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ABSTRACT Introduction. Assessment and management of pain in older adults can be challenging, with persistent pain prevalence ranging from 25% to 80%, especially in long-term care homes (LTCH), where most seniors are unable to verbalize their pain. This article describes the implementation of the Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) Assessment and Management of Pain (Third Edition) best practice guideline (BPG) in a LTCH in Toronto, Canada. Methodology. Using mixed descriptive study methodology, this 391-bed home housing older adults over 80 years implemented the Pain guideline using the knowledge-to-action framework and audit procedures to evaluate the impact of implementing this guideline. Key implementation activities included educating residents, families, and staff about pain while integrating validated pain screening and assessment tools into practice. A mixed methods approach of qualitative and quantitative data was utilized to monitor improvements in clinical and organizational outcomes. Results. The impact of implementing Pain BPG is: improved utilization of pain assessment and management tools, reduced incidence of worsening pain, improved pain scores and improved resident quality of life. The structured and integrated, evidence-based approaches to pain assessment and management reflected that long-term care residents don’t have to live with pain regularly, which leads to a better quality of life and resident/family satisfaction. Discussion. In conjunction with the structured approach of the knowledge-to-action framework and the Pain BPG, the LTCH utilized tailored approaches to meet the needs of their resident population. Recognizing the unique needs of seniors in a residential setting, organizational structural facilitators, and barriers and cultural needs, the LTCH developed multi-modal approaches based on a person and family-centred approach. This evidence-based and resident-focused approach was the key to the successful implementation and subsequent outcomes that were resultant. Conclusion. The systematic implementation of the RNAO pain BPG and the utilization of the knowledge-to-action framework was shown to improve resident outcomes, improve organizational processes and generate staff satisfaction. Participation and engagement of residents, their families and health professionals in the process was one of the greatest facilitators. Keywords: Practice Guidelines as Topic; Implementation Science; Long-Term Care; Nursing Homes; Frail Elderly; Pain Measurement; Pain Management; Quality Improvement RESUMEN Introducción. La evaluación y el tratamiento del dolor en los adultos mayores puede constituir un desafío, con una prevalencia de dolor persistente que oscila entre el 25 al 80%, especialmente en residencias de cuidados a largo plazo (LTCH por sus siglas en inglés), donde la mayoría de los ancianos son incapaces de verbalizar su dolor. Este artículo describe la aplicación de la guía de buenas prácticas (BPG por sus siglas en inglés) de la Asociación de Enfermeras Registradas de Ontario (RNAO por sus siglas en inglés) para la Evaluación y el Tratamiento del Dolor (Tercera Edición) en un centro de cuidados a largo plazo de Toronto, Canadá. Metodología. Utilizando una metodología de estudio descriptivo mixto, esta residencia de 391 camas que alberga a adultos mayores de 80 años implementó la guía sobre el dolor, utilizando el marco de conocimiento a la acción, al igual que procedimientos de auditoría, para evaluar el impacto de la implementación de la guía. Entre las actividades clave de la implementación se incluyeron la educación de los residentes, las familias y el personal sobre el dolor, así como la integración en la práctica de herramientas validadas de detección y evaluación del dolor. Se utilizó un enfoque metodológico mixto de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos para supervisar las mejoras en los resultados clínicos y organizativos. Resultados. El impacto de la implementación de la BPG sobre el dolor es: mejoría de la utilización de las herramientas de evaluación y manejo del dolor, reducción en la incidencia de empeoramiento del dolor, mejoría en puntuaciones del dolor, así como en la calidad de vida de los residentes. Los enfoques estructurados e integrados basados en la evidencia, dirigidos a la evaluación y manejo del dolor reflejaron que los residentes del LTCH no deben vivir con dolor habitualmente, lo que conduce a una mejor calidad de vida y satisfacción del residente y/o familia. Discusión. Junto con el enfoque estructurado del marco del conocimiento a la acción y la BPG del dolor, la residencia de cuidados a largo plazo utilizó enfoques adaptados para satisfacer las necesidades de su población residente. Reconocer las necesidades únicas de los mayores en un entorno residencial, los facilitadores estructurales organizativos y las Este enfoque basado en la evidencia y centrado en el residente fue la clave del éxito de la implantación y de los subsecuentes resultados obtenidos. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que la implantación sistemática de la BPG del dolor de la RNAO y la utilización del marco del conocimiento a la acción mejoraron los resultados de los residentes, los procesos organizativos y generaron mayor satisfacción en el personal. La participación y el compromiso de los residentes, sus familias y los profesionales de salud fue uno de los mayores facilitadores en el proceso. Palabras clave: Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto; Ciencia de la Implementación; Cuidados a Largo Plazo; Casas de Salud; Anciano Frágil; Dimensión del Dolor; Manejo del Dolor, Mejoramiento de la Calidad. RESUMO Introdução. A avaliação e o tratamento da dor em idosos podem ser desafiadores, com a prevalência de dor persistente variando de 25 a 80%, especialmente em hospitais de longa permanência (LTCH por suas siglas em inglês), onde a maioria dos idosos não consegue verbalizar sua dor. Este artigo descreve a aplicação do guia de boas práticas (BPG por suas siglas em inglês) da Associação de Enfermeiras Registradas de Ontário (RNAO por suas siglas em inglês) para Avaliação e Tratamento da Dor (Terceira Edição) em uma instituição de cuidados de longo prazo em Toronto, Canadá. Metodologia. Utilizando uma metodologia de estudo descritiva, essa casa com 391 leitos que acolhe idosos com mais de 80 anos de idade implementou o guía para o manejo da dor, utilizando a estrutura do conhecimento para a ação, bem como procedimentos de auditoria, para avaliar o impacto da implementação do guia. As principais atividades de implementação incluíram a educação dos residentes, famílias e funcionários sobre a dor, bem como a integração na prática de ferramentas validadas de detecção e avaliação da dor. Foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica mista de dados qualitativos e quantitativos para monitorar melhorias nos resultados clínicos e organizacionais. Resultados. O impacto da implementação do BPG para o manejo da dor é: melhoria na utilização de ferramentas de avaliação e manejo da dor, redução na incidência de piora da dor, melhora nos escores de dor, bem como na qualidade de vida dos residentes. Abordagens estruturadas e integradas baseadas em evidências, destinadas à avaliação e manejo da dor refletiram que os residentes do LTCH não devem conviver rotineiramente com a dor, levando à melhoria da qualidade de vida e à satisfação dos residentes e/ou familiares. Discussão. Juntamente com a abordagem articulada da estrutura do conhecimento para a ação e o BPG para o manejo da dor, a cassa de cuidados de longo prazo utilizou abordagens adaptadas para satisfazer as necesidades da sua população residente. O reconhecimento das necessidades únicas dos idosos num ambiente residencial, dos facilitadores estruturais organizacionais e das barreiras e necessidades culturais, permite que os LTCH desenvolvam abordagens multimodais, centradas na pessoa e na família. Esta abordagem baseada em evidências e centrada no residente foi a chave para o sucesso da implementação e os resultados subsequentes obtidos. Conclusões. Ficou evidente que a implementação sistemática do BPG para o manejo da dor da RNAO e o uso da estrutura do conhecimento para a ação melhoraram os resultados dos residentes e os processos organizacionais, e geraram maior satisfação do pessoal. A participação e o comprometimento dos residentes, seus familiares e profissionais de saúde foi um dos maiores facilitadores do processo. Palavras-chave: Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto; Ciência da Implementação; Assistência de Longa Duração; Casas de Saúde; Idoso Fragilizado; Medição da Dor; Manejo da Dor; Melhoria de Qualidade

