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Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the complex relationships between environmental monitoring efforts (EME), community engagement (CE), and environmental risk perception (ERP) in the context of improving environmental disaster preparedness (EDP) in the specific case of fluoride pollution. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework, the study examines the effect of several variables on disaster preparation behavior in communities exposed to environmental risks. Methods: The data was collected from people living in Shanxi Province, China, an area that suffers from severe fluoride contamination. Results: The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicate that community engagement significantly improves the perception of environmental risk, which, in turn, positively impacts the preparation for disasters. Moreover, environmental monitoring efforts were shown to be a mediator of the association between community participation and disaster preparation, underscoring the crucial role that systematic monitoring plays in disaster management. The results indicate that including social and environmental elements is crucial for improving the ability of communities to withstand and recover from environmental catastrophes. Conclusion: The findings emphasize that there is an urgent need to consider social, and environmental aspects if the resilience of communities to, and their recovery from, environmental disasters is to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: How ambulance clinicians (ACs) handle a mass casualty incident (MCI) is essential for the suffered, but the training and learning for the ACs are sparse and they don't have the possibility to learn without realistic simulation training. In addition, it is unclear what type of dilemmas ACs process in their clinical reasoning during an MCI. With virtual reality (VR) simulation, the ACs clinical reasoning can be explored in a systematic way. Therefore, the objective was to explore ambulance clinicians' clinical reasoning when simulating a mass casualty incident using virtual reality. Methods: This study was conducted as an explorative interview study design using chart- stimulated recall technique for data collection. A qualitative content analysis was done, using the clinical reasoning cycle as a deductive matrix. A high-fidelity VR simulation with MCI scenarios was used and participants eligible for inclusion were 11 senior ACs. Results/conclusion: All phases of the clinical reasoning cycle were found to be reflected upon by the participants during the interviews, however with a varying richness of analytic reflectivity. Non-analytic reasoning predominated when work tasks followed specific clinical guidelines, but analytical reasoning appeared when the guidelines were unclear or non-existent. Using VR simulation led to training and reflection on action in a safe and systematic way and increased self-awareness amongst the ACs regarding their preparedness for MCIs. This study increases knowledge both regarding ACs clinical reasoning in MCIs, and insights regarding the use of VR for simulation training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the perception of the main competencies of disaster management in Iranian emergency department nurses in 2023 in hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The present study was conducted to explore the perceived core disaster competencies in nurses of hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Background: Due to the rise in natural disasters, their escalating severity and associated regulatory response necessitate a closer look at the preparedness and core competencies of nursing personnel. The main competencies of nurses are necessary to deal with disasters in unexpected events, and they are expected to use their professional expertise to provide the required nursing services to reduce the risks caused by disasters. Methodology: This descriptive‐analytical study was conducted cross‐sectionally between May and September 2023. In the study, a sample of 384 nurses working in the departments of four hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was selected through a random stratification. The data collection instrument was a 45‐item scale of nursesʼ perceived core competencies (NPDCC) in handling disasters. The data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and independent samples t‐test. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: The mean total score of perceived core disaster competencies was 139.11 ± 37.65. The technical skills subscale got the highest score (51.81 ± 11.28) and critical thinking skills received the lowest (9.74 ± 3.92). Also, "technical skills" had the highest average and "critical thinking skills" had the lowest average in all three age groups. The results found a significant difference between the scores of nurses in perceived core disaster competencies in age groups, work environments, education degrees, marital statuses, and experiences of attending disaster workshops (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The results showed that nurses had different levels of core disaster competencies in the department. There are gaps in the core disaster nursing competencies that need to be filled. Nursing managers should consistently evaluate the core nursing competencies to achieve efficacious disaster preparedness. To this aim, it is recommended that authorities implement training courses and programs to enhance the preparedness of nurses in responding to disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the climatic risks and vulnerabilities of informal settlements in the Global South, as well as the extent to which these risks impact the vulnerabilities. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 methodology and deductive content analysis, this study critically examined 69 documents, including 28 scholarly journal articles obtained from Scopus and ScienceDirect and 41 web-based releases identified through the Google search engine and snowballing technique. Document inclusion criteria focused on the relevance to climate risks and vulnerabilities, excluding non-peer-reviewed, non-English, and unreliable sources, as well as irrelevant studies. Seven major climate risks impacting informal settlements were identified: floods (44), temperature changes (41), storms (31), sea level rise (30), drought (28), rainfall (23), and landslides (14). The primary vulnerabilities highlighted were poor housing conditions (64), health risks (50), lack of basic services (49), inadequate sanitation (41), inadequate hygiene (39), and limited access to water (38). The combination of vulnerabilities and climate risks creates considerable direct, indirect, and low-level threats to informal settlements. Despite Asia, Africa, and Latin America's vulnerability, most studies focused on formal and developed areas. The findings highlight the critical need for climate adaptation strategies in informal settlements of the Global South to ensure the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hospitals as the main providers of healthcare services play an essential role in the management of disasters and emergencies. Nurses are one of the important and influential elements in increasing the surge capacity of hospitals. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the effect of surge capacity enhancement training for nursing managers on hospital disaster preparedness and response. Methods: All nursing managers employed at Motahari Hospital in Tehran took part in this interventional pre- and post-test action research study. Ultimately, a total of 20 nursing managers were chosen through a census method and underwent training in hospital capacity fluctuations. The Iranian version of the "Hospital Emergency Response Checklist" was used to measure hospital disaster preparedness and response before and after the intervention. Results: The overall hospital disaster preparedness and response score was 184 (medium level) before the intervention and 216 (high level) after the intervention. The intervention was effective in improving the dimensions of hospital disaster preparedness, including "command and control", "triage", "human resources", "communication", "surge capacity", "logistics and supply", "safety and security", and "recovery", but had not much impact on the "continuity of essential services" component. Conclusion: The research demonstrated that enhancing the disaster preparedness of hospitals can be achieved by training nursing managers using an action research approach. Encouraging their active participation in identifying deficiencies, problems, and weaknesses related to surge capacity, and promoting the adoption and implementation of suitable strategies, can enhance overall hospital disaster preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mass casualty incidents (MCI) are unforeseeable and complex events that occur worldwide, therefore enhancing the training that medical first responders (MFRs) receive is fundamental to strengthening disaster preparedness and response. In recent years, extended reality (XR) technology has been introduced as a new approach and promising teaching technique for disaster medicine education. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of XR simulation as a tool to train MFRs in MCIs, and to explore the perception and experience of participants to these new forms of training. Design: Systematic review. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses" (PRISMA) statement. Four databases were searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and LILACs) using a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant articles, and MetaQAT was used as a study quality assessment tool. Data from included studies was not pooled for meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. Extracted data was synthesised in a narrative, semi-quantitative manner. Results: A total of 18 studies were included from 8 different countries. Studies encompassed a variety of participants (e.g., nurses, paramedics, physicians), interventions (virtual, mixed and augmented reality), comparators (comparison between two groups and single groups with pre-post evaluation), and outcomes (effectiveness and MFR perception). The synthesis of data indicated that XR was an effective tool for prehospital MCI training by means of improved triage accuracy, triage time, treatment accuracy, performance correctness and/or knowledge acquired. These XR systems were well perceived by MFRs, who expressed their interest and satisfaction towards this learning experience and emphasized its usefulness and relevance. Conclusion: This research supports the usefulness and significance of XR technology that allows users to enhance their skills and confidence when facing forthcoming disasters. The findings summarize recommendations and suggestions for the implementation, upgrade and/or assessment of this novel and valuable teaching method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we consider the shelter location and allocation problem under demand uncertainty. In particular, we seek to improve the disaster preparedness level of Turkey by developing a robust optimization approach for locating shelter areas required after a disastrous earthquake in Istanbul. Our robust modelling framework implements a demand prediction methodology which generates a number of ground shaking scenarios by incorporating the effect of uncertainties in seismic parameters as well as the exposure level of the urban vulnerability. We reformulate the deterministic mixed integer linear programming version of the problem as a robust model. This model leverages the robust nature of the model to account for the uncertainties of parameters within each individual scenario. Our numerical results for the small-scale Kartal district of Istanbul and the large-scale Anatolian side of Istanbul case studies show that the proposed formulation yields solutions that are socially more acceptable and preferable than those obtained by their deterministic and stochastic counterparts. Aiming to produce stable and proper solutions that perform consistently well for any possible occurrence of uncertain parameters, the recommended robust solutions lead to better results by reducing possible regret which cannot be compensated after an earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nPLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYOrganizations are perpetually challenged to adapt and evolve in the increasingly complex and unpredictable public service landscape. Using two international case studies from Australia and New Zealand, this research examines the critical role of adaptive leadership in fostering resilience within public service entities, focusing on the integral role of ethics in disaster response. The research is grounded in the theory of adaptive leadership, which posits that contemporary organizational challenges require leadership to encourage adaptation and learning. The study explores how adaptive leadership, intertwined with ethical practices, contributes to creating resilient public service organizations capable of withstanding and evolving through crises, constant changes, and adversities. Through a detailed examination of the case studies affecting the general public and ethical considerations, the research unravels the intricacies of public administrators’ ethical dilemmas, concluding with reflections on the implications for public service ethics, integrity, and public trust. The study not only elucidates the symbiotic relationship between adaptive leadership and ethics in fostering organizational resilience but also charts a course for future policy formulation and leadership training programs, underscoring the indispensable role of ethical governance in navigating crises.This study investigates how leaders in government organizations best handle tricky situations like natural disasters. Adaptive leadership, which is flexible and encourages learning, is essential, especially when quick and innovative responses are necessary. For instance, after the disasters of bushfires in Australia or earthquakes in New Zealand, leaders who used this style were more successful in preparing for, managing, and recovering. This was partly due to their ethical approach, which focuses on fairness, transparency, and working for the common good.Ethical leadership is crucial because it builds trust within the community, which is especially important during crises. Leaders who communicate effectively, listen to the community, and engage with people’s concerns make better decisions for everyone involved. This article emphasizes that leaders who adapt and maintain strong values are vital for public service organizations to overcome challenges and serve the public effectively. Training future leaders in adaptive and ethical leadership is recommended to ensure organizations respond to challenges effectively and with the public’s interest at heart. This approach will prepare organizations to survive and thrive in adversity, building a resilient and trustworthy public service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Design Method Findings Conclusion Amidst the mounting challenges posed by climate change, the healthcare sector emerges as a vital frontliner, with nurses standing as its linchpins. This review delves into the pivotal role of nurses in combatting the health consequences of climatic alterations, particularly within the nuanced environment of Saudi Arabia.A rapid literature review.Drawing from a rigorous analysis of 53 studies, our exploration revolves around the preparedness strategies formulated in response to Saudi Arabia's changing climate. The variables analysed included study design, sample size, focus area, geographical coverage and key findings related to nurse competencies. Data were collected using a structured data extraction form and analysed using thematic content analysis. Employing content analysis, we discerned essential domains: from grasping the health impacts of climate change to customizing care for the most susceptible populations and championing advocacy initiatives.Salient findings highlight nurses' profound understanding of both direct and secondary health implications of climate shifts. Additionally, the results emphasize the tailored interventions needed for vulnerable groups, capacity building and disaster readiness. Crucially, our findings spotlight the significance of weaving cultural, ethical and regional threads into nursing strategies. By painting a comprehensive picture, we showcase the delicate balance of environmental evolution, healthcare dynamics and the unique socio‐cultural tapestry of Saudi Arabia.The results of our analysis revealed key competencies required for nurses, including the ability to address immediate health impacts, provide tailored care for vulnerable populations and engage in advocacy and policy formulation. In summation, nurses' multifaceted roles—from immediate medical care to research, advocacy and strategizing—underscore their invaluable contribution to confronting the health adversities sparked by climate change. Our review accentuates the essential contributions of nurses in tackling climate‐related health hurdles and calls for more nuanced research, policy adjustments and proactive measures attuned to Saudi Arabia's distinct backdrop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the inter-relationship among the profile, disaster preparedness, and resiliency of the residents in Barangay 74-A Matina Crossing and what demographic profile significantly predicts resiliency as well as the disaster preparedness of the residents. It explores whether resiliency significantly predicts disaster preparedness among the identified residents. A survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 400 residents situated in a landslide-prone area in Barangay 74-A Matina Crossing using a 3-part structured questionnaire; the Demographic Profile of the residents, the Disaster Preparedness Index, and the Resiliency Scale. When grouped according to sex, it shows that 200 (50.0%) were males and 200 (50.0%) were females. The age groups have a total of 247 respondents (61.8%) with ages between 18-25 years old; 90 respondents (2.5%) with ages between 36- 39 years old; and 63 respondents (15.8%) with ages between 50-60 years old. The overall mean of the level of disaster preparedness is 2.66 with a standard deviation of 0.30, indicating that the disaster preparedness of respondents is well-prepared. The respondents obtained the descriptive interpretation of true nearly all the time mean ratings on meaningfulness/Purpose, and the other six variables: Self-Efficacy, Hardiness, Adaptability/Flexibility, Regulation of Emotion and Cognition, and Coping, had often true mean ratings. Findings highlight the significant associations of demographic profiles, disaster preparedness, and resiliency, while regression results show that the demographic profile did not significantly predict the resiliency of the residents. However, only adaptability/flexibility significantly predicts the disaster preparedness of the identified residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyse the epidemiological profile of global climate‐related disasters in terms of morbidity and mortality, as well as to examine their temporal trends. Method: This cross‐sectional study analysed climate‐related global disasters from 2000 to 2021, utilising definitions and criteria from the United Nations Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Data were sourced from the EM‐DAT database. The study assessed trends over the entire period and compared them with previous years (1978–2000). Results: A total of 7398 climate‐related disasters were recorded, with hydrological disasters being the most frequent, followed by meteorological and climatological disasters. Statistically significant differences were noted in the average rates of affected individuals and injuries per million inhabitants. No significant trends were found in mortality rates, but the frequency trends for the entire period (1978–2021) and the subperiod (1978–2000) were increasing and statistically significant. However, the trend from 2000 onwards showed a non‐significant decrease, potentially reflecting better disaster preparedness and