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The International Communication, Part 1 section of the Proceedings contains the following 9 papers: "Chilean Conversations: On-line Forum Participants Discuss the Detention of Augusto Pinochet" (Eliza Tanner); "Media of the World and World of the Media: A Crossnational Study of the Ranking of the 'Top 10 World Events' from 1988 to 1998" (Zixue Tai); "Is the System Down? The Internet and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" (Dane S. Claussen); "Professionalism and African Values at 'The Daily Nation' in Kenya" (Carol Pauli); "Refining the Participatory Approach to Development Communication through the Public Relations Excellence Model" (Dan Berkowitz and Nancy Muturi); "National Interest and Coverage of U.S.-China Relations: A Content Analysis of 'The New York Times'&'People's Daily' 1987-1996" (Xigen Li); "Worthy Versus Unworthy Victims in Bosnia and Croatia, 1991 to 1995: Propaganda Model Application to War Coverage in Two Elite Newspapers" (Lawrence A. [Luther] Di Giovanni); "'Interactive' Online Journalism at English-Language Web Newspapers in Asia: A Dependency-Theory Analysis (Brian L. Massey and Mark R. Levy); and "Praising, Bashing, Passing: Newsmagazine Coverage of Japan, 1965-1994" (Anne Cooper-Chen). (RS)

This paper begins by providing a thorough history and review of the diffusion of innovations research tradition. It then focuses on undesirable, indirect, and unanticipated consequences of innovations based on the dominant paradigm of development. In the case of high-input agriculture, the consequences have affected the quality of the environment and the food supply; they have also damaged the credibility of change agents and detracted from the ability of conventional farmers to adapt to sustainable farming practices. The paper suggests that the diffusion of innovations like sustainable agriculture be based on an alternative paradigm of development and a communication-centered model of research. Contains 40 references. (Author/NKA)

The international communications section of the Proceedings contains the following 14 papers: "Spinning Stories: Latin America and the World Wide Web" (Eliza Tanner); "Private-Enterprise Broadcasting and Accelerating Dependency: Case Studies from Nigeria and Uganda" (Folu Folarin Ogundimu); "The Transitional Media System of Post-Communist Bulgaria" (Ekaterina Ognianova); "Comparing Canadian and U.S. Press Coverage of the Gulf Crisis: The Effects of Ideology in an International Context" (James E. Mollenkopf and Nancy Brendlinger); "Privatization in Indian Telecommunications: A Pragmatic Solution to Socialist Inertia" (Divya C. McMillin); "'Caribscope'--A Forum for Development News?" (Lisa A. McClean); "Ideology and Market: The Political Economy of Russian Media Industry" (Soobum Lee); "The Construction of Cuba in 'The New York Times' and 'The Washington Post'" (William M. Kunz and Alan G. Stavitsky); "Globalization of Mass Communications in the West and East Asia: Towards a New East Asian Model of Mass Communications" (Min Soo Kim); "Agenda Setting in Japan: A Framework for Studying the Media and Politics" (Beverly Horvit); "Japanese and American Coverage of the 50th Anniversary of World War II: Different Stories for Different Audiences" (Koji Fuse and James E. Mueller); "David and Godzilla: Anti-Semitism and 'Seppuku' in Japanese Publishing" (Tom Brislin); "Burma or Myanmar? Determinants of Country-Name Usage by International Newspapers and News Agencies" (Carolyn J. Davis); and "The Impact of Cultural and Market Distance on International Advertising: A Content Analysis of Ad Appeals in Ads from US, Japan and Korea" (Yoo-Kyung Kim and Hao-chieh Chang). Individual papers contain references. (RS)

More specifically than the general concept of "development," the use of entertainment media as a tool for social intervention implies the purposive utilization of the mass media to engineer specific changes in knowledge, attitudes, or practice. Thus, this type of use of the entertainment media is inseparable from the notion of "what ought to be done" to attain a certain goal. Calls for the development of ethical codes for the electronic media have become more strident given the increased role entertainment television has been playing in the diffusion of information and knowledge. Ethical concerns are equally justifiable when the globalization of prosocial television practices is considered. Pro-social television is an important genre in education-entertainment practices--it merges positive attributes of entertainment with the systematics of education. It is possible to create a more textured ethical framework--one that recognizes the "deontological" (process) and "teleological" (consequence) issues associated with conceptualization, production, distribution, and consequences of entertainment-education materials developed to promote and support change. H. Nariman provides diverse guidelines which raise deontological and teleological issues. Also, borrowing from the more developed field of ethics as it applies to the press is possible. Many of the ethical principles that influence the practice of contemporary journalism are derived from ideas developed during the Age of Enlightenment, a fertile period in the evolution of human thought. Ethics and prosocial television in general continues to be a relatively neglected field of inquiry. (Contains 16 references.) (NKA)

A study examined the ways in which the staffs of communication units in agricultural extension agencies in Malaysia select media to transfer knowledge to their clients. A survey method of data collection was employed, whereby 95 staff of communication units from 11 development agencies were asked to respond to self-administered questionnaires. Mostly closed-ended questions and ratings of items for frequency and applicability on a scale of 1 to 7 were employed. Results indicated that: (1) respondents regarded actual objects as best in knowledge transfer activities, followed by media that conveyed reality with a high degree of fidelity; (2) the media for instruction were considered somewhat different from media for campaigns; and (3) audience characteristics, purpose of communication, audience media preference, and time given to complete the media were the selection elements (in descending order) considered important in the media selection process. (Contains 22 references and three tables of data.) (Author/RS)