RESUMEN Introducción. El dolor es definido por la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP, por su sigla en inglés) como una experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable. Por tanto, la función que cumple la enfermería en esta quinta constante vital es fundamental. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el nivel de conocimientos y actitudes de enfermeras profesionales y auxiliares respecto al dolor en una institución asistencial de tercer nivel de atención de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, con una muestra conformada por 162 participantes. Se utilizó el cuestionario Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain. Criterios de inclusión: enfermeras profesionales y auxiliares de enfermería con mínimo tres meses en el servicio; criterios de exclusión: estudiantes de enfermería y enfermeras con labores formativas y no clínicas. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue de 31 años, sexo femenino 86.4%, la media de años de experiencia en el servicio fue de 1.54 años. El porcentaje de respuestas correctas de conocimientos fue de 30.7% para enfermeras profesionales y 25.6% para auxiliares. Discusión. Aunque se han realizado a nivel internacional estudios que han evaluado el conocimiento y actitudes del dolor haciendo uso del mismo cuestionario, este estudio es el primero en Colombia que compara enfermeras y auxiliares, evidenciando mejores porcentajes de respuestas correctas y mayor número de preguntas con resultados clasificados como “satisfactorios”. Conclusiones. El nivel de conocimientos y actitudes respecto al dolor obtenidos de las enfermeras es mayor que en los auxiliares; sin embargo, se identificaron en ambas poblaciones debilidades específicas en estas áreas. Palabras clave: Conocimiento; Dolor; Enfermería; Manejo del Dolor; Dimensión del Dolor. ABSTRACT Introduction. Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Therefore, the role of nursing in this fifth vital constant is fundamental. The objective of this study was to describe the level of knowledge and attitudes of professional nurses and nursing assistants regarding pain in a tertiary health care institution in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methodology. A descriptive cross-sectional study, with a sample of 162 participants. The Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was used. Inclusion criteria: Professional nurses and assistants with at least three months in service. Exclusion criteria: Nursing students and nurses with formative and non-missional tasks. Results. The average age was 31 years, 86.4% female, and the average number of years of experience in service was 1.54 years. The percentage of correct answers in knowledge was 30.7% for professional nurses and 25.6% for assistants. Discussion. Although some international studies have evaluated knowledge and attitudes regarding pain using the same survey, this study is the first in Colombia that compares nurses and assistants, showing better percentages of correct answers and a greater number of questions with results classified as “satisfactory.” Conclusions. The level of knowledge and attitudes regarding pain obtained from the nurses is higher than that of assistants. However, specific weaknesses in these areas were identified in both populations. Keywords: Knowledge; Pain; Nursing; Pain Management; Pain Measurement. RESUMO Introdução. A dor é definida pela Associação Internacional para o Estudo da Dor (IASP, sigla em inglês) como uma experiencia sensorial e emocional desagradável. Portanto, o papel que a enfermagem desempenha neste quinto sinal vital é fundamental. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o nível de conhecimento e atitudes de enfermeiras e auxiliares em relação à dor em uma instituição de atendimento terciário de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo, transversal, com uma amostra de 162 participantes. Foi utilizado o questionário Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain. Critérios de inclusão: enfermeiras e auxiliares com no mínimo três meses no serviço. Critérios de exclusão: estudantes de enfermagem e enfermeiras com funções de formação e não missionárias. Resultados. A idade média foi de 31 anos, sexo feminino 86,4%, a média de anos de experiência no serviço foi de 1,54 anos. O percentual de respostas corretas de conhecimento foi de 30,7% para enfermeiras e 25,6% para auxiliares. Discussão. Embora tenham sido realizados estudos internacionais que avaliaram conhecimentos e atitudes sobre a dor usando o mesmo questionário, este estudo é o primeiro na Colômbia que compara enfermeiras e auxiliares, mostrando melhores percentuais de respostas corretas e maior número de perguntas com resultados classificados como “satisfatórios”. Conclusões. O nível de conhecimento e atitudes em relação à dor, obtido das enfermeiras é superior ao dos auxiliares. No entanto, foram identificadas fragilidades específicas nestas áreas em ambas as populações. Palavras-chave: Conhecimento; Dor; Enfermagem; Manejo da Dor; Medição da Dor.

