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Analiza ostankov metalurških procesov je tesno povezana z znanjem o metalurških procesih. Osnovna surovina metalurških procesov je ruda in glavni produkt kovina. V našem primeru je ta kovina železo. Kot stranski produkt pri metalurških procesih nastaja žlindra. V poglavju o pirometalurgiji so predstavljene njihove osnove. Ostanki rude, žlindre in sten talinih peči in/ali kovaških ognjišč so dokaz o prisotnost i metalurške dejavnosti na arheološkem najdišču. Če se kovaška ognjišča redkeje spreminjajo, se talilne peči v arheologiji razlikujejo glede na časovna obdobja in načine izdelave. Najpogostejši ostanek metalurških procesov je žlindra. Ta se v arheologiji zaradi lažjega razumevanja njenega nastanka deli na različne tipe. Pri osnovni razdelit vi jo delimo na kovaško in talilno žlindro. Takšna razdelitev je osnovana na ločevanju dveh osnovnih metalurških procesov, taljenja in kovanja. Tehnologija pridobivanja železa se je čez zgodovino spreminjala. Za potrebe študije je pomembno predvsem razumevanje prazgodovinskega železarstva. Železo je bilo odkrito na Bližnjem vzhodu in se je širilo proti Evropi ob koncu bronaste dobe. Tako je znanje o železu doseglo tudi naš prostor. Na ozemlju današnje Slovenije je bilo v času železne dobe kar nekaj železarskih središč. Eno izmed pomembnejših je predstavljal ravno Cvinger pri Dolenjskih Toplicah. Tu so bili med raziskavami, ki so delno potekale tudi v okviru študijskega procesa na Oddelku za arheologijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, pridobljeni ostanki metalurških procesov, kasneje uporabljeni v analizah. Raziskave na najdišču potekajo s prekinitvami že od 19. stolet ja. Sistematične raziskave z interdisciplinarnim pristopom pa so začeli izvajati proti koncu 20. stoletja. Namen magistrskega dela je ugotovitev prisotnosti različnih postopkov obdelave železa in verjetno lokacijo proizvodnje s pomočjo makroskopske analize ostankov metalurških procesov. Pri tem so bili uporabljeni predvsem podatki in najdbe, pridobljeni z arheološkimi površinskimi pregledi in arheološkimi izkopavanji. The analysis of remains of metallurgical processes is strongly connected to knowledge about metallurgical processes. It's basic raw material is ore and it's main product is metal. In our case the metal is iron. Slag is created as it's by– product. Fundamental knowledge about metallurgical processes is presented in the chapter about pyrometallurgy. Evidence of metallurgical activity on the archaeological site is found in remains of bloomery furnace/blacksmith hearth walls, parts of ore and slag. Blacksmith hearths change rarely while bloomerly furnaces differ during different time periods and construction. Slag is the most common remains of the metallurgical processes. To be able to better understand it's creation, archaeology divides it in different types. Primary separation divides iron slag in two types. One is smithing and the other bloomery slag. This separation is based on separation of two primary metallurgical processes. Blacksmithing and smelting. The technology for iron making has been changing throughout history. Understanding of prehistoric ironmaking is important for study purposes. Iron was discovered in the Middle East. It spread to Europe with trade contacts at the end of the bronze age. With it, knowledge about ironmaking came to our lands. At the beginning of the iron age there was many settelment centers on the territory of present day Slovenia. Cvinger near Dolenjske Toplice was one such place. Here between research which in part took place in the study process at the Department of Archeology of Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, the remains of metallurgical processes were collected, which were later used in analyses. Research on this site has been ongoing from 19th century with only brief interruptions. At the end of 20th century systematic interdisciplinary approach was applied on the site. The porpose of this study is to find evidence of different types of ironmaking processes and its possible location with help of macroscopic analysis of remains of metallurgical processes. In it mainly data and finds from the archaeological surface survey and archaeological excavation have been used.

Etnofarmakologija proučuje ljudsko (lokalno) in tradicionalno uporabo rastlin, živali, gliv, mikroorganizmov in mineralov za preprečevanje ali zdravljenje bolezni ljudi in živali. Etnofarmakološke raziskave se začnejo s terenskimi raziskavami v lokalni skupnosti, kjer raziskovalci dokumentirajo uporabo lokalnih oz. tradicionalnih zdravil. Nato sledi fitokemijsko, farmakološko in toksikološko vrednotenje terapevtske uporabe zdravil s ciljem prispevati k njihovi boljši in varnejši uporabi. Kras in Gorjanci (Dolenjska) sta pretežno podeželska slovenska predela, ki sta med seboj oddaljena približno 120 km. Kras leži blizu italijanske meje, Gorjanci pa mejijo na Hrvaško. Podnebje Krasa ima sredozemske in celinske vplive, Gorjanci pa imajo zmerno celinsko podnebje. Prebivalci obeh območij so se v preteklosti ukvarjali s kmetijstvom, danes pa aktivna populacija večinoma dela v bližnjih industrijskih središčih. Kljub temu so prebivalci obeh območij še vedno povezani z naravo in znanje o rastlinah je pomembno, saj si ljudje na vrtovih in poljih pridelujejo svojo hrano, nekateri pa se tudi ukvarjajo s kmetijstvom. Veliko prebivalcev Slovenije je še vedno takšnih, ki sami nabirajo zdravilne rastline, kljub temu pa je na območjih Krasa in Gorjancev uporaba zdravilnih rastlin le malo dokumentirana. V terenski etnofarmakološki raziskavi smo med oktobrom 2013 in septembrom 2014 na Krasu in Gorjancih intervjuvali 25 ljudi na vsakem območju. Osrednje vprašanje je bilo: »Katere rastline nabirate ali ste jih nabirali v naravi in jih uporabljate?1«. Osredotočili smo se na rastline, ki jih uporabljamo v zdravilne, prehranske, veterinarske in kozmetične namene. Informatorji2 na Krasu so poročali o uporabi 77 različnih rastlin, na območju Gorjancev pa o 81 različnih rastlinah, od tega je bilo 64 rastlin skupnih obema območjema. Približno 64 % rastlin na vsakem območju je omenilo le nekaj informatorjev (manj kot 7). Ostale rastline smo smatrali kot pomembne in velika večina je bila skupna obema območjema. Le nekaj rastlin je bilo značilnih le za eno območje. Razlike so nastale zaradi različne razširjenosti divjih rastlin in primernih pogojev rasti kultiviranih rastlin, ki so se razlikovali med obema območjema. Informatorji so rastline večinoma uporabljali v zdravilne in