one of those, as it offers its users the provision of e-services of the public authority. Slovenia and Croatia are amongst countries with developed electronic operations of public administration. Both have modernized in this area, but each at its own pace. In this thesis, we studied the development of e-government based on the development strategies of Slovenia and Croatia with the help of scientific and professional sources. We analyzed the portals of e-government and e-citizens and the development of both portals over three years. With a statistical survey, we studied the information society development for the selected countries over three years, using Eurostat data. During this research, we found that both countries are developing successfully and are trying to get closer to the user. Although they are establishing innovations and looking for solutions to problems, they still havent managed to convince the entire population to do e-business. We can conclude that establishing a primarily digital electronic business for public administration will require substantial effort and various steps. The thesis offers an overview of different development strategies. It reminds us of the changes that have already taken place in this area and, at the same time, represents motivation and a reminder for further movements. The results show the advantages of e-administration and its challenges and encourage greater use of technology and e-administration services for a better future.

Purpose: The paper points out a novel approach to e-Government back-office reengineering based on creating a Shared-Services Center at the sectorial level. Design/Methodology/Approach: To prove the Shared-Services Center as a proper solution for e-Government back-office reengineering, the authors used the case study of the Housing Facilities Sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. The research process follows Kettingers et al.'s framework of IT-enabled change with a holistic data-driven approach. Findings: The study indicates a complex information flow between stakeholders, an abundance of the same information and data collected from local stakeholders, and enormous citizen and institutional burden. The e-Government back-office reengineering solution for the specific case study based on creating a Shared-Services Center overcomes the problem of data redundancy, radically simplifies the information flow, and reduces citizen burden in line with the "Once-Only" principle. Practical Implications: The paper shows that by observing the network of all relevant stakeholders at the sectorial level, based on the information flow of core data, back-office problems can be identified, whereby the Shared-Services Center proves itself as a suitable solution. It may be a prerequisite for further studies on back-office process reengineering at the sectorial level. Originality/Value: Publications concerning back-office research at the sectorial level and, as in our case, within the House Facility Sector are almost non existing in scientific literature. Considering that there is a lack of analyses based on information flow and visualization of the information-flow network at the sectorial level (before and after the reforms), this paper will add original value to scientific literature. Namen: Članek predstavlja inovativen pristop k preoblikovanju zalednih služb e-uprave z ustanovitvijo centra skupnih storitev na sektorski ravni. Zasnova/Metodologija/Pristop: Na študiji primera stanovanjskega sektorja v Severni Makedoniji avtorji dokazujejo, da je center skupnih storitev ustrezna rešitev za preoblikovanje zalednih služb e-uprave. Raziskovalni proces temelji na okviru, ki so ga Kettingers idr. podali za informacijsko podprte spremembe s celostnim, na podatkih temelječim pristopom. Ugotovitve: Članek opozarja na zapleten pretok informacij med posameznimi deležniki, obilico istih informacij in podatkov, zbranih od lokalnih deležnikov, ter obsežno breme za državljane in institucije. Preoblikovanje zalednih služb e-uprave z vzpostavitvijo centra skupnih storitev, kot je prikazano na študiji primera, odpravi težavo z redundanco podatkov, izrazito poenostavi pretok informacij in zmanjša obremenitev državljanov skladno z načelom »samo enkrat«. Vpliv v praksi: Članek prikazuje, da lahko z opazovanjem mreže vseh relevantnih deležnikov na ravni sektorja na podlagi pretoka osnovnih podatkov prepoznamo težave v zalednih službah, ki se ustrezno rešujejo z vzpostavitvijo centra skupnih storitev. To je lahko podlaga za nadaljnje študije o možnostih preoblikovanja zalednih procesov na sektorski ravni. Izvirnost/Vrednost: Študij, ki bi se nanašale na zaledne službe na sektorski ravni, v našem primeru v stanovanjskem sektorju, v strokovni literaturi skorajda ni zaslediti. Glede na pomanjkanje analiz, ki bi temeljile na pretoku informacij in vizualizaciji informacijskih tokov med sektorji (pred in po reformi), članek ponuja izviren prispevek k strokovni literaturi.

Digitalizacija je danes povsod okoli nas. Čeprav nekateri do nje nimajo osebnega odnosa, nekateri pa jo vidijo kot negativno, saj menijo, da bo spremenila način dela ali pa omejila medčloveške odnose, nam le ta prinaša priložnosti za napredek, inovacije in rešitve za izzive, ki jim do sedaj nismo bili kos. Digitalizacija namreč odpravlja meje, katere je svet poznal nedolgo nazaj. Strokovni članek predstavi pričakovane učinke digitalne transformacije javne uprave, izostri vpogled v aktualne strateške dokumente digitalnega razvoja ter skozi različne analize razkriva stanje digitalizacije javne uprave v Sloveniji.

Digitalizacija je proces, ki na podlagi zavedanja o prednostih informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologij spreminja družbene odnose med posamezniki in način poslovanja organizacij. Rezultat uspešne digitalne transformacije so tehnološke inovacije, ohranjanje konkurenčne prednosti in vsesplošni napredek države. Država igra ključno vlogo pri spodbujanju in usmerjanju razvoja digitalizacije, zaveda pa se tudi, da je potrebno oblikovati okolje, ki bo konkurenčnemu razvoju naklonjeno. Digitalizacija državne uprave predstavlja pomemben del procesa digitalne transformacije. Cilj je zagotoviti prilagodljivo, racionalno, učinkovito, uporabno ter transparentno upravo, ki bo z odprtimi podatki med drugim skušala tudi omejevati oz. zmanjševati stopnjo korupcije v državi. Korupcija ima namreč škodljive posledice, saj zavira gospodarski razvoj in povzroča vsesplošno nezaupanje v državo. Magistrsko delo posveča pozornost prednostim digitalizacije, ki bi lahko bile povezane z zmanjševanjem stopnje korupcije. Namen je bil ob mednarodni primerjavi najnovejših meritev vrednosti kazalnikov digitalizacije in korupcije ugotoviti stopnjo medsebojne povezanosti. Sprva smo proučili in obširno predstavili osnovne pojme digitalizacije, digitalne uprave oz. e-uprave ter korupcije. Proučili smo tudi kazalnike digitalizacije in korupcije, na podlagi katerih smo izpeljali empirično raziskavo, ki je temeljila na najbolj svežih podatkih za analizo izbranih držav. V okviru korelacijske analize smo s pomočjo izračuna Spearmanovega koeficienta ugotovili, da v opazovanih letih obstaja zelo močna pozitivna korelacija med kazalniki digitalizacije in korupcije. Zaključimo, da je višja stopnja digitalizacije in razvitosti e-uprave povezana z nižjo stopnjo korupcije in obratno. Spoznanje, da so prednosti digitalizacije izjemnega pomena in lahko bistveno vplivajo na koruptivna ravnanja deležnikov v prihodnosti, predstavlja pomemben prispevek k znanosti in stroki. Digitalization is a process that changes social relations and the way of doing business on the basis of awareness of the advantages of information and communication technologies. The result of a successful digital transformation are technological innovations, maintaining a competitive advantage and the overall progress of the country. The state plays a key role in promoting and directing the development of digitalization, but is also aware of the need to create an environment that is conducive to competitive development. The digitalization of the government is an important part of the digital transformation process. The goal is to provide a flexible, rational, efficient, useful and transparent government, which will, also by deployment of open data, try to limit or reduce the level of corruption in the country. Corruption has harmful consequences, as it hinders economic development and causes widespread mistrust in the country. The master’s thesis pays attention to the advantages of digitalization, which could be related to reducing the level of corruption. The purpose of the international comparison of the latest measurements of the values of digitalization and corruption indicators was to determine the degree of interconnectedness. Initialy we studied and extensively presented the basic concepts of digitalization, digital government, e-government, and corruption. We also studied the indicators of digitalization and corruption, on the basis of which we conducted an empirical study based on the most recent data for the analysis of selected countries. As part of the correlation analysis, we used the Spearman correlation coefficient to find that in the observed years there is a very strong positive correlation between the indicators of digitalization and corruption. We conclude that a higher level of digitalization and development of e-government is associated with a lower level of corruption and vice versa. The conclusion that the benefits of digitalization are of paramount importance and can have a significant impact on future corrupt practices of stakeholders is an important contribution to the administrative practice and science.

