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Public interest theory has argued that lack of trust in companies may reduce support for free markets. The literature did not address, however, the underlying causes of lack of trust and support of free markets in customer’s perceptions of virtuousness in economic actors. Combining public interest theory with virtue theory and stakeholder trust theory of organizations, we surmise that if customers perceive that employees of companies have insufficient due care for customers’ interests, the perceived trustworthiness of those companies will be low. Customers will then be more inclined to support government regulation in that particular sector or industry. In this paper, we test the relevance of these relationships for the banking sector using a representative sample of 5844 respondents in the Netherlands. We find that if bankers are perceived as persistent in their due care for customers, this encourages a perception that banks are trustworthy, which in turn induces support for free markets in banking and reduces the call for government regulation. An important management implication of our research is that banks should foster due care by means of employee-virtue training programs to enhance trust, thus generating more support for free market operations in the banking sector.

Odredba koja sudionicima obveznih odnosa nalaže postupanje s dužnom pažnjom jedna je od osnovnih odredbi ZOO-a, pa se proteže na sve obvezne odnose. Ta odredba navodi oblike dužne pažnje, pažnju dobrog domaćina, pažnju dobrog gospodarstvenika i pažnju dobrog stručnjaka, ali ne određuje ni način određivanja je li osoba postupala s pažnjom koja joj je naložena ni pravne posljedice nepostupanja s tom pažnjom. U radu se ponajprije analizira i prikazuje primjena ove odredbe ratione materiae, ratione tempore i ratione personae. Potom se podrobno i konkretno, uz stajališta literature i sudske prakse, prikazuju pojedini oblici pažnje, odnosno zahtjevi koje pojedini oblik pažnje stavlja pred sudionike obveznih odnosa kao i primjeri kada ti zahtjevi nisu ispunjeni. Prikazuje se način na koji se određuje je li određena osoba postupala sa zahtijevanom pažnjom, a na kraju i posljedice propuštanja postupanja sa zahtijevanom pažnjom. Uočava se veza između odredbi koje pravne posljedice vežu uz zahtjev ili mogućnost znanja za određene činjenice i obveze postupanja s određenom pažnjom. Iz te obveze proizlazi zahtjev ili mogućnost za određenim znanjem, a s tim i pravne posljedice za osobe koje su prema ZOO-u štogod morale ili mogle znati., A provision requiring parties to obligations to act with due care is one of the basic provisions of the Obligations Act, and therefore applies to all obligations. This provision states types of due care, care of bonus pater familias, care of bonus businessman and care of bonus professional, but does not defi ne either the way how to determine whether certain person acted with required care nor legal consequences of acting without it. The paper fi rstly analyzes and presents the application of this provision ratione materiae, ratione tempore and ratione personae. Then, in detail and concretely, from the literature and jurisprudence standpoint, it presents individual types of due care, i.e. requirements that an individual type of care puts before parties to obligations, as well as examples of when these requirements were not met. Furthermore, the way how to determine whether certain person acted with a required care is discussed and consequences of acting without due care. The connection between provisions is distinguished, which ties legal consequences with a request or a possibility of knowledge of certain facts and provisions that require acting with certain care. The request for certain knowledge or a possibility to have certain knowledge originate from the later provision, and consequently legal consequences for persons who had to know or could know certain facts.

Введение: статья посвящена исследованию стандартов разумности, применяемых при рассмотрении внедоговорных обязательств в странах общей системы права. По скольку основания ответственности в деликтных правоотношениях отличаются от договорных обязательств, иное содержание получила и категория разумности. Английское право исходит из концепции стандарта «разумного человека», соот ветствие которому освобождает причинителя вреда от ответственности. В США судебные инстанции не отказались от стандарта разумности, однако с середины XX в. также осуществляют оценку поведения на основании формулы Хэнда, которая совместила экономический и правовой подход к квалификации разумности. Цель: выявить ключевые элементы разумности в странах общего права, определить со держание отдельных критериев, таких как стандарт знаний, предвидимость риска и т.д., исследовать условия применения стандарта разумности и формулы Хэнда. Методологическая основа: диалектический метод исследования, эмпирические мето ды сравнения, описания, интерпретации как общенаучные методы познания также частнонаучные методы: исторический, сравнительно-правовой, метод системного анализа. Результаты: анализ судебных решений и нормативных актов позволяет говорить о формировании в странах общего права «культуры компенсации». Это правовое явление сформировалось в связи с высокими требованиями к «разумности и обоснованности» действий причинителя вреда. Критерии разумного человека и условия применения формулы Хэнда позволили отказаться от широкого применения концепции вины, традиционной для отраслей публичного порядка, и обеспечили де ликтному праву автономность. Выводы: в статье отмечено, что деликтное право создало уникальную концепцию квалификации субъективных факторов, необходимых для привлечения к ответственности. При определении халатности в странах общего права наибольшее развитие получил критерий разумности, применение и значение которого значительно шире, чем критерии вины.