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El dolor es el síntoma más temido de los enfermos de cáncer. Se manifiesta en un 30 % de ellos en el momento del diagnóstico y entre el 70 y el 80 % en las fases finales de la enfermedad. El tratamiento farmacológico, combinado con medidas no farmacológicas como la atención psicológica y social contribuyen a controlar el dolor crónico en estos pacientes hasta un 95 % de los casos. En el 5 % restante debe recurrirse a técnicas intervencionistas. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una actualización acerca de los elementos generales y del tratamiento del dolor en los pacientes con padecimientos oncológicos. Se realizó una revisión actualizada en las diferentes bases de datos relacionadas con el tema. El mejor sistema para un control adecuado del dolor en pacientes con padecimientos oncológicos será basarse en la escalera analgésica propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Pain is the most feared symptom in cancer patients. It manifests itself in 30 % of them at the time of diagnosis and between 70 and 80 % in the final stages of the disease. Pharmacological treatment, combined with non-pharmacological measures such as psychological and social care, contribute to controlling chronic pain in these patients in up to 95 % of cases. In the remaining 5 %, interventionist techniques must be used. The objective of this article is to make an update on the general elements and the treatment of pain in patients with cancer diseases. An updated review was carried out in the different databases on the subject. The best system for adequate pain control in patients with cancer conditions will be based on the analgesic ladder proposed by the World Health Organization.

Objective: pain is defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated or similar to that associated with actual or potential tissue damage." The aim was to describe the prevalence, evaluation, and management of pain in patients hospitalized in a high complexity institution. Methodology: longitudinal descriptive observational study. Adults hospitalized from an overly complex institution for three months were included; excluding patients with <48h of hospitalization, altered state of consciousness, extra-institutional dialysis or incomplete medical records to meet the objectives. The information analysis was conducted by applying descriptive methods. The analyzes were carried out in the statistical package SPSSv.26 (Inc, Chicago, IL). Results: 655 hospitalized patients who met eligibility criteria were included, with a mean age of 53.9 years. The median days of hospital stay was 5 (IQR, 2-8). The number of shots of pain in relation to the number of vital signs shots is 1: 4. The patients received between 2 and 6 different medications for pain control, with dipyrone being the most widely used (68.5%). At discharge, almost all of the patients had adequate pain control. Conclusions: a deficiency persists in the VAS measurements each time the vital signs of the hospitalized patient are taken. The implementation of the institutional policy "clinic that relieves pain" seeks to achieve adequate pain control during hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following scales: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised (FIQ-R), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS), were adapted to Spanish and validated for population with fibromyalgia syndrome. A total of 228 Mexican patients were cross evaluated. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed best fit models for each scale. The results concluded in a two-factor model for the FIQ-R, and one-factor for the ODI and for the PIPS. The differences between the original and the resulting models are discussed. The relevance of cultural and psychometric validation with current processes and adjusted methods for the type of variables are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Describir, mediante la literatura científica actualizada, los instrumentos y/o escalas utilizadas en la valoración del dolor agudo posquirúrgico en pediatría, para, de este modo, conocer las diversas metodologías con la finalidad de estadificar la gravedad y realizar un seguimiento de la respuesta a las intervenciones en niños en el período posoperatorio. Métodos: El presente trabajo es una investigación teórico-descriptiva de tipo documental. Como fuentes de información primarias se utilizaron artículos indexados. Las unidades de análisis fueron todos aquellos documentos encontrados en las bases de datos: MedPlus, ScienceDirect, SciELO y PubMed. Criterios de inclusión: estudios publicados desde el 2015 al 2021. Resultados: En la selección de artículos científicos, se incluyeron veintidós publicaciones de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión; se determina que la complejidad de la valoración del dolor tiene múltiples factores heterogéneos que influyen en el resultado del mismo. Por tal motivo, se debe tener especial cuidado con la elección correcta del método de evaluación del dolor agudo posquirúrgico en pediatría. Conclusiones: La valoración del dolor en pediatría es uno de los procedimientos más complejos a los que se enfrentan los profesionales de la salud. Por tal motivo, es imperativo el adecuado conocimiento de las herramientas disponibles para que su aplicación sea correcta y acertada. Los métodos actuales deben ser utilizados bajo determinantes específicos tomando en cuenta no solo la edad y el desarrollo cognitivo del paciente, sino también su entorno emocional, socioeconómico y variables fáciles de determinar, como las fisiológicas y de comportamiento.

