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All people (and some other animals) have aesthetic responses to sensory stimulation, responses of emotional pleasure or displeasure. These emotions vary from one person and culture to another, yet they share a common mechanism. To survive, an adaptive animal (as opposed to a tropic animal) needs to become comfortable with normality and to have slight abnormalities draw attention to themselves. Walking through a jungle you need to notice a tiger from a single stripe: if you must wait to see the whole animal, you are unlikely to survive. In Homo sapiens, the brain's adaptive neurochemistry does this naturally, partly because the brain's neuronal networks are structured to react efficiently to fractal structures, structures that shape much of nature. In addition, previous associations may turn a slight variation from normal into feelings of either pleasure or danger. The details of these responses—what is normal and what variations feel like—will depend upon an individual's experience, but the mechanism is the same, no matter whether a person is tasting a wine, seeing a face or landscape, or hearing a song. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sensing and feeling: an integrative approach to sensory processing and emotional experience'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, pleasure has been understood in three different ways: as a simple feeling or phenomenological quality, as a behavioral disposition, and as an evaluation. While versions of these accounts – and combinations of two of them – have been attributed to Kant, I argue that Kant successfully combines all three. Pleasure, on this view, is an evaluation of an object's agreement with a particular subject's ability or intention to act. Because it refers to a particular subject, it has a subjective felt character, and because it is about agreement with an ability or intention to act, it disposes one to action. In addition to being philosophically compelling, this reading incorporates Kant's disparate characterizations of pleasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A doxa of the literary institution consists in associating the reading of a classic to a timeless and universal pleasure. But this conception clashes with the real experience of reading a classic text, whose framework, most often school and university, implies a reading framed in time and in its finalities. Based on the results of a research conducted among high school students who read Madame Bovary as part of the literary section curriculum (baccalauréat littéraire), the article therefore examines the forms of pleasure and displeasure that reading a classic takes on today, in relation to the temporal framework that is specific to it.

A doxa of the literary institution consists in associating the reading of a classic to a timeless and universal pleasure. But this conception clashes with the real experience of reading a classic text, whose framework, most often school and university, implies a reading framed in time and in its finalities. Based on the results of a research conducted among high school students who read Madame Bovary as part of the literary section curriculum (baccalauréat littéraire), the article therefore examines the forms of pleasure and displeasure that reading a classic takes on today, in relation to the temporal framework that is specific to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Philosophy / Felsefi Düşün is the property of Pinhan Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ANIAV: Revista de Investigación en Artes Visuales is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• As experiences of pleasure and displeasure, hedonics are omnipresent in daily life. • As core processes, hedonics accompany emotions, motivation, bodily states, etc. • Orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens appear to be hedonic brain hubs. • Several mental illnesses are characterized by altered hedonic experiences. • Optimal hedonic functioning seems the basis of well-being and aesthetic experiences. Experiencing pleasure and displeasure is a fundamental part of life. Hedonics guide behavior, affect decision-making, induce learning, and much more. As the positive and negative valence of feelings, hedonics are core processes that accompany emotion, motivation, and bodily states. Here, the affective neuroscience of pleasure and displeasure that has largely focused on the investigation of reward and pain processing, is reviewed. We describe the neurobiological systems of hedonics and factors that modulate hedonic experiences (e.g., cognition, learning, sensory input). Further, we review maladaptive and adaptive pleasure and displeasure functions in mental disorders and well-being, as well as the experience of aesthetics. As a centerpiece of the Human Affectome Project, language used to express pleasure and displeasure was also analyzed, and showed that most of these analyzed words overlap with expressions of emotions, actions, and bodily states. Our review shows that hedonics are typically investigated as processes that accompany other functions, but the mechanisms of hedonics (as core processes) have not been fully elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To critically review developments over the first fifty years of research (1967–2017) on (a) how people feel when they participate in exercise and physical activity, and (b) the implications of these responses for their willingness to become and remain active. Non-systematic narrative review. Representative sources were selected through a combination of computer searches and cross-referencing. For over three decades, exercise psychology exhibited a fixation on the idea that exercise and physical activity make people feel better. This notion, however, seemed to contrast with evidence that most adults in industrialized countries exhibit low levels of activity. In the last two decades, a critical examination and overhaul of the methodological platform resulted in the delineation of a dose-response pattern that encompasses positive as well as negative affective responses, and revealed marked interindividual differences. An emerging literature is aimed at refining and testing integrative dual-process models that can offer specific predictions about the behaviors that may result from the interaction of automatic processes (theorized to be heavily influenced by past affective experiences) and deliberative processes (such as cognitive appraisals). Affective responses to exercise and physical activity are more complex than the long-popularized "feel-better" effect, encompassing both pleasant and unpleasant experiences and exhibiting marked interindividual variation. The potential of affective experiences