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The complex structure of asphaltene itself leads to obvious precipitation and aggregation characteristics, and it interacts with wax molecules, thereby affecting the wax precipitation characteristics of waxy crude oil. To clarify the effect of asphaltene on wax deposition behavior, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the aggregation behavior of wax molecules in waxy crude oil systems and the effect of asphaltene on wax deposition. Subsequently, dynamic wax deposition experiments were used to validate the simulation results, and the influence of asphaltene on wax deposition behavior was further discussed in conjunction with the simulation results. The results show that the lower the temperature of the crude oil system, the lower the cooling rate, and the higher the aggregation degree of wax molecules; As the concentration of asphaltene increases, the existence state of asphaltene will undergo a transition, with a concentration of 0.2 wt% asphaltene as the transition boundary. The aggregation of asphaltene molecules is mainly in the form of F-type stacking, and the presence of asphaltene weakens the structural strength of the wax deposition layer. On the other hand, the aggregated asphaltene hinders the growth of wax crystal clusters due to spatial hindrance; Increase the concentration of asphaltene in the model oil, when the asphaltene concentration is 0.2 wt%, the wax deposition rate reaches its maximum, which means that the asphaltene concentration will affect its existence state in the waxy crude oil system, thereby affecting the wax deposition behavior. And analyzed the effects of temperature and moisture content on wax deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cuban coastal line is reported to be one of the most aggressive in the world. Three ways to estimate corrosivity category of the atmosphere were considered. The influence of meteorological parameters on chloride deposition rate (Sd) $({S}_{d})$ in saline solution form was considered as a first way. Corrosion rate (rcorr) $({r}_{\text{corr}})$ calculated by dose response function is considered a second way. It was confirmed that atmospheric corrosion of AISI‐1020 carbon steel is influenced by Sd ${S}_{d}$ and Pd ${P}_{d}$ in salt solution form. A critical Sd ${S}_{d}$ level from which rcorr ${r}_{\text{corr}}$ could increase was estimated. The presence of typical crystalline phases of carbon steel confirmed that formation mechanism led to cracking of the corrosion products layer. It justified the increase of rcorr as a function of time until reaching a very high (C5) corrosivity category as the third assessment way. rcorr ${r}_{\text{corr}}$ was predicted up to 20 years of exposure. A correspondence between the three assessment ways existed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica aerogel (SA) was synthesized through the sol-gel process followed by ambient pressure drying, with aluminum-deposited silica aerogel (ASA) subsequently produced via aluminum deposition using an AlCl3·6H2O hydrolysis solution. This study examined the impact of deposition time and calcination temperature on ASA's characteristics. Compared to the non-aluminum-deposited SA, ASA with 12 h of deposition time (ASA-12h) showcased a significant increase in specific surface area, reaching 675m2 ∙ g−1 at room temperature. Post-calcination at 800 °C and 1000 °C resulted in specific surface areas of 613m2 ∙ g−1 and 265m2 ∙ g−1, respectively, markedly surpassing those of SA (240 m2∙g−1 at 800 °C and 16m2 ∙ g−1 at 1000 °C). The results demonstrate that during the aging process, the deposited aluminum is coated by the aging solution, enabling it to remain stable and distribute uniformly. This deposition not only increases the particle size but also enhances structural stability. Furthermore, the formation of new Si-O-Al bonds improves the thermal stability of the silicon dioxide lattices. These insights pave the way for the industrial production of aerogels that are resistant to high temperatures. Highlights: The production cost was reduced by using acidic silica sol and TEOS as composite silicon sources. The aluminum element is uniformly and stably distributed in the SiO2 aerogel skeleton by the method of alumina deposition. The high-temperature resistance of aerogel was improved obviously after alumina deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, TiO2 coatings are deposited on Si(100) wafers by direct current pulsed magnetron sputtering technology. The crystal structure of TiO2 coatings gradually transforms from the anatase phase to the amorphous phase when the sputtering power is decreased from 900W to 150W. Besides, the growth surface temperature of TiO2 coatings decreases from 630∘C to 241∘C. The relationship between the growth behavior and growth surface temperature of TiO2 coatings is investigated using the dynamic scaling theory. The results show that in the first stage, the growth behavior of TiO2 coatings gradually transforms from the Frank–van der Merwe mode to the Volmer–Weber mode with decreasing sputtering power from 900W to 150W. In the second stage, the growth behavior of TiO2 coatings gradually transforms from the Stranski–Krastanov mode to the Volmer–Weber mode. Transformation of the growth behavior of TiO2 coatings in the second stage transforms the crystal structure of TiO2 coatings from the anatase phase to the amorphous phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide application development has grown exponentially in recent decades thanks to the implementation of new technologies and improved quality of spray input application. Electrostatic technology for increasing deposition has proven to be a suitable tool under specific study conditions, such as when working with very small droplet sizes, with air assistance, or typically in greenhouse environments. However, its effectiveness in hydraulic spraying, as well as its application from a commercial point of view in agriculture, is still challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of this technology by implementing a modified lance on a small commercial knapsack sprayer, equipped with a hydraulic nozzle providing a range of droplet size values (Dv50) from 136 μm to 386 μm in the pressure range between 2 and 6 bar. This setup allowed operation under normal conditions (disconnected electrostatic system: NES) or with the connected electrostatic system (ES), with both configurations being tested in this study. Liquid distribution profiling as well as qualitative and quantitative evaluation of deposition were carried out both under laboratory conditions and in tomato crops under greenhouse conditions. The results showed no differences between the ES and NES in terms of flow rate (L min−1) characterization or in the total accumulated volume collected with the vertical bench. The impact of the electrostatic system connection was clearly observed in laboratory trials, with total deposition increases of up to 66%. In field trials, this effect decreased in unexposed areas and in denser sections of the crop. However, the overall increase in deposition, mainly associated with the exposed side, continued to be significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the scientific toxicity evaluations of insecticides against larvae of Tuta absoluta (Tomato pinworm), a leaf coverage rate of 100 % or very close to this value is sought to guarantee the contact of the insect with the chemical product. However, deposition can change according to the different pesticide application methods used in field productions; consequently, interfering with pest control. From this perspective, this study evaluated the mortality of Tuta absoluta and the deposited volume dispersion on tomato leaflets as a function of droplet sizes and the method of chemical treatment with abamectin. For that purpose, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of different chemical treatment methods: immersion, hydraulic spraying with three droplet sizes, and pneumatic spraying, in which the following parameters were evaluated: larval mortality, volume retained (deposition), surface density of active ingredient, droplet density, and coverage percentage. The different chemical treatments with abamectin provided larval mortality rates above 90%. Furthermore, the highest mortality values (98% and 95.9%) were associated; respectively, with the sprayings that provided the highest droplet densities: hydraulic spraying with average droplets (181 droplets cm-2) and pneumatic spraying with very fine droplets (256 droplets cm-2), the latter using an application volume 84% lower (80 L ha-1) than the lowest volume recommended by the manufacturer (500 L ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