Introduction: The pain prevalence in hospitalized infants and preschool children has not been accurately identified in high-income countries, and in low and medium-income countries it has not been extensively studied. The assessment instruments are limited. Objective: To describe the prevalence and management of pain in infants and preschool children during the first 24 hours of hospitalization in a third level institution in Colombia, using the LLANTO scale. Methods: An observational study was conducted during the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Demographic information was recorded, pain was assessed at admission, after 4, and 24 hours using the LLANTO scale. Pharmacological therapy was also documented. Results: 250 children between one month and 5 years old were studied. The pain prevalence at admission was 12 %. The pain prevalence per subgroups was higher among the surgical patients, as compared to the clinical patients (35.9 % vs. 7.6 %). The pharmacological analysis revealed that 70.8 % of patients received treatment; the most widely used medications were oral acetaminophen and intravenous dipyrone. Conclusions: Pain prevalence was lower than the levels described for the general pediatric population. This result may be due to the sensitivity of the LLANTO instrument, or to a particular pain behavior. Further studies are needed to identify the sensitivity of the assessment instruments in early life and to accurately investigate any associated phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Hospital a Domicilio is the property of Centro Internacional Virtual de Investigacion en Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Fabry (EF) es una enfermedad genética, causada por el déficit de la enzima alfa galactosidasa A (?-Gal A), lo que provoca la acumulación de glicoesfingolípidos en los tejidos. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son variables. Estudios en mujeres heterocigotas reportan la existencia de dolor neuropático como manifestación de neuropatía de fibra pequeña. OBJETIVO: Determinar la presencia de neuropatía de fibra pequeña en mujeres heterocigotas para la EF, mediante la prueba cuantitativa sensorial. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 33 mujeres heterocigotas para EF y 33 mujeres sanas, con características demográficas similares. A todas se les aplicó la prueba cuantitativa sensorial (Quantitative Sensory Testing por medio de la detección de umbrales de frío (Colà Detection Threshold), calor (Warm Detection Threshold), dolor inducido por calor (Heat-pain Detection Thresholds) y vibración (Vibratory Detection Threshold) en los miembros superior e inferior, utilizando un sistema asistido por computador versión IV (CASE IV, WR Medical Electronics Co., Stillwater, MN). Adicionalmente, al grupo de mujeres heterocigotas para EF, se le evaluó la percepción subjetiva de dolor neuropàtico mediante el cuestionario de síntomas sensitivos neuropáticos positivos (Positive Neuropathic Sensory Symptom). Los resultados de la prueba cuantitativa sensorial se compararon entre los grupos. También se estableció la correlación entre la prueba cuantitativa sensorial y los resultados del cuestionario de síntomas sensitivos neuropáticos positivos. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las pruebas de vibración (p = 0,008), calor (p = 0,017) y dolor inducido por calor (p = 0,04) en el miembro inferior en las mujeres heterocigotas para EF, comparado con el grupo control. Se encontró una correlación inversa estadísticamente significativa entre la intensidad del dolor quemante y el dolor inducido por calor en el miembro inferior (p = 0,018, r = -0,48) y entre la intensidad del dolor al ser rozado o tocado y el dolor inducido por calor en el miembro inferior (p = 0,006, r = -0,49). CONCLUSIÓN: En las mujeres heterocigotas para EF, las pruebas objetivas para establecer la presencia de neuropatía de fibra pequeña son anormales en miembros inferiores y se correlacionan con los síntomas sensitivos.

Copyright of Enfermagem Brasil is the property of Atlantica Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El dolor crónico constituye un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, se estima que afecta alrededor del 20% de la población. Cada vez hay más evidencia de que el modelo de atención a estos pacientes es a través de equipos interdisciplinarios, con énfasis en la comunicación entre las diferentes disciplinas, y la construcción de una mirada conjunta del paciente. La Unidad Interdisciplinaria de Dolor del Hospital Maciel - Banco de Seguros del Estado es la puesta en práctica de un modelo biopsicosocial de atención al dolor crónico, donde el objetivo terapéutico es la rehabilitación integral de la persona. En este artículo se describe la población asistida en los primeros siete meses de trabajo en el Banco de Seguros del Estado, la evaluación integral que realiza el equipo y los resultados más relevantes, así como la construcción del plan terapéutico individualizado. La lumbalgia crónica poscirugía fue el cuadro clínico más frecuente. De la evaluación integral se destaca la interferencia del dolor con las actividades básicas de la vida diaria en 90%, alteraciones del sueño en 60% y el diagnóstico de depresión en el 40% de la población asistida. Se detallan las intervenciones realizadas en los tres pilares terapéuticos: farmacológico, rehabilitación física y abordaje psicoterapéutico, con el objetivo definido de la rehabilitación de la persona y su reintegro al trabajo.

Objective: to understand the complexity of the assessment and management of chronic oncologic pain in hospitalized children. Method: qualitative study based on Complexity Theory and Grounded Theory. A total of 21 health professionals participated in the research. Semi-structured interview and non-participant observation were used to collect the data. The analysis followed the coding steps. Result: the pain assessment performed by professionals is based on the relative's report, the child's report and the observation of the child's behavior. Analog color scale, face scale and numerical scale were used. Pharmacological analgesia is the medical prescription; and, in non-pharmacological, ludic aspects, conversation, massage, bathing, warm or cold compress and comfort promotion are performed. Conclusion: the assessment and management process of chronic oncologic pain in hospitalized children requires that health professionals have technical and scientific preparation to deal with objective and subjective aspects that involve this care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: los receptores nicotínicos de acetilcolina (nAChR) en el estudio y entendimiento del dolor se han evaluado ampliamente en las últimas dos décadas. Se consideran piezas importantes para el desarrollo de analgésicos. Objetivo: identificar conceptos y avances acerca de los nAChR y su papel en la modulación del dolor. Metodología: se realizó búsqueda en PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scielo, OvidSP, EBSCOhost y en la Biblioteca Cochrane (incluyendo la base de datos Cochrane de revisiones sistemáticas y Cochrane controlled trials register). También en las plataformas de las Revistas JAMA, Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine y Anesthesiology. Las búsquedas se limitaron a los idiomas inglés y español, así como documentos publicados entre 1970 y 2015. Resultados: los nAChR son canales iónicos transmisores que constan de diferentes subtipos, cada uno de los cuales tiene una farmacología y fisiología específica, con diferente distribución anatómica en el cerebro. No se limitan solo a sitios postsinápticos, también se localizan a nivel pre, peri y extrasinápticos donde pueden modular la función neuronal por una variedad de acciones. Los nAChR neuronales difieren de los nAChR periféricos, ya que no tienen las subunidades γ, δ, ε o, en su confección y constan de varios complementos de α2–α9 y subunidades β2–β4. Actualmente, seis α (α2-α7) y tres β (β2-β4) subunidades se han identificado y clonado a partir de cerebro humano. Los nAChRs son interesantes para develar los mecanismos inherentes al dolor y desarrollar nuevos analgésicos. Los ligandos a nAChR α4β2 siguen siendo la estrategia más atractiva para explicar el dolor neuropático e inflamatorio. Subunidades nicotínicas α5 reducen los estados de dolor e inflamación sobre todo neuropática. La activación central y periférica del nAChR α7, reduce la nocicepción y el dolor inflamatorio agudo. Conclusión: se observan avances en el conocimiento de los nAChR en los mecanismos del dolor. Amplios estudios se realizan a nivel preclínico para desarrollar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas y antiinflamatorias. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2015;6(1):118-129

Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad de la sacarosa oral como tratamiento no farmacológico del dolor en los recién nacidos prematuros y a término. Como secundarios; evaluar si el método de recogida de saliva es útil para obtener determinaciones de cortisol, e identificar la relación entre el cortisol salival y una medida de comportamiento del dolor. Metodología: Ensayo Clínico sin medicamento de triple ciego con asignación aleatoria. Población:101 recién nacidos a partir de las 31 semanas de gestación. Administración de sacarosa oral según protocolo (27-31 sg: 0.1 ml, 32-36 sg: 0.5 ml, >37 sg: 1ml) dos minutos antes de la punción del talón para el cribado metabólico en el grupo intervención. Valoración del dolor mediante la escala Newborn Infant Pain Scale (modificada ad hoc) 10 minutos antes, durante y 10 minutos después del procedimiento. Recogida de saliva para determinación de cortisol pre y un minuto post punción. Resultados: El 19.6% de recién nacidos del grupo intervención tuvieron manifestaciones de dolor moderado frente al 31.4% del grupo control (p7 puntos) frente el 11.7% de los controles (p37 w: 1ml) was provided two minutes before heel prick performed for neonatal metabolic screening. Pain was evaluated by the Newborn Infant Pain Scale (ad hoc modified) and a salivary sample was collected using a salivary swab before and one minute after heel prick. Results: 19’6% of the newborns in the intervention group shown manifestations of moderated pain compared to the 31.4% in control group (p7 points) were registered, compared to 11.7% in the control group (p

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Introduction: Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is an effective procedure to relieve joint pain and to provide functional improvement in patients. Objective: Based on the outcomes and indicators from the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), this study aims to create conceptual and operational definitions to assess pain in patients undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty. Materials and Methods: Consensus study among experts. Definitions were based on literature review and author experience. Complete agreement was found on instrument content in relation to the conceptual and operational definitions from nursing outcomes. Results: The nursing outcome 'pain level' was selected which had eleven indicators, being notable the self-reported pain, duration of pain episodes, facial expressions of pain, agitation, irritability, muscle contraction, diaphoresis, nausea, respiratory rate, heart rate at the radial point and blood pressure. Discussion and conclusions: The selection of this outcome and its indicators as well as the creation of definitions might benefit the NOC application in a more reliable manner over that population, apart from improving assistance and helping adjust this classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review proposes to reflect on the role that emotions play in relation to an unpleasant experience for the human being called pain. The painful stimulus causes situations of disability to a greater or lesser extent, depending on how it is evaluated and addressed, leading to emotional and cognitive alterations that generate a lower quality of life in the person/patient, from functional, psychological, occupational and social aspects. A bibliographic review is carried out, which allows the health professional to reflect on the integral management of the patient who consults for a symptom, that, if not managed properly, will trigger a painful syndrome that interferes and threatens its existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to assess analgesia effectiveness and agreement between the Numerical and Faces scales in trauma patients in the emergency department. Method: a cross-sectional study with 173 patients performed from February 2013 to September 2014. Pain was assessed on admission and one hour after analgesia by using the Numerical and Faces scales. To compare pain before and after analgesia, the Spearman Correlation Coefficient was used and. To analyze agreement between the scales, Kappa Index was used. Results: on admission, most patients reported moderate and severe pain. There was pain relief, but 36.0% of patients remained with mild pain and 33.7% moderate pain, requiring analgesic supplementation. Agreement between the scales was considerable before analgesia (Kappa = 0.31, p-value <0.0001) and moderate after (Kappa = 0.56, p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: the majority of patients obtained pain relief after analgesia, and there was agreement between the scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: evaluar la adaptación cultural y encontrar evidencias de validez del instrumento tarjetas de cualidad del dolor (ITCD). Materiales y método: estudio metodológico y de validación de pruebas, que para la adaptación y validación de contenido realizó la traducción, retrotraducción, panel de expertos, revisión por niños en edad escolar y prueba piloto del ITCD. Además, se evaluó la validez de criterio externo con 90 niños en edad escolar hospitalizados y con heridas. La investigación fue realizada entre enero y febrero del 2015. Resultados: el instrumento fue traducido y retrotraducido a español y a portugués, respectivamente. En la evaluación del panel de expertos fue establecido un índice de validez de contenido de 0,92. En la revisión realizada por los niños se efectuaron cambios a los descriptores de siete tarjetas según sus sugerencias. El estudio piloto, mostró que 17 tarjetas presentaron claridad semántica para más del 90% de los niños. En cuanto a las evidencias basadas en el criterio externo, las variables diagnóstico médico, tipo de herida, infección de la herida e intensidad del dolor mostraron resultados significativos (p