response strategies under the Hyogo and Sendai Framework. Conclusion: The study highlights hydrological disasters as the most frequent and deadliest climate‐related events, with climatological disasters affecting and injuring the most people. The lack of standardised criteria for disaster inclusion in databases presents a significant challenge in comparing results and analysing trends. Establishing uniform inclusion criteria is crucial for effective data analysis and disaster management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the complex interplay between climate-related hazards and land cover changes in the Dibalo-Pingit-Zabali-Malayat (DPZM) River Watershed of Aurora province, Philippines. Historical typhoon data underscore the region's vulnerability to extreme weather events, emphasizing the critical need to enhance disaster preparedness and management. Land cover analysis from 1988 to 2020 reveals substantial transformations, driven largely by agricultural expansion at the expense of forest cover. Specifically, closed forest areas decreased by 11% annually from 2010 to 2015, while open forest areas decreased by 31% from 1988 to 2003. Conversely, built-up areas, annual crops, and perennial crops increased by 3%, 9%, and 30%, respectively, reflecting growing human pressures from 1988 to 2003. These land cover changes have intensified watershed degradation, as evidenced by increasing landscape fragmentation and declining mean patch size. Such alterations heighten the watershed susceptibility to natural hazards and hinders its capacity to provide essential ecosystem services. The study underscores the urgency for scienceinformed watershed management strategies to mitigate climate risks and protect the livelihoods of communities reliant on the DPZM River Watershed. Prioritizing sustainable land use practices, forest restoration, and disaster preparedness is crucial for safeguarding the watershed's ecological integrity and resilience in the face of ongoing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate personal preparedness among patients on haemodialysis (HD) and to examine the relationship among sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours during natural disaster incidents. Design: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted. Methods: A convenience sampling method was used. A total of 446 participants from six areas of Sichuan province completed the online questionnaire study from February 27 to March 13, 2022. Sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours were measured. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes toward disaster preparedness. The relationship among sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours were assessed using ordinal regression. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: A total of 446 participants completed the survey. Of these, 42.15% (N = 188) were poorly prepared, 26.23% (N = 117) were moderately prepared and 31.61% (N = 141) were highly prepared. Ordinal regression showed that knowing about disaster preparedness (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.691, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.081–2.644, p = 0.021), participating in disaster evacuation exercises (OR = 2.519, 95% CI = 1.595–3.977, p < 0.001) and learning about disaster preparedness (OR = 2.421, 95% CI = 1.542–3.802, p < 0.001) were associated with high preparedness. Compared to patients with a university degree or higher, patients with a junior high school education or lower (OR = 3.491, 95% CI = 1.760–6.925, p < 0.001) and senior high school degree (OR = 2.052, 95% CI = 1.038–4.057, p = 0.039) were associated with high preparedness. Patients who felt very confident and could deal with all their needs (OR = 3.878, 95% CI = 2.904–7.181, p < 0.001) or patients who felt confident and could meet some of their needs (OR = 1.949, 95% CI = 1.124–3.379, p = 0.017) had higher preparedness than those who felt less confident and were not well prepared to take care of their needs. Patient or Public Contribution: After obtaining each participant's consent, they filled out the online questionnaire using their own or a relative's cell phone while undergoing HD. Implication for Practice: It is essential that patients should be educated not only on medical specialty topics, but also on general disaster preparedness. Medical institutions should improve and reinforce preparation training among targeted populations. The low level of preparedness is partly due to the lack of participation of patients in disaster preparedness programs. Dialysis center managers should be urged to implement such programs at their centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background How ambulance clinicians (ACs) handle a mass casualty incident (MCI) is essential for the suffered, but the training and learning for the ACs are sparse and they don’t have the possibility to learn without realistic simulation training. In addition, it is unclear what type of dilemmas ACs process in their clinical reasoning during an MCI. With virtual reality (VR) simulation, the ACs clinical reasoning can be explored in a systematic way. Therefore, the objective was to explore ambulance clinicians’ clinical reasoning when simulating a mass casualty incident using virtual reality. Methods This study was conducted as an explorative interview study design using chart- stimulated recall technique for data collection. A qualitative content analysis was done, using the clinical reasoning cycle as a deductive matrix. A high-fidelity VR simulation with MCI scenarios was used and participants eligible for inclusion were 11 senior ACs. Results/conclusion All phases of the clinical reasoning cycle were found to be reflected upon by the participants during the interviews, however with a varying richness of analytic reflectivity. Non-analytic reasoning predominated when work tasks followed specific clinical guidelines, but analytical reasoning appeared when the guidelines were unclear or non-existent. Using VR simulation led to training and reflection on action in a safe and systematic way and increased self-awareness amongst the ACs regarding their preparedness for MCIs. This study increases knowledge both regarding ACs clinical reasoning in MCIs, and insights regarding the use of VR for simulation training.

Every state's priority is public safety. In the modern world, that often needs them to work with other States. This study assesses the role of civil protection mechanisms in effective emergency management operations in public organizations based on the European perspective. Data was collected from 392 different technocrats from government civil protection agencies in Greece using an online questionnaire. The study revealed that civil protection experts positively influence effective emergency management operations in public organizations. The results revealed that early warning systems have an influence on effective emergency management operations in public organizations. Disaster risk forecasting has a positive influence on effective emergency management operations in public organizations. According to the study, crises and catastrophes have compelled the EU to improve civil protection coordination throughout the continent and its ability to conduct operations both inside and outside of Europe. It's not clear whether these cooperative EU agreements are going to succeed because national civil defense organizations aren't always similar and there isn't always enough trust between the organizations involved. This is especially true in light of recent global crises in the EU, such as the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks, and natural. It is important for public organizations across Europe to focus on enhancing early disaster warning systems, the enhancing of civil protection experts and improving disaster planning to promote effective management of emergencies.

Emergency nurses are pivotal in disaster preparedness and first aid response, being the first healthcare providers on the scene during emergencies. Their ability to assess situations swiftly, triage patients effectively, and collaborate with other professionals ensures timely and efficient care. They also contribute significantly to disaster preparedness by participating in drills and training, and by assisting in developing and implementing emergency response plans. Natural catastrophes harmed about 2 billion people worldwide between 2008 and 2018. According to the World Health Organization, countries and governments must always have catastrophe preparations and emergency health experts on hand. This review article aimed to examine the current level of disaster preparedness among nurses, to analyze some of the factors influencing nurses’ emergency preparedness and to define the roles of emergency nurses in both rapid first aid deployment and long-term disaster impact reduction. The data for this review paper are from published studies. Electronic databases of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: disaster preparedness, first aid response, emergency nurses, roles of nurses, and disaster response, and literature were retrieved and screened for eligibility. The date limit considered in the literature search was from 2018 to 2024 to capture only the variables identified in the study. The review revealed four issues which are (1) the Haddon Matrix Model, (2) current level of disaster preparedness among nurses, (3) roles of emergency nurses in disaster management, and (4) analyzing emergency preparedness and first aid impact of nurses in disasters. In conclusion, addressing these issues through targeted training, resource allocation, and policy implementation can enhance the overall preparedness of nurses in responding to disasters and improving outcomes for those affected. Ensuring that nurses are well-prepared, adequately trained, and equipped with the necessary resources, healthcare systems can better mitigate the impact of disasters and provide timely and effective care to those in need. This not only benefits the individuals directly affected by disasters but also strengthens the resilience of communities and healthcare systems as a whole.