India, a subtropical country, also has relatively more environmental problems because of intense rainfall that occurs quickly, as well as other natural and man-made causes of soil degradation. The use of predictive models in GIS is observed beneficial for computing the virgin net soil erosion as well as deposition. Thus, the study aims to evaluate the spatial long-term average annual soil erosion (gross soil erosion rate), net soil erosion as well as a deposition for the east-flowing Cauvery River Basin (CRB) using RUSLE integrated with the TLA-SDR model in Geographic Information System (GIS) at recent (2020 to 2022) periods. The estimation of gross soil erosion rates (A) ranges between 0 and 94,194.4 t h−1 year−1, mean of ~ 223 t h−1 year−1. The sediment yield (SY) of CRB varies from 0 to 10,895.4 t h−1 year−1 with a mean of 26 t h−1 year−1. Moreover, the transport capacity (TC) of CRB varies between 0 and 5,339,136 t h−1 year−1, with a mean of 16 t h−1 year−1. Further, net erosion is estimated with TC and deposition which has an average value of ~ 4.5 t ha−1 year−1 (i.e., ~ 2% of the gross erosion), of which 1.15% of CRB shows very severe erosion while 56.68% shows high deposition. The study also addresses the effect of various LULC types on soil loss and reveals that barren rocks have the highest soil loss, followed by forest, build-up, barren land, agricultural land, and plantation. Likewise, the study assesses whether rapid climate change may exacerbate erosion rates and concludes that greater erosion rates are recorded with rising rainfall. Additionally, when comparing the total erosion to total sediment yield rate of CRB with major basins like Ganga (GBA) and Kosi (KB), signifying the topographical, climatic as well as tectonic setup of the region. The study's findings will be an important tool for decision-makers as they execute management plans over the CRB, and this technique will used broadly to identify management methods in river catchments worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe fire on steep slopes increases stormwater runoff and the occurrence of runoff‐initiated debris flows. Predicting locations of debris flows and their downstream effects on trunk streams requires watershed‐scale high‐resolution topographic data. Intense precipitation in July and September 2013 following the June 2011 Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, led to widespread debris flows in the watershed of Rito de los Frijoles. We differenced lidar Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) collected in 2010 and 2016 to map subwatersheds experiencing debris flows and changes in elevation of the trunk stream. Debris flow occurrence was well predicted by previous assessments of debris‐flow hazard; debris flows occurred in 7 of 9 sub‐basins where the debris‐flow hazard was above 60% for the 25‐year rainfall event, and in 0 of 21 basins where debris flow hazard was less than 60%. Debris flows resulted in fan deposition at the confluence with the trunk stream followed by transport during three documented floods. The bed of the 22 km trunk stream increased in elevation by a mean of 0.29 m, but the local change in thalweg elevation was controlled by inputs of water and sediment and longitudinal variation in gradient. Downstream of the mouths of tributaries with debris flows, the thalweg of the trunk stream rose as much as 2 m. Downstream of the mouths of tributaries without debris flows the thalweg of the main stem degraded by as much as 2 m, mobilizing sediment that was then deposited further downstream where the gradient of the trunk stream decreases. In conclusion, the transport of sediment generated by debris flows was predictably related to spatial variation in sediment supply, discharge and gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the deposition of nanoparticles of an aerosol, moving in a continuous reactor at a constant velocity, on the channel walls of the reactor and of the coagulation of these particles as a result of their Brownian diffusion on the nanoaerosol parameters was investigated. A simple one-dimensional model, adequately defining the diffusion, coagulation, and deposition of nanoaerosol particles in a wide range of change in its Knudsen number, has been constructed. It is shown analytically that, as the distance from the inlet of the reactor increases, the volume fraction of particles in the nanoaerosol decreases by the exponential law, and the radius of the clusters formed in the nanoaerosol as a result of the coagulation of its particles increases and tends to a limiting (maximum) value. A nonlinear integro-differential equation for the radius of such clusters has been obtained, and, from it, compact formulas for approximate calculation of its limiting radius have been derived. The characteristic distributions of the radii of clusters and of their concentrations along the reactor channel, calculated by the numerical method, are presented. It was established that, if this channel has a fairly large length, the clusters moving in it increase to their limiting size. The influence of the determining parameters of the flow of a nanoaerosol at the inlet to the continuous reactor on the distribution of its dispersion characteristics along the reactor channel, on the limiting size of the clysters in it, and on the characteristic length of the channel, at which the processes of deposition and coagulation of nanoaerosol particles are completed, is discussed. A comparison of the results of calculations of the parameters of a nanoaerosol moving in a continuous reactor by the one- and two-dimensional models has shown that the simple one-dimensional model defines the behavior of these parameters quite adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for plant protection have rapidly developed worldwide as a new method for pesticide application, especially in China and other Asian countries. To improve the deposition quality in UAV applications, adding appropriate types of spray adjuvants into pesticide solutions is one of the most effective ways to facilitate droplet deposition and control efficacy. At present, research on spray adjuvants for UAVs are mainly based on droplet drift and laboratory tests. Few studies have been conducted on the physicochemical properties of spray adjuvants and the effects of droplet deposition characteristics. To explore the properties of four different kinds of spray adjuvants (Mai Fei, Bei Datong, G-2801, and Agrospred 910) and the deposition characteristics of spray adjuvants on litchi leaves, an automatic surface tension meter, a contact angle measuring device, an ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer, and a DJI AGRAS T30 plant protection UAV was used to measure the surface tension, contact angle, and droplet deposition characteristics on litchi under UAV spraying operations. The results showed that the addition of spray adjuvants could significantly reduce the surface tension of the solution. The surface tension value of the solution after adding the spray additives was reduced by 53.1–68.9% compared with the control solution. Among them, the Agrospred 910 spray adjuvant had the best effect on reducing the surface tension of the solution. The contact angle of the control solution on the litchi leaves varied from 80.15° to 72.76°. With the increase in time, the contact angle of the spray adjuvant solution gradually decreased, the Agrospred 910 spray adjuvant had the best effect, and the contact angle decreased from 40.44° to 20.23° after the droplets fell on the litchi leaves for 60 s. The adjuvant solutions increased the droplet size, but the uniformity of the droplet size decreased. The Dv0.5 of different spray solutions ranged from 97.3 to 117.8 μm, which belonged to the fine or very fine droplets, and the Dv0.5 of adjuvants solutions were significantly greater than that of the control solution. The RSs of adjuvant solutions were very similar and ranged from 0.92 to 0.96, all of which were significantly greater than the result of the control solution (0.57). Compared with the deposition of the control solution, the Mai Fei, Bei Datong, and G-2801 solutions clearly increased spray deposition, with total depositions of 0.776, 0.705, and 0.721 μL/cm2, which are all greater than the total deposition of the control solution of 0.645 μL/cm2. The addition of tank-mixed adjuvants could effectively increase the uniformity of the spray deposition, and all the average CVs of adjuvant solutions were lower than 96.86%. On the whole, Mai Fei performed best in increasing the spray deposition and promoting penetration, followed by Bei Datong and G-2801. Meanwhile, the test can also provide a reference for improving the utilization rate of UAV pesticide applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay "From the Source to the Sea - A Regional Study on Bronze Age Deposits in Eastern Funen, Denmark" examines the relationship between Bronze Age deposits and their locations in the landscape. The study focuses on findings from previously little-explored sources and emphasizes the importance of a more differentiated examination of deposit locations outside of settlements. The distribution of findings shows a concentration along watercourses and near the coast. Water sources and wetlands were used as sites for ritual activities and depositions. The study emphasizes that deposits outside of settlements should be considered in order to gain a better understanding of Bronze Age societies. [Extracted from the article]