AbstractOBJECTIVECorrelating two unidimensional scales for measurement of self-reported pain intensity for elderly and identifying a preference for one of the scales.METHODA study conducted with 101 elderly people living in Nursing Home who reported any pain and reached ( 13 the scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination. A Numeric Rating Scale - (NRS) of 11 points and a Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS) of five points were compared in three evaluations: overall, at rest and during movement.RESULTSWomen were more representative (61.4%) and the average age was 77.0±9.1 years. NRS was completed by 94.8% of the elderly while VDS by 100%. The association between the mean scores of NRS with the categories of VDS was significant, indicating convergent validity and a similar metric between the scales.CONCLUSIONPain measurements among institutionalized elderly can be made by NRS and VDS; however, the preferred scale for the elderly was the VDS, regardless of gender.

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Objective: Evaluate cultural adaptation and find evidence of the validity of pain quality cards as a tool. Materials and method: This is a methodological study with test validation. Translation, retranslation, a panel of experts, a review by school-age children, and a pilot test of pain quality cards were used to adapt and validate the content. Moreover, the validity of the external criterion was evaluated with ninety school-aged children who were hospitalized and had wounds or injuries. This research was conducted between January and February 2015. Results: The tool was translated into Spanish then retranslated into Portuguese. The evaluation by the panel of experts established a content validity index of 0.92. In response to the review carried out by the children, changes were made to the descriptors of seven cards, according to their suggestions. The pilot study showed seventeen cards had semantic clarity for more than 90% of children. Regarding the evidence based on the external criterion, the variables of medical diagnosis, wound type, wound infection and pain intensity showed significant results (p <0.05). Conclusions: The pain quality cards were culturally adapted and showed evidence of validity based on content and the external criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVES: to measure the pain intensity, identify the disability and depression levels in people with chronic back pain and to correlate these variables. A cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study was undertaken at the Pain Treatment Clinic of the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Hospital das Clínicas, between February and June 2012, after receiving approval from the Ethics Committee at the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing.METHOD: sixty subjects with chronic back pain participated. The instruments used were: the 11-point Numerical Category Scale, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. To analyze the data, the arithmetic means, standard deviations and Spearman's correlation coefficient were calculated.RESULTS: the findings show that the participants presented high pain, disability and depression levels. The correlation between pain intensity and disability and between pain intensity and depression was positive and weak and, between disability and depression, positive and moderate.CONCLUSION: the study variables showed moderate and weak indices and the mutual correlations were positive.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the prevalence and intensity of chronic pain among elderly people of the community and to analyze associations with the self-perceived health status.METHOD: cross-sectional study with a populational sample (n=934), conducted through household interviews in the city of Goiânia, Brazil. The intensity of chronic pain (existing for 6 months or more) was measured using a numerical scale (0-10) and the self-perceived health through a verbal scale (very good, good, fair, poor, very poor). For the statistical analysis, the absolute frequency and percentage, CI (95%), Chi-square test, Odds ratio, and regression analysis were used. Significance of 5%.RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic pain was 52.8% [CI (95%):49.4-56.1]; most frequently located in the lower limbs (34.5%) and lumbar region (29.5%); with high or the worst possible intensity for 54.6% of the elderly people. The occurrence of chronic pain was associated with (p

Objective: To translate and culturally adapt to Brazil the scale Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia(PAINAD).Method: The cultural adaptation process followed the methodology of a theorical reference, in five steps: translation to Brazilian Portuguese, consensual version of translations, back-translation to the original language, revision by a committee of specialists in the field and a equivalency pre-test. The instrument was assessed and applied by 27 health professionals in the last step. Results: The Escala de Avaliação de Dor em Demência Avançada was culturally adapted to Brazil and presented semantic equivalency to the original, besides clarity, applicability and easy comprehension of the instrument items. Conclusion: This process secured the psychometric properties as the reliability and content validity of the referred scale.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a intensidade da dor em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgias ortopédicas; verificar associação entre alterações fisiológicas e dor pós-operatória e descrever a analgesia utilizada. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo em um hospital público de ensino. Avaliou 134 pacientes do pós-operatório imediato ao 2º pós-operatório. Utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para análise. Resultados: Dos pacientes avaliados 109 (81,3%) realizaram procedimentos cirúrgicos em membros inferiores. O relato de dor aumentou no 2º PO (18/75%), sendo a dor leve a prevalente. Não houve associação significativa entre dor e alterações fisiológicas. A alteração fisiológica mais frequente foi a palidez cutânea (POI: 57/42,5%, 1º PO: 22/41,5% e 2º PO: 11/45,8%). Houve prevalência da administração conjunta de analgésicos simples, anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e opioides. Conclusão: A dor esteve presente na maioria dos pacientes, com predomínio de dor leve, e não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre alterações fisiológicas e dor pós-operatória. O esquema analgésico adotado mostrou-se eficaz no controle da dor pós-operatória.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the intensity and site of pain after Cardiac Surgery through sternotomy during rest and while performing five activities. METHOD: descriptive study with a prospective cohort design. A total of 48 individuals participated in the study. A Multidimensional Scale for Pain Assessment was used. RESULTS: postoperative pain from cardiac surgery was moderate during rest and decreased over time. Pain was also moderate during activities performed on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days and decreased from the 3rd postoperative day, with the exception of coughing, which diminished only on the 6th postoperative day. Coughing, turning over, deep breathing and rest are presented in decreased order of intensity. The region of the sternum was the most frequently reported site of pain. CONCLUSION: the assessment of pain in the individuals who underwent cardiac surgery during rest and during activities is extremely important to adapt management and avoid postoperative complications and delayed surgical recovery.

