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Copyright of Historia Constitucional is the property of Revista Historia Constitucional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article draws the main lines of development of the territoriality of the Polish state, taking into account the divergent dynamics of its regional evolution. Building on a historical account, it describes how the decentralization process unfolded, leading to the reform in 1998/1999, which administratively decentralized the state without, however, changing its unitary nature. By analysing the complexity and diversity of the EU’s cohesion policy, the paper also addresses questions that are central to theoretical arguments about EU influence on the divergence of regions. It concludes that even if the EU cohesion policy can be seen as a success in Poland, the amount of funding was not sufficient to reduce the differences between the Polish voivodships, which have been growing in recent decades. Paradoxically, the successful use of EU funding did not prevent the massive electoral wins of an EU-sceptic party in the poorer eastern regions, which were supported by a special EU fund.

The urban space, constituted through a space-time relationship as a product of socio-spatial processes, presents itself as dynamic and multifaceted due to the capitalist production model that imposes on society transformations from global to local. Nevertheless, spatial processes are observed that, from the point of view of the internal structure of cities, confer changes in the production of space, especially with regard to commercial and service activities. In this sense, the present study was developed from observations of the transformations that occurred in the intra-urban space of Uberlândia (MG). Among the recent dynamics that occurred in the city, it was observed the consolidation of new centralities, especially Avenida João Naves de Ávila, considered a commercial axis, through the analysis and identification of spatial patterns resulting from the densification of commercial and service activities, as a reflection of the spatial process of decentralization. Based on this assumption, the research has as main objective to analyze the process of decentralization and the formation of new centralities from the commercial axes of the city of Uberlândia, having as a cutout Avenida João Naves de Ávila and using the methodology of Ribeiro Filho (2004), from which 129 blocks could be identified in their entirety, with different and large numbers of tertiary activities. After analyzing the data, it was observed that the decentralization of tertiary activities is still in progress on the avenue, resulting in different degrees of functional intensity, as well as in the establishment of distinct patterns of location of commercial and service activities. In this sense, six sectors were classified: Central I, Central II, Special, East I, East II and Far East, being heterogeneous among themselves, but with characteristics that make them singular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the validity of descentralisation objectives in health sector in Mexico. Although descentralisation in practice was really operational and and administrative, resource allocation remained centralized in the Upper Chamber of Congress under the argument of more equity, transparency and efficiency in assignation. The paper however, limits the validity of the argument through the analysis of the way resources are distributed for programs and investment proyects among IMSS and localities between 2010 and 2017. In these eight years, resources are not allocated in more quantity to localities with less life expectancy, or less satisfaction with services or marginality levels. In addition, since 2014, the possibility of tracking the money towards localities has been affected precisely by the way that de Upper Chamber of the Congress desagregates the Federal Budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Most food products are currently processed in large, centralised factories with delocalised retail systems, which allows food processors benefit from economies of scale. This is efficient in terms of production, but can involve lengthy and rigid supply chains, with higher transport costs and environmental impacts. Decentralised manufacturing, based on local production at small scale, has risen recently as an alternative that could provide flexibility to the food supply chain. In this work we present a modelling tool for the design, evaluation and comparison of food manufacturing processes that considers economic, environmental and social factors. The proposed method can be applied to a wide range of food products and is illustrated here using cereal porridge and sandwich bread production. We have assessed and compared three decentralised scenarios: "Home Manufacturing" (HM), "Food Incubator" (FI) and "Distributed Manufacturing" (DM) to centralised production –i.e. Single Plant (SP) and Multi Plant (MP) scenarios. Based on UK demand, SP is the most energy efficient and cheapest scenario in both cases, closely followed by HM and FI in cereal porridge production. DM could compete with SP assuming low management costs and savings on transportation/storage along the supply chain. For the case study on bread, the shorter margin of profit per unit makes decentralised scenarios less advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work will aproach a concept that seem to be new but exist almost for a decade, this are the cryptocurrencies. This concept has detractors, that sustain the use of crytocurrencies are only for the Deep web and finance crimes. And there are others who defends this tecnology and claim is the future of world economy. Before to talk about the juridic nature of cryptocurrencies is important to understand what they are and how they work. It will be analized the history of cryptocurrencies, the tecnology of blockchain and Peer-to-Peer, tecnologys that allowed the existance of cryptocurrencies. After knowing What they are and how they work the next step is figure it out What the cryptocurrencies are for the law and What is his nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Witnessing a clear will of recentralization of powers and a undervaluation of political autonomies by certain centralist instances, several reactions of different type in the Autonomous Community of Cataluña are analyzed. The current situation is particularly oscillating and ambiguous.