prehranske namene, med obema uporabama pa obstaja zvezen prehod. Informatorji so za približno 50 % rastlin poročali o uporabi v zdravilne in prehranske namene. Pogosto so poročali o lastnostih rastline, ki krepijo zdravje, npr. visoka vsebnost vitamina C, čeprav jih niso (nujno) uporabljali s tem namenom. Največ rastlin so uporabljali za zdravljenje gastrointestinalnih bolezni, bolezni respiratornega sistema in bolezni kože. Med rastlinami, ki jih ljudje pogosto nabirajo, smo opazili nekatere razlike v namenu uporabe rastlin med Krasom in Gorjanci. Te razlike bi bile lahko posledica kulturnih razlik, ki so morda nastale zaradi vplivov sosednjih območij. Ustni viri so bili za informatorje pomemben vir znanja o rastlinah. Čeprav so bile to starejše osebe s povprečno starostjo 61 let na Krasu in 69 let na Gorjancih, so na njihovo znanje o zdravilnih rastlinah vplivali mediji, najbolj pogosto poljudne knjige o zdravilnih rastlinah, ki so izšle v 20. stoletju. Na območju Krasa in Gorjancev smo raziskali tudi tradicionalno uporabo rdeče mušnice (Amanita muscaria) za lovljenje muh. V ta namen so rdečo mušnico uporabljali že stoletja, kljub temu pa so pripravki slabo dokumentirani in raziskani. Kolikor je znano, je na področju Slovenije najstarejši zapis o uporabi rdeče mušnice za lovljenje muh v knjigi Flora carniolica (1760) Antonija Scopolija. Na območju Krasa so pripravke rdeče mušnice za lovljenje muh opisale tri informatorke, ki so bile po rodu iz drugih delov Slovenije in so se uporabe spomnile od doma. Na območju Gorjancev pa je pripravke opisalo 13 informatorjev. Rezultati kažejo, da je bila tradicija uporabe rdeče mušnice za lovljenje muh prisotna na Gorjancih in ne na Krasu. Tradicionalno znanje je še prisotno, vendar se bo verjetno v prihodnjih letih izgubilo, saj o trenutni uporabi rdeče mušnice ni poročal nihče. Informatorji so skupno navedli devet različnih metod za pripravo rdeče mušnice za lovljenje muh. Enostavne metode so vključevale namakanje mušnice v mleku ali vodi, nekateri informatorji pa so poročali, da so mušnico le pokapljali z mlekom. Kompleksne metode so vključevale kombinacijo toplotne ali mehanske obdelave in namakanja v mleku ali vodi. Po tradicionalnih metodah smo pripravili osem pripravkov in merili sproščanje ibotenske kisline in muscimola iz glivnega tkiva v petih časovnih točkah (in sicer po 0,5, 1, 2, 3 in 24 urah) z metodo HPLC. Ugotovili smo, da je sproščanje ibotenske kisline časovno odvisno in da količina sproščene ibotenske kisline narašča s časom. Sproščanje ibotenske kisline in muscimola ni bilo odvisno od topila, čeprav so informatorji večkrat omenili mleko kot vodo. Če smo mušnico samo namakali v mleku ali vodi, se je v vsaki časovni točki iz nje sprostila najmanjša količina ibotenske kisline in muscimola. Dodatna toplotna in mehanska obdelava je pospešila sproščanje ibotenske kisline in muscimola. V tretjem delu doktorskega dela smo proučevali uporabo preobjed (Aconitum spp.) na Solčavskem3. Preobjede so strupene rastline, ki so bile del uradne in ljudske medicine v slovenskem prostoru v 19. stoletju. Zaradi toksičnosti je preobjeda prenehala biti uradno zdravilo v 20. stoletju. Rezultati terenske etnofarmakološke raziskave na Solčavskem kažejo, da je ljudsko znanje o uporabi preobjede v zdravilne namene še prisotno, čeprav jo uporabljajo bistveno manj pogosto kot v preteklosti. Informatorji so poročali o uporabi etanolnega ekstrakta, ki so ga pridobili z maceracijo korenin preobjede v domačem žganju. Najverjetneje so nabirali korenine turske preobjede (Aconitum tauricum) in repičaste preobjede (Aconitum napellus). Informatorji niso poročali o uporabi zeli preobjede. V uradni medicini so korenine preobjede začeli uporabljati šele v drugi polovici 19. stoletja, prej pa zel. Sedanja uporaba etanolnega ekstrakta iz korenin preobjede na Solčavskem tako kaže na možen vpliv uradne medicine na ljudsko uporabo te rastline na tem območju. Etanolni ekstrakt so uporabljali notranje in zunanje za zdravljenje različnih bolezni pri ljudeh in živalih. Štirje informatorji so imeli etanolni ekstrakt doma in dva sta bila pripravljena nedavno (leta 1998 in 2015). S fitokemijsko analizo smo potrdili prisotnost akonitina v dveh vzorcih od treh, četrtega nismo analizirali. Za odmerjanje ekstrakta ni bilo splošnega pravila, saj je vsak informator navedel drugačno število kapljic. Čeprav so se recepture za pripravo ekstrakta in odmerjanje med informatorji močno razlikovali, ni bilo poročil o zastrupitvah zaradi uporabe ekstrakta v zdravilne namene. Ljudska uporaba rastlin se je v preteklosti ves čas spreminjala, saj je tudi znanje o njihovi uporabi neprenehoma nastajalo, se spreminjalo, prenašalo in izginjalo. Tehnološki napredek danes omogoča hitrejše nastajanje novih spoznanj in tudi hitrejše širjenje novega in starega znanja o zdravilnih rastlinah. To posledično povzroča še hitrejše spremembe in verjetno tudi poenotenje lokalne uporabe zdravilnih rastlin. Z raziskovalnim delom v okviru doktorske disertacije smo prispevali k boljšemu poznavanju in razumevanju današnje ljudske uporabe rastlin in rdeče mušnice na območju Krasa in Gorjancev ter uporabe preobjede na Solčavskem. Rezultati in ugotovitve raziskav so posnetek sedanjega ljudskega znanja in uporabe rastlin, ki imajo svoje korenine v preteklosti in bodo vplivale tudi na prihodnost. Ethnopharmacology is the study of folk (local) and traditional use of plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms and minerals for prevention and treatment of diseases in humans and animals. Ethnopharmacological research usually begins with a field research in a local community, in which researchers document the use of folk (local) or traditional medicines. Field research is followed by a phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of medicines with the aim of contributing to their better and safer use. Karst and Gorjanci (Dolenjska) are two predominantly rural Slovenian areas that are approximately 120 km apart. Karst is located near the Italian border and Gorjanci near the Croatian border. Karst has a climate with Mediterranean and continental influences, and Gorjanci has a moderate continental climate. In the past, the inhabitants of both regions were farmers. Today, however, the active population works in the nearby industrial centres. Nevertheless, people are still connected to nature and knowledge about plants is important in their lives because they produce their own food in gardens or fields and some are still farmers. 