Williams, H.F.L., 2024. Testing digital elevation model of difference (DoD) estimation of washover fan thickness, Matagorda Peninsula, Texas. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(5), 852–859. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Washover fans are a fundamental component of coastal sediment budgets. While fans can be relatively easily delineated on air photos to obtain fan area, measurement of fan thickness, which is required for volume estimation, is problematic. Field surveys can be conducted, but fieldwork can be labor-intensive, costly, and time-consuming and have access problems. This study used pre- and poststorm LIDAR digital elevation models (DEMs) to create a digital elevation model of difference (DoD), which was then used to estimate the mean thicknesses of 10 Hurricane Harvey washover fans on Matagorda Peninsula, Texas. The accuracy of the LIDAR-derived fan thicknesses was assessed by comparing the LIDAR results to fan mean thicknesses based on pits excavated into fans. Seven out of 10 LIDAR-based thicknesses underestimated pit-based thicknesses, suggesting the presence of systematic bias in the LIDAR-derived DEMs. Underestimation of fan thicknesses was in the range of 36% to 56%. The source of the suspected bias is uncertain; it is possible that compaction of marsh sediments by the washover fans lowered the fans and reduced their apparent thicknesses. It is concluded that pre- and post-storm LIDAR DEMs can be used to estimate washover fan thickness, but in areas of compactible substrates, such as coastal marshes, steps should be taken to identify, evaluate, and address potential bias in the DEM data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a nuclear emergency, consequence assessment based on the plant conditions using a simple method is important for a prompt response. Response Technical Manual (RTM-96) is a manual calculation method for prompt dose projection at arbitrary distances by converting pre-calculated doses with the conversion factor based on distance and weather. However, the 'conversion factor' in RTM-96 does not consider accident scenarios with filtered containment venting system (FCVS). Therefore, in this study, we defined the ratio of effective dose between 1 km and an arbitrary distance as the 'Distance Conversion Factor (DCF)' and aimed to clarify the difference between DCFs by accident scenarios, focusing on the presence or absence of FCVS. The results showed that the differences in DCFs for different accident scenarios were minor in the case of no rainfall. In contrast, in the case of rainfall, DCF differed significantly with scenarios with FCVS and those with containment failure. Therefore, the authors propose that DCFs with rainfall should be calculated separately for several representative accident scenarios rather than uniformly for all accident scenarios, as in the conventional method. The results can contribute to developing a new prompt consequence assessment method, such as RTM-96, which considers FCVS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of structure of organic additives on the electrodeposition behavior of Zn from alkaline zincate solution and its crystal morphology was investigated. Zn was electrodeposited on an Fe electrode at 20-1000 A·m-2, 2.4 x 104 C·m-2, 300K from unagitated zincate solutions containing the various organic additives as a leveling agent. The suppression effect of additives on the charge transfer and diffusion of ZnO22- ions in Zn electrodeposition corresponded to the number of adsorption site per a straight chain molecule of polymer. The effect of polymer alone on the decrease in size of Zn platelets crystals was small, but the crystal size significantly decreased with coexistence of low molecular additive. The crystal size of deposited Zn decreased in spite of small suppression effect on Zn deposition, showing that the crystal size of deposited Zn doesn't depend on the overpotential for deposition. With coexistence of low molecular additive with polymer, the crystal of deposited Zn was fine regardless of kind of polymer even though Zn deposited at the diffusion control of ZnO22- ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debris flows show massive threats to mountainous regions. This review paper critically studies the use of the RAMMS (Rapid Mass Movement Simulation) software in debris flow assessment. RAMMS, a widely employed simulation tool, offers a comprehensive framework for predicting the dynamics and runout behaviour and flow pattern of debris flows. The existing literature, encompassing a diverse range of studies that utilize RAMMS for debris flow assessment. This paper first provides an overview of the fundamental principles and capabilities of RAMMS, highlighting its capabilities in simulating complex interactions within debris flows, such as topographic variations, material properties, and dynamic triggering mechanisms along with the velocity, density and frictional coefficient. Subsequently, a synthesis of empirical case studies from different geographical contexts demonstrates the adaptability and applicability of RAMMS in different terrains. The introductory section provides a foundational understanding of RAMMS, explaining its features and functionalities that make it a potent tool for simulating rapid mass movements. The subsequent literature review part critically studies the works of different authors who have contributed significantly to the discourse surrounding RAMMS and its application to debris flow analysis. This section is investigated into the diverse perspectives and insights presented by researchers, offering a comprehensive overview of the model's capabilities and limitations. As an invaluable resource for geoscientists, engineers, and decision-makers, RAMMS simulation contributes significantly to understand and manage of natural hazards in complex landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Effective utilization of plant protection UAVs in peanut cultivation management necessitates a comprehensive grasp of how application volume rates and pesticides influence peanut leaf spot and rust control. This study aimed to compare the effects of application volume rates and pesticides on droplet deposition, disease, leaf retention rate and peanut yield. A T20 plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer was used to apply four various pesticide doses. In comparison, a knapsack sprayer was used to spray with an application volume rate of 450 L ha−1. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference in droplet deposition between the plant protection UAVs and the electric knapsack sprayer. In the pesticide treatment with an application volume rate of 15.0 L ha−1, there was no significant difference in the deposition on the peanut canopy of each pesticide treatment, but there was a significant difference in the deposition on the ground in the treatment with adding vegetable oil adjuvant. The treatment with added vegetable oil additives showed the worst performance. The treatment with an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha−1 showed the best performance, with the leaf spot control effect being only 0.3% lower than that of the electric knapsack sprayer. CONCLUSION: Plant protection UAV spraying is feasible to control peanut diseases. Considering the operational effectiveness of the plant protection UAV and application volume rate, it is recommended to use an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha−1 without adding vegetable oil adjuvants for field operations. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/purpose: Fractured formations recently gained significant interest as a landscape for securing both energy and groundwater demands, However, the dual role of fracture in transporting fluids and contaminants underscores the need for further investigations to mitigate the impact on human health. This study aims to numerically investigate the combined effect of particle density and flow velocity on their transport and deposition in different fracture orientations. Methods: A 2D particle tracing simulation was implemented accounting for drag and gravity forces on a smooth fracture. The derived particle numbers under the studied scenario e.g., fracture orientation, particle density, and flow velocity, were fitted to a 1D advection-dispersion equation with a deposition term. Results: The model elucidated that both particle densities yielded an increase in the normalized concentration in non-horizontal scenarios as the fracture orientation angle increased. The overall increment led to an observed decrease in the deposition coefficients and was associated with an increase in the dispersion coefficients. Hence the effect was more pronounced for denser particles where gravitational settling dominated, particularly in horizontal fractures. Less dense particles (1.05 g/cm³) were more strongly influenced by hydrodynamic forces, exhibiting lower overall deposition and dispersion across all fracture orientations. Additionally, increased flow velocity enhanced mechanical mixing and amplified dispersion and deposition coefficients. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated a clear dependency on the combined effect of fracture orientation, particle density, and flow velocity. These valuable insights into particle transport mechanisms in fractured media have applications in subsurface flow, contaminant migration, and reservoir engineering.