Hayvan bulunduranın sorumluluğu, objektif özen yükümlülüğünün ihlaline dayanır. Kurtuluş kanıtı getirilmesi, sıkı şartlara bağlıdır. Hayvan bulunduran, genel özen yükümlülüğüne uygun davrandığına dayanarak sorumluluktan kurtulamaz. Tam tersi, objektif açıdan zorunlu olan ve somut olayın şartlarının gerektirdiği tüm tedbirleri aldığını ispat etmek zorundadır. The liability for damage caused by animals is based on the violation of the objective due care. In order to exonerate, the keeper has to follow strict rules. Even if he alleges that he sticked to the rules paying usual care, it is impossible for him to exonerate. Rather, he has to prove that he has taken all objectively necessary measures required by the circumstances. The liability for damage caused by animals is based on the violation of the objective due care. In order to exonerate, the keeper has to follow strict rules. Even if he alleges that he sticked to the rules paying usual care, it is impossible for him to exonerate. Rather, he has to prove that he has taken all objectively necessary measures required by the circumstances. No sponsor

U radu je analiziran građanskopravni aspekt povrede medicinskog standarda tijekom pružanja usluge medicinskog postupanja te se ukazalo na različite pojavne oblike liječničke pogreške. Uobičajeni je modus povrede medicinskog standarda liječnička pogreška, koja se neovisno o tipološkim značajkama očituje, in genere, u postupanju liječnika, protivno pravilima zdravstvene struke te njenim moralnim i etičkim načelima, odnosno kao postupanje u neskladu s provjerenim standardima suvremene medicinske znanosti. U okviru provedenog istraživanja utvrđen je conceptum pravno relevantnoga medicinskog standarda na temelju imaginarnog modela ponašanja liječnika u okviru medicinskoga tretmana in concreto. Pritom se kao relevantan pravni standard uzima pažnja dobroga gospodarstvenika i dobroga stručnjaka, a njegovo pridržavanje smanjuje rizik od suboptimalnog tretmana koji bi bio suprotan pravilima medicinske profesije - contra legis artis. Primjena pravila dužne pažnje, odnosno, odštetnopravni sustav sa svojim pravnim i ekonomskim implikacijama, in ultima linea, dovodi do toga da mogući štetnik (liječnik/zdravstvena ustanova) medicinsku uslugu nastoji obavljati u režimu standarda optimalne skrbi, budući da pravni sustav navedeni standard medicinskog postupanja izjednačuje s ekonomskom kategorijom optimalne skrbi za pacijenta., The research has confirmed that the very possibility of achieving a tort claim in the case of tort liability on account of medical malpractice represents per se a systemic incentive for a continual process of professionalisation of the healthcare service, i.e., the legal order impacts the quality standard of healthcare in terms of preventing undesired consequences of unprofessional medical procedures. The typical modality of breaching a medical standard is medical malpractice which regardless of typological characteristics appears in genere in the physician’s actions, contrary to the rules of the healthcare profession as well as its moral and ethical principles, as actions not conforming to standards in modern medical science, and which results in infringing on the patient’s health or life, meaning a breach of the right of personality. In determining medical malpractice, the courts will consider through a prism the physician’s actions in terms of medical treatment in concreto whereby the measure of behaviour is the normally careful physician in line with the average standard valid for physicians – the bonus pater familias standard. In that sense, Croatian positive law and the legal order ad comparandum, establish the fundamental obligations for physicians in the undertaking of medical treatment, and in particular stipulate the duty of acting with heightened care, all in line with the rules of the profession and customs – due professional care. Adherence to the mentioned standard minimises the risk of suboptimal treatment which is contrary to rules of the medical profession – contra legis artis, and whereby the legal, medical and economic components are preventively harmonised. Literal application of the negligence rule, i.e., the tort system and its associated rights and economic implications in ultima linea, leads to the situation where the possible tortfeasor (medical/healthcare institution) provides medical services under the regime of the optimal care standard given that the legal system views the standard of medical action as equal to the economic category of optimal patient care., Der Beitrag analysiert das zivilrechtliche Aspekt der Verletzung des medizinischen Standards während der medizinischen Behandlung und weist auf unterschiedliche Erscheinungsformen des ärztlichen Behandlungsfehlers hin. Ungeachtet ihrer typologischen Charakteristiken erscheint die Verletzung des medizinischen Standards in genere beim Vorgehen des Arztes entgegen der Regeln des Gesundheitsberufs und dessen moralischen und ethischen Grundsätzen, beziehungsweise beim Vorgehen, welche mit den etablierten Standards der modernen medizinischen Wissenschaft nicht im Einklang stehen. Im Rahmen der durchgeführten Forschung wurde der Begriff des rechtlich relevanten medizinischen Standards aufgrund des imaginären Modells des ärztlichen Vorgehens im Rahmen einer konkreten medizinischen Behandlung bestimmt. Dabei zieht man als relevanten rechtlichen Standard den Standard des ordentlichen Kaufmannes und des guten Experten in Betracht, deren Beachtung das Risiko der suboptimalen Behandlung, welche den Regeln des medizinischen Berufs (contra legis artis) zuwiderläuft, minimisiert. Die Anwendung der Regeln der Sorgfaltspflicht, beziehungsweise das Schadenersatzrecht mit seinen rechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Implikationen trägt letztendlich dazu bei, dass der eventuelle Schädiger (Arzt / Gesundheitseinrichtung) die medizinische Leistung im Regime des Standards der optimalen Fürsorge zu erbringen versucht, weil dem Rechtssystem nach der genannte Standard des medizinischen Vorgehens und die ökonomische Kategorie der optimalen Fürsorge für den Patienten gleich sind., E’ stata condotta una ricerca sugli aspetti civilistici della violazione degli standard in occasione della prestazione di servizio di trattamenti sanitari e si sono osservate differenti forme di errori medici. Le consuete violazioni degli standard sanitari sono rappresentate in genere dall’attività del medico che sia contraria alle regole della professione medica, ai suoi principi morali ed etici, ovvero quando le azioni siano in contrasto con gli standard accertati della scienza medica. Nell’ambito della ricerca viene accertato il concetto di standard medico giuridicamente rilevante sulla base dell’ipotetico modello comportamentale del medico nel contesto del trattamento sanitario in concreto, laddove come standard giuridicamente rilevante si consideri quello del buon imprenditore e del buon professionista; quello cioè nel rispetto del quale si minimizzano il rischio dell’azione contra legis artis. Il rispetto della regola dell’attenzione doverosa, ovvero il sistema risarcitorio con le sue implicazioni giuridiche ed economiche, in ultima linea comporta che il potenziale danneggiante (medico/ ente sanitario) cerchi di adempiere al servizio sanitario nel regime di standard di cura ottimale visto che il sistema giuridico equipara l’attività sanitaria alla categoria economica di cura ottimale del paziente.