25 informants4 were interviewed between October 2013 and September 2014 in the ethnopharmacological field research in Karst and Gorjanci, respectively. The main question was: "Which plants do or did you collect from nature and use?5" Plants for medicinal, nutritive, veterinary or cosmetic use were considered. Informants reported 77 different plants in Karst and 81 in Gorjanci 64 plants were reported in both regions. Approximately 64% of the plants in each region were distinctive for only a few informants (fewer than 7). The remaining plants were considered important, and the majority was mutual to both regions. Few reported plants were typical for just one region. These differences were mostly due to the ecological distribution of wild plants and suitable growing conditions of cultivated plants, which differed between both regions. The most frequently reported uses of plants were medicinal and nutritive, and between both uses, a continuous passage was present. For aproximately 50% of plants, medicinal and nutritive uses were reported. The informants also frequently mentioned properties that promote health, e.g. a high content of vitamin C, although the plants were not (necessarily) used for medicinal purposes. The highest number of plants was used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory system disorders and skin diseases. Differences in the reported medicinal purpose of use for some frequently collected plants were observed between Karst and Gorjanci. These regional differences could be explained by cultural differences, which were possibly due to to the influences from the neighboring areas. Oral sources were also important providers of botanical knowledge to the informants. The informants were mostly elderly people with a mean age of 61 years in Karst and 69 years in Gorjanci. However, their knowledge about plants seemed to be influenced by media, most often popular books about medicinal plants that were published in the 20th century. Traditional use of fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) for catching flies was also investigated in Karst and Gorjanci. Fly agaric has been used for this purpose for centuries. Nevertheless, such preparations are poorly documented and researched. To the best of our knowledge, the oldest record of the use of fly agaric for catching flies is in the book Flora carniolica (1760) written by Antonio Scopoli. In Karst, only three informants reported the use of fly agaric for catching flies and provided a detailed description of the preparations used. These three informants were originally from other parts of Slovenia and remembered the use from their home. In Gorjanci, 13 informants provided a detailed description of fly agaric preparations. Results suggest that the tradition of preparing fly agaric for catching flies was present in Gorjanci but not in Karst. Traditional knowledge, which is still present, will likely disappear in the coming years due to the lack of reports about current use. Infromants reported a total of nine different methods for preparing fly agaric for catching flies. Some methods were simple and included soaking in milk or water or dripping a little milk onto the mushroom. Others were more complex and included a combination of heat or mechanical processing and soaking in milk or water. Eight preparations were prepared according to the traditional methods, and the release of ibotenic acid and muscimol from the fungal material was determined by HPLC in five different time points (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 24 h). For all preparations, the release of ibotenic acid was time-dependent, with the extracted amount increasing over time. Although milk was used more often than water in traditional recipes, the release of both substances was not dependent on the solvent used. Fungal material that was exclusively soaked in water or milk released the smallest amount of ibotenic acid and muscimol at each time point. Additional heat and mechanical processing led to faster release of ibotenic acid and muscimol from the fungal material. In the third part of the doctoral work, we studied the use of aconite (Aconitum spp.) in Solčavsko region6. Aconitum species are poisonous plants that were part of official and folk medicine in the Slovenian territory in the 19th century. Due to its toxicity, the plant stopped being used as official medicine in the 20th century. Results of the ethnopharmacological field investigation indicate that folk knowledge of the medicinal use of Aconitum spp. is still present in Solčavsko, although the plant is used much less frequently than in the past. The informants reported the preparation of ethanolic extract made from homemade spirits and aconite roots, most likely from the species Aconitum tauricum and Aconitum napellus. The infomants did not report about the use of aconite herb. The official medicine begun to use the aconite roots in the second half of the 19th century but until than, only aconite herb was used. The present use of ethanolic extract made from aconite roots in Solčavsko indicates a possible influence of official medicine on the folk use of this plant in this area. The extract was used internally and externally for various indications use in animals was also reported. Four informants kept the extract at home two extracts were prepared recently (1998 and 2015). By phytochemical analysis, we confirmed the presence of aconitine in two out of three home-made extracts the fourth was not analysed. There was no general rule for dosing of the extract, since each informant reported a different number of administered drops. Although the recipes for the extract and the reported dosages differed greatly among the informants, no poisonings due to the medicinal use of the extract were reported. In the past, the folk use of plants was in constant change because the knowledge of their use was continually being built, changed, transmitted and lost. Advancement in technology today enables us to find new knowledge about plants faster than ever before, as well as transmission of new and old knowledge about medicinal plants to a broader public. This in turn leads to even more rapid changes and possibly unification of the local use of medicinal plants. With this research, we contributed towards greater knowledge of the present folk use of plants and fungi, specifically fly agaric, in Karst and Gorjanci, and the use of aconite in Solčavsko. The findings of this research are a snapshot of the current folk knowledge about plants, which originates in our history, affects our society today and will affect us in the future.