The task of every government, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, is to provide services and goods for citizens and to maintain economic order. Therefore, the combination of legislation, the judiciary and administration is inevitable. Moreover, public administrations must transform the way they function by using more information and communication technology in order to remain responsive and efficient. This challenge was further revealed during lockdowns in individual countries, which affected their social and economic development. The solution to that challenge is the implementation of e-government in the public sector. It also increases innovation in governance processes as well as efficiency and effectiveness by offering more participative opportunities to citizens. Hence, a mature level of e-government development also arises. Nevertheless, there are significant differences among the levels of e-government development in the EU-28. The aim of this article is to assess the influence of e-government maturity on government effectiveness and efficiency in the EU-28. In order to obtain empirical results, a two-stage least square regression (2SLS) was applied. The empirical results show that e-government maturity positively and significantly contributes to enhancing government effectiveness and efficiency in the EU-28. In addition, the rule of law plays an important role in each stage regression model. Based on the empirical results, we can conclude that e-government is inevitable and should ensure the proper functioning of public administration during the Covid-19 pandemic. Naloga vlad, zlasti v času pandemije covida-19, je zagotavljati storitve in blago za državljane ter vzdrževati gospodarski red. Pri tem je kombinacija zakonodaje, sodstva in uprave neizogibna. Poleg tega morajo javne uprave, če želijo ostati odzivne in učinkovite, prilagajati svoje delovanje in uporabljati več informacijskih in komunikacijskih tehnologij. Ta izziv se je pokazal zlasti med zaustavitvijo javnega življenja v posameznih državah, ki je vplivala na njihov družbeni in gospodarski razvoj. Rešitev za učinkovito spopadanjem s tem izzivom predstavlja uporaba e-uprave v javnem sektorju. Ta povečuje inovativnost upravljavskih procesov, pa tudi njihovo uspešnost in učinkovitost, saj državljanom ponuja več možnosti sodelovanja. S tem razvoj e-uprave doseže tudi zrelejšo raven. Kljub navedenemu pa še vedno obstajajo velike razlike med stopnjami razvoja e-uprave v EU-28. Cilj tega članka je oceniti vpliv zrelosti e-uprave na učinkovitost in uspešnost upravljanja v EU-28. Za pridobitev empiričnih rezultatov je bila uporabljena dvostopenjska regresijska analiza najmanjših kvadratov (2SLS). Empirični rezultati kažejo, da zrelost e-uprave pozitivno in pomembno prispeva k povečanju uspešnosti in učinkovitosti upravljanja v EU-28. V regresijskem modelu posamezne stopnje ima pomembno vlogo tudi načelo pravne države. Na podlagi empiričnih rezultatov lahko ugotovimo, da je e-uprava neizogibna in bi morala med pandemijo covida-19 zagotavljati pravilno delovanje javne uprave.

Kako bi se prilagodila potrebama suvremenog društva i ostvarila efikasnije, efektivnije i kvalitetnije pružanje javnih usluga, javna uprava uspostavlja inovativni poslovni model elektroničke uprave. E-uprava jest sveobuhvatni integrirani online sustav pružanja javnih usluga i informacija javne uprave koji u potpunosti mijenja paradigmu javne uprave osiguravajući građanima brz i jednostavan pristup javnim uslugama, ali i mogućnost veće aktivne uključenosti u društvu. I dok je u nekim državama paradigma e-uprave u potpunosti prihvaćena i društvo uspješno koristi sve njene prednosti, česta je pojava apstinencije korištenja unatoč postojećem razvijenom sustavu e-uprave pa su čimbenici prihvaćanja sustava e-uprave ključan predmet ispitivanja kako bi se bolje razumjele potrebe društva i na temelju njih unaprijedio sustav i pospješila njegova prihvaćenost. Problem prihvaćenosti od strane društva primijećen je i u slučaju hrvatske e-uprave, sustava e-Građani. Prema tome, ovim radom ispitane su specifične potrebe digitalnog društva kroz anketno istraživanje populacije generacija Y i Z studenata Sveučilišta u Zadru. Koristeći se konceptualnim modelom prihvaćanja javnih usluga sustava e-Građani ispitan je utjecaj sedam nezavisnih konstrukata - "Očekivana korisnost", "Očekivana jednostavnost upotrebe", "Očekivana kontrola ponašanja", "Povjerenje u internet", "Povjerenje u državu", "Subjektivna norma", "Stav prema ponašanju" - na namjeru korištenja javnim uslugama sustava e-Građani te je potvrđena pozitivna i signifikantna povezanost "Očekivane korisnosti" s "Namjerom korištenja". Također, prema podatcima prikupljenim anketom, najčešći razlog apstinencije jest izostanak potrebe za korištenjem sustava e-Građani. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za većim angažmanom javne uprave u osvješćivanju građana o prednostima i koristima sustava e-Građani, ali i za pružanjem većeg broja usluga namijenjenih mlađim generacijama društva. In order to adapt to the needs of modern society and achieve more efficient, effective and quality provision of public services, public administration is establishing an innovative business model of e-government. E-government is a comprehensive integrated online system for providing public services and public administration information that completely changes the paradigm of public administration by providing citizens with quick and easy access to public services, but also the possibility of greater active involvement in society. While in some countries the paradigm of e-government is fully accepted and society successfully uses all its advantages, abstinence from use is common despite the existing developed e-government system, so the factors of e-government acceptance are a key subject to better understand the society's needs and based on them improve the system and enhance its acceptance. The problem of acceptance by society was also noticed in the case of Croatian e-government, the e-Citizens system. Therefore, this paper examines the specific needs of the digital society through a survey of the population of generations Y and Z students at the University of Zadar. Using the conceptual model of accepting public services of the e-Citizens system, the influence of seven independent constructs was examined - "Perceived usefulness", "Perceived ease of use", "Perceived behavioral control", "Trust in the Internet", "Trust in government", "Subjective norm", "Attitude toward the behavior"- on the intention to use the public services of the e-Citizens system, and the positive and significant connection between "Perceived usefulness" and "Intention to use" was confirmed. Also, according to the data collected by the survey, the most common reason for abstinence is the lack of need to use the e-Citizens system. The obtained results indicate the need for greater involvement of public administration in raising public awareness of the benefits of the e-Citizens system, but also the provision of a larger number of services intended for younger generations of society.