Copyright of Historia y Espacio is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El gran objetivo que planteó la Asamblea de Montecristi de impulsar un avanzado proceso de autonomía y descentralización dentro de un marco de equidad social, económico y territorial, debe generar en los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados una visión de oportunidad y desarrollo, entendiendo principalmente que ambos conceptos buscan ampliar la democracia y viabilizar a un país productivo, igualitario y territorialmente justo. Ideales que se alejan de cualquier improvisación y clientelismo, y que, por el contrario, requieren de políticas públicas serias, de un marco jurídico claro y unificado, y de readecuaciones e innovaciones institucionales. The great objective proposed by the Assembly of Montecristi in promoting a progressive process of autonomy and decentralization within a framework of social equity, economic and regional fairness, should generate in decentralized self-governments a vision of opportunity and development, understanding that both concepts seek primarily to extend democracy and make a productive, egalitarian and territorially fair country a viable option. Ideals that are far from any improvisation and patronage, but on the contrary, require serious public policy, of a clear and unified legal framework, as well as rearrangements and institutional innovations.

Through the management of the human resources it is provided the necessity of the workforce in an institution, on staff categories with the view of achieving the activities and the obtaining of the expected results. The descentralization of the budget institutions makes the obtaining of some principles of the human resources management to be essential so that they create the conditions of involving and participating in the institution activity, as we wish to live in a society where the fundamental values are creativity, liberty, pluralism and tolerance. The pre-university education institution(kindergartens, schools and high schools) are not provided with a human resources manager. The descentralized management of the human resources level of the School County Inspectorate, the lack of a clear policy in the domain of the human resources ( at the level of the School County Inspectorate even if there is a management department of the human resources, those who work in this department do not have the necessary qualification, being selected teaching staff on certain criteria, and the unprofessional involvement of the local authorities, these being disruptive factors of the training-educational process.

Copyright of Intersecciones en Antropología is the property of Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo revisa algunos aspectos vinculados a la descentralización en América Latina, desde un enfoque conceptual más que empírico. Una primera sección observa la ambigüedad del concepto de descentralización, a menudo confundido con desconcentración y/o deslocalización. Una segunda sección sostiene que el centralismo es, en América Latina, un fenómeno "dependiente de la trayectoria", muy ligado a la cultura de nuestros países. Una tercera sección comenta la dinámica de la descentralización en la actualidad, asociándola a cuatro fuerzas: la Revolución Científica y Tecnológica, la reforma del Estado, las demandas de la sociedad civil y las tendencias privatizadoras del neo-liberalismo. La cuarta sección discurre acerca de la necesidad de estructurar un nuevo cuerpo cognitivo para usar con eficacia los espacios abiertos por el proceso descentralizador en el fomento del crecimiento y del desarrollo en el territorio. La quinta y última sección previene acerca de la necesidad de modernizar la gestión social del territorio sin volver a caer en el iluminismo racionalista de los ‘60.This article offers a review of some decentralization related topics in Latin America, using a more conceptual than empirical approach. In the first section, the ambiguity of the concept of decentralization, often confused with desconcentration and/or delocalization, is described. The second section argues that centralism in Latin America is a path dependent phenomenon, very related to our countries’ culture. The third section comments current decentralization dynamics, linking them to four forces: Scientific and Technological Revolution, State reform, civil society demands and neoliberalism privatization trends. The fourth section discuss the need of structurating a new cognitive corp, in order to use efficiently the spaces opened by decentralization process, improving territorial growth and development. The last section claims that the modernization of social management of the territory must avoid 60s’ rationalist enlightenment

En muchos países latinoamericanos, la combinación entre políticas de ajuste neoliberal, apertura económica y transformaciones a los regímenes políticos, modifican tanto la geografía económica como la conformación espacial de las instituciones, los sistemas políticos, los actores empresariales y sociales. Colombia no es ajena a tal rediseño, que compromete el funcionamiento de sus políticas externas e internas. Los efectos espaciales de la apertura económica se combinan con los del proceso de descentralización política, fiscal y administrativa, generando una tensión sobre la unidad geográfica del Estado. La consideración de estas tendencias que desde hace veinte años han marcado los senderos de las transformaciones sociales, políticas, institucionales y económicas, indican un camino probable hacia la regionalización del país. ¿Será ésta conveniente para un desarrollo interno más equilibrado y un escenario propicio para un acuerdo de paz con base en una distribución territorial del poder, o por el contrario, el camino más expedito para abandonar cada territorio a su suerte en la competencia mundial y romper la unidad territorial del Estado colombiano? Tal es la inquietud que se deja aquí planteadaIn many Latin-American countries, the combination among neoliberal politics of adjustment, economic opening and transformations to political regimes, modify both economic geography and spatial conformation of institutions, political systems, social and corporative actors. Colombia has also been affected by this redesign, that compromises the operation of its external and internal politics. The spatial effects of the economic opening combine with those of administrative, fiscal, and political process of decentralization, generating a tension on the geographical unit of the State. The consideration of these tendencies that have marked the paths of the economic, institutional, political, and social transformations since twenty years ago, indicate a probable way toward the regionalization of the country. Will this regionalization be convenient for a more stable internal development and a favorable setting for a peace agreement based on a territorial distribution of the power, or will it be the promptest way to abandon each territory to its luck in the world competence, and to break the territorial unit of the Colombian State? This is the question that is presented here