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Objective: Verify the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Brief Pain Inventory in persons with chronic kidney disease who are undergoing hemodialysis. Method: This is a methodological study. The selected sample is comprised of 171 persons with chronic kidney disease who experience pain for at least 24 hours and are undergoing hemodialysis at two clinics in Lisbon, Portugal. The data were collected between May and June 2015. The psychometric properties that were evaluated include validity (construct, convergent and discriminant), reliability (Cronbach's α) and stability (test-retest). Results: Information was obtained that adequately supports a bi-factor structure (pain interference and degree of pain severity), with reliability (α = 0.90 and α = 0.80, respectively) and stability. The measures registered correlate positively with the negative effect, and negatively, with measures of quality of life, which support concurrent validity. The existence of support for predictive validity was verified. Conclusions: The "pain severity" and "pain interference" measures obtained with the Brief Pain Inventory are valid and reproducible in persons with chronic kidney disease who experienced pain during the 24 hours before the questionnaire was used and the interview was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Different factors may be associated with the genesis and maintenance of pain symptoms in trauma. the underevaluation and undertreatment of acute pain in emergency units have called in an unqualified care, increasing morbidity and length of hospital stay. the objective of this investigation was to determine the factors associated with the level of pain on admission and at discharge in trauma. Methodology: Cross-sectional study with 92 trauma victims treated at an emergency unit in southern brazil. the intensity and location of pain were assessed, respectively, through the numerical pain scale and body diagram. data were analyzed with the aid of non-parametric statistics. Results: The results showed that were associated with more severe pain on admission or discharge characteristics like being male, younger age, non-white skin color, companion presence, burn-like lesions, presence of drug prescription, analgesic administration intravenously and longer than 30 minutes for pain relief with pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: The imposition of protocols or algorithms of measurement and treatment of pain by health professionals in emergency units should consider these characteristics in order to provide a resolutive and quality care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estudo de intervenção em serviço desenvolvido em um hospital especializado em cardiologia de Porto Alegre, RS, com o objetivo de avaliar a implementação da escala de dor para pacientes de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas: pré-teste sobre dor, treinamento com aula expositiva para a equipe de enfermagem, reaplicação do pré-teste em 30 e 60 dias. O teste continha dez questões com peso um para cada questão. Escores ≥7 foram determinantes para considerar o conhecimento satisfatório para uso da escala de dor. A amostra foi constituída por 57 profissionais de enfermagem. Os escores variaram de 6,12 ± 1,65 no pré-teste para 7,73 ± 1,05 e 8,18 ± 0,99 após 30 e 60 dias, respectivamente (p

Neste estudo analisou-se o efeito do Treinamento e uso de Ficha de Avaliação Sistematizada para controle da dor após cirurgia cardíaca, sobre a intensidade da dor e o consumo de morfina suplementar. Três grupos de pacientes foram submetidos a um ensaio clínico não randomizado com prescrição analgésica padronizada. No Grupo I, a equipe de enfermagem não recebeu treinamento sobre avaliação e manejo da dor e cuidou dos doentes conforme a rotina da instituição. Nos grupos II e III, toda a equipe foi treinada. A equipe de enfermagem do grupo II utilizou a Ficha Sistematizada sobre Dor, e a do grupo III não a utilizou. O grupo II apresentou dor menos intensa e maior uso de morfina suplementar. O treinamento associado à Ficha de Avaliação aumentou a chance de identificar a dor e influenciou o processo de decisão do enfermeiro na administração de morfina, favorecendo o alívio da dor dos pacientes.

The study objectives were to characterize the profile of the doctors and nurses caring for patients in the craniotomy postoperative period, checking pain assessment methods and to identify the existence of analgesia protocols. Cross-sectional and analytical study. The casuistry is constituted of 30 doctors and 30 nurses. The results revealed that 83.3 % of the nurses were female, 63.3% knew pain scales, and 16.6% said that analgesia protocols exist. Regarding doctors 60% were male, 70% knew the pain scales, 3.3% had specialization in pain treatment, 13.3% they stated that there are analgesia protocols. The ignorance on the part of doctors and nurses about the assessment scales and pain assessment methods reveals the need for the creation of institutional policies on controlling pain, the use of instruments for the measurement of the pain phenomenon and analgesia protocols in the institution.OBJETIVOS: caracterizar el perfil de los médicos y enfermeros que cuidan a pacientes en postoperatorio de craniotomia, verificar métodos de evaluación del dolor e identificar la existencia de protocolos de analgesia. MÉTODO: estudio transversal y analítico. La casuística se constituye por 30 médicos y 30 enfermeros. RESULTADOS: 83,3% de los enfermeros eran del sexo femenino, 63,3% conocían escalas de dolor, y 16,6% afirmaron existir protocolos de analgesia. En cuanto a los médicos 60% eran del sexo masculino, 70% conocían las escalas de dolor, 3,3% poseía especialización en tratamiento del dolor, 13,3% afirmaron existir protocolos de analgesia. CONCLUSIÓN: el desconocimiento de los médicos y enfermeros a respeto de las escalas de evaluación y métodos de evaluación del dolor revela la necesidad de la creación de políticas institucionales sobre el control del dolor, uso de instrumentos de mensuración del fenómeno doloroso y protocolos de analgesia en la institución.OBJETIVOS: caracterizar o perfil dos médicos e enfermeiros que cuidam de pacientes em pós-operatório de craniotomia, verificar métodos de avaliação da dor e identificar a existência de protocolos de analgesia. MÉTODO: este é um estudo transversal e analítico. A casuística constitui-se por 30 médicos e 30 enfermeiros. RESULTADOS: 83,3% dos enfermeiros era composto por mulheres, 63,3% conheciam escalas de dor e 16,6% afirmaram existir protocolos de analgesia. Quanto aos médicos, 60% pertenciam ao sexo masculino, 70% conheciam as escalas de dor, 3,3% possuíam especialização em tratamento da dor, 13,3% afirmaram existir protocolos de analgesia. CONCLUSÃO: o desconhecimento dos médicos e enfermeiros a respeito das escalas de avaliação e métodos de avaliação da dor revela a necessidade da criação de políticas institucionais sobre o controle da dor, uso de instrumentos de mensuração do fenômeno doloroso e protocolos de analgesia na instituição.