Tehnološki razvoj društva ima značajan utjecaj i na demokratske procese, jer informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije nude mogućnosti za aktivnije sudjelovanje građana. Države sve više koriste alate e-uprave kako bi omogućile pristup informacijama i pružanje usluga. Važnu ulogu u izgradnji demokratskog društva imaju i informacijske politike koje uključuju zakone i prakse o stvaranju, korištenju, očuvanju i protoku informacija i podataka. Knjižnice su važne u tim procesima kao ključne točke pristupa informacijama, koje omogućuju slobodan pristup vladinim informacijama, uslugama i programima. U ovom radu se govori o ulozi koju knjižnice imaju u izgradnji e-demokracije. U teorijskom dijelu je prikazan pregled raspoložive literature o informacijskim politikama općenit, kao i o izgradnji nacionalnih informacijskih politika te o ulozi knjižnica njihovoj izgradnji. Također, opisuju se osnovni pojmovi vezani uz e-demokraciju, e-upravu i e-participaciju te se navode glavni problemi na koje se nailazi u izgradnji istinski demokratskog društva. To su prvenstveno digitalna podjela, nadzor internetskih aktivnosti, zaštita privatnosti i širenje dezinformacija putem mreže. Naglašava se važnost knjižnica u premošćivanju digitalne podjele, kao i u informacijskom opismenjavanju građana. Navode se primjeri dobre prakse u knjižnicama u Hrvatskoj i svijetu. U istraživačkom dijelu se ispituje u kojoj mjeri su hrvatske matične narodne knjižnice implementirale usluge vezane uz projekt e-Građani, kao i programe i usluge koje promoviraju informacijsku pismenost. Technological development of society has a significant impact on democratic processes because information and communication technologies offer a number of possibilities for more active participation of its citizens. States are increasing the use of tools of e-government in order to give easy access to information and to provide different services. Information policies also play an important role in creating a democratic society. They include various laws and practices dealing with creation, use, storage and circulation of data and information. In these processes libraries serve as key points/places which allow free access to government information, services and programmes. This paper speaks about the role od libraries in creating e-democracy. The theoretical part of the paper shows a rewiev of disposable references and texts about information policies in general, about creating national information policies as well as the role that libraries have in those processes. Furthermore, it explains some basic expressions related to e-democracy, e-government and e-participation and highlights major problems which occur in the process of creating a truly democratic society. These are in the first place digital divide, Internet activities surveillance, privacy protection, and spread of misinformation through social media. It also points out the significance of libraries in bridging the digital gap as well as in improving the information literacy of citizens. It lists the examples of good practices in libraries in Croatia and all over the world. The research part of the paper studies and analyses to which extent have public libraries in Croatia implemented services offered in project e-Citizen, as well as programmes and services which promote information literacy.

Završni rad pod nazivom Razvoj i perspektive elektroničke uprave u Republici Hrvatskoj objedinjuje kronološki pregled dosadašnjeg razvoja elektroničke uprave u Republici Hrvatskoj. U ovome radu predstavljene su temeljne strategije razvoja elektroničke uprave, Ministarstvo pravosuđa i uprave kao središnja institucija razvoja e-uprave u Republici Hrvatskoj te sustav e-Građani. The final paper entitled Development and perspectives of e-government in the Republic of Croatia combines a chronological overview of the development of e-government in the Republic of Croatia. The paper presents the basic strategies of e-government development, the Ministry of Justice and Administration as the central institution of e-government development in the Republic of Croatia and the e-Citizens system.

U svojoj tendenciji digitalizacije kao imperativa revitalizacije javne uprave, tempo uvođenja sve kompleksnijih usluga e-uprave transformirao se u daljnu ubrzanu primjenu tzv. „Nove digitalne stvarnosti“, a sve uslijed društvenih promjena izazvanih epidemijom bolesti COVID-19 uzrokovane virusom SARS-CoV-2. Naime, određeni digitalni procesi e-usluga zaživjeli su upravo zbog nužnosti opstojanja sustava i njegovih žitelja, što cijelom sustavu daje jednu novu infrastrukturnu paradigmu. Temeljem navedenog, provest će se istraživanje čiji će uzorak putem grafičkih prikaza i analize anketnih odgovora dati uvid u opseg i način korištenja e- usluga od strane civilnog društva te u kojem je obimu on u novonastaloj situaciji promjenjen što će dati konkretne prijedloge što kvalitetnijem i svrsishodnijem permanentnom korištenju e-usluga. Također, pokušat će se opravdati i hipoteza da je željena popularizacija postojećih digitalnih usluga zaživjela upravo zahvaljujući nesretnim okolnostima i promjenama izazvanim spomenutom epidemijom. Simplificirano rečeno, u ovom će se radu na sažet i pregledan način analizirati postignute projektne aktivnosti digitalizacije javne uprave u smjeru interoperabilnosti u tijelima javne uprave i smjeru digitalizacije usluga, s osvrtom na cjelokupnu digitalizaciju javnih usluga diktiranih kako od onih koji reforme implementiraju i revitaliziraju tako i ljudskih resursa koji ih koriste i globalih prirodnih katastrofa koje ih mijenjaju rađajući nove ideje unutar prilagodbe opstojnosti sustava. Kroz e- Propusnice i integraciju tzv. umjetne inteligencije u sustav javnog zdravstva preko Ministarstva uprave kao voditelja navedenih projekata, pokušat ćemo dokazati svrsihodnost same primjene kao i tezu nepredvidivosti svakog sustava kojeg čine ljudski resursi upravo zbog pluralizma potreba i nepredividivosti promjena unutar kojih su upravo navedena rješenja plod znanja i ideja.