Neste trabalho são relatadas as experiências do Município de Fortaleza na busca da resolutividade para os problemas de saúde da população, desde o processo de municipalização ocorrido em 1990, até a mudança organizacional iniciada em 1997. A descentralização e a intersetorialidade são destacadas como fundamentais na construção de um novo modelo que visa à "saúde como melhoria de qualidade de vida" rumo a um Município Saudável.This work relates the attempt to reach the solutions for the health problems of the population of Fortaleza in the period between the Municipalization of the Public Health Assistance in 1990, and the reform of the City Administration started in 1997. The descentralization and intersectoriality are distinguished as basic fundamentals for building a new pattern wich aims at "Health as means of improvement of quality of life" towards a healthy city.

A oferta de serviços hospitalares diante do recente processo político-administrativo de descentralização e municipalização da saúde no Brasil surge como um desafio à gestão local. Produzir respostas imediatas, num contexto dinâmico, acelerado e não linear de incorporação política dos direitos sociais, associado à complexidade que envolve a assistência médico-hospitalar, conduz a uma necessária reflexão acerca das potencialidades e limites das diretrizes da atual política de saúde. As diferentes trajetórias do desenvolvimento dos projetos para a gestão de serviços hospitalares nos municípios de Santo André e Diadema inovam, diante dos aspectos conceituais e políticos da descentralização, as responsabilidade do poder local, apesar da complexidade da questão.The offering of hospital services in face of the recent politico-administrative decentralisation and municipalization of health process on Brazil comes up as a challenge to local management. The production of immediate responses within a dynamic accelerated non-linear context of political incorporation of social rights given the complexity involving medico-hospital assistance leads to a necessary reflection on the potentialities and limits of the directives of the current health policy. Despite the complexity of the issue the different trajectories of the hospital services management project development in the municipalities of Santo André and Diadema innovate the responsibilities of local power to meet the conceptual and political aspects of decentralisation.

Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate strategies by the Brazilian Ministry of Health to expand the municipal response to AIDS. Cities "included" and "not included" in Federal strategies for "municipalization" of the response were compared according to the response profile and trends in the epidemic. Multinomial logistic regression was used, among other statistical procedures. Municipalities included from 1994 to 1998 showed higher chances of providing HIV diagnostic testing [OR = 15.0; 95%CI: 5.6-40.1], of having AIDS services [OR = 18.4; 95%CI: 8.4-40.5], and reducing cases involving heterosexual [OR = 3.1; 95%CI: 1.4-7.3], homosexual/bisexual [OR = 3.0; 95%CI: 1.4-6.2], and IDU transmission [OR = 6.6; 95%CI: 2.9-14.9] as compared to those "included in 2003" and "not included". There were no associations between the included Municipalities, greater coverage in prevention, the reduction in cases due to vertical transmission or blood transfusion, or mortality rates. Municipalities with a more structured response were associated with better results. The findings suggest that the municipalization policy contributed to improvement in the local response to AIDS.Avaliar as estratégias do Ministério da Saúde para ampliar a resposta municipal a AIDS. Cidades "incluídas" e "não incluídas" nas estratégias federais de municipalização foram comparadas segundo perfil da resposta e da epidemia. Regressão logística multinomial foi usada, entre outros procedimentos estatísticos. Municípios incluídos entre 1994/98 apresentaram maior chance de ofertar o diagnóstico do HIV [OR = 15,0; IC95%: 5,6-40,1], possuir serviços de AIDS [OR = 18,4; IC95%: 8,4-40,5] e reduzir casos por transmissão heterossexual [OR = 3,1; IC95%: 1,4-7,3], homo/bissexual [OR = 3,0; IC95%: 1,4-6,2] e uso de drogas injetáveis [OR = 6,6; IC95%: 2,9-14,9] do que os "incluídos em 2003" e os "não incluídos". Não houve associações entre municípios incluídos, a maior cobertura de prevenção e a redução de casos por transmissão vertical, transfusão de sangue e taxas de mortalidade. Municípios com resposta mais estruturada associam-se a melhores resultados. Os achados sugerem que a política de municipalização contribuiu para aprimorar a resposta.