The challenge of particle deposition in microchannels has consistently posed issues in nanofluids, adversely impacting the heat transfer rate. This study investigates the novel approach of employing a magnetic field to prevent deposition and enhance the heat transfer of nanoparticles in microchannels, utilizing Euler-Lagrange method. The analysis involves the coupled solution of momentum and energy equations, incorporating forces such as Brownian motion, thermophoresis, drag, and volumetric force. The findings within the explored parameters indicate that temperature variations affecting particles beyond the thermal boundary layer have a comparatively minor impact compared to those within the boundary layer. This presents an opportunity for optimizing nanoparticle consumption. Additionally, the study reveals that a non-developed flow at the inlet results in lower particle deposition compared to a developed inlet. The results show that an increase in the Reynolds number from 50 to 300 leads to a 1.75% increase in the distance of particles from the wall. The study also delves into the positioning of the current-carrying wire, demonstrating that placing the wire at the microchannel entrance significantly reduces particle deposition. Furthermore, the results indicate that with an increase in electrical current up to 4 amperes, the efficiency of non-deposition reaches 100%.

The erosion and deposition are occurring more complex and unpredictable in the long coastline country like Vietnam. This study using numerical model method to investigate the erosion and deposition possibilities in Binh Thuan coastal areas, an area located in south-central of Vietnam. By utilizing MIKE 21/3 Coupled Model FM, we compared the current situation with the simulation of erosion and accretion under two extreme conditional scenarios: wave with 1% frequency, and sea level rise (SLR). The study simulated the semidiurnal tide, a featured characteristic of Binh Thuan coastal areas during the southwest (SW) and northeast (NE) monsoon, results seafloor changes overs 15 days. The first scenario shows that in SW monsoon, the coastal sediment in the southern part of Binh Thuan is being carried away, and deposit in the northern coastline, especially at Phan southern coastline. The SLR scenario results erosion in both monsoons at the rate of 8 − 15 mm^−1 day^ −1, but with higher erosion rate in SW. However, there is an exception where the information, can be used for management to protect the human-induced activities as well as preparation adaptation plan for upcoming climate change not only in Binh Thuan province but also in entire Vietnam.

Recently, various methods have been developed for synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures, including physical and chemical vapor deposition, as well as wet chemistry. These common methods require either high temperature, high vacuum, or toxic chemicals. In this study, we report the growth of zinc oxide ZnO nanowires by a new hot water deposition (HWD) method on various types of substrates, including copper plates, foams, and meshes, as well as on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glasses (ITO/glass). HWD is derived from the hot water treatment (HWT) method, which involves immersing piece(s) of metal and substrate(s) in hot deionized water and does not require any additives or catalysts. Metal acts as the source of metal oxide molecules that migrate in water and deposit on the substrate surface to form metal oxide nanostructures (MONSTRs). The morphological and crystallographic analyses of the source-metals and substrates revealed the presence of uniformly crystalline ZnO nanorods after the HWD. In addition, the growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires using HWD is discussed. This process is simple, inexpensive, low temperature, scalable, and eco-friendly. Moreover, HWD can be used to deposit a large variety of MONSTRs on almost any type of substrate material or geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The amount of dust deposited on tree leaves is a cost-effective indicator of air quality. Our aim was to explore the leaf surface deposition, and chlorophyll content of leaves along a road section that started at an intersection, and ended in a less disturbed suburban area in Debrecen, Hungary. We also assessed the impact of meteorological conditions on the amount of deposited dust. Leaf samples were collected in July, and September 2022 from Celtis occidentalis, a frequent species in green urban areas of Debrecen. We found a significant negative correlation between dust deposition, and the distance from the intersection in July. In September, dust deposition decreased considerably compared to July, due to rainfall before the second sampling. Surprisingly, we found a positive correlation between dust deposition and chlorophyll content in July. Our findings suggest that dust deposition on leaves serves as a reliable indicator of traffic intensity, because the excess dust caused by the proximity of vehicle traffic can be detected on the leaf surface. Although, rainfall can disrupt the patterns in dust deposition that have developed over an extended period through wash-off and resuspension. Hence, it is advisable to consider these effects while selecting the sampling time and evaluating the results.

This study aims to determine the effect of surfactant concentration on Quercetin SLM as a potential carrier of respiratory diseases, especially ones resulting from oxidative stress injury. Quercetin is a natural antioxidant with high activity. SLM was formed with 5% compritol 888 ATO as a lipid and different concentrations of poloxamer 188 as a surfactant. SLM was produced by a combination of emulsification and sonication involving freeze drying. SLM is characterized by organolepsis, morphology, yield, particle size, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency. The antioxidant activity of quercetin SLMs was tested using the ABTS method. SLMs are characterized as having round and smooth morphology, high yield (F1 88.53%; F2 91.44%; F3 92.87%); particle size (F1 1.81 um; F2 1.90 um; F3 1.94 um); high drug loading (F1 15.96%; F2 13.74%; F3 13.19%); and high entrapment efficiency (F1 96.53%; F2 87.94%; F3 87.48%). Increasing surfactant concentration did not produce a significant difference between formulas. Quercetin SLM showed high antioxidant activity (Quercetin 94.43%; F1 94.35%; F2 94.36%; F3 94.37%). SLM was stable at storage temperatures between 25°C and 40°C. The effect of surfactant can be seen on particle size, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency at 40°C. Results of in vivo deposition study indicated that all SLM formulas were able to deliver quercetin to the lungs. Increasing the concentration of surfactant in Quercetin SLMs made no difference to the lung deposition as confirmed by observations conducted at 1 hour and 4 hours. Quercetin SLM has the potential for lung delivery by inhalation.