E-government should enable a simple approach to online services, simple communication with public authorities and a reduction of time and costs of different transactions. Implementation and further development of e-government are trends in providing public services in many countries, but there is a big difference in the usage of such services among developed and underdeveloped countries. With the aim of bringing rational decisions about the development of e-government, maturity models are used as a tool for assessing, comparing and benchmarking development and success in the implementation of e government. When it comes to e-government maturity models, special attention should be given to the complexity of e-government in sociological, technological and organizational issues. This complexity has led to the development of many e-government maturity models with different indicators and metrics. Literature review gives answers to the following research questions: Which indicators and metrics are used in some of the more commonly used and/or discussed e-government maturity models? Are those indicators and metrics applicable for Croatian e-government or is there a need for a special model? The aim of this paper is to highlight those indicators and metrics which are able to objectively measure certain values of e-government and to highlight those that are for now without an absolute measure. The result of this paper is a presentation and analysis of indicators and metrics in some of the most commonly used and/or discussed e-government maturity models. By synthesizing conclusions, this paper gives guidelines for the development of an e-government maturity model in Croatia., E-uprava trebala bi omogućiti jednostavan pristup online servisima javne uprave, jednostavnu komunikaciju s javnim vlastima te smanjiti vrijeme i troškove raznih transakcija s javnom upravom. Trendovi pri pružanju javnih usluga u brojnim državama su implementacija i daljnji razvoj e-uprave no postoji i velika razlika u upotrebi takvih usluga između razvijenih i nerazvijenih država. Kao alat za procjenu, usporedbu i benchmarking razvoja i uspjeha pri implementaciji e-uprave, a s ciljem donošenja racionalnih odluka o razvoju e-uprave, koriste se modeli zrelosti. U modelima zrelosti e-uprave posebna pažnja treba biti usmjerena na kompleksnost e-uprave u sociološkom, tehnološkom i organizacijskom smislu. Ta kompleksnost utjecala je na razvoj brojnih modela zrelosti e-uprave s raznim indikatorima i metrikama. Pregled literature daje odgovore na sljedeća istraživačka pitanja: Koji se indikatori i metrike koriste u najčešće korištenim i/ili diskutiranim modelima zrelosti e-uprave? Jesu li ti indikatori i metrike primjenjivi za e-upravu u Republici Hrvatskoj ili postoji potreba za posebnim modelom? Cilj ovog rada je istaknuti one indikatore i metrike kojima se mogu objektivno mjeriti određene vrijednosti e-uprave te istaknuti one koje zasad nemaju apsolutnu mjeru. Rezultat ovog rada su opisani i analizirani indikatori i metrike korišteni u nekim od najčešće korištenih i/ili diskutiranih modela zrelosti e-uprave. Sintetiziranjem zaključaka ovaj rad daje smjernice za razvoj modela zrelosti e-uprave u Republici Hrvatskoj.

Opredelitev e-uprave je več, vsi pa v njej omenjajo uporabo informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologij za namen izvajanja storitev javne uprave. Dolgoročni cilji e-uprave vključujejo večanje transparentnosti dela vlade in njenih vej ter vključevanje državljanov v njene procese na lažji način. Značilnosti e-uprave so med drugim nudenje storitev po načelih vse na enem mestu in enkratnega obveščanja, uporaba družbenih omrežij za lažjo participacijo državljanov, omogočanje odprte vlade ter uporaba masovnih podatkov, ki povečujejo transparentnost vladnega delovanja. Moderne značilnosti e-uprave imajo potencial za povečevanje participacije državljanov v demokratičnih procesih in eliminiranje korupcije zaradi večje transparentnosti. V pričujočem delu je izdelana študija razvitosti e-uprave v petih državah, in sicer Danske, Estonije, Avstrije, Slovenije in Hrvaške. Raziskovali smo povezanost razvitosti e-uprave v teh državah z njihovo stopnjo korupcije ter s politično participacijo njihovih državljanov. Osnovno metodološko orodje raziskave je linearna regresija. V analizo so vključeni podatki za leta 2003, 2010 in 2016. Rezultati raziskave razkrivajo, da je višja stopnja korupcije povezana z manjšo stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave v državi. Po drugi strani ugotavljamo, da povezave med razvitostjo e-uprave in stopnjo politično participacije ni. Different definitions of e-government agree that it involves the use of information and communication technologies in governmental operations. One of the long-term intentions of e-government is to improve the transparency of the government processes and to allow simpler participation of citizens. The characteristics of contemporary e-government include provision of one-stop-shop services following the once-only principle, use of social media with the goal of including citizens in government processes, open government and the exploitation of big data to increase the transparency of government processes. Contemporary developments in e-government have a potential to increase participation of the citizens in the democratic processes and to eliminate corruption because they create an environment with increased levels of transparency. This thesis reports upon an empirical study of e-government in five countries of Denmark, Estonia, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia. The goal of the study is to analyze the development of e-government of these five countries in relation to the level of corruption and the political participation of their citizens. The relation is analyzed using linear regression as a central methodological tool as well as data from years 2003, 2010 and 2016. The results of the analysis show that the higher level of corruption is highly related with less developed e-government. The results on the degree of political participation indicate the absence of relation with the development of e-government.

Raziskovalni problem primerjalne analize je preveriti, ali je stopnja razvitosti e-uprave povezana z izbranimi kazalniki razvitosti države ter kakšen je vpliv zgodovine razvoja e-uprave v Sloveniji na povezanost med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in izbranimi kazalniki razvitosti države. Trije izbrani kazalniki razvitosti države so: indeks bruto domačega proizvoda na prebivalca, odstotek posameznikov z doseženo terciarno izobrazbo in odstotek posameznikov, ki uporabljajo internet za interakcijo z javnimi organi. V primerjalno analizo sem vključila podatke v obdobju od 2014 do 2017 za 28 držav članic Evropske unije. Pri primerjalni analizi za Slovenijo sem uporabila podatke v obdobju od 2004 do 2017. Uporabila sem metodo linearne regresije in Pearsonov koeficient korelacije. Ugotovitve analize nakazujejo, da glede na Pearsonov koeficient korelacije nimajo vse države članice Evropske unije pozitivne povezanosti med razvitostjo e-uprave in izbranimi kazalniki razvitosti države. Pri linearni regresiji po državah članicah Evropske unije med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in indeksom bruto domačega proizvoda na prebivalca ter med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov z doseženo terciarno izobrazbo je povezanost med spremenljivkama neizrazita. Povezanost med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov, ki uporabljajo internet za interakcijo z javnimi organi, je zmerna. Slovenija ima pri vseh izbranih kazalnikih razvitosti države negativno moč linearne povezanosti s stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave. Zmerno povezanost za Slovenijo opazujemo med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in indeksom bruto domačega proizvoda na prebivalca ter med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov, ki uporabljajo internet za interakcijo z javnimi organi. Neizrazita povezanost je med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov z doseženo terciarno izobrazbo. Research goal of comparative analysis is to check if there is any connection between level of e-government maturity and selected indices of country development and what impact of history of e-government maturity in Slovenia is on connection between level of e-government maturity and selected indices of country development. Three selected indices of country development are: index of gross domestic product per capita, percentage of population with tertiary education and percentage of population using the Internet to interact with public authorities. In comparative analysis I included data for 28 member states of European Union from years 2014 to 2017. In comparative analysis for Slovenia I used data from years 2004 to 2017. I used linear regression method and Pearson correlation coefficient. Result of analysis, according to Pearson correlation coefficient, shows that not all member states of European Union has positive correlation between level of e-government maturity and selected indices of country development. For member states of European Union is linear correlation weak or relatively low between level of e-government maturity and index of gross domestic product per capita and also between level of e-government maturity and percentage of population with tertiary education. Correlation is moderate when compared level of e-government maturity with percentage of population using the Internet to interact with public authorities. Slovenia has negative linear correlation at all selected indices of country development compared to level of e-government maturity. Moderate correlation for Slovenia is noticed between level of e-government maturity and index of gross domestic product per capita and between level of e-government maturity and percentage of population using the Internet to interact with public authorities. Relatively low correlation is between level of e-government maturity and percentage of population with tertiary education.

Razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije je bistveno spremenil življenje naše družbe. E-storitve, ki jih ponuja javni sektor, so namenjene bolj učinkovitemu poslovanju javne uprave, višji kakovosti storitev in hitrejšemu izvajanju postopkov za uporabnike. Primer tega je portal eUprava, kjer si lahko državljani s kvalificiranim digitalnim potrdilom npr. podaljšajo prometno dovoljenje, oddajo vlogo za spremembo osebnega imena, oddajo vlogo za štipendijo, in sicer tako na računalniku kot tudi preko pametnih telefonov. Vendar je uporaba portala na dokaj nizki ravni. Trenutno na portalu eUprava deluje le nekaj vodičev po življenjskih dogodkih, in sicer vodič za rojstvo otroka in spletni vodič za poroko, vodič za smrt, vodič za javne shode in prireditve, vodič za selitev ter vodič za nakup in prodajo avtomobila. Vodiči namreč uporabniku olajšajo proces odločanja o variaciji izvajanja posameznega postopka glede na njegove specifične situacije, zato so vodiči želena in potrebna funkcionalnost upravnih portalov. Njihova preprosta uporaba bi namreč pritegnila večjo populacijo ljudi v spletno poslovanje z javno upravo. To prepoznava tudi Evropska unija, ki v svojih kazalnikih meri prav uspešnost implementacije storitev po principu življenjskih dogodkih, kjer Slovenija še vedno kotira bolj pri dnu. Zato želimo število teh vodičev povečati. Za portal e-uprava smo razvili vodič za izgubo/iskanje službe. Razvoj je temeljil na preučitvi zakonskih podlag, na podlagi katerih je bil razvit diagram poteka za iskanje službe, nato pa na podlagi le-tega uporaben prototip vodiča. Predlog razvitega vodiča bi lahko služil pristojnemu ministrstvu, da ga vključi v portal eUprava in tako našo e-upravo še bolj približa v korak z digitalno transformacije naše družbe. Development of information-communication technologies significantly changed the life of our society. E-services offered by the public sector, are intended for more effective operations of public administration, higher quality of service and speed up the implementation of the procedures for the users. An example of this is the portal eUprava, where citizens with a qualified digital certificate can e.g. extend their transport permit, submitt an application for a change of name, submitt an application for a scholarship, both on the computer as well as via smartphones. However, the use of the portal at fairly low levels. Currently only some of the guides according to life events work on the portal eUprava, namely a guide for the birth of the child, a web guide for a wedding, guide for death, a guide for public rallies and events, a guide for migration and a guide for the purchase and sale of a car. Their ease of use would attract a greater population of people in the online business with the public administration. The European union also recognises this, which the performance of the implementation services according to the principle of life events is measuared in its indicators, where Slovenia is still quoted more in the bottom. Therefore, we want the number of these guides to increase. For the eUprava portal, we developed a guide for job loss/search. Development was based on perusal of legal bases, which the development of the flow diagram for a job search was based on and based on the flow diagram, a useful guide prototype was developed. The proposal of the developed guide could serve the competent ministry to add it to the eUprava portal and in that way make our e-government even more in step with the digital transformation of our society.

The research subject of this PhD dissertation is presentation of a model for examination of the metadata which describes open data and suggestion of the type of a relationship between open datasets on the basis of given model. Mutual connection of open datasets in electronic government and detection of the possible relationships between them is one of the results of research covered by this PhD dissertation. This PhD dissertation provides an analysis of the current state in the area of linking open data, ranging from the portals of electronic government where the data are published, as well as with other information on the web, then define a model for examination of the metadata in order to detect possible relationships between the open datasets and a model for their semantic description. Semantic description of the relationships between open datasets allows semantic access to these relationships and their processing in the appropriate applications. Applying the described model for examination of the metadata, as a result we obtain proposal of the type of relationship between two datasets of open data (i.e., parent / child, relation_to/relation_from and etc.). Another result of the research presented in this PhD dissertation is development and definition of indicator which shows the status of the mutual semantic connection between open datasets, which partially encapsulates involvement of the user of the platform in process of creation of mutually connected open datasets in electronic government. It also presents the architecture of Web application for creation of relationships between the open datasets based on metadata and proposed model. The architecture is generalized and applicable on the open data platforms that have access through the Web API, where are changing only certain components of the architecture in order to apply it on other platforms, which contributes to its interoperability. Web application provides a practical validation of the proposed model for the mutual connection of open data which confirms the need for the existence of such an architecture.

E-uprava nam v sodobnem času omogoča hitrejše, učinkovitejše in enostavnejše poslovanje z javno upravo. Vendar za delovanje e-uprave ni dovolj samo pridobljeno digitalno potrdilo in informacijska tehnologija. Vzpostavljeno mora biti tudi ustrezno pravno okolje, zanesljiva infrastruktura ter temu pripadajoča znanja. Za razvoj na tem področju je poskrbela vlada z mnogimi strateškimi dokumenti in eden takšnih je Strategija razvoja javne uprave od leta 2015 do 2020. V diplomski nalogi sem predstavila njene razvojne načrte, ki so usmerjeni v modernizacijo delovanja javne uprave ob največjem izkoristku priložnosti, ki ga prinašata internet in tehnologija. Pri tem je vse odvisno od državljanov, ki so pripravljeni vstopiti v digitalni svet in mu zaupati, ter od zaposlenih, ki omogočajo izvedbo e-storitev. Na tej podlagi izvedena anketa na Upravni enoti Velenje je pokazala realno stanje uporabe e-uprave tako s strani državljanov kot zaposlenih. Število prejetih e-vlog in odobrenih digitalnih potrdil kaže na to, da je e-uprava prisotna, vendar v majhni obliki. Državljani kot razlog neuporabe navajajo nizko seznanjenost o možnostih e-uprave in dejstvo, da nimajo ali ne znajo uporabljati digitalnega potrdila. Problem predstavlja zastarela računalniška oprema in nepovezane informacijske rešitve, ki bi omogočale elektronsko vročanje. Delo z IKT in vpeljava e-storitev zahtevata dodatna znanja in veščine. Naloga ministrstva je, da zaposlene pouči o razsežnostih e-uprave in da zagotovi ustrezno okolje, ki bo zaposlenim omogočalo delo z e-storitvami. Ti bodo lahko nadalje pozitivno vplivali na stranke ter jih opozarjali na možnosti, ki jih ponuja omenjena rešitev. E-government enables us to manage business with public administration faster, more efficient and simplier nowadays. For functioning of e-government itself it is not enough just to obtain a digital certificate and information technology. An appropriate legal environment, reliable infrastructure and related knowledge must also be established. The government has passed many strategic documents for development in this particular field. One of such is the Public Administration Development Strategy from 2015 to 2020. I presented development plans of this strategic document which is aiming at modernizing functioning of public administration with the use of internet and technology in my final thesis. It all depends on the citizens. They need to be ready to enter and to trust the digital world as well as the employees that enable the implementation of e-services. I prepared a survey on this basis and it was conducted at the administrative unit Velenje. The results of the survey showed the actual state of use of e-government by citizens and employees. The number of received e-applications and approved digital certificates indicates that e-government is present but in a small format. Citizens refer that low awareness of the possibilities of e-government and non-acquired digital certificate are reasons for the lack of use of the e-goverment. The problems are obsolete computer equipment and unrelated information solutions that would allow electronic delivery. Working with ICT and e-services require additional knowledge and skills. The task of the ministry is to educate employees about the dimensions of e-government and to provide an appropriate environment that will enable them to work with e-services. In that manner employees will have positive impact on the customers and will warn them to the possibilites offered by the mentioned solution.