Copyright of Polis (07176554) is the property of Polis - Revista Academica Universidad Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to evaluate the way in which the educational decentralization process was conducted in Argentina during the 1990s. The educational decentralization reform constituted a discontinuity within the traditional form the educational system was organised in the country. In the first part of this article we will look in detail at the educational decentralization policy from a genealogical perspective in order to account for a certain historical continuity. In the second part, we will turn to examine how the urgency of the national State to diminish the national cost in education was one of the central variables that influenced in the definition of the decentralization strategy. Finally, we will discuss some of the main critics and current debates on the results of this policy in Argentina.

The paths followed by the decentralization and its outcomes have varied according to contexts. In the health sector, the relationship between sub-sectors, the financing problem and the challenge of keeping the logic of "system", were issues that challenged particularly to the experiences that resulted from the decentralization process. This article focuses on health policy in a municipality of Buenos Aires (Malvinas Argentinas) in the period from the start of the crisis 2001 to 2007, when it seems to have consolidated a local model based on the development of the second level health care and high complexity, which shows the margins of local-level action since decentralization. With features that approaches the nineties, the route taken by the municipal management shows flexibility and autonomy to adapt to changing contexts and skipping the local jurisdiction's own borders in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ensaios FEE is the property of Fundacao de Economia e Estatistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The descentralizing desires of Cuba and Puerto Rico were demostrated for the first time in the origins of the constitutional Spanish State, specially in the constituent processes of 1812 and 1836. Later, fron the second half of the XIX century, to the same ones will join the aim of an administrative and political autonomy, specially in case of Cuba. The response of the Spanish State, always late, will lead to Autonomous Letters that will know their publication when the development of the events make an impossible solution. Anyway, such a statutory grant or of «Autonomous Constitution » will supose the first precedent of the above mentioned model regarding organization of the State, the only original aspect of the spanish constitutionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The process of regional decentralization in Chile shows that significant advances have eased the traditional centrality of the political system. However, these reforms are evaluated as insufficient by the relevant actors involved, evidence that is confirmed when the contrasts with the results of two international experiences: that of the Colombian provinces and the French regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period 2000 - 2006, municipal or public schools reduced its enrollment in 186,000 students (13%) in Chile. Meanwhile, privately subsidized schools, receiving the same type of funding, increased their enrollment in 386,000 students (38%). In this paper we distinguish demand factors, associated with parents' decisions, and supply factors, those associated with owners' decisions, to explain the change in the education structure in Chile. We found evidence that the asymmetry in the institutional constraints explain only part of the evolution. Other factors, associated with municipal decisions, which in turn are explained by the asymmetric financing of different schools, explain the main part of the change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem is the property of Revista Eletronica de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The peer-to-peer networks can present not only characteristics from the peer-to-peer model, but also characteristics from the client-server model. Depending on the level of involvement of the nodes in these two models, the networks can be classified within a spectrum that varies from a more centralizing pole, to a more decentralizing one. This article presents a new classification of the various existing architectures of peer-to-peer networks, under the perspective of the level of centralization, aiming to provide a better understanding of the relationship of these two models, as well as the possibilities of implementation of peer-to-peer applications under different approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On 2 July 2006, Boliva held a national referendum about departamental autonomy as part of the process of state decentralization and as an institutional response to the dire political and social crisis. The inclusion in the constitution of figures such as referendum, constitutional assembly and citizen legislative initiation was the response to the social demands and unrest given under the framework of semi-direct democracy which allowed for an institutional solution to them. Even though the law that called for the referendum defines its national character, in several articles it states that a regime of departamental autonomy will apply immediately after the new Constitution is ratified in those departments where the referendum question was approved by a simple majority of the vote. This dual interpretation with regards to the mandatory nature of the results - at the national or the departamental level - is added to the debate about the nature of the autonomies. The party of the government, whose position won in the referendum and won a majority of the constitutional assembly, sketches a proposal that includes different versions of autonomy - indigenous, regional, provincial, cantonal, communal - that run counter, in some instances, to the departamental autonomies. In sum, the referendum on departamental autonomy, far from solving the problem, has transferred it to the constitutional assembly which puts at risk the democratic legitimacy of its decisions given that the new constitution must answer the demands of diverse political and social actors. Aside from these dynamics, this experience of citizen participation in the decisiom-making process is an example of the positive impact of an institutional reform in the strengthening of the democratic legitimacy and the efficacy of political institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to many analysts, the Nation-State is undergoing a deep crisis, because the effectiveness of its power is being broken up in three directions: upward, as a consequence of globalization and supranationalization; horizontally due to the dismantling of the Welfare State, privatization and deregulation; and downward, because of decentralization and the empowerment of the regional and local entities. According to these interpretations, the joint action of such trends would be eroding the traditional competences of the Nation State and determining the irrelevance of this political entity in the global dynamics of power and the economy. This paper analyses the impact of the above mentioned trends in the Andean countries. It concludes by stating that in this context the processes aimed at reducing the role of the State, have paradoxically turned into the widening of its sphere of action in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]