The increasing commercial, industrial, and medical applications of plastics cannot be halted during the coming years. Microplastics are a new class of plastic pollutants which have emerged as escalating environmental threats. The persistence, effects, and removal of MPs present in soil, water, and numerous organisms have become an important research field. However, atmospheric microplastics (AMPs), which are subcategorized into deposited and suspended, remain largely unexplored. This review presents the recent developments and challenges involved in fully understanding suspended and deposited AMPs. The evaluation of indoor suspended MP fibers needs to be critically investigated to understand their implications for human health. Furthermore, the transportation of AMPs to isolated locations, such as cryospheric regions, requires immediate attention. The major challenges associated with AMPs, which have hindered advancement in this field, are inconsistency in the available data, limited knowledge, and the lack of standardized methodologies for the sampling and characterization techniques of AMPs.

Objective Methods Results Conclusion This research investigates how particle parameters, such as zeta potential, size, functional group, material composition, and hydrophobicity affect their affinity and deposition of particles onto hair.Streaming potential was used as the technique for analysis. The streaming potential data obtained was then converted to surface coverage data. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also done to visualize particle localization on the hair surface.This study found stronger particle affinity on healthy than on damaged (oxidatively bleached) hair, due to diminished interaction sites from the removal of the hair shaft's external lipid layer. SEM imaging supported these findings and offered insights into particle localization. Hydrophilic silica particles accumulated along the exposed hydrophilic cuticle edges of healthy hair, due to hydrogen bonding with the exposed endocuticle. This localization is hypothesized to be due to the limited hydrophilic binding sites on the hydrophobic healthy hair cuticle surface. In damaged hair, an abundance of hydrophilic sites across the cuticle surface results in more dispersed binding. Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction were shown to be the predominant forces influencing deposition, with hydrophobic interactions playing a less influential role. The affinity studies also proved that electrostatic attractions work over a longer range and are more effective at lower particle conditions compared with hydrogen bonding which only start to play a bigger role at higher particle concentrations. Steric hindrance of bulky side groups acted as a significant repulsive force. Results also revealed that larger particles deposit poorly on both healthy and damaged hair compared with smaller ones. Compared with neutrally charged silica nanoparticles (SN‐2), positively charged PMMA particles (PN+16) have a stronger affinity to healthy hair, with highly charged particles (PN+49) depositing most rapidly.This study provides a fundamental understanding of how particle–surface parameters influence their affinity to hair and how damaging hair affects deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the problems such as insufficient control on pests and diseases or pesticide damage on plants caused by uneven distribution of pesticide droplets during the current application process by UAVs, this paper designed novel uniform application equipment with nozzles swinging horizontally based on a UAV platform in order to improve the distribution uniformity of droplets volume. Nozzles swinging periodically are able to increase the overlap probability of spray fans generated from nozzles. It is helpful to further the spray deposition uniformity improvement. Through droplet motion analysis, CFD simulation, and spray tests, it was determined that the key factors affecting uniformity were the oscillating rod length, spray height, and nozzle angle. The best parameter combination was explored as the length of 175 mm, the height of 1.5 m, and the angle of 15°. Based on this combination, the prototype was produced and installed on the UAV platform. A field test was carried out to verify its performance. The results showed that the CV of the improved UAV was 26.41%, which was 6.43 percentage points lower than the traditional UAV, and the decrease was 19.58%, meaning that it is feasible to use this equipment to improve uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of a magnetic field on the crystal deposition of treated seawater to determine the mechanism of calcium carbonate deposition on the quartz surface. Several samples of standard seawater (43 g/L) were circulated through a permanent magnetic field of 0.16 T at a fixed temperature, pH, and flow rate. Scaling experiments showed that magnetic treatment of seawater enhanced the precipitation of calcium carbonate and that two superposed phases were deposited. A first layer formed with crystals of aragonite covering the whole surface of the quartz, and then a second phase of calcite was deposited. In the untreated solutions, only homogeneous agglomerates of aragonite were deposited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve estimation of sea salt deposition distributions on structural surfaces such as that of an airborne sea salt and corrosion sensor, we numerically simulated approaching flows with particles around a vertical flat plate. This is a typical object that mimics a sensor with a support plate. We used a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation. After validating the results by comparison with existing studies for flows with particles around a cylinder, we examined the changes in particle impaction efficiency on the plate with different approaching flow directions (0, 45 deg) and particle diameters (5 © 10-6-1.6 © 10-4 m). The impaction efficiency increases rapidly with particle diameter, whereas the influence of flow direction is small. Such increases in impaction efficiency are due to contributions from inertial impaction, and thus the variation in Stokes number with wind speed and the plate size can be used to predict the flow and particle conditions required for increases in impaction efficiency. The efficiencies for small particles on the front surface of the plate are higher than those on a cylinder. The impactions of small particles on the plate are locally activated by flow separations around a bluff body, whereas those on a cylinder are caused by intercepts without flow separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate earthworm diversity in the Kumaun region of Uttarakhand, India. Earthworm sampling was made from 1,409-2,224 m from the foothills of the Kumaun Himalaya to higher altitudes monthly from April 2019 to April 2021, covering the major monsoon season in India. Earthworms were collected from twelve different sites using the hand sorting method and preserved in 10% formalin. We recorded 14 earthworm species representing four families: Megascolecidae (Amynthas corticis, Amynthas morrisi, Amynthas alexandri, Metaphire anomala, Metaphire houlleti, Metaphire birmanica, & Perionyx excavatus); Lumbricidae (Aporrectodea caliginosa trapezoides, Aporrectodea rosea rosea, Eisenia fetida, Octolasion tyrtaeum, & Dendrodrilus rubidus); Moniligastridae (Drawida japonica); and Octochaetidae (Eutyphoeus nainianus). Drawida japonica from the family Moniligastridae is being reported for the first time from the Kumaun Himalaya. Moniligastrids are an important, yet often ignored, earthworm group commonly found in cultivated soils of higher altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differentiation between primary and secondary forms of membranous nephropathy (MN) is a cornerstone that is necessary for adequate decision making regarding the treatment options and behavior of each specific case. Kidney biopsy and antibody results can be controversial, and a unique biomarker has still not been found. Background and Objectives: We investigated the lack of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deposition in patients with secondary MNs (sMNs) with the presence of IgG4 deposition in relation to the presence of MBL deposition in patients with primary MNs (pMNs). We also established a connection between the stage of MN and MBL deposition. Materials and Methods: Materials from 72 renal biopsies with proven MN were used for immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) for the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), immunoglobulin subtype IgG4, and MBL. Patients were separated into one of the following three groups: primary