Monoklonska B-celična limfocitoza (MBL) je predstopnja kronične limfatične levkemije (KLL). Pogosteje se pojavlja pri starejših, moških in pri posameznikih, ki imajo v prvem kolenu sorodnika s KLL. Za določitev MBL mora biti v krvi preiskovanca manj kot 5 × 109 limfocitov B/L, pri čemer s pretočno citometrijo (PC) ugotovimo značilen imunofenotip, ki ga lahko spremljata abnormalno razmerje lahkih verig imunoglobulinov κ : λ in preureditev težkih verig IgVH, obenem pa izključimo KLL ali drugi B-celični limfom. Glede na imunofenotip ločimo KLL-značilno MBL, CD5– MBL in atipično MBL. KLL-značilna MBL ima podoben imunofenotip kot KLL in je najpogostejši podtip MBL. Glede na število monoklonskih limfocitov B jo ločimo še na presejalno MBL (sMBL) in klinično MBL (cMBL). CD5– MBL zaznamuje odsotnost izražanja CD5, atipično MBL pa visoko izražanje CD20. S preiskavo fluorescenčna »in situ« hibridizacija (FISH) lahko pri MBL odkrijemo nekatere citogenetske nepravilnosti, najpogostejši sta del(13)(q14) in trisomija 12. Pojavnost bolezni se v splošni populaciji giblje med 3 % in 5 %, vsako leto pa pri približno 2 % bolnikov bolezen napreduje v KLL. Bolezen se tudi do sedemkrat pogosteje pojavlja pri sorodnikih v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL. To je še posebno značilno za družine, kjer sta prisotna vsaj dva primera KLL. V Sloveniji podatkov o MBL še nimamo, zato smo se odločili narediti raziskavo o pojavnosti te bolezni in jo primerjati med zdravo splošno populacijo in sorodniki v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL. V doktorski disertaciji smo preverjali naslednje 3 hipoteze: 1. da je pojavnost MBL večja pri sorodnikih v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL kot tista v splošni populaciji, z uporabljenim načinom določanja je pojavnost bolezni moč odkriti med 5 % in 15 % preiskovane populacije 2. da je najpogostejši podtip MBL pri sorodnikih bolnikov s KLL klinična oblika KLL-značilne MBL, pojavnost v obeh skupinah pa je večja pri moških 3. prisotne so ponavljajoče citogenetske spremembe, najpogostejša je del(13q), status IgVH pa je pri večini vzorcev MBL mutiran. Za področje raziskave smo izbrali Dolenjsko, ki predstavlja tipično slovensko pokrajino. S pomočjo Splošne bolnišnice Novo mesto se je za sodelovanje v študiji iz te regije odločilo 54 sorodnikov v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL. Za vsakega od njih smo našli 3 zdrave preiskovance iz splošne populacije, ki so se s posameznim sorodnikom ujemali v spolu, starosti in kraju bivanja. Skupaj smo analizirali 216 vzorcev. Povprečna starost preiskovancev je bila 48,4 ± 13,1, mediana 48, starostni razpon pa od 23 do 88 let. Preiskovana moška populacija je bila mlajša (povprečna starost 46,5 ± 13,3, mediana 45,5, starostni razpon od 23 do 88 let) od ženske (povprečna starost 50 ± 12,9, mediana 49, starostni razpon od 25 do 86 let). Pri vseh vzorcih smo naredili popolno krvno sliko in tako izločili neznane hematološke bolezni. Vzorce smo najkasneje 12 ur po odvzemu krvi analizirali s 5-barvno pretočno citometrijo (κ, λ, CD5, CD19, CD20). Posamezno celično populacijo smo prepoznali kot klon MBL, če smo lahko zaznali vsaj 50 dogodkov z enakimi značilnostmi. Imunofenotip klona MBL smo določili po osamitvi populacije pozitivne na CD19. Izračunali smo tudi razmerje κ : λ. Pri vzorcih, kjer smo odkrili klon MBL, smo opravili standardno citogenetsko preiskavo in FISH. Analizo proganih kromosomov smo delali neposredno na gojenih vzorcih krvi. Iz vzorcev venske krvi MBL smo s pozitivno selekcijo izolirali CD19 pozitivne limfocite B. Na teh celicah smo izvedli analizo FISH, ki smo jo ponovili še na celicah po gojenju brez predhodne izolacije. Preverili smo prisotnost za KLL značilnih kromosomskih preureditev. Iz izoliranih celic smo pridobili DNA za določitev mutacijskega statusa IgVH. Med splošno populacijo smo klon MBL odkrili pri 7 od 162 preiskovancev (4,3 %), med vzorci sorodnikov v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL pa pri 3 od 54 preiskovancev (5,6 %). Skupaj smo MBL odkrili v desetih vzorcih oz. pri 4,6 % vseh preiskovancev. Pojavnost je bila pogostejša pri sorodnikih v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL, kar je bilo glede na ugotovitve objavljenih tujih študij tudi pričakovano. Povprečna starost preiskovane populacije je bila 48 let, zato bi bila lahko pojavnost MBL ob starejši kohorti še večja. Potrdili smo namreč predhodne ugotovitve tujih študij, da se s starostjo pojavnost bolezni povečuje. Pri 6 od 7 preiskovancev iz splošne populacije, ki so bili starejši od 40 let, smo odkrili MBL. Klon MBL smo pogosteje odkrili pri moških. Z imunofenotipizacijo nam je uspelo določiti vse podtipe MBL: 2 primera KLL-značilne MBL (1 primer cMBL in 1 primer sMBL), 2 primera CD5– MBL in 6 primerov atipične MBL. Za vzorec s klinično obliko KLL-značilne MBL je bilo v primerjavi z ostalimi vzorci značilno izrazito povečanje povprečnih vrednosti limfocitov B zaradi povečanega števila monoklonskih celic B. Z raziskavo smo pridobili prvi vpogled o pojavnosti te bolezni v naši državi. Povzamemo lahko, da je pojavnost MBL v Sloveniji s približno 5 % na podobni ravni kot v objavljenih evropskih študijah, še pogosteje pa se lahko pojavlja pri mlajših sorodnikih (≤ 50 let) v prvem kolenu bolnikov s KLL (okvirno 10 %). Razlike v podtipu MBL bi lahko pripisali izbiri kohorte, saj so tuje študije v povprečju preiskovale bistveno starejše populacije. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da se predvsem pri mlajših odraslih lahko pogosteje pojavi bolezen z imunofenotipskimi značilnostmi atipične MBL. S preiskavo FISH smo odkrili kromosomske nepravilnosti. V vzorcu M82, ki ustreza cMBL, smo pri 91 % limfocitov B našli kromosomsko nepravilnost del(13q). V vzorcu F68 smo s preiskavo FISH zaznali kromosomsko nepravilnost trisomijo 12 le pri 5 % celic, ki smo jo potrdili tudi s standardno citogenetsko analizo proganih kromosomov (Tabela 16). S standardnimi citogenetskimi preiskavami smo določili tudi mitotski indeks (MI), ki je bil pri vzorcih MBL v povprečju višji (4,45 ‰) kot pri vzorcih zdravih preiskovancev (2,24 ‰). Pri dveh vzorcih s klonom MBL smo lahko določili mutacijski status IgVH. Pri vzorcu KLL-značilne MBL, podtip cMBL (M82), smo odkrili mutiran gen IGHV3-64 (94,1 % homologija). Drugi vzorec (M57c) z mutiranim genom IGHV3-15*02 (89,1 % homologija) pa je tudi predstavljal KLL-značilno MBL, in sicer podtip sMBL. Postavili smo presejalno metodo za analizo s 5-barvno pretočno citometrijo in določili njeno občutljivost s postavitvijo meje detekcije klona limfocitov MBL. Za potrditev klona MBL potrebujemo vsaj 50 dogodkov z istimi značilnostmi. Na desetih MBL vzorcih smo izvedli tudi citogenetske analize in prispevali nove podatke na tem področju, kar je do sedaj storila le malokatera študija. Naša preiskovana kohorta je bila mlajša v primerjavi z veliko večino tujih raziskav, zato bi lahko naša odkritja doprinesla k razumevanju pojavnosti in oblike te bolezni pri mlajših odraslih osebah. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is a precursor state for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The incidence of MBL is higher in older individuals, men and first-degree relatives of patients with CLL. MBL is defined by the presence of more than 5 × 109 limfocytes B/L in blood of individual. Flow cytometry (FC) is used to define disease-specific immunophenotype. Abnormal ratio of light chains κ : λ and IgVH heavy-chain rearrangement can be present. CLL and other B-cell lymphoma need to be excluded to confirm diagnosis of MBL. Based on the immunophenotype MBL can be further subclassified into CLL-like MBL, CD5– MBL and atypical MBL. CLL-like MBL has immunophenotype similar to that of CLL and is the most common type of MBL. CLL-like MBL is further subclassified based on the number of monoclonal lymphocytes B into screening MBL (sMBL) and clinical MBL (cMBL). CD5– MBL is characterized by the absence of CD5 expression, while atypical MBL displays CD5 positivity along with higher expression of CD20. Fluorescence »in situ« hybridization (FISH) is used to find cytogenetic aberrations in MBL, the most common being del(13)(q14) and trisomy 12. Incidence of MBL in general population is 3 % to 5 % with 2 % of patients with cMBL progressing to CLL every year. The incidence of the disease is up to 7 times higher in first-degree relatives of patients with CLL, especially in families with at least 2 cases of CLL. We currently do not have data on MBL incidence in Slovenia, so we decided to make a study of the disease in our country and compare general population to first-degree relatives of patients with CLL. We considered three hypotheses: 1. incidence of MBL is higher in first-degree relatives of patients with CLL than in general population. We expect to find MBL in 5 % to 15 % of researched population with used detection techniques. 2. we expect that the most common finding in first-degree relatives of patients with CLL is CLL-like MBL, while the incidence of MBL in both groups will be higher in men. 3. we expect cytogenetic aberrations with the most common del(13). Mutation status IgVH is mutated in most cases. We focused on Slovenian region of Lower Carniola that represents typical Slovenian mix of rural and urban environment. With the help of Hospital Novo mesto 54 first-degree relatives of patients with CLL decided to participate in our study. For each relative we found 3 healthy subjects in general population who matched sex, age and location. Alltogether we analysed 216 samples. Average age of our subjects was 48,4 ± 13,1, median 48, age range 23 to 88 years. Male population was younger (average age 46,5 ± 13,3, median 45,5, age range 23 to 88 years) than female population (average age 50 ± 12,9, median 49, age range 25 to 86 years). Complete blood count was made on all samples to exclude unknown hematological diseases. All samples were analysed with 5-color flow cytomety (κ, λ, CD5, CD19, CD20) within 12 hours of blood removal. A single population was recognized as a MBL clone when at least 50 events with same characteristics were detected. Immunophenotype of MBL clone was determined after isolation of population positive on CD19. We