to influence subsequent behavior offers an opportunity for an expanded theoretical perspective in exercise psychology. • Early studies yielded consistent support for an exercise-induced "feel better" effect. • Methodological problems likely biased findings in favor of the "feel better" effect. • The exercise-affect relation is complex, encompassing positive and negative effects. • The "feel-better" effect is conditional rather than universal or automatic. • Past affective responses may interact with reflective processes to influence behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scripta is the property of Scripta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pleasure is more than a mere sensory event, but rather it can be conceptualized as a complex, multiform experience involving memory, motivation, homeostasis, and, sometimes, negative affects. According to Freud, affect is a perceptual modality that registers the internal drive state of the subject rather than the objective experience of the external world, and the quality of this perceptual modality is calibrated in degrees of pleasure and displeasure. Within this conceptual framework, the aim of drive is always pleasure, and objects become significant in so far as they provide a way of discharging drives pressure. Subsequent conceptual psychoanalytic developments have partially rejected such metapsychological theorizations, postulating that other intrinsic motivations that are independent from libido can be observed in humans. Intrinsic motivation broadly refers to a set of psychological concepts including the inherent propensity to pursue one’s choices, to seek out novelty and challenges, to satisfy curiosity and competence, and to extend one’s capacities and control over events. What these concepts have in common is an inner endorsement of one’s action, which is the sense that action is self-generated and is one’s own. The notions of pleasure, drives, and affects are all of utmost importance for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of mental functioning, due to their capability to explain desire, thought, and behavior from the perspective of human subjective experience. The purpose of this paper is thus to discuss psychoanalytic conceptual developments that have addressed pleasure, drives, and affects, in the light of recent findings coming from neurosciences. In particular, we will explore for insights from Panksepp’s theory of primary-process emotional feelings, including the notion of “wanting” and “liking” as dissociable components of reward. In the last part of the paper, we will indicate possible theoretical implications for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of libido-independent intrinsic motivations and their relationship with the self, including neuroscientific observations on self-related processes, agency, body-ownerships, and attachment.

Pleasure is more than a mere sensory event, but rather it can be conceptualized as a complex, multiform experience involving memory, motivation, homeostasis, and, sometimes, negative affects. According to Freud, affect is a perceptual modality that registers the internal drive state of the subject rather than the objective experience of the external world, and the quality of this perceptual modality is calibrated in degrees of pleasure and displeasure. Within this conceptual framework, the aim of drive is always pleasure, and objects become significant in so far as they provide a way of discharging drives pressure. Subsequent conceptual psychoanalytic developments have partially rejected such metapsychological theorizations, postulating that other intrinsic motivations that are independent from libido can be observed in humans. Intrinsic motivation broadly refers to a set of psychological concepts including the inherent propensity to pursue one's choices, to seek out novelty and challenges, to satisfy curiosity and competence, and to extend one's capacities and control over events. What these concepts have in common is an inner endorsement of one's action, which is the sense that action is self-generated and is one's own. The notions of pleasure, drives, and affects are all of utmost importance for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of mental functioning, due to their capability to explain desire, thought, and behavior from the perspective of human subjective experience. The purpose of this paper is thus to discuss psychoanalytic conceptual developments that have addressed pleasure, drives, and affects, in the light of recent findings coming from neurosciences. In particular, we will explore for insights from Panksepp's theory of primary-process emotional feelings, including the notion of "wanting" and "liking" as dissociable components of reward. In the last part of the paper, we will indicate possible theoretical implications for a neuropsychoanalytic understanding of libido-independent intrinsic motivations and their relationship with the self, including neuroscientific observations on self-related processes, agency, body-ownerships, and attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the implications assume the idea of progress without any question; And with that to encrypt the formation exclusively to the quantifiable and cumulative, in a fiction of the knowledge like an integral conquest. To what we propose to recognize the ambivalence of culture as a starting point to take charge of the goods that from this are inherited as social subjects. In addition, to point out lack and displeasure as the original movement of action, which contravenes with the desire to stop desiring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the realm of management, productivity and marketing logic, academia deepens the contradictions that define it. In this sense, the goal of this theoretical article is to critically discuss labor relations in the academic world as it pertains to leisure, in the Greek sense (scholé), displeasure and pleasure. It is important to conceive these latter two concepts arranged with the first as a critical reflection of the role of the professor in higher education. Otherwise, little attention will be paid to the construction of emancipatory mechanisms of work derived from individual and collective conduct that help renew the relationship of the individual to the work. Ultimately, it is necessary to value this scholé space, not as instrumental purposes, but as a human condition of professional relationships in order to broaden a social reality extended through instruction and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the importance of exercise prescription which allow the persons to enjoy the pleasant feel of the exercise and allow the person to remain physically active over long period of time.