Abstract Introduction Hospitals as the main providers of healthcare services play an essential role in the management of disasters and emergencies. Nurses are one of the important and influential elements in increasing the surge capacity of hospitals. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the effect of surge capacity enhancement training for nursing managers on hospital disaster preparedness and response. Methods All nursing managers employed at Motahari Hospital in Tehran took part in this interventional pre- and post-test action research study. Ultimately, a total of 20 nursing managers were chosen through a census method and underwent training in hospital capacity fluctuations. The Iranian version of the “Hospital Emergency Response Checklist” was used to measure hospital disaster preparedness and response before and after the intervention. Results The overall hospital disaster preparedness and response score was 184 (medium level) before the intervention and 216 (high level) after the intervention. The intervention was effective in improving the dimensions of hospital disaster preparedness, including “command and control”, “triage”, “human resources”, “communication”, “surge capacity”, “logistics and supply”, “safety and security”, and “recovery”, but had not much impact on the “continuity of essential services” component. Conclusion The research demonstrated that enhancing the disaster preparedness of hospitals can be achieved by training nursing managers using an action research approach. Encouraging their active participation in identifying deficiencies, problems, and weaknesses related to surge capacity, and promoting the adoption and implementation of suitable strategies, can enhance overall hospital disaster preparedness.

Abstract Introduction Mass casualty incidents (MCI) are unforeseeable and complex events that occur worldwide, therefore enhancing the training that medical first responders (MFRs) receive is fundamental to strengthening disaster preparedness and response. In recent years, extended reality (XR) technology has been introduced as a new approach and promising teaching technique for disaster medicine education. Objective To assess the effectiveness of XR simulation as a tool to train MFRs in MCIs, and to explore the perception and experience of participants to these new forms of training. Design Systematic review. Methods This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the “Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses” (PRISMA) statement. Four databases were searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and LILACs) using a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant articles, and MetaQAT was used as a study quality assessment tool. Data from included studies was not pooled for meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. Extracted data was synthesised in a narrative, semi-quantitative manner. Results A total of 18 studies were included from 8 different countries. Studies encompassed a variety of participants (e.g., nurses, paramedics, physicians), interventions (virtual, mixed and augmented reality), comparators (comparison between two groups and single groups with pre-post evaluation), and outcomes (effectiveness and MFR perception). The synthesis of data indicated that XR was an effective tool for prehospital MCI training by means of improved triage accuracy, triage time, treatment accuracy, performance correctness and/or knowledge acquired. These XR systems were well perceived by MFRs, who expressed their interest and satisfaction towards this learning experience and emphasized its usefulness and relevance. Conclusion This research supports the usefulness and significance of XR technology that allows users to enhance their skills and confidence when facing forthcoming disasters. The findings summarize recommendations and suggestions for the implementation, upgrade and/or assessment of this novel and valuable teaching method.

College students participating in regular physical activity may be better equipped to respond to disasters due to increased physical fitness and mental resilience. This study assessed the level of physical activity engagement and disaster preparedness among college students, examined the relationship between physical activity engagement and disaster preparedness, and informed interventions to promote healthier lifestyles and effective disaster response on campuses. The descriptive-correlational survey method was employed to investigate demographic profiles, levels of physical activity engagement, and disaster preparedness among college students. Furthermore, the findings showed a significant relationship between physical activity engagement and disaster preparedness among college students. Thus, the researchers recommended future researchers as a reference point, expanding upon its findings through additional studies or exploring different aspects of physical activity engagement and disaster preparedness among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An online qualitative survey explored perceived training, readiness, and needs of recent SW graduates serving older adults. Over half (N = 14) held a master's in social work, with 70% having taken an introductory aging course. Nearly halfcompleted other aging-specific coursework, and 80% did fieldwork with older adults. Participants indicated moderate proficiency in assessing issues like lossestransitions (46.7%), and physical health (53.3%), and advanced expertise in cognitive assessments (60.0%) and caregiver stress management (53.3%). Training deficiencies were noted in disaster readiness, telehealth, and resource coordination. Findings underscore the need for educationfor early-career social workers, ensuring their effective support to older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how water utilities can work with FEMA for reimbursement of costs after declared disaster incidents. It emphasizes the importance of long-term disaster preparedness, documentation, and collaboration across utility departments. The process involves applying for funds through FEMA's Public Assistance Program, meeting eligibility criteria, and documenting damages for reimbursement. The article provides detailed guidance on the phases of emergency management, including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery, and offers case studies and resources for utilities navigating the FEMA reimbursement process. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background Disaster preparedness is one of the critical strategies for effectively managing disasters and has been an area of high focus in the healthcare sector over the past few decades. The current Indian medical undergraduate curriculum does not describe any novel methods for disaster preparedness training. There is a need for a better understanding of novel teaching-learning methods and modes for administering disaster preparedness training among Indian medical students. Objectives Describe the undergraduate medical students’ baseline knowledge and confidence level of disaster preparedness. Compare undergraduate medical students’ knowledge scores and confidence levels on disaster preparedness after online and onsite delivery of the disaster preparedness module. Methods In this educational interventional study, 103 medical students were divided into two groups and subjected to an online or onsite session of the validated disaster preparedness module (based on the COVID-19 pandemic), encompassing a simulation-based tabletop exercise. Baseline testing was done for 52 participants in the online group and 51 in the onsite group of the study. Post-intervention, they were assessed with single-response type MCQs for knowledge and Likert scale-based questions for confidence scores. The pretest and posttest scores were collected, and the data were analysed using two-tailed t-tests for paired analysis of within-group (online group or onsite group) and heteroscedastic analysis of between-group datasets. Results One hundred and three participants completed the exercise—52 participants were from the online group, and 51 were from the onsite group. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant increase in knowledge and confidence in both online and onsite groups. There is, however, no significant difference in the ‘percentage change’ in ‘knowledge’ or ‘confidence’ between the groups. Conclusions Our study indicates that the disaster preparedness module, delivered online and onsite, improves knowledge and confidence among undergraduate medical students. However, there is no superiority between one mode of delivery and the other. We conclude that online training can facilitate disaster preparedness training as a corollary to the prescribed traditional training methods for undergraduate medical students in India.