also calculated κ : λ ratio. All samples with MBL clone were further analysed with conventional cytogenetics and FISH. Chromosome banding was done on stimulated blood samples. CD19 isolated positive lymphocytes B were isolated with positive selection on MBL samples. FISH analysis was performed on both isolated cells and on stimulated cells without prior isolation. Each MBL sample was analyzed for typical CLL chromosomal aberrations, IgVH mutation status was also determined on previously isolated cells. In the general population MBL was found in 7 of 162 samples (4,3 %) and in 3 of 54 samples (5,6 %) of first-degree relatives of patients with CLL. Alltogether we found MBL in 10 samples (4,6 %). Incidence of MBL was higher in first-degree relatives of patients with CLL, which was expected due to the similar discoveries of foreign studies. Average age of our cohort was 48 years, the incidence of MBL could be even higher if older population was analysed. We confirmed findings of other studies that the incidence of MBL increases with age. In general population, 6 of 7 subjects with MBL were older than 40 years. MBL was more common in men. All three categories of MBL were detected – 2 cases of CLL-like MBL (1 case of cMBL and 1 case of sMBL), 2 cases of CD5– MBL and 6 cases of atypical MBL. In comparisson with other MBL cases in one case with cMBL the number of lymphocytes B was much higher due to higher numbers of monoclonal B cells. With this study we gained first insight into incidence of this disease in our country. We can conclude that the incidence of MBL in Slovenia is around 5 %, similar to findings of foreign European studes. The incidence is higher in younger (≤ 50 years) first-degree relatives of patients with CLL (10 %). The differences in discovered MBL types could be linked to the properties of our cohort, which was younger than cohorts in foreign studies. We can also conclude that atypical MBL is more common in younger male adults. FISH analysis was used to determine chromosomal abnormalities. Sample M82 with cMBL featured del(13q) on 91 % of lymphocytes B. We found +12 with FISH on 5 % of cells, which was also confirmed with standard chromosome banding analysis. Conventional cytogenetics was used to determine mitotic index, which was overal higher in MBL samples (4,45 ‰) than in samples of healthy individuals (2,24 ‰). We were able to determine mutation status IgVH in two MBL samples. Sample with cMBL (M82) had mutated gene IGHV3-64 with 94,1 % homology, while sMBL sample (M57c) had mutated gene IGHV3-15*02 with 89,1 % homology. We determined a screening method for 5-color flow cytometry and determing method sensitivity by setting the detection limit for MBL lymphocytes clone. At least 50 events with the same characteristics are needed to confirm MBL clone. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on all 10 MBL samples, which contributed new data for all MBL subtypes. This was done only by few studies to date. Compared to most other studies, our cohort was overall younger. Our findings could therefore contribute to understanding the disease in younger adults.

Ansambel Lojzeta Slaka in Fantov s Praprotna je deloval med leti 1964–2011. Njihov repertoar zajema preko petsto skladb, od tega tristo enainštirideset vokalnih. Besedila pesmi je mogoče tematsko klasificirati podobno kot ljudske pesmi, zato Lojze Slak velja za najbolj prepoznavnega ljudskega godca na diatonični harmoniki na Slovenskem. Besedila pesmi sem tematsko razdelila v štiri glavne tematske sklope: ljubezenska, bivanjska, domovinska tematika in impresije iz narave. Te sem razdelila še na štirideset tem (na primer: praznovanje in druženje, ljubezen do doma, zavračanje s strani ženske/moškega, fizično ločena ljubimca, poklici), ki sem jih delila še na podteme in po potrebi na podpodteme. Analiza zajema poglavitne značilnosti vsakega tematskega sklopa. V pesmih prevladujeta predvsem ljubezenska (sto šestinšestdeset pesmi) in bivanjska tematika (sto enaintrideset pesmi), v manjšem številu pa sta zastopani domovinska tematika (šestindvajset pesmi) in impresije iz narave (petnajst pesmi). Lojze Slak Band, along with singing group Fantje s Praprotna, were performing from 1964 until 2011. Their repertoire encompassed well over 500 songs, 341 of them vocal. Considering lyrics, songs could be classified alike folk songs, that is why Lojze Slak is supposed to be the most distinguished folk musician playing diatonic button accordion in Slovenia. In this thesis, lyrics of his songs are classified by theme into four main groups: love songs, existential songs, patriotic songs, and impressionistic songs. These themes are further divided into 40 subgroups, e. g. gatherings and celebrations, longing for home, unrequited love, lovers physically apart, various professions… each of them containing various topics and subtopics. Main characteristics of every topic group is analyzed. In the songs, love (166 songs) and existential questions (131 songs) are topics prevailing by far the most, while some patriotic (26 songs) and impressionistic (15 songs) topics could be found, too.