This contribution provides results from a controlled experiment on policy compliance in work environments with restrictive security technologies. The experimental setting involved subjects forming groups and required them to solve complex and creative tasks for virtual customers under increasing time pressure, while frustration and work impediment of the used security technology were measured. All subjects were briefed regarding existing security policies in the experiment setting, and the consequences of violating these policies, as well as the consequences for late delivery or failure to meet the quality criteria of the virtual customer. Policy breaches were observed late in the experiment, when time pressure was peaking. Subjects not only indicated maximum frustration, but also a strong and significant correlation (.765, p

This paper deals with a comparison between the Czech duty of due managerial care of a member of governing body of limited company and the Irish non-fiduciary duty to exercise care, skill and diligence of a director of limited company (hereinafter also referred as "duty of care"). The paper aims to find out a possible way to improve legislation of the duty of due managerial care on the basis of comparison with the duty of care. The duty of care sets the ground for the comparison, therefore the paper deals first with the Irish legal status of the duty of care, which has been recently changed by the Companies Act 2014. Despite of the codification of the directors' duties, the core of interpretation and application of the duty of care still rests in judicial decisions. Nevertheless, the change of source and statutory wording of the duty means that the substance of Re City Equitable [1925] does not represent a good law anymore. The standard of care of Re City Equitable [1925] has been replaced by the minimal objective standard based on the British judgment Re D'Jan of London [1994]. The content of the duty of care is determined on the case by case basis, but in any event it consists of conclusions of the British judgment Re Barings [1999], which has been accepted by the Irish courts in restriction...

If consumers have a right to expect that products on the market will be fit for their intended use then the producers, and sellers have a responsibility for the quality and safety of their products and for the compensation for harms and injuries that originate from products and their defects. Quality control implies issues regarding acceptable levels of risk, consumer autonomy and competence, and paternalism. Product liability regulation has been subject to three theories: contractarian, due care theory, and strict liability theory. The last one has been explored in more details and put under a thorough ethical scrutiny. The result is that strict liability theory, despite being to a certain degree counterintuitive, is the best theory for dealing with the issue of compensations.