Jedno od načela razvitka državne informacijske infrastrukture jest dostupnost podataka iz javnih registara svim tijelima javnog sektora, građanima i drugim korisnicima. Nakon implementacije sustava e-Građani, u Hrvatskoj se ubrzano razvijaju i šire različite vrste e- usluga za građane, uključujući usluge namijenjene učenicima i studentima. Cilj ovog pilot-istraživanja bio je napraviti prikaz dostupnih e-usluga (na engleskom jeziku) za studente u nekoliko zemalja te ispitati koliko studenti u Hrvatskoj smatraju različite vrste e-usluga korisnima i potrebnima. U prvoj fazi istraživanja napravljen je anketni upitnik koji je provjeren u online verziji na prigodnom uzorku od 31 ispitanika. Nakon provjere i manjih korekcija nova verzija upitnika primijenjena je u papir-olovka formi na ukupno 305 ispitanika. Obradom podataka utvrđen je znatan interes za skoro sve oblike e-usluga javne uprave, lokalne samouprave, kao i javnih ustanova koje su potencijalno važne za studente visokih učilišta. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata ankete načinjena je preporuka za uvođenje novih vrsta e-usluga koje mogu implementirati nadležna državna tijela, lokalna samouprava i visoka učilišta.

Informacijska družba nam danes omogoča enostaven, učinkovit in varen dostop do raznovrstnih informacij, kjerkoli in kadarkoli jih potrebujemo, zato tudi poskusi uvedbe informacijskih rešitev na področje izvrševanja ene od najbolj temeljnih demokratičnih pravic – volitev niso nobena izjema. Implementacija interneta v volilni proces ne prinaša le vprašanj s področja sociološko-politološkega in tehničnega okolja, ampak tudi z vidika legitimnosti takega postopka. V magistrskem delu povzamem razvoj elektronskega poslovanja v javni in državni upravi, pojem elektronskih volitev, poskuse vpeljave elektronskih volitev in dobre prakse v Sloveniji, na Norveškem in v Kanadi ter razložimo postopek glasovanja na prvih uspešno izvedenih internetnih volitvah na svetu – v Estoniji. Analizirani so pomisleki in dileme, kot tudi prednosti, ki jih prinaša vpeljava elektronskih volitev. Uvedba elektronskih volitev med drugim pomeni možnost za zmanjšanje stroškov v volilnem procesu, predvsem pa zaustavitev trenda upadanja volilne udeležbe, ki je pereč problem vseh zahodnih demokracij. Zagotavljanje varnosti, transparentnosti in tajnosti je težava, zaradi katere sta vpeljava in uporaba elektronskih volitev še vedno vprašljivi. Rešitev vidim v tehnologiji veriženja podatkovnih blokov, ki nam zaradi narave svojega sistema omogoča implementacijo elektronskih volitev. Glede na dosedanji tehnološki napredek in pozitivno naravnanost širše javnosti za sprejemanje tehnologije veriženja podatkovnih blokov je mogoče sklepati, da je elektronsko glasovanje le še klik stran od realne uvedbe, vendar v podporo tradicionalnemu načinu glasovanja tako doma kot v tujini. Today, the information society provides easy, effective and safe access to various information wherever and whenever we need them therefore, attempts to introduce information technology solutions to the field of executing one of the basic democratic rights – elections are no exception. The implementation of internet into the electoral process does not only give rise to socio-political and technical questions, but also from the perspective of legitimacy of such proceedings. In the master’s thesis, I summarize the development of e-commerce in the public and state administration, the concept of electronic elections, attempts of the introduction of electronic elections and examples of good practices in Slovenia, Norway and Canada, and explain the voting process at the first internet elections in the world – in Estonia. We analyse the concerns and dilemmas, as well as advantages of the implementation of electronic elections. Among others, the introduction of electronic elections also means a possibility to reduce the costs during the electoral process, but mostly it puts a stop to the downward trend of voting participation, which is a pressing problem of all Western democracies. Ensuring safety, transparency and secrecy is a problem that puts the introduction and execution of electronic election under question. In my opinion, the solution is blockchain technology. The nature of its system enables the implementation of electronic elections. Due to the technological progress so far and positive attitude of the general public in terms of accepting the blockchain technology, we can assume that electronic voting is only a click away from reality, but only to support the traditional way of voting, at home as well as abroad.

Razvoj na področju e-uprave lahko omogoči številne ugodnosti tako za javne uprave kot tudi za državljane in je ena od prioritet trenutne sestave Evropske komisije. Vendar gre za zelo kompleksno področje, še posebej v Evropski uniji (EU) zaradi njene večnivojske strukture in razlik med državami članicami. Analiza rezultatov s področja e-uprave v EU je pokazala, da kljub politični volji uporabniku prijazne in čezmejne e-upravne storitve na ravni EU še niso postale resničnost. Slovenija pri rezultatih v vseh kategorijah nekoliko zaostaja za povprečjem EU. Razlike med državami članicami naj bi se izravnavale v procesu evropeizacije, ki ga s pomočjo metodologije analize procesa analiziram na primeru Slovenije. Na potek razvoja in evropeizacijo e-uprave vplivajo različni dejavniki, ki sem jih razdelila na strukturno institucionalne in kontekstualne. Na evropeizacijo na področju e-uprave v Sloveniji so pozitivno vplivali finančni, politični in pravni mehanizmi EU. Zaviralno pa je na ta proces vplivalo veliko število medsebojno različnih akterjev in za zdaj nezadostni koordinacijski mehanizmi med njimi tako na nacionalnem kot na evropskem nivoju. Medtem ko so slovenski strateški dokumenti nadpovprečno usklajeni z evropskimi, je pri izvajanju še prostor za izboljšanje. The development in the field of e-government can enable many benefits for public administrations and for the citizens and is one of the priorities of the current European Commission. However, this is a very complex field, especially in the EU, due to its multi-level structure and differences between the member states. An analysis of results in the field of e-government in the EU has shown that user-friendly and cross-border e-government services have not yet become a reality despite the political will. Slovenia lags a tad behind the EU average in results in all categories. The differences between member states should diminish through the process of Europeanization, which I analyze with the help of process-tracing methodology in the case of Slovenia. The process of development and Europeanization of e-government is affected by various factors. I differentiate between institutionally-structural and contextual factors. Europeanization of e-government in Slovenia has been positively affected by financial, political, and legal factors. A large number of actors and inadequate coordination mechanisms on the national and European level had a negative impact on the other hand. While Slovenian strategic documents are above average harmonized with the European ones, there is room for improvement in implementation.