This study is dedicated to identifying and understanding regional vulnerabilities within countries, focusing particularly on those susceptible to frequent and devastating disasters, such as Japan. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the dynamics of disaster preparedness, aiming to propose a robust framework that local governments can collaboratively establish with their citizens, demonstrating active leadership throughout the process. The central focus of this research is Mihama Town in Fukui Prefecture. This locale was chosen to evaluate the awareness levels of disaster preparedness among its residents, providing a microcosmic view of broader regional challenges. Simultaneously, the study seeks to scrutinize the leadership components integral to formulating public-sector disaster response policies. The research analyzed survey responses from 333 participants to distill crucial requirements for ensuring the safety and security of the town’s population. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the results of this study underscore the nuanced nature of building trust in municipal disaster preparedness. The research advocates a dual-pronged strategy. First, it emphasizes enhancing citizen services as a tangible manifestation of consistent government support for day-to-day community activities. Second, it highlights the necessity of maintaining clear and decisive leadership to ensure the sustained long-term viability of the community. The study stresses that alongside continually improving citizen services, an unwavering commitment to the local government’s message of “sustainable city development” is pivotal. The study’s proposed framework serves as a guide for local governments to not only prepare for but also effectively respond to disasters. It outlines the importance of a cohesive strategy that incorporates citizen engagement, robust leadership, and consistent service enhancement as pillars of disaster preparedness.

Sarah Al-Shammari,1 Ahmed M Al-Wathinani,2 Mohammed A Abahussain,2 Nawaf A Albaqami,1 Mohammad A Alhallaf,2 Hassan Farhat,3,4 Krzysztof Goniewicz5 1Day Surgery Unit, Royal Commission Hospital, Jubail Industrial City, Al Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Emergency Medical Services, Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Ambulance Service, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; 4Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, University of Sousse, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia & Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; 5Department of Security, Polish Air Force University, 08-521 D&eogon;blin, PolandCorrespondence: Ahmed M Al-Wathinani, Email ahmalotaibi@ksu.edu.saIntroduction: This study aimed to evaluate disaster preparedness and management among an inter-professional team at the Royal Commission Hospital (RCH) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Conducted between May and July 2023, this cross-sectional study involved healthcare providers in both patient-facing and non-patient-facing roles. Participants responded to a comprehensive online questionnaire comprising 22 questions across seven sections covering aspects of emergency response, disaster management, and infection control. The study targeted a minimum sample size of 500 participants, successfully garnering responses from 512 individuals.Results: Of the 512 participants, 59.9% (n=312) were healthcare providers in patient-facing roles, and 40.1% (n=209) were in non-patient-facing roles. The results revealed notable disparities in awareness and preparedness between these two groups. Healthcare providers demonstrated higher awareness levels compared to their non-patient-facing counterparts. For instance, 76.9% of healthcare providers were aware of the hospital’s emergency response plan compared to 56.2% of non-healthcare providers (χ² = 52.165, p < 0.001). Similar disparities were observed in understanding the term “disaster” (86.5% vs 54.1%, χ² = 27.931, p < 0.001), and awareness of a command center (73.4% vs 45.2%, χ² = 42.934, p < 0.001).Discussion: These findings underscore the critical need for enhancing awareness, education, and preparedness within healthcare facilities, emphasizing an integrated approach that includes both healthcare and non-healthcare staff. By addressing these gaps, healthcare facilities can significantly improve their emergency response efficiency, disaster management capabilities, and infection control measures, thereby enhancing the overall safety and quality of patient care.Keywords: disaster preparedness, emergency response, inter-professional collaboration, healthcare management, infection control, emergency medicine training, patient safety, cross-sectional analysis

This study introduces an advanced community-level resilience analysis methodology integrating 3D fragility surfaces for combined successive earthquake-tsunami hazard and analysis. The methodology facilitates comprehensive evaluations of spatial damage, economic loss, and risk under multi-hazard conditions. This study compares earthquake-only analysis results to the successive earthquake-tsunami analysis at the community level to reveal – and quantify - significant disparities in damage and loss estimations between the analyses, emphasizing the need to consider both hazards in community planning even at lower seismic intensities. Critical assessment of the FEMA combinational rule demonstrates its limitations in accurately predicting losses and damage patterns at higher hazard intensities, highlighting the necessity for refined models that accurately account for hazard interactions. This research advances multi-hazard community-level resilience analysis by offering a robust framework for earthquake and tsunami assessment, underscoring the need for integration of detailed multi-hazard analyses into resilience planning. Finally, it suggests future directions for enhancing framework applicability across diverse community settings and structural types, aiming to improve community resilience.

Indonesia is a country located at the confluence of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which collide with each other, one of which is off the west coast of the island of Sumatra. This situation carries a significant risk of triggering a tsunami disaster. To minimize these risks, it is necessary to provide disaster awareness to all groups, especially students. This study aims to produce an e-booklet on integrated wave material for tsunami disaster mitigation on the outermost islands of Sumatra's west coast. The study employs a research and development methodology. The research instruments were questionnaires, interview guides, validation sheets, and questions. We conducted descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative data analysis. The research results led to the production of an integrated e-booklet for tsunami disaster mitigation, tailored to the region's potential in mitigation efforts. The level of disaster preparedness after using the e-booklet is included in the high preparedness category. The relationship between knowledge and level of disaster preparedness is linear. So that this e-booklet can be used as teaching material to provide disaster preparedness on the outermost islands of the west coast of Sumatra.

Abstract Due to a lack of resources, rural communities often face challenges when planning catastrophic events. This project involved applying systems thinking and model-based systems engineering to develop a proof-of-concept, multi-method computer simulation and then determining whether the simulation could be used to assess the efficacy of disaster planning approaches on health outcomes in rural communities, as a function of primary healthcare. The project focus was a rural or non-urban healthcare system experiencing a natural hazard. Both system dynamics and discrete event models were incorporated to represent subsystem operations, crucial disaster responses, as well as three key response systems: public health, emergency management, and healthcare. The subsystem models included several components: policies/procedures, communications, resources, exercises/drills/training, healthcare space and staff, and the flow of affected people into and through the system. The combined simulation can serve as a first step to a more comprehensive approach to helping rural communities achieve more efficient and effective healthcare planning for disaster responses.