The primary aim of this thesis is to conduct a comparative analysis of the former and the current private law regulations concerning governance of joint-stock companies. What this thesis mainly focuses on are practical impacts of the change and problematic areas which are uncertain to interpret. This work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical application. The former deals with the definition of the term corporate governance, theoretical bases of corporate governance and governance models and theories. In the latter the most fundamental changes brought by the recodification are taken into consideration, these being the possibility of choice between monistic and dualistic corporate governance systems, adaptation to the new regulations and the changes regarding the statutory representative. In this section, the thesis comments on the terms due care and and business judgement rule.

In this article we analyze the concepts of ‘norm’ and ‘wrong’ that better serve theaims of Criminal Law. The author defends that it is more precise to break in to two parts the concept of ‘the contrary to the norm’, attaching to the concept of ‘wrong’ the mere objective contradiction of the act with the content of the determinating norm (promulgated norm), which leaves ‘culpability’ the problem of “individual communication”. As a result, the concept of ‘wrong’ collaborates with the joint aim of protecting legally protected interests through positive general prevention in its original use, since the concept attempts to transmit the general valuations of the conduct and the legally protected interests that would be lost when introducing the ‘categoryof wrong’ the considerations relative to the individual capacity to act according tothose general parameters.Thus the author rejects the constructions that currently defend the individualization of the due care to the scope of the concept of ‘wrong’, or because they assume that the concept of ‘wrong’ as an infraction of the vigilence of the norm, or, in othercases, because, in spite of conceiving the concept of ‘wrong’ as an infraction of a determination norm, they include in the concept of ‘wrong’ certain requirements of the norm-communication. All of them have an inadmissible derogation of the general norms of conduct in criminal negligence and the loss of the positive general preventive function of the ‘category of wrong.’ En el presente artículo se analizan los conceptos de norma y de injusto que mejor sirven a los fines del Derecho penal. Así se defiende que es preciso dividir la antinormatividad completa en fragmentos, correspondiendo a lo injusto la mera contradicción objetiva de la conducta con el contenido de la norma de determinación (norma promulgada), dejando para la culpabilidad los problemas de “comunicación” individual. De esta manera la categoría de lo injusto colabora al fin conjunto de protección de bienes jurídicos a través de la prevención general positiva en su sentido original. La contrariedad objetiva con la norma promulgada (con el contenido de la norma dedeterminación) se destaca como categoría que cumple la función de trasladar las valoraciones generales sobre la conducta y sobre el bien jurídico que se perderían al introducir en lo injusto consideraciones relativas a la capacidad individual de actuar conforme a esos parámetros generales.Por ello se rechazan las construcciones que defienden una individualización del injusto como infracción de la vigencia de la norma, donde el concepto de infracción consiste en un proceso de imputación en el que se indaga acerca de si el comportamiento del autor expresa un no reconocimiento personal de la norma, o fórmulas similares, que hacen depender lo injusto no solo de la contradicción objetiva del contenido de la norma, como yo he defendido, sino de expresiones o faltas personales en relación con la misma, o bien, en otras construcciones, porque, a pesar de concebir lo injusto como la infracción de una norma de determinación incluyen en el concepto de injusto determinados requisitos de la norma-comunicación. Todas ellas llevan a una inadmisible derogación de las normas de conducta generales en el delito imprudente y a la pérdida de la función preventivo general positiva de la categoría de lo injusto.

This publication targets private sector stakeholders who want to reduce a company s risk and vulnerability to corruption. It aims to provide guidance and recommendations for integrating ethics programs into corporate governance mechanisms to safeguard against corruption. Anti-corruption attitudes have changed significantly over the past two decades. Corruption is no longer regarded as a subject to be avoided and is now widely condemned for its damaging effect on countries, industries, governments, and the livelihoods of individual citizens. More importantly, the view of the private sector in the corruption equation is changing. Companies are no longer viewed only as facilitators of corruption - they are increasingly recognized as victims and a valuable source of working solutions, and anti-corruption efforts seen as integral to good corporate governance, Predictable, competitive, and fair economic environments free of corruption are central to sustainable business, economic growth and national development. It has been an easier task to raise this awareness than to reduce the corrosive effects of corruption, especially its worst manifestation of state capture. And though the challenge defies simple solutions, significant progress is being made. Today we have in place numerous international conventions and global collective action initiatives that set higher standards of transparency and accountability in corporate and public governance. More importantly, such standards are buttressed by a growing convergence of ethical values that set the tone for 'doing the right thing' in both the public and private sectors.