Physical activities (PA) that are pleasurable are likely to be repeated. Structured gym activities (SGA) are defined as dodging, chasing, and fleeing games. Traditional aerobic exercises (TAE) are defined as treadmill, cycle ergometer, and elliptical exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to compare affect and cardiorespiratory training responses between SGA and TAE in children. Thirty-two participants (9.3 0.2) were randomized to either the SGA or TAE group. Exercise training was seven weeks, with two sessions per week, for 35 minutes per session. Affect was measured by the (+5 (pleasurable) to -5 (displeasurable)) feelings scale. Affect was recorded at the mid-point and end of each exercise session. The 20-meter pacer test was used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline and post intervention. Affect responses and heart rates were averaged across all exercise sessions. The SGA group scored 2.77±0.2 affect units higher than the TAE group (p < 0.0001). The TAE group significantly increased cardiorespiratory fitness (baseline 47.8 3.8; post 49.13.1 mlkg- 1min-1; p = 0.023) with no change in the SGA group (baseline 46.33.5; post 47.22.7 mlkg-1min-1; p = 0.127). SGA reported more positive affect, suggesting they experienced greater pleasure during the exercise sessions than the TAE participants. SGA activities promote more positive affect, and therefore may increase children's PA participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the film "Masculin Féminin" directed by Jean-Luc Godard.

We investigated the relative weighting of rationality and pleasure in decisions by individuals from all three branches of government. Judges, government executives, and members of parliament rated their pleasure/displeasure after reading item-sentences describing political and social problems followed by different decisions (Questionnaire One). Questionnaire Two was a multiple-choice, grouping of items from Questionnaire One. All three participant groups maximized pleasure equally in their decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that the circumplex model could be a useful conceptual and measurement framework for investigating the effects of exercise on affect. This paper reviews three critical issues pertaining to this model, namely (a) the fit of the circumplex model to self-reported affective data, (b) the notion that postulated separable neural substrates of pleasure and displeasure challenge the principle of a bipolar relationship between these states, and (c) the idea that assessments of perceived activation are problematic. For each criticism, the evidence is reviewed and caveats that must be taken into account in evaluating the data and conceptual arguments are identified. The circumplex model has both considerable strengths and important limitations. For the application of the model in exercise psychology to be fruitful, researchers should recognize both aspects of this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to explore a procedure for drafting individualised profiles of how people with profound multiple disabilities express pleasure and displeasure. Method There were 6 participants with profound multiple disabilities. The procedure involved an observational analysis of videotaped critical incidents by a researcher and a questionnaire for parents and support workers. Results The procedure is useful for making an individualised profile of the ways a person with profound multiple disabilities expresses his/her pleasure and displeasure. Despite the significant correlation between parents, support workers and the researcher, each has a complementary contribution to make in identifying affective expressions. People with profound multiple disabilities especially use sounds and facial expressions to express pleasure and displeasure and positive or negative moods. Conclusions The procedure may be useful in services or schools for learning more about the affective communication of these individuals, to determine their specific interests, and to evaluate the effects of living and support characteristics on their wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for systematic changes in patterns of inter-individual variation in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities is presented, as a conceptual alternative to the search for a global dose?–?response curve. It is theorized that trends towards universality will emerge in response to activities that are either generally adaptive, such as moderate walking, or generally maladaptive, such as strenuous running that requires anaerobic metabolism and precludes the maintenance of a physiological steady state. At the former intensity the dominant response will be pleasure, whereas at the latter intensity the dominant response will be displeasure. In contrast, affective responses will be highly variable, involving pleasure or displeasure, when the intensity of physical activity approximates the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, since activity performed at this intensity entails a trade-off between benefits and risks. Preliminary evidence in support of this model is presented, based on a reanalysis of data from a series of studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. This article