Robinija spada med najinvazivnejše tujerodne drevesne vrste v Sloveniji in Evropi. V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili robinijo na Dolenjskem. Na treh raziskovalnih ploskvah v gospodarskih gozdovih, ki smo jih postavili v občini Sevnica, smo analizirali pomlajevanje in ugotovili, kakšna je invazivnost oz. razširjenost robinije, še posebej v plasti mladja. Ugotovili smo, da se robinija najintenzivnejše širi na območja, kjer so se zaradi ujm odprli sestoji. Na območjih, kjer prevladujejo starejši osebki, pa robinije skorajda ne zasledimo. Zaradi prisotnosti semenskih dreves smo robinijo zasledili tudi na razdalji, daljši od 60 metrov od matičnega sestoja. V gozdnogospodarskih gozdovih na Dolenjskem nismo opazili, da bi robinija lahko gradila čiste sestoje. Z ustreznimi gojitvenimi ukrepi bi se robinijo dalo nadzorovati, kar pa je v državnih gozdovih veliko bolj izvedljivo kot pri zasebnih lastnikih gozdov. Robinia is one of the most invasive alien tree species in Slovenia and Europe. The diploma thesis is presenting robinia in Dolenjska region.Three areas in the municipality of Sevnica were explored, thus presenting how invasive and spread the species is. We analysed the regeneration of robinia in commercial forests in the Dolenjska region. We have come to the conclusion that robinia is most intensively expanding to areas where canopy was removed due to the natural disturbances. In areas where canopy is more closed, robinia was not present. Due to the presence of seed trees, robinia was also observed at a distance of more than 60 meters from the parent stand. In the managed forests of the Dolenjska region, no pure observed. Appropriate silvicultural measures would allow the robina to be controlled, which is far more feasible in state forests than in private forest.

V sodelovanju z Zavodom za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območne enote Novo mesto, smo v Mirnski dolini za dendrokronološke raziskave izbrali 8 skednjev. Opisali smo njihove konstrukcijske značilnosti, določili uporabljene lesne vrste in opravili dendrokronološke raziskave. Pomembnejši deli skednja (stebri, lege, plohi, podporne ročice) so bili v veliki večini izdelani iz hrastovega (Quercus sp.) in le v manjšem delu iz bukovega (Fagus sylvatica L.) lesa, ostrešja pa iz smrekovine (Picea abies) ali jelovine (Abies alba). Dendrokronološko smo datirali vseh 8 objektov in s tem določili leto njihovega nastanka ali obnove. Za Ramovšev skedenj na Homu smo potrdili, da je bil postavljen v letu 1840. Za Lukatov skedenj na Trsteniku nismo mogli potrditi vrezane letnice 1879. Na delih objekta datirane zadnje branike (1869%1877) Mihelnovega skednja na Rakovniku nakazujejo, da je bil objekt najverjetneje postavljen po letu 1877. Končinov skedenj na Veseli Gori smo datirali v leto 1869 postavljen pa naj bi bil po letu 1882. Bohov skedenj na Puščavi je bil postavljen po letu 1870, Simončičev po letu 1900, Zaplatarjev na Mirni po letu 1882 in Kovačičev po letu 1885. Ramovšev, Mihelnov in Končinov skedenj so vpisani v Register nepremične kulturne in naravne dediščine. In cooperation with the Institute of the RS for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, the Regional office of Novo mesto, 8 barns in Mirna Valley were selected for dendrochronological research. The data on constructional features were described wood species used determined, and dendrochronological research done. Important parts of the barns (columns, beams, boards, retaining handles) were mostly made of oak wood (Quercus sp.), and rarely out of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.). Roofs were made of spruce (Picea abies) or fir wood (Abies alba). Dendrochronological dating was done for all of them, and the years of their origin or renewal were determined. It was proved that the Ramovš's barn on Hom was built in 1840. It was not possible for us to confirm that the year 1879, carved in Luka's barn on Trstenik, was the year of its origin. The last growth rings in parts of Miheln's barn on Rakovnik, dated from 1869 to 1877, show that the object was most probably built after 1877. Končin's barn on Vesela Gora was dated to 1869, while it was probably built after 1882. Boh's barn on Puščava was built after 1870, Simončič's after 1900, Zaplatar's on Mirna after 1882, and Kovačič's after 1885. Ramovš's, Miheln's and Končin's barns are entered in the Slovenian Register of Immovable Cultural Heritage.

Romska populacija velja tako v Sloveniji kot v državah EU za eno izmed najbolj družbeno izključenih skupin, kar se odraža tudi v izključenosti iz zdravstvene oskrbe. Če dodamo še segregacijo, revščino, nizko izobrazbeno strukturo, visoko stopnjo brezposelnosti, slabše socioekonomsko stanje, zgodnjo rodnost in pogoste nosečnosti mladoletnic (tudi mlajših od 15 let), patriarhalno naravnanost ter splet različnih fenomenov, kot so anticiganizem oziroma protiromski rasizem, družbena izključevanja in nestrpnost večinskega prebivalstva do Romov, postane jasno, da vse navedeno Rominjam otežuje dostop do zdravstvenega sistema. V okviru projekta Zdravo sem se seznanila z določenimi osebami iz romske skupnosti na Dolenjskem, kar je pripomoglo k temu, da sem svoje magistrsko delo usmerila v raziskavo zdravstvenega stanja in ozaveščenosti Rominj glede »varne spolnosti«. Raziskovala sem, če socialni status oz. bivalno okolje Rominj vpliva na njihovo razmišljanje in odločanje glede ustvarjanja družine, uporabe kontracepcije in tudi na splošno vlogo žensk v družbi. Skozi pogovore z 10 Rominjami sem ugotovila, da je spolnost za moje sogovornice še vedno tabu tema, še posebej, če so bili pri pogovoru prisotni moški. Bolje situirane Rominje se bolj zavedajo družbenega spola, ženskosti, družino si ustvarjajo pozneje, bolj so vpletene v odločanje in ozaveščene na področju zdravstva, saj imajo v večini svojega ginekologa, zobozdravnika ter osebnega zdravnika. The Roma population both in Slovenia and in the EU countries is among the most socially excluded groups, which is also reflected in their exclusion from health care. If we add segregation, poverty, low educational structure, high unemployment, worsening socioeconomic situation, early fertility and frequent teenage pregnancies (even pregnancies of teens under the age of 15), patriarchal stance and the interweaving of different phenomena such as antigypsyism and anti-Roma racism, social exclusion and intolerance, it becomes clear that all of the aforementioned makes it difficult for the Roma women to access the healthcare system. As a part of the Zdravo project, I became acquainted with certain persons from the Roma community in the Lower Carniola region, which contributed to my master's thesis centering on the research on the state of health and awareness of Roma women on “safe sex”. I researched whether the social status of Roma women or their living environment influenced their thinking and decision-making regarding procreation, the use of contraception and also the general role of Roma women in society. Through conversations with 10 Roma women, it became clear that sexuality is still a taboo for the said interviewees, especially when men were present. Roma women who are better situated are more aware of the social aspects of gender, femininity, they create families later, they are more involved in the decision-making and are more aware in terms of health care, since most of them have a personal gynecologist, dentist and GP.