Background: Disaster preparedness is one of the critical strategies for effectively managing disasters and has been an area of high focus in the healthcare sector over the past few decades. The current Indian medical undergraduate curriculum does not describe any novel methods for disaster preparedness training. There is a need for a better understanding of novel teaching-learning methods and modes for administering disaster preparedness training among Indian medical students. Objectives: Describe the undergraduate medical students' baseline knowledge and confidence level of disaster preparedness. Compare undergraduate medical students' knowledge scores and confidence levels on disaster preparedness after online and onsite delivery of the disaster preparedness module. Methods: In this educational interventional study, 103 medical students were divided into two groups and subjected to an online or onsite session of the validated disaster preparedness module (based on the COVID-19 pandemic), encompassing a simulation-based tabletop exercise. Baseline testing was done for 52 participants in the online group and 51 in the onsite group of the study. Post-intervention, they were assessed with single-response type MCQs for knowledge and Likert scale-based questions for confidence scores. The pretest and posttest scores were collected, and the data were analysed using two-tailed t-tests for paired analysis of within-group (online group or onsite group) and heteroscedastic analysis of between-group datasets. Results: One hundred and three participants completed the exercise—52 participants were from the online group, and 51 were from the onsite group. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant increase in knowledge and confidence in both online and onsite groups. There is, however, no significant difference in the 'percentage change' in 'knowledge' or 'confidence' between the groups. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the disaster preparedness module, delivered online and onsite, improves knowledge and confidence among undergraduate medical students. However, there is no superiority between one mode of delivery and the other. We conclude that online training can facilitate disaster preparedness training as a corollary to the prescribed traditional training methods for undergraduate medical students in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster experiences and explorations of preparedness among Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi Americans (APIDA) in the United States are often overlooked owing to their relatively smaller population share. APIDA are not homogenous, and their disaster experiences warrant further examination. This paper does so by investigating disaster preparedness using disaggregated information about APIDA. The study utilises nationally representative data from the 2017 American Housing Survey, analysing sociodemographic covariates. The disaster preparedness score among APIDA communities was approximately 4.81 on a zero to nine scale. APIDA renters and non‐US citizens were less prepared than homeowners and US citizens. Among subgroups, Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese respondents who were non‐US citizens were less prepared than those who were US citizens. Marital status was significantly and positively associated with preparedness among Indians, Japanese, Vietnamese, and multiracial respondents. The findings underscore the importance of data disaggregation and tailored preparedness information and resources to address specific challenges APIDA communities face instead of a one‐size‐fits‐all approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Implications for nursing policy To examine the relationship between nurses' competency levels in disaster nursing management, their disaster preparedness and disaster preparedness beliefs.Nurses’ competency in disaster nursing management makes disaster response easier. Factors that may affect this reason should be examined.The study was conducted between April and July 2023 with nurses working in a province in the first‐degree earthquake zone in Turkey. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 207 nurses who were selected from primary, secondary, and tertiary care institutions by using the stratified sampling method. Data were collected with a personal information form, the Competencies for Disaster Nursing Management Questionnaire, the Disaster Preparedness Scale, and the General Disaster Preparedness Beliefs Scale. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests, Spearman regression coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.There was a positive correlation between nurses' competency levels regarding duties and responsibilities and their disaster preparedness levels. Having disaster‐related training also positively affected the level of competence in duties and responsibilities. Belief in disaster preparedness and having “partial” knowledge about the disaster had no relationship with competencies.According to the International Council of Nurses and current studies on disaster nursing, “competence areas” are among the priority study subjects.According to the study results, disaster preparedness and having disaster‐related education are effective factors in nurses' competencies related to duties and responsibilities.The results of this study may increase awareness in the healthcare system about nurses' disaster management competency levels and the factors that may affect this. It is recommended that disaster preparedness and disaster‐related education factors should be taken into account in the initiatives and policies to be planned to improve the duty and responsibility competence of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The Eastern Caribbean island of Dominica has experienced diverse negative effects from the North Atlantic hurricane season, including deadly storms like Hurricane Maria in 2017. Vulnerability is increased by geographic location, small island developing state (SIDS) status, and ecosystem characteristics. A variety of negative health effects including stress and anxiety are caused by powerful storms. The perspectives of middle-aged (the "sandwich generation") survivors in this post-storm milieu are understudied. Methods: This phenomenological qualitative study describes the perceptions of middle-aged (35-55 years) Dominicans, purposively recruited with gatekeeper assistance from communities stratified according to four natural hazard vulnerability categories designated by the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD), regarding their lived experiences in the context of severe storms. Data was collected between June and August 2022, using primarily Zoom-based semi-structured, individual interviews (12 of 13), guided by the principles of saturation and maximum variation. Verbatim interview transcripts were thematically analyzed with constant comparison using an ATLAS.ti-supported hybrid deductive-inductive coding frame. Reflexivity and contact summary sheets were used to minimize bias. Results: Ten women and three men from diverse CREAD vulnerability and sociodemographic backgrounds were recruited. Data condensation yielded three organizing themes: (i) "The diverse health effects of severe storms", (ii) "Response to and recovery from severe storms", and (iii) "Preparedness and precaution for severe storms". These themes encapsulated the health impacts of severe storms on Dominicans and elucidated the role of facilitating and barricading resilience factors. Discussion: Severe storms produced direct and indirect mental, social, and physical health impacts on middle-aged Dominicans, including anxiety and burnout. Participants used faith-based, tangible community-based support, and emotional mechanisms to cope with and demonstrate resilience. Better risk communication and early warning systems would improve population readiness. Persistent dispirited attitudes toward storm preparedness among some participants suggest the need for targeted methods to enhance community involvement in disaster planning, including traditional approaches like "coup-de-main" (self-help). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster preparedness is defined as the measures taken to prepare for or decrease the impact of disaster. Medical students' perception on disaster preparedness provides further insights into their learning needs, strengthens the disaster medicine curriculum, and improves their personal professional development. There is scarce information regarding this topic and disaster medicine education is scattered in the current medical curriculum. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge (K), attitude (A) and readiness to practice (rP) towards disaster preparedness among medical students in a military university. A cross-sectional study will be conducted among all the medical students in Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia using a self-administered validated questionnaire via a Google Forms. The calculated minimum sample size is 176 using the twoproportion formula via Power and Sample Size (PS) software. The questionnaire consists of (a) demographic data; (b) knowledge of disaster; (c) attitude; (d) readiness to practice with responses categorised as high, moderate and low. Independent t-test and chi-square test are used to evaluate the bivariate association between demographic data with K, A and rP. Multiple linear regression is used to evaluate association of rP based on predictor variables (K, A and sociodemographic factors). A preliminary result of the study will be presented in conferences and scientific meetings. This research contributes valuable insights to the field of disaster medicine education, guiding curriculum development, and informing policy decisions within institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars argue that the public is generally myopic in their attitudes about disaster preparedness spending, because they prefer to spend money on disaster response rather than preparedness, despite the greater cost effectiveness of the later. Given voters' general lack of policy information, it is possible that limited support for preparedness comes from lack of information about its efficacy. In this paper, we build on these studies by examining how people respond to new information about the effectiveness of policy initiatives in the context of public health and the COVID-19 pandemic. Through