Managing cultural diversity is recognized as one of the most pressing challenges to be faced in the 21st century by development communication scholars and practitioners. Meeting that challenge requires formulation of communication concepts, theories and practices which enable sharing and blending diversity among the world's multi-communal, multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religion, multi-familial communities and peoples. A "Cultural Renewal Model" can become the action framework for sharing and blending diversity through participatory communication at the local community level. The model incorporates a dialogic process at the local level in formulating common goals for both economic and cultural development, and utilizes participatory research methods. "Cultural Renewal" is operationalized as a systematic self-examination of heritage and human ecology at all levels of community. Cultural renewal takes a holistic view of communities assessing their cultural context through participatory research, critical reflection, and analysis. Participatory communication holds potential for reducing the possibility of destructive conflict between groups, between communities, between nations whether powerful or powerless. Participatory communication reinforces the purposes of liberation, freedom, justice, and egalitarian ideologies--all related to issues of diversity. It not only enables people to become partners in communication decision making but simultaneously provides a process which facilitates development of communication competencies. (Contains 47 references and a figure illustrating the cultural renewal model.) (Author/RS)

Noting that the theory of international development is a paradigm, a model by which researchers guide their studies, this paper reviews various concepts of international development theory and proposes a research study that would examine mass media use in Georgia, one of the new republics born out of the death of the Soviet Union. The paper begins with a discussion of the information imbalance between wealthy countries and Third World countries, suggesting that an integral factor of the imbalance resides in the past with imperialism. The paper then discusses modernization and development concepts as realized in the economic and mass media of Third World nations. The paper next compares systems theory with the modernization and development model, and then discusses a modernization theory which embraces the concepts of systems theory. The paper also discusses dependency theory and convergence theory. Next, the paper presents a discussion of a possible research program to study the effects of the content of messages and their effects on attitudes and behavioral changes in Georgia. The paper concludes that an understanding of the information imbalances in the world and anticipating the consequences of world homogenization may stimulate further research. Contains 10 references. (RS)

The foreign and international studies section of the proceedings includes the following 11 papers: "The Role of Culture in Development Communication Research and the Use of Ethnography in Development Communication Project Planning" (Jeff Merron); "A Catechism for Censorship: The Development of Circular Number 1000 in World War I France" (Ross F. Collins); "Conflictive News Coverage and Public Salience of Foreign Nations" (Michael B. Salwen and Frances Matera); "Political Commentary in Cuban Broadcasting, 1959-1960" (Michael B. Salwen); "Cultivation Analysis: The Case of Violence in the World of Korean Television Drama" (Jong G. Kang and Shin S. Kang); "Expanding News Flow in the South Pacific" (Robert L. Stevenson); "King Wachirawut of Thailand (1910-1925): A Pioneering Use of Media to Promote Nationalism" (Stephen L. W. Greene); "Portrayal of the United States in the Newspapers of the People's Republic of China" (Roy E. Blackwood); "A Comparative Study of Communication and Social Integration in Development" (Paul Siu-nam Lee); "A New Voice against Apartheid: South Africa's Alternative Press" (Gordon S. Jackson); and "The South African Press and the State of Emergency: An Assessment" (Gordon S. Jackson). (SR)

This paper analyzes the origins, growth, and present state of communication research in Latin America. Based on empirical data, the paper identifies: (1) the factors that determined the kinds of studies that emerged in the region; (2) the major research topics; (3) the most influential scholars; and (4) the main currents of theoretical influence and their changes over time. The first section provides a historical overview of Latin American communication research in a time-line form, pinpointing a series of events that occurred between 1920 and the late 1960s. The second section discusses the formation of the different research traditions, based on both North American and European models. The third section describes the sources of data and the methods of data collection (especially surveys of North American and Latin American scholars) and data analysis used in the paper. The fourth section presents 13 conclusions; among them are the following: (1) the emergence of communication research in Latin America was the result of the influence of the United States, along with the development of the mass media and the worldwide development of the social sciences; and (2) Latin American scholars felt that the founding of the research center CIESPAL in Ecuador (1959), the work of Armando Mattelart and his group in Chile (1969-1973), and the founding of journalism and communication schools in Latin America were important events in the history of communication research in Latin America. Four figures and 10 tables of data are included, and 110 references are attached. (SR)

This document summarizes discussions at an invitational workshop on the role of communication in the development process in Nigeria. Discussion centered on the need to democratize the mass electronic and print news media. The following broad issues were discussed: (1) the problems of providing accurate, high quality information to a largely rural, multilingual population through government-owned news media dominated by urban, English-speaking employees; (2) the prohibitive cost of developing both electronic and print communication media and the need for improved training for practitioners who operate in indigenous Nigerian languages; (3) the factors militating against effective communication, including credibility, cultural appropriateness, and technical quality; (4) the role of communication in national leadership; (5) the crucial role of the mass media in delivering educational and social services to rural areas; (6) the need for increased government support of mass communication in the face of spiraling costs; (7) the role of the mass media in building and sustaining a positive national image; and (8) the difficulty of overcoming social taboos and cultural traditions related to communication. A list of participants, the text of the introductory remarks, and a description of the Africa Leadership Forum are appended. (FMW)