MN (pMN), idiopathic MN (iMN), and secondary MN (sMN). Serum antibodies for PLA2R and thrombospondin type-I-domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) were also used for the precise evaluation of the type of MN, as well as for detecting positivity for PLA2R using IHC. Which stage of MN was present in relation to the deposition of MBL was evaluated. Results: In total, 50 patients were positive for IgG4, 34 with pMN, 12 with iMN, and 4 with sMN. A total of 20 patients were positive for MBL, 14 with pMN and 6 with iMN; no MBL deposits were found in patients with sMN. MBL positivity was predominantly present in the first two stages of MN, with a gradual reduction in the later stages. Conclusions: The activation of the lectin–complement pathway occurs in the early stages of the disease and is associated with the deposition of IgG4; IgG4 deposition is present in sMN, but there is no MBL deposition. IgG4 cannot be used for the differentiation of primary from secondary MNs, but the lack of MBL can be used as a marker for sMN in the early stages of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide spraying serves as a prevalent segment in crop production for substantial economic and ecological benefits. Nevertheless, the existing pesticide formulations are often plagued by droplets rebounding during the spraying process, and the controlled‐release, photolysis protection, and non‐targeted bio‐friendliness are not inadequately considered. Herein, by combining spinosad (SSD, a model pesticide) with glycyrrhizic acid (GL) as an attractive building block, a supramolecular co‐assembly strategy is employed to elaborate pesticide formulations (GL‐SSD) simultaneously featuring high deposition, controlled‐release, and environmental friendliness. The resulting spherical GL‐SSD nanoparticles (NPs) have an average diameter of 207 nm and show an improved 5.2‐fold photostability compared with commercial spinosad suspension (SSD SC). Upon impacting on hydrophobic surfaces of polytetrafluoroethylene film and cabbage leaf, the droplets of GL‐SSD NPs exhibit superior affinity to the micro/nano structure of the surface. Consequently, the droplet rebounding is inhibited effectively, ensuring high deposition efficiency of droplets on surfaces. In addition, the release of SSD from GL‐SSD NPs can be controlled by pH variation. Indoor toxicity and pot experiments demonstrate that GL‐SSD NPs possess good control efficacy against Plutella xylostella. The work offers an alternative approach for the development of multi‐functional and sustainable pesticide formulations with promising potentials in actual agriculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering currently operative European and worldwide regulations, preserving and/or improving the state of remnant alluvial floodplains is a high-priority goal for experts. One of the threats is the decrease of lateral connectivity: due to the erosion in the mainstem riverbed and the sedimentation of the floodplain and its channels, the bed elevation gap slowly increases between the main channel and the side branches and oxbows of the floodplain. Without revitalization measures, this progress predicts severe ecological consequences. As an example, and as a continuation of our earlier work, we considered the Gemenc floodplain forest along the Danube, in Hungary. We set up a two-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and sediment transport computational model to describe floodplain deposition dynamics. Model validation was carried out with historical data, i.e., two ground elevation sets measured in 1990 and in 2009, respectively. Our aim was 1. to show, how coarse resolution measured data can be used for validating a large-scale model in terms of sediment deposition processes, and 2. to interpret the first results on some areas exposed to strong deposition, after validation. Showing good agreements in three pillars: magnitude of estimation, spatial tendencies and spatial patterns, the model was deemed valid. We were also able to observe a clear gradient, along which areas could be categorized with high, medium and small extent of sediment deposition. With this model, the sediment dynamics in the Gemenc floodplain forest can be assessed, with special attention to the impact analysis of restoration measures to improve lateral connectivity conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the general properties of copper nanoparticles, their requirements, recommendations for use, and methods of production are presented. In recent times, since copper nanoparticles are increasingly being used in electronics, as catalysts, as coatings on metal surfaces, and to aid in the medical field, the demand for copper nanoparticles may increase dramatically soon. After analyzing the existing technologies, experiments were carried out using the method of chemical precipitation with the help of iron as an environmentally and economically effective technology. In the experiments, surfactants used for protection against oxidation, experimental temperature, concentration and optimal parameters were determined. The results of the analysis of several XRF spectra, SEM scanning electron microscope, IR-Fourier spectrometer, UV diffusion reflection spectroscopy of raw materials and obtained samples are presented. Based on the experiment, the conditions for obtaining the results of 98.3% pure copper particles with a fineness of 170 nm are explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of particulate matter (PM) are relevant to severe air pollution and can adversely impact human health. Maintaining healthy air quality for the residents of the Arctic region is essential to satisfy the no‐one‐left‐behind policy of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations. In this study, we installed a PM2.5 measurement system in Qaanaaq, Greenland, and obtained the first continuous PM2.5 measurements from July 20, 2022 to August 13, 2022. We observed several increased PM2.5 events; relatively high PM2.5 levels persisted from August 8, 2022. On the same day, visible black smoke emitted from the Qaanaaq dump site originated from open waste burning. By confirming less transboundary air pollution contributions from remote aerosol source regions to Qaanaaq during the measurement period using NOAA's HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis and NASA's MERRA‐2 aerosol re‐analysis, we confirmed that the increased PM2.5 was primarily due to local open waste burning with less contributions from transboundary air pollution. However, small contributions from biomass burning outside Greenland were plausible during the early measurement period. Additionally, NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion calculations suggested possible aerosol depositions from local open waste burning to nearby sea areas, such as Baffin Bay. Although the hourly mean PM2.5 mass concentration was not alarmingly high during the measurement period, future studies should incorporate longer‐term continuous PM2.5 measurements along with other atmospheric chemical analyses to identify possible local air pollution sources in detail to ensure clean ambient air for the future in the Arctic. Our study provides quantitative evidence of the impact of open waste burning on air quality at a study site in Greenland, which could be crucial in developing air quality policies for this region in the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has demonstrated its promising potential for surface modification. The integration of materials from tool electrode or powder that is mixed into the dielectric fluid has proven to modify the workpiece surface to enhance its mechanical properties, realize antibacterial effects, or increase biocompatibility. Recent EDM studies showed that due to non-contact forces, properties of the modified surface such as roughness values and the thickness of modified layer were significantly influenced when using magnetic field assisted EDM. Consequently, in this study, an external magnetic field with a strength of 0.66 T is used to assist the material transfer from tool electrode to workpiece surfaces during the EDM process. Pure silver and copper tools with a diameter of 2 mm are used to modify surfaces of Ti6Al4V workpieces at a discharge energy of 125 µJ with different polarities. Results show that the assistance by magnetic field significantly increases the content of transferred material from tool electrode to the workpiece surface. Additionally, it increases material removal rate and reduces the modified layer thickness. Magnetic field assisted EDM is a potential technology for improving the efficacy of the EDM surface modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The