Objetivo: comprobar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión portuguesa del Brief Pain Inventory, en personas con enfermedad renal crónica sometidas a hemodiálisis. Método: estudio metodológico. La muestra seleccionada está compuesta por 171 personas con enfermedad renal crónica que presentan dolor durante al menos 24 horas y realizan hemodiálisis en dos clínicas de la región de Lisboa, Portugal. Los datos se recogieron entre mayo y junio del 2015. Se evaluaron las siguientes propiedades psicométricas: validez (constructo, convergente y discriminante), confiabilidad (α de Cronbach) y estabilidad (test-retest). Resultados: se obtuvo información que apoya adecuadamente una estructura bifactorial (interferencia del dolor y grado de severidad del dolor), con confiabilidad (α = 0,90 y α = 0,80, respectivamente) y estabilidad. Las medidas registradas están correlacionadas de forma positiva con el afecto negativo, y de forma negativa, con las medidas de calidad de vida, que sustentan la validez concurrente. Se comprobó la existencia de apoyo para la validez predictiva. Conclusiones: las medidas del “grado de severidad del dolor” e “interferencia del dolor” que se obtuvieron a través del Brief Pain Inventory son válidas y reproducibles en personas con enfermedad renal crónica que presentaron dolor en las últimas 24 horas, cuando se utiliza el cuestionario y la entrevista. doi: 10.5294/aqui.2017.17.1.5

O estudo teve como objetivos verificar a ocorrência de cefaleia como a principal dor e caracterizar essa experiência e o prejuízo causado por ela nas atividades cotidianas de estudantes universitárias de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado na Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil, de maio a junho de 2008, com 203 estudantes, (idade média de 21 anos; d.p.=1,8), 48,5% da classe econômica A. A cefaleia foi a principal dor para 34,5% das universitárias; de forte intensidade; descrita como latejante (74,3%), pontada (62,9%) e enjoada (55,7%); com episódios à tarde (52,9%), com duração de algumas horas do dia (51,4%). Os fatores relacionados ao início da dor foram: os estudos (17,1%) e o estresse (11,4 %) e as atividades mais prejudicadas: a capacidade de concentração (84,3%) e o humor (84,3%) (p

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar e descrever, sob o enfoque de gênero, as associações entre o sexo e as variáveis específicas da dor pós-operatória em pediatria. Corte transversal com 77 crianças, com idades entre seis e 13 anos (M=9 anos; dp=2,2 anos), ASA I e II, 77,9% pertencentes às classes socioeconômicas C e D, 68,8% meninos e 32,8% meninas. Os dados foram coletados no primeiro dia pós-operatório, por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada e quatro escalas de medida. As principais doenças de base foram adenoamigdalite e fraturas. A prevalência de dor foi de 91,7% para meninas e 75,5% para meninos (p>0,05). Não houve associação entre intensidade de dor e sexo; as palavras mais utilizadas para descrever a dor foram corta e aperta. A escala preferida foi a Escala de Faces do Cebolinha e da Mônica. O manejo da dor em pediatria ainda é inadequado e o gênero pode influenciar na resposta dor.

Avaliou-se a intensidade da sensação dolorosa e o comportamento, durante o trabalho de parto e parto, entre mulheres que tiveram parto normal, sem analgesia, nas posições semi-sentada, decúbito lateral esquerdo e litotomia. O estudo foi descritivo, transversal e correlacional. Foram usados um questionário validado que avalia dor e comportamento durante o trabalho de parto e parto, segundo a perspectiva da mulher, e duas escalas de dor: uma analógica e outra alfanumérica. Observou-se que a dor entre as mulheres que pariram em litotomia foi significativamente menor em comparação com decúbito lateral esquerdo (p=0,003), embora a posição tenha sido escolhida pela mulher. Houve associação entre dor e comportamento. A dor no trabalho de parto e parto estavam associadas entre si, assim como o comportamento nesses dois momentos. Os resultados indicam uma associação entre posição no parto e sensação dolorosa, mas não foi possível identificar fatores explicativos, sendo necessário desenvolver estudos longitudinais.

O objetivo do estudo é analisar as alterações nos sinais vitais de pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas, mediante intensidade de dor referida. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, que utilizou o método de análise quantitativa na investigação de 38 pacientes submetidos à primeira renovação de curativos. A análise dos dados, mensurados antes e após a realização do procedimento de enfermagem, indicaram que a manifestação da dor ocorreu em diferentes classificações. As principais alterações nos sinais vitais ocorreram na pressão arterial. Concluiu-se que a intensidade dolorosa mantém relações com os resultados dos sinais vitais e o cuidado prestado é imprescindível ao restabelecimento do estado de saúde do paciente no pós-operatório.