expands on a thesis that motivational states can be compared to each other by means of a common currency (Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 270 (1975) 265–293). I have previously argued that this common currency is pleasure. Such a conclusion is based not on introspective intuition, as with early pre-scientific psychology (), but on experimental methods. As a follow-up to a definition of consciousness (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20 (1996) 33–40) as a four-dimensional experience (quality, intensity, hedonicity, and duration), I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The immersion in the classroom environment proved the frequency of the interruptions that the teaching-learning process goes through, where the actors only register the endogenous ones, being the exogenous ones absolutely unnoticed. The role of the interruption agent determines the pertinence or irrelevance of the act: the adult intervenes, the young interrupts, From this point of view is the coincidence, in the justification, the difference, This construction is connected With the ideological background that prescribes the importance of the adult contribution and underrates the student's voice, passive individual of transmission. The political nature of the educational act that evidences this scenario refers to uncritical obedience of what is established, where the value of behavior prevails over the aspiration to favor understanding, thus establishing a vicious circle of a huge destructive potentiality where all the actors become trapped: imposition, suffering, rejection. The permanent interruptions that break the educational act reveal the absence of significance that it itself has for the actors. The lack of meaning becomes its realization in suffering, and in that background the desire is more related With the suspension than with its continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suggestions that affective experiences may influence exercise motivation have commonly appeared since the dawn of exercise psychology. However, a measure that captures the nature, the antecedents, and the motivational implications of such experiences has been lacking. We developed the Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire to assess the constructs within a conceptual model, according to which core affective exercise experiences (pleasure-displeasure, energy-tiredness, calmness-tension) are influenced by six antecedent appraisals and, in turn, shape attraction or antipathy towards exercise. We report results from three studies (N = 1799) evaluating internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factorial, convergent, discriminant, construct, and criterion validity. We show that attraction-antipathy correlates with vigorous (0.55) and moderate-to-vigorous (0.48) self-reported physical activity, and accounts for 11–12% and 6–7% of additional variance, respectively, beyond variance explained by self-efficacy and behavioral intention. Affective exercise experiences warrant further study as possible contributors to motivation. The AFFEXX is available from this link: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EF76R. • Pleasant and unpleasant exercise experiences may influence exercise motivation. • The absence of a measure of affective exercise experiences has slowed progress. • We developed the 36-item Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire. • We present three studies evaluating the reliability and validity of the AFFEXX. • The AFFEXX accounts for physical activity variance beyond self-efficacy and intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may benefit health with low time commitment. • High exercise intensity is unpleasant, possibly limiting public health relevance of HIIT. • Evidence on affective responses to HIIT protocols is inconsistent. • We show that affect closely tracks oxygen uptake during four HIIT protocols. • Ratings of affective valence may be useful for monitoring and tailoring exercise load. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has garnered attention because of the promise that it may confer health benefits with reduced time commitment compared to prescriptions calling for moderate-intensity continuous exercise. However, the value of HIIT for public health hinges on whether the high intensity of such regimens will be acceptable or tolerable. While the dual-mode theory predicts that exercise performed at an intensity exceeding critical power (i.e., as most HIIT protocols) will induce displeasure tied to the severe homeostatic perturbation, skeptics have countered that the empirical basis of the theory is limited to continuous exercise protocols and that the theory may not be applicable to intermittent exercise such as HIIT. Using four HIIT protocols, designed to expend either 80 % or 60 % of the finite work that can be performed above critical power over either 5-min or 3-min intervals, we demonstrate that affective valence closely tracks rapid changes in oxygen uptake. These data illustrate the link of affect to homeostatic perturbations and highlight the potential utility of ratings of affective valence as a tool for monitoring exercise stress and customizing training regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]