USEPA issued the "Framework for Metal Risk Assessment" in 2007, recognizing that human and environmental exposure to metals and metalloids (MMEs) poses challenges risk assessment. Inhalation of aerosols containing MMEs is a primary pathway for exposure in the occupational setting, for consumer exposure, and to general population exposure associated with point‐source emissions or ambient sources. The impacts of inhalation can be at the point of deposition (local exposure) or may manifest after uptake into the body (systemic exposure). Both local and systemic exposure can vary with factors that determine the regional deposition of MME‐containing aerosols. Aerosol characteristics such as particle size combine with species‐specific characteristics of airway morphology and lung function to modulate the deposition and clearance of MME particulates. In contrast to oral exposure, often monitored by measuring MME levels in blood or urine, inhalation exposure can produce local pulmonary impacts in the absence of significant systemic distribution. Exposure assessment for nutritionally essential MMEs can be further complicated by homeostatic controls that regulate systemic MME levels. Predictions of local exposure can be facilitated by computer models that estimate regional patterns of aerosol deposition, permitting calculation of exposure intensity in different regions of the respiratory tract. The utility of deposition modeling has been demonstrated in assessments of nutritionally essential MMEs regulated by homeostatic controls and in the comparison of results from inhalation studies in experimental animals. This facilitates extrapolation from animal data to humans and comparisons of exposures possessing mechanistic linkages to pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenesis. Pulmonary deposition models have significantly advanced and have been applied by USEPA in evaluations of particulate matter. However, regional deposition modeling has yet to be incorporated into the general guidance offered by the agency for evaluating inhalation exposure. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:952–964. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). Key Points: The USEPA is urged to promote the application of models for regional deposition in assessing impacts of inhalation exposure to metal and metalloid particulate matter.The local and systemic impacts of inhaled metals and metalloids are determined by patterns of regional deposition in the respiratory tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment management is an important aspect of dam removal projects, often driving costs and influencing community acceptance. For dams storing uncontaminated sediments, downstream release is often the cheapest and most practical approach and can be ecologically beneficial to downstream areas deprived of sediment for years. To employ this option, project proponents must estimate the sediment quantity to be released and, if substantial, estimate how long it will take to erode, where it will go and how long it will stay there. We investigated these issues when the Bloede Dam was removed from the Patapsco River in Maryland, USA, in 2018. The dam was about 10 m high, and its impoundment was nearly filled with an estimated 186 600 m3 of sediment composed of 70% sand and 30% mud. After removal, using elevation surveys generated by traditional methods as well as structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetry at high temporal resolution, we documented rapid erosion of stored sediments in the first 6 months (~60%) followed by greatly reduced erosion rates for the next two and a half years. A stable channel developed in the impoundment during the rapid erosion phase. These results were predicted by a two‐phased erosion response model developed from observations at sand‐filled impoundments, thus expanding its applicability to include impoundments with a sand‐over‐mud stratigraphy. A similar two‐phase erosion response has been reported for sediment releases at other dam removals in the United States, France and Japan across a range of dam and watershed scales, indicating what practitioners and communities should expect in similar settings. Downstream, repeat surveys combined with discharge and sediment gaging showed rapid transport of eroded sediments through a 5‐km reach, especially during the first year when discharges were above normal, and little overbank storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide is a vital industrial substance that is utilised in a variety of applications. Under moderate reaction conditions, a simple and highly effective technique for producing tin oxide modified with oxime by solvent-base liquid-phase addition over tin chloride had been devised. Tin precursors that have been modified with chelating ligands are frequently used to produce tin oxide nanostructures. Acetoxime-modified tin chloride [SnCl2.2[HONC(CH3)2] was efficiently synthesised at room temperature and demonstrated operational simplicity, as evidenced by 1H and 119Sn NMR. The sol–gel method and spray pyrolysis deposition approach were used to convert the precursor, [SnCl2.2[HONC(CH3)2], to tin oxide nanoparticles and the optically transparent (visible reign) film, respectively. The powder XRD pattern of the produced tin oxide nanoparticles implies that tetragonal cassiterite was generated. The scanning electron microscope pictures of the ~ 264 nm thin tin oxide layer reveal homogenous dense film deposition. The transmittance of the films is 87–91% in the visible region, and the band gaps are around 3.26–3.29 eV, making these films appropriate for TCO (transparent conductive oxide) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrosilanes are highly attractive compounds, which can be processed as liquids with printing technology to amorphous silicon films on nearly any solid substrate. The silicon layers can be processed for electronic devices like transistors or thin‐film solar cells. The endothermic character of hydrosilanes with their positive enthalpies of formation results in favorable properties for processing. The larger the molecules, the lower their decomposition temperature and the higher their photoactivity. Cyclic hydrosilanes such as cyclopentasilane and cyclohexasilane can be easily deposited. The branched neopentasilane is more difficult to deposit but yields better‐quality films after processing. The key challenge is the complex synthesis of the precursors and the hydrosilanes. The available preparative methods are presented in this review and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The following synthesis methods are presented and discussed in this article: Wurtz coupling and other reductive coupling processes, dehydrogenative coupling of silanes, plasma synthesis of chlorinated polysilanes, amine‐ or chloride‐induced disproportionations, and transformation of monosilane to higher silanes. Plasma synthesis is already carried out today as a continuous industrial process. The most effective synthesis methods in the laboratory are currently amine‐ and chloride‐induced disproportionations. There is a great need to further optimize the syntheses of hydrosilanes and to develop new simple synthesis variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing commercial, industrial, and medical applications of plastics cannot be halted during the coming years. Microplastics are a new class of plastic pollutants which have emerged as escalating environmental threats. The persistence, effects, and removal of MPs present in soil, water, and numerous organisms have become an important research field. However, atmospheric microplastics (AMPs), which are subcategorized into deposited and suspended, remain largely unexplored. This review presents the recent developments and challenges involved in fully understanding suspended and deposited AMPs. The evaluation of indoor suspended MP fibers needs to be critically investigated to understand their implications for human health. Furthermore, the transportation of AMPs to isolated locations, such as cryospheric regions, requires immediate attention. The major challenges associated with AMPs, which have hindered advancement in this field, are inconsistency in the available data, limited knowledge, and the lack of standardized methodologies for the sampling and characterization techniques of AMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are anticipated to meet the demand for high energy density, but the growth of lithium dendrites seriously hinders its practical application. Herein, we constructed a kind of composite separator (ZIF-90@PP) consisting of zeolite imidazole framework-90 (ZIF-90) and polypropylene (PP) to promote