Magistrsko delo obravnava področje e-storitev javne uprave Republike Slovenije in izpostavlja vpliv implementacije teh storitev na zaposlene v javni upravi. V začetnem delu naloge so opredeljeni informacijska družba, e-uprava ter zaposleni v javni upravi in njihove zmožnosti pri delu. Navedeni so strateški dokumenti, ki vplivajo na smer razvoja, in zakoni, ki so temelj pravne ureditve e-uprave. Osrednja nit magistrskega dela je empirična študija primerjave e-storitev v Sloveniji in Evropski uniji ter vpliv vpeljave e-storitev, kot ga zaznavajo zaposleni v javni upravi v smislu novih in preoblikovanih delovnih nalog. V ta namen smo izvedli empirično raziskavo, v okviru katere smo z anketnim vprašalnikom poizvedeli, v kolikšni meri zaposleni v javni upravi občutijo spremembe zaradi implementacije e-storitev ter kako ocenjujejo spremembe, ki jih vnašajo v opravljanje dela e-storitve. Ugotavljali smo tudi, kako zaposleni v javni upravi občutijo zahteve po drugačnih kompetencah, znanjih in spretnostih pri delu zaradi uporabe informacijsko komunikacijske tehnologije. Analiza rezultatov empirične raziskave je pokazala, da je vpliv implementacije e-storitev na zaposlene v javni upravi precejšen, zaznavajo ga na vseh nivojih in posega v vrsto delovnih nalog. Analiza je nadalje pokazala, da zaradi vpeljave e-storitev zaposleni ocenjujejo, da potrebujejo dodatna znanja, usposabljanja in izobraževanja na več različnih področjih, nekoliko manj pa je izražena potreba po dodatnih kompetencah. Ugotovitve magistrskega dela na eni strani odpirajo pomembno področje raziskovanja, katerega glavni namen je razpoznati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na delo zaposlenih, v povezavi z implementacijo e-storitev, na drugi pa ponujajo odgovore na vprašanje, na katerih področjih je potrebno zagotoviti ustrezna usposabljanja in izobraževanja. The thesis focuses on e-services in the public administration of the Republic of Slovenia and the impact of their implementation on employees in public administration. The initial part of the thesis introduces the concepts of information society and e-government while considering employees in the public administration and their work skills. It also enlists the strategic documents that influence the direction of development and the laws that form the basis of the regulation of e-government. The main topic of the thesis includes a comparative analysis of e-services in Slovenia and the European Union as well as the empirical study of the impact of introducing e-services as perceived by employees in public administration in terms of the resulting new and redesigned work tasks. To this end, we carried out an empirical survey based on a questionnaire about the extent to which employees in the public administration feel and evaluate the changes in their working environment related to the implementation of e-services. We also investigate how employees in public administration perceive the demand for different working competencies and skills due to the use of information and communication technology. The analysis of the empirical research results shows a considerable impact of implementing e-services on employees in the public administration, the impact is perceived at all levels and on a number of different work tasks. The analysis further shows that due to introducing e-services, employees estimate that they need additional knowledge, training and education in several different areas, while the need for additional competencies is less pronounced. Furthermore, the findings of the thesis open an important field of further research whose main purpose is to identify the factors that influence the work of employees in connection with the implementation of e-services. Finally, the thesis findings identify the fields in which employees need further training and education.

U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji su obrađeni: referentni model za dugotrajnu pohranu (OAIS), teorijska saznanja s području infrastrukture javnog ključa i elektroničkog potpisa, formati naprednog elektroničkog potpisa, područje e-uprave. Fokus ovog rada je na strategiji očuvanja elektroničkih potpisa. Napravljena je detaljna analiza različitih aspekata elektronički potpisanih dokumenata te je obrađena tematika elektroničke isprave. Dana je iscrpna analiza uspješnih implementacija e-arhiva iz Hrvatske, Njemačke, Italije, Austrije, Litve i Estonije te referentni E-ARK model. Pomoću navedenih saznanja je sintezom izrađen model informacijskog sustava, OAIS temeljen. Obrađen je pojam dokaza postojanja e-potpisa elektroničkog potpisa te se predlaže korištenje standarda RFC 6283 (XMLERS) i korištenje usluga kvalificiranih pružatelja usluga povjerenja za certifikate i za vremenske žigove. Izrađeni model podrazumijeva produženje potpisa te dugotrajno očuvanje elektroničke isprave na način da tehnološka implementacija podrži pravni okvir. Na kraju rada je dan prijedlog uspostave infrastrukture za dugotrajno očuvanje potpisanih elektroničkih dokumenata u RH. Znanstveni doprinos: analiza stanja u pravnom području dugotrajne pohrane e-dokumenata, analiza uspješnosti e-uprava po više metodologija u RH i svijetu. Dana je analiza uspješnih implementacija e-arhiva u svijetu. Izrađen je model informacijskog sustava za dugotrajnu pohranu elektronički potpisanih dokumenata u područjima javne uprave i gospodarstva te je dan prijedlog za uspostavu takve infrastrukture.

Disertacija pod naslovom „Konceptualni model informacijskog sustava lokalne samouprave“ ima višestruku funkciju i zahtjevan je zadatak jer se sustav lokalne samouprave smatra vrlo složenim, a za njegovo znanstveno istraživanje potrebno je koristiti se prikladnim i novijim znanstvenim metodama. Cilj je disertacije istražiti, vrjednovati te definirati metode i postupke kojima će se unaprijediti informacijski sustav lokalne samouprave koji će omogućiti efikasno upravljanje njezinim funkcijama, a time povećati poslovnu uspješnost. Primjenom informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija, informatizacijom, uvođenjem e-uprave te kreiranim konceptualnim modelom informacijskoga sustava lokalne samouprave stvaramo pretpostavke za poboljšanje i unaprjeđenje komunikacije unutar jedinice lokalne samouprave, poboljšavamo upravljanje dokumentima i informiranje te stvaramo pretpostavke za ostvarivanje brojnih ušteda. Prijedlozi mogućih poboljšanja mogu biti poticaj drugim jedinicama lokalnih samouprava u Republici Hrvatskoj da učine pomak u tom smislu te kreiraju svoj konceptualni model lokalne samouprave i ostvare dobru upravu zahvaljujući povezivanju informacijskih i komunikacijskih znanosti s pravnim znanostima. Konceptualni model informacijskoga sustava koji je u ovom radu predložen za odabrani uzorak može vrijediti i za sve druge jedinice lokalne samouprave u Republici Hrvatskoj. This dissertation entitled “Conceptual model of local-self government information system” has multiple purposes and it represents a comprehensive task since the system of local self-government is considered as being very complex. For this scientific research, it is necessary use appropriate and newer scientific methods. The aim of this dissertation is to explore, evaluate and define the methods and procedures which will improve the information system of local self-government, which will enable efficient management of its functions and thus increase business success. With the application of information and communication technologies, with computerisation, with the introduction of e-administration and by creating a conceptual model of information systems of local self-governments the basis for the improvement and advancement of communications within units of local self-government has been created. Suggestions for possible improvements presented can be an incentive to other units of local self-government in the Republic of Croatia to make advances in this sense and to create their own conceptual model of local self-government and achieve good administration. The conceptual model of information systems which is proposed in this paper for the chosen sample can be applicable to all other units of local self-government in the Republic of Croatia.