The core question addressed in this study is how the political regimes have modified the social structure of communities in the region of Dolenjska, of Podgorje in particular, in southeast Slovenia in the course of fifteen centuries. By means of ethnographic and historical data and by mobilising social-anthropological models of social structure, of social relationships, value and exchange, and of the reproduction of the social order as part of cosmological one, the analysis of the various ways in which the vicissitudes that have marked Slovenia’s political history – the focus being on the 19th and 20th centuries – has shown how community structures have adapted themselves so as to persist in the face of profound political change. Die Kernfrage dieser Arbeit ist, wie die politischen Regimes die soziale Struktur der Gemeinschaften in der Region Dolenjska, insbesondere von Podgorje, im Südosten Sloweniens im Laufe von fünfzehn Jahrhunderten verändert haben. Anhand ethnographischer und historischer Daten und unter Bezugnahme auf sozialanthropologische Modelle der Sozialstruktur, sozialen Beziehungen, Wert und Austausch sowie der Reproduktion der Sozialordnung als Teil der Kosmologie, hat die Analyse der unterschiedlichen Ansätze durch welche die Wirren, die die politische Geschichte Sloweniens geprägt haben – mit dem Fokus auf das 19. und 20. Jahrhundert – gezeigt, wie sich die Gemeinschaftsstrukturen angepasst haben, um angesichts der tiefgreifenden politischen Veränderungen bestehen bleiben zu können.

Geološko podlago njiv in travnikov v okolici Dolenjega Mokrega Polja tvorijo srednjemiocenski (badenijski) laporasti apnenci. Po vsakem oranju teh njiv se na površju zbirajo hišice ter kamena jedra polžev in školjk. Na nekaterih vrstah fosilov smo opazili sledove predacije (izvrtine), zato smo se odločili, da le te podrobneje raziščemo in na podlagi njihove oblike skušamo določiti povzročitelja. Zanimala nas je tudi pogostnost navrtanih lupin. Poudarek raziskave je predvsem na polžjih hišicah turitel. V okviru diplomske naloge sem pregledala dve njivi: prva (lokacija A) meri 20 m2, druga (lokacija B) pa 52,5 m2 . S površine sem sistematično pobrala vse fosilne polžje in školjčne lupine ter njihova kamena jedra. Na lokaciji B sem večjo pozornost namenila pobiranju čim bolj celih hišic turitel, na katerih sem kasneje določevala mesto izvrtin na hišicah. Vrstno sestavo združbe sem določila s primerjavo favne v zbirki Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije. Določila sem 12 različnih vrst, najpogostejša med njimi pa je Turritella turris. Za določanje vrst plenilcev sem izbrane primerke pregledala na vrstičnem elektronskem mikroskopu. Na koncu sem dobljene rezultate primerjala s položajem in obliko izvrtin pri recentnih turitelah. Ugotovila sem, da so bili najpogostejši plenilci turitel naticidni polži, del izvrtin pa pripada tudi muricidam, čeprav fosilnih ostankov le-teh na terenu nisem našla. Najpogosteje je navrtan osrednji del hišice, in sicer med četrtim in sedmim zavojem. Prav tako so tudi recentne turitele večinoma navrtane na osrednjem delu lupine. V primerjavi z recentnimi turitelami so razlike vidne v debelini lupine, v velikosti hišic ter reliefu lupine. Fields and meadows around Dolenje Mokro Polje are underlain by the Middle Miocene (Badenian) marly limestones. After annular plowing of the fields, shells and casts of fossil gastropods and bivalves, originating from these marly limestones, come to the surface. In some specimens are observed traces of predation (boreholes), that were decided to be explored more detail and based on their shape tried to determine the predator. We also documented the abundance of the drilled shells. The focus of the research is on the gastropod Turritella. As part of the diploma thesis, two fields were examined the first (locality A) is 20 m2 large, the second (locality B), measures 52.5 m2. From the area A, all fossil shells and their casts were systematically collected. At the locality B, the emphasis has been on collecting unfragmented (or less fragmented) shells of the gastropod genus Turritella. The species composition of the assemblage was determined by comparison with material stored at the Slovenian Museum of Natural History. Twelve different species were determined, the most common among them is Turritella turris. Some selected specimens were examined to determine the possible predators by observing the boreholes under the Scanning Electron Microscope. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the position and shape of the boreholes in recent Turritella. The most common predators of turritellids are the naticid gastropods, but some borings also belong to muricids, although no fossil muricids have been found at neither of the localities. The most common drilling position is in the central part of the shell, between the fourth and the seventh whorl. Similar, also recent turritellids are mostly drilled in the central part of the shell. Compared with the recent turritellids, there are clear differences in the thickness, size and the relief of the shell.