the uniform deposition of Li+ and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. The aldehyde groups interacting with TFSI− and the nitrogen-containing negative groups attracting Li+ of ZIF-90 can facilitate the dissociation of LiTFSI to release more Li+, thus alleviating the influence of space charge near the electrode surface and accelerating the transfer of Li+. Not only does the excellent electrolyte wettability of ZIF-90 enhance the electrolyte retention capacity of the separator, but the orderly nano-channels in ZIF-90 also restrict the free migration of anions and homogenize the distribution of Li+. Consequently, the functional separator achieves a long-term stable Li plating/stripping cycling for over 780 h at 2 mA cm−2. Moreover, an impressive average coulombic efficiency of 98.67% at 0.5 C after 300 cycles is realized by Li || LFP full cells based on ZIF-90@PP with a capacity retention rate of 71.22%. The high-rate and long cycling performance of the modified Li || LFP cells further demonstrates the advantages of the ZIF-90@PP composite separator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the study of bimetallic structures "titanium-steel" by electron beam freeform fabrication with the use of niobium and copper interlayers. A metallographic study of the deposited interlayers is carried out. The hardness distribution over the samples is shown. Technological issues according to deposition of niobium on titanium and steel on copper are pointed out. Tensile testing results reveal that the obtained structures have an ultimate tensile strength of 150–228 MPa and the fracture is located at the niobium-copper alloy side or at the niobium interlayer. The need to reduce the titanium content in niobium due to the occurrence of intergranular penetration of copper is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, the using of fossil energy source-based fuels are delivering to the predetermined nature, health and environmental exposure, there is a universal necessitate prepared to well improvement and consumption of renewable energy source and apparatus. With the rapid growth of human life, energy is more essential. The explosive growth of population and energy consumption demands are the exclusive issue of the present world. In response to the energy demands, the growth of highly efficient energy conversion and storage devices. With increasing energy demands and environmental pollution, there is a requirement of the world to great some novel conducting materials consist of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) which is delivered that excellent photoconversion efficiencies (PCE) compare with the other silicon supported photovoltaics, and also semiconducting materials for the conversion of substitute energy sources and preparation of high high-performance semiconductor devices. Semiconducting thin films play an indispensable role in fashionable science and electronic technology. Among them, the II–VI compound semiconductor thin films are an important class of materials, and they are generally comprehensive wide-band gap materials. In addition, the un-doped and rare-earth metal ions doped zinc selenide (ZnSe) thin films are currently the most demanding and technologically important materials, which have the potential for optoelectronic devices (solar cells, photoelectrochemical cell and light emitting diodes) and are active throughout the entire visible spectrum extending into the infrared wavelengths. Various techniques for depositing thin coatings on these substances are utilized to a greater extent. In this review, the most recent advanced techniques in the application of semiconducting materials-based thin films were produced in various energy-generated fields, particularly solar cells, with a major focus on a review of recent progress in the development of various types of ZnSe thin film-based material for high-performance semiconducting thin film material for solar cell application. Lastly, the advantages and material challenges of semiconductor-based thin films for future sanitary energy device process are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold spray is a solid-state deposition technology widely used in additive manufacturing. The particles temperature is mostly used to adjust the porosity of the coating. This article uses Pyhon script to model the multi-particle model; then the multi-particle model is nested in the CEL deposition model to simulate the actual cold spray multi-particle deposition process; The CEL method has the characteristics of high accuracy and robustness and was selected as the simulation method for the multi-particle deposition model. The porosity of the coating is expressed by studying the value of the EVF void area in the Euler domain. Multiple groups of samples were taken on the coating surface to calculate the porosity of each group, and the average value was finally taken as the porosity of the entire coating. Numerical results show that increasing the particle temperature can effectively reduce the porosity of the coating. The average porosity of the coating under the particles temperature conditions are 600 K: 5.08 %; 650 K: 4.02 %; 700 K: 3.58 %; deposition completed the inside of the coating appears to be compacted. The substrate temperature will affect the combination of the coating and the substrate. It is recommended that the temperature difference between the particles and the substrate should not be too large. The CEL method simulates the process of cold spray multi-particle deposition, which is an effective method to observe and predict the porosity of the coating, which is also unachievable by the SPH and ALE methods.

Selected area electrochemical etching (EE) and electrochemical deposition (ED) are widely used for fabricating microstructures and devices, but they require complex processes and expensive equipment and generate significant electrolyte waste. This study demonstrates a novel single-droplet electrochemical system using a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for self-powered selected area EE and ED reactions. Utilizing TENG's pulsed power, Al nanostructures were created by EE, while nano-Ag and Cu2O nanocubes were synthesized by ED. The generated nanomaterials were applied to detect trace chemicals through the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering effect. The electrochemical reaction area can be controlled by droplet size, and patterns can be created using a needle movement platform. The size and density of nanostructures can be adjusted by the TENG's current, collision frequency, and electrolyte concentration. The deposition gradient from the center to the edge of the droplet is controlled by the distance between the needle and the substrate. COMSOL Multiphysics calculations show that a smaller D creates a larger electric field gradient. However, the varied deposition gradients were attributed to competition of electric field, diffusion effects, and capillary flow. This proposed green technology offers low cost, simplicity, no waste electrolyte, and self-powering capabilities, pioneering new research directions in EE and ED.

As freshwater demand is constantly increasing, water purification via membrane distillation (MD) emerges as a promising water production technology, especially when combined with the use of superhydrophobic membranes. Here, following our previous work [1] we extend our universal, environmentally friendly, plasma nanotexturing and hydrophobization technology for rendering practically any type of membrane superhydrophobic and oleophobic. Thus, we render three commercial porous membranes superhydrophobic, namely, polyvinylidene (PVDF 0.45 μm) (initially hydrophobic), polyethersulfone (PES 1.20 μm) and nylon (NY 1.20 μm) (both initially hydrophilic). We demonstrate superhydrophobic, superoleophobic (down to 40mn/m surface tension) and oleophobic properties (down to 30mN/m surface tension) for PVDF, PES and Nylon membranes thus paving the way for their use with low surface tension waste streams. Moreover, the technology presented herein not only improves existing hydrophobic membranes but may lead to elimination of the use of Teflon-like fluorinated hydrophobic membranes altogether in the future, thereby contributing to the PFAS (Per and Poly Fluoro Alkyl Substances) and Teflon-like membrane use reduction. We subsequently evaluated the performance of the treated membranes in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for desalination of sea-like water (35 g/L NaCl). All membranes showed enhanced water flux with an increase of >13% compared to the pristine hydrophobic PVDF membranes for at least 2 h of continuous operation, with salt rejection exciding 99.99%.