The use of information and communication technology and its widespread presence cause a vast amount of data to be created in the public and private sectors every day. The widespread presence of e-government sites, services and communication in the developed world add even more data. This digital data does not only represent the accountability and reliability of the processes, steps and decisions taken by organisations, but also a source of information for future generations. This paper discusses the issue of long-term digital preservation with a special focus on long-term digital preservation in public administration. It analyses problematic issues, current development trends in this area, and principles and solutions that can be found around the world. The paper focuses on Slovenia as one of the EU countries that has most effectively developed its e-government during the last decade. It analyses the situation in Slovenia through legal, organisational and other changes that have appeared over the last few years, and considers this as a model for possible long-term digital preservation. To describe the situation for digital preservation in Slovenian public administration, the results of empirical research made in 2007 are used. The paper uses theoretical background from the field of digital preservation and empirical results to show the important link between e-business, e-government, e-governance and digital preservation. It demonstrates that since Slovenian public administration has strictly specified business processes, the task of implementing digital preservation is much easier. The same concepts can be transferred to the private sector in Slovenia or anywhere else in the world. Vsakodnevna in globalna uporaba informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije povzroča nastajanje ogromnih količin podatkov v elektronski obliki, ki se pojavljajo tako v javnem kot v zasebnem sektorju ter v zasebnem življenju posameznika. Na področju javne uprave elektronski portali, elektronske storitve, komunikacije ter druge aktivnosti in moderne rešitve e-uprave povzročajo ne samo nastanek velike količine podatkov, temveč predvsem vprašanja glede njihove verodostojnosti ter hkrati zanesljivosti procesov v katerih so bili ustvarjeni. Ti elektronski podatki ne predstavljajo le dokazov za odločitve in korake posamezne organizacije, temveč dolgoročno tudi pomembnih vir informacij za bodoče generacije. Zato ima njihov kratkoročna in dolgoročna hramba izreden pomen za organizacijo, javno upravo in državo kot celoto. Članek obravnava področje dolgoročne elektronske hrambe s posebnim poudarkom na njeni uporabi v javni upravi. Analizira problematiko dolgoročne elektronske hrambe, trenutne razvojne trende in koncepte ter rešitve, ki jih opažamo v svetu. Članek se osredotoči na slovensko javno upravo in na Slovenijo kot članico EU, ki je v zadnjih letih na področju razvoja e-uprave dosegla zavidljive rezultate. Analizira se situacija v Sloveniji skozi pravne, organizacijske in druge spremembe, ki so se zgodile v Sloveniji na tem področju v zadnjih letih in jih analizira kot možen model razvoja dolgoročne elektronske hrambe v državi in njeni javni upravi. Za opis stanja v Slovenski javni upravi so uporabljeni rezultati empirične raziskave iz leta 2007. Članek uporabi teoretično podlago s področje dolgoročne elektronske hrambe in rezultate empirične raziskave, da pokaže povezavo med e-poslovanjem, e-upravo in e-hrambo. Demonstrira in dokazuje, da je slovenska javna uprava na dobri poti do učinkovite uporabe dolgoročne elektronske hrambe v njenem poslovanju, saj je njeno poslovanje (tako s klasičnega kot elektronskega vidika) dobro urejeno z natančno definirani poslovni procesi. Le uspešno urejeno (e-)poslovanje je namreč garancija za uspešno dolgoročno elektronsko hrambo. Enak koncept in model razvoja bi bil tako lahko uporabljen tudi v slovenskem zasebnem sektorju ali kjerkoli drugje v svetu.

Diplomska naloga vzpostavi model informacijskega kioska, ki bi zajemal dobre prakse uspešnih projektov kioskov iz tujine, s katerim bi lahko okrepili ali olajšali povezavo med državljanom in e-upravo v Sloveniji. Skozi predstavitev koncepta kioska se trudi dokazati, da je enostavnost uporabe povezana z dobro zastavljeno uporabniško izkušnjo, ki je intuitivna in ki vodi k hitri rešitvi uporabnikovega problema. Kiosk je predstavljen kot enostavna naprava, ki bi uporabniku omogočala, da sam opravi željeno storitev, medtem ko ga naprava vodi skozi postopek s ciljem, da se le-tega izvede pravilno in čim hitreje. Cilj diplomskega dela je sestaviti konceptni model modernega informacijskega kioska. Za dosego le-tega so pregledane in analizirane dobre prakse uspešnih projektov iz tujine. Rezultati sinteze so, skupaj s priporočili o sestavnih delih, pravilih za pripravo ustrezne uporabniške izkušnje ter zasnovo delovnih tokov, vključeni v konceptni načrt, ki predstavlja optimalno rešitev za slovenske potrebe. Diplomsko delo argumentira, da bi tako zastavljeni kioski bili uporabniku enostavni in prijazni, lažje razumljivi in bi uporabnika sami vodili skozi ustrezne procese. Zaradi svoje enostavnosti bi se tako lahko hitro povečala ciljna množica uporabnikov, kar bi botrovalo k večjemu zanimanju in posledično uporabi elektronske uprave ter s tem zmanjšalo tudi digitalno ločnico. Med pisanjem diplomskega dela sem ugotovila, da čeprav živimo v dobi skoraj stoodstotne povezanosti z internetom, koncept informacijskega kioska še vedno najde svoje mesto pri uporabnikih iz ruralnih območij in starejših generacij, kjer je digitalni razkorak najbolj izrazit. The thesis sets the model for implementing an informational kiosk which would encompass the best practises of successful foreign kiosk projects, with which we could strengthen or alleviate the connection between the citizen and e-government in Slovenia. Through the presentation of the kiosk concept the thesis tries to prove that the ease of use is connected to a well-designed user experience, which is intuitive and leads to a swift solution of the user's problem. The kiosk is described as a simple device which lets the user use the available services by themself while leading them through the process with the final goal of doing it correctly and quickly. The goal of the thesis is to assemble a conceptual model of a modern informational kiosk. To reach that goal, foreign projects were researched and analysed in order to collect their best practises. The results of the synthesis, along with the recommendations for the components, user experience design guidelines and user workflows are included in the plan, which would represent the optimal solution for the needs of the Slovene e-government. The thesis defends the fact that the presented kiosk would be user friendly, easier to understand and would guide the user through the propper process. Because of its user friendliness, it could quickly increase the end-user base and the use of e-government services, which would in-effect decrease the digital divide. While working on the thesis, I came to the conclusion that even though we live in the age of almost 100 percent internet connectivity, the informational kiosk can still find its place with users in the rural areas and with the elderly where the digital divide is most prominent.