two online survey experiments with over 3400 respondents, we demonstrate that information can lead people to update attitudes about preparedness, illustrating the potential for information campaigns to increase support for preparedness policies. Our results suggest that information about the efficacy of preparedness can increase support for these policies, and the information effect exists even for individuals whose prior beliefs were that public health programs were ineffective. These results suggest that information can make people more supportive of preparedness spending, which could provide electoral incentives for its provision. We conclude by providing some directions for future research to enhance our understanding of public opinion and preparedness spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surge management is important to hospital operations, yet surge literature has mostly focused on the addition of resources (e.g., 25% more beds) during events like pandemics. Such views are limiting, as meeting surge demands requires hospitals to engage in practices tailored to a surge's unique contingencies. We argue that a dynamic view of surge management should include surge management capability, which refers to how resources are deployed to respond to surge contingencies. To understand this capability, we qualitatively studied five hospital systems experiencing multiple surges due to COVID-19 between April 2020 and March 2022. We develop a framework showing that managing surges involves preserving capacity, expanding capacity, smoothing capacity demand, and enabling surge management. We contribute to surge literature by identifying practices hospitals can adopt to address surges and offering a better understanding of surge conditions (e.g., degree of novelty) that make some surge management practices more appropriate than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster preparedness is crucial for mitigating the impact of disasters and saving lives. Ensuring preparedness for disaster response and management, particularly among nurses in disaster-prone countries, is essential due to the serious threats disasters pose to affected populations. This study was conducted to appraise and synthesize the literature examining preparedness for disaster management and response among nurses in countries with the highest disaster risks. A systematic review of the literature published from 2000 onwards was conducted using five databases: SCOPUS, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL. Twenty-one relevant articles were identified for this review. The findings revealed that nurses in countries at high risk of disasters had inadequate disaster knowledge and skills, leaving them ill-prepared to respond to such situations. Previous experience in disaster relief, disaster-related education and training, and higher academic qualifications were associated with increased readiness for disaster response and management. The review's findings provide insight into the current state of disaster preparedness among nurses in disaster-prone nations. The review identified evidence highlighting the value of disaster-related education and training, as well as disaster response experience, in fostering preparedness among nurses. These results can inform policymakers, hospital administrators, and nurse administrators in developing strategies for promoting disaster preparedness in nurses through evidence-based training programs and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a lack of resources, rural communities often face challenges when planning catastrophic events. This project involved applying systems thinking and model-based systems engineering to develop a proof-of-concept, multi-method computer simulation and then determining whether the simulation could be used to assess the efficacy of disaster planning approaches on health outcomes in rural communities, as a function of primary healthcare. The project focus was a rural or non-urban healthcare system experiencing a natural hazard. Both system dynamics and discrete event models were incorporated to represent subsystem operations, crucial disaster responses, as well as three key response systems: public health, emergency management, and healthcare. The subsystem models included several components: policies/procedures, communications, resources, exercises/drills/training, healthcare space and staff, and the flow of affected people into and through the system. The combined simulation can serve as a first step to a more comprehensive approach to helping rural communities achieve more efficient and effective healthcare planning for disaster responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding carries risks on life, property and infrastructure posing a need for efficient management and mitigation strategies. The project's main focus is on flood analysis of Mula-Mutha River in Pune, India and it involves the use of Hydrologic engineering center's river analysis system (Hec-Ras). The main goal is to model floods, determine areas prone to flooding and suggest how to prevent such through comprehensive hydraulic modeling. In this research, we collect topographic and hydrological data due to including river geometry, flow rates and rainfall patterns. by using those data inputs, a detailed Hec-Ras model of the Mula-Mutha river is created. Various flood events are simulated by the model to analyze water surface profiles, flow velocities, and floodplain extents under different conditions. Important findings show that several regions are at high risk of being flooded because of their riverbank geometry, urban development progress or how hard rain falls. Historical flood records together with exercises that checked for truth and accuracy were involved in validating the results gotten. From the examination the study suggests both structural and non-structural flooding prevention measures like making levees, building floodwalls and setting in place better urban drainage systems. Importance of advanced hydraulic modeling tools like Hec-Ras in flood risk management and urban planning is what this study is looking into. Mula-Mutha River basin will use this research project to provide reliable flood predictions and help local authorities improve flood preparedness and resilience through identification of high-risk locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provinces in the Philippines, such as Ilocos Norte, have areas that struggle to manage water efficiently and mitigate disasters brought on by numerous annual storms despite existing irrigation designs. A more pragmatic approach to irrigation designs is needed to resolve this issue. This study aimed to design and develop a miniature smart water management prototype that combines irrigation and floodwater systems featuring disaster preparedness that the country could implement. The study employed an operational research design to construct a scaled-down smart and autonomous water management system with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. The prototype featured contingency measures, irrigation control, and short message services (SMS) through ultrasonic sensors, a soil moisture sensor, and actuators. The results showed that the precision tests of ultrasonic sensors and the soil moisture sensor were precise between readings. All components were functional and in good condition. Acceptability and adaptability tests yielded a weighted mean of 4.07 and 4.13, respectively, translating high levels in each. Ultrasonic and soil moisture sensors have minimal variations in each reading, inferring reliability and consistency. Every constituent component is functional, and the prototype is highly acceptable in design. The prototype is capable of being adapted for modifications and upgrades to accommodate larger scales, suggesting implementation near areas experiencing agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters, whether triggered by natural or man-made hazards, frequently threaten libraries in the Philippines. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this research involved a detailed seven-part survey that was completed by 90 head librarians or officers-in-charge across the country. The findings indicate that many libraries have experienced disasters in the past decade. Despite this, most lack adequate preparedness, with 69 operating without a disaster management plan. This lack of preparedness is attributed to constraints such as limited finances and human resources, among others, along with a perception of low disaster risk. While most libraries have implemented basic emergency protocols, such as alarm systems and emergency kits, and some have insurance and updated emergency telephone trees, these measures fall short of the comprehensive requirements for effective disaster management. The study underscores the vital importance of disaster management plans, adequate equipment, sturdy library structures and strong library networks in disaster preparedness and management. It also calls for urgent action in policy enforcement, capacity building and further research to bolster the resilience of libraries against potential disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research sought to determine whether there was a direct relationship between muscle power, muscle endurance and emergency response times among young adults. While performance capability remains an essential component for emergency teams, this study showed how some physical fitness factors might alter initial emergency response time and lessen the effects of the disaster. Engagement in preparedness exercises, particularly those emphasizing physical activity, offers advantageous health outcomes and enhances disaster response efficacy. These improvements in readiness directly impact the overall outcomes of such disasters. The sample consisted of 21 students, comprising both male and female participants of the same age. Following the American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) Exercise Preparticipation Health Screening Questionnaire for Exercise Professionals, the participants were separated into two groups: the physically active group and the physically inactive group. The study's main objective was to determine whether muscle power and muscle endurance of the participants could influence their fire emergency response movement time to a safe location. Additionally, the study sought to find out whether physically active participants responded more quickly than physically inactive ones. The findings of this study indicate a relationship between emergency response time and measurements of muscle endurance and muscle power. Participants who were physically active had shorter movement time to safe location (p = 0.023), performed better on the standing broad jump test (p = 0.001), and muscle endurance test (p = 0.004). Although performance ability is a key component for emergency teams, this study demonstrated how some factors of physical fitness can affect initial emergency response time and help mitigate the effects of the disaster in young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given massive events, such as demonstrations in coastal cities exposed to tsunamigenic earthquakes, it is essential to explore pedestrian motion methods to help at-risk coastal communities and stakeholders understand the current issues they face to enhance disaster preparedness. This research targets SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities. It strengthens resilience in coastal areas by implementing a social force model using a microscopic agent-based model to assess the impact of human behaviour on evacuation performance by introducing evacuation stress levels due to a tsunami triggered in central Chile. Two scenarios with two environments and three crowd sizes are implemented in NetLogo. In Scenario 1, pedestrians walk at a relaxed velocity. In Scenario 2, tsunami evacuation stress is incorporated, resulting in pedestrians walking at a running velocity, taking, on average, four times less time to evacuate. We explored more realistic settings by considering the internal susceptibility of each agent to spread tsunami evacuation stress among other evacuees. Results from Scenario 2 show that internal susceptibility effects almost double the mean evacuation time for 200 agents. Findings suggest a trade-off between realism and the minimization of evacuation time. This research is considered a first step toward including stress in tsunami evacuations for sustainable evacuation planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to identify evacuation issues faced by psychiatric hospitals in Kagoshima Prefecture in the event of a disaster, to ensure patient safety, and to strengthen post-disaster response. 【Methods】 In cooperation with the Kagoshima Prefecture Psychiatric Hospital Association, an online survey was conducted to investigate the preparedness for and challenges of evacuation actions in hospitals. In addition, the location of hospitals was compared with hazard maps and nuclear disaster warning zones. 【Results】 A wide variation was found in the development and implementation of evacuation action plans. Notably, many hospitals were still considering or had not conducted evacuation drills. This finding highlights the lack of consistent planning and practices for ensuring safety and providing evacuation support during disasters. Furthermore, the need for expert support and cooperation was identified as a common need along with inherent challenges. 【Conclusion】 For psychiatric hospitals to improve their disaster response measures, they should support development of evacuation action plans, conduct evacuation drills, improve the specificity and consistency of evacuation support, and strengthen cooperation with specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Duty to care is both an integral concept in health care and a fundamental nursing obligation. But nurses' perceptions of duty to care can be moderated by their experiences in the practice setting. Research examining nurses' perceptions of their duty to care during the COVID-19 pandemic could shed light on how the pandemic is affecting the nursing workforce. Purpose: This study aimed to examine nurses' sense of duty to care during the early months of the pandemic, using the Nash Duty to Care Scale (NDCS), and to compare the high-scoring nurses with the low-scoring nurses. Methods: This quantitative study used a descriptive, cross-sectional design. It was conducted among licensed RNs enrolled at two accredited nursing programs in the Northeast region of the United States. Data were collected via a demographics questionnaire and the NDCS. A two-step cluster procedure was used to categorize participants into two groups: those with high perceived duty to care (HPDC) and those with low perceived duty to care (LPDC). Independent t tests were performed to compare NDCS results between the two groups. Results: Nearly two-thirds (61%) of the participants had total NDCS scores indicating an HPDC, while 39% had scores indicating an LPDC. Of the NDCS's four subscales, perceived obligation and perceived risk were the most important in separating participants into the low- and high-scoring groups. Conclusions: This study adds to the literature about the components that affected nurses' perceived duty to care and willingness to report to work during the early months of the pandemic. Just as nurses have a duty to care, health care organizations have an obligation to provide a safe working environment so that nurses can fulfill that duty without sacrificing personal safety. The study findings may guide health care leaders, systems, and organizations regarding how to create safer work environments that support the nurse's duty to care during disasters. This study aimed to examine nurses' sense of duty to care during the early months of the pandemic, using the Nash Duty to Care Scale, and to compare the high-scoring nurses with the low-scoring nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community awareness is a key component of disaster resilience and numerous agencies developed a plethora of preparedness materials. Previous studies evaluated national-level resources and social media content indicating that these efforts are not effectively reaching vulnerable populations, as the information is provided at or above the secondary education level. However, the local-specific content has been mostly overlooked in the analyses, subsequently neglecting the needs of areas with specific demographics and hazards, like predominantly Hispanic border communities. Thus, this study turns to local preparedness and mitigation materials, rather than general internet searches or national level documents. We analyze information provided on 239 webpages of local authorities in Cameron county in the southernmost tip of Texas. We evaluate: 1) the availability of languages and visual materials, 2) the reading difficulty level, and 3) the suitability of content. Our results demonstrate the lack of suitable and readable information provided on the local authorities' websites with the average readability level implying "difficult" to "very confusing", and the average suitability score equivalent to "below average/adequate". Moreover, the lack of Spanish-language content indicates an under-utilization of the otherwise vernacular language. We discuss those results in the socio-cultural context of the border community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency nurses are pivotal in disaster preparedness and first aid response, being the first healthcare providers on the scene during emergencies. Their ability to assess situations swiftly, triage patients effectively, and collaborate with other professionals ensures timely and efficient care. They also contribute significantly to disaster preparedness by participating in drills and training, and by assisting in developing and implementing emergency response plans. Natural catastrophes harmed about 2 billion people worldwide between 2008 and 2018. According to the World Health Organization, countries and governments must always have catastrophe preparations and emergency health experts on hand. This review article aimed to examine the current level of disaster preparedness among nurses, to analyze some of the factors influencing nurses' emergency preparedness and to define the roles of emergency nurses in both rapid first aid deployment and long-term disaster impact reduction. The data for this review paper are from published studies. Electronic databases of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: disaster preparedness, first aid response, emergency nurses, roles of nurses, and disaster response, and literature were retrieved and screened for eligibility. The date limit considered in the literature search was from 2018 to 2024 to capture only the variables identified in the study. The review revealed four issues which are (1) the Haddon Matrix Model, (2) current level of disaster preparedness among nurses, (3) roles of emergency nurses in disaster management, and (4) analyzing emergency preparedness and first aid impact of nurses in disasters. In conclusion, addressing these issues through targeted training, resource allocation, and policy implementation can enhance the overall preparedness of nurses in responding to disasters and improving outcomes for those affected. Ensuring that nurses are well-prepared, adequately trained, and equipped with the necessary resources, healthcare systems can better mitigate the impact of disasters and provide timely and effective care to those in need. This not only benefits the individuals directly affected by disasters but also strengthens the resilience of communities and healthcare systems as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of income among Filipino farmers and fisher folks caused by the pandemic resulted to food and nutrition insecurity in their respective households. Their low level of education limited their source of livelihood into small scale farming, fishing, or both thus also limiting their income and opportunity to find additional sources of income. Descriptive statistics was used alongside Smith’s Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to analyze the data and understand the respondents’ lived experiences. The pandemics negative effect to their source of livelihood prompted them to institute drastic coping mechanisms for survival. Despite the dire situation the respondents still possess a positive outlook in life and have shown their usual resiliency to disasters. Life lessons drawn from them aided in the formulation of personal and organizational development policies in the context of the province of Masbate, Philippines. Finally, the Smart Sirungan Framework for a Food and Nutrition Secure Future was created and presented for possible utilization and further studies.