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1. Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study

Author: Abdullah, Shaina, Abrahams, Fiona, Adams, Vincentius, Adnane, Fhima, Adoni, Sonia, Adoons, Dieketso Melitta, Africa, Veronique, Aguinaga, D, Akach, Susan, Alakram Khelawon, Prisha, Aldrich, George, Alesinloye, Olatunde, Aletta, Mathale Biniki, Alice, Mametja, Aphane, Tebogo, Archary, Moherndran, Arends, Felicity, Arends, Shireen, Aser, Munonde, Asmal, T, Asvat, Mohammed, Avenant, Theunis, Avhazwivhoni, Muvhali, Azuike, Magnolia, Baartman, Johanna, Babalwa, Dlava, Badenhorst, Johan, Badenhorst, Miranda, Badripersad, Bianca, Badul, Lalihla, Bagananeng, M, Bahle, Mncedisi, Balfour, Liezl, Baloyi, T C, Baloyi, S, Baloyi, Tinyiko, Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho, Banda, Thokozani, Barit, Shimon, Bartsch, Nicole, Bayat, Junaid, Bazana, Siyabulela, Beetge, Marlene, Bekapezulu, Nosindiso, Belebele, Rammala, Bella, Phala, Belot, Zanenkululeko, Bembe, Lindi Gladys, Bensch, Sonja, Beukes, Gishma, Bezuidenhout, Karla, Bhembe, Themba, Bikisha, N A, Bilenge, Ben, Bishop, Leesa, Biyela, Baphamandla, Blaauw, Cyntheola, Blaylock, Mark, Bodley, Nicola, Bogale, Power, Bokolo, Sibongile, Bolon, Stefan, Booysen, Mary, Booysen, Eldereze, Boretti, Lia, Borges, Paula, Boshoga, Millicent, Bosman, Natasha, Bosvark, Lucinda, Botes, Nicky, Botha, Adele, Botha, Chantall, Botha, Jana, botha, Chantall, Botha, Mandlakayise Irvin, Botha, Alet, Bradbury, Janet, Breakfast, Zandisile, Breed, Maria, Brenda, Molele, Brice, Moshito, Britz, Jolene, Brown, Amanda, Buchanan, T, Bucwa, Thozama, Burger, Crystelle, Busakwe, Ziyanda, Bushula, Nosiviwe, Buthelezi, Zinhle, Buthelezi, Dumsile, Buthelezi, Thubelihle, Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil, Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina, Bux, Nadia, Buys, Christoff, Buys, Anneline, Caka, Ernestina, Canal, Armando Sanchez, Caroline, Sithole, Casper, Monrick, Cawood, Shannon, Cebisa, Oratile, Cele, Nothando, Cele, Sboniso, Cele, Sthembile Goodness, Chauke, Mkhacani, Chauke, Pinkie, Chelin, Nevil, Chen, Xiaohui, Chetty, Venmalla, Chetty, Kerisse, Cheu, Christinah, Chibabhai, Vindana, Chirima, Takudzwa, ChisaleMabotja, Mantwa, Chivenge, Charity, Choene, Ngoasheng, Choko, Mbali Nosisa, Choshi, Martin, Chowdhury, Sabbir, Christoforou, Anastacia, Chuene, S L S, Chueu, T S, Cilliers, Dale, Cilliers, Vanessa, Claassen, Marcel, Cloete, Jeané, Coelho, Chantelle, Coetzee, Carol, Coetzee, Hans Jurgens, Coetzee, Christine, Coetzee, Marelize, Coetzer, Dane, Coka, Sizwe, Colane, M, Combrink, Herkulaas, Conjwa, Songezo, Contrad, Colleen, Cornelissen, Faith, Cronje, Leezelle, Crouse, Christine, Dabi, Tshidi, Dandala, Ziyanda, Dangor, Ziyaad, Daniel, Gildenhuys, Daniel, Ngwana, Daumas, Alfred, Dauth, Madelein, David, Mongalo, Davids, Wayne, Daweti, Nozuko, Dawood, Halima, Dayile, Wandisa, De Bruin, B, De Klerk, Karin, De la Rosa, Tanya, de Nysschen, Marice, De vos, Marie, De Wet, Darien, Debising, Mohith, Deenadayalu, Darshan, Dekeda, Babalwa, Desiree, Mofokeng, Deysel, Annelise, Dhlamini, Abram, Diala, Makgethwa Dhlala, Diale, Mathapelo, Diketane, Bella, Dingani, Nosisa, Diniso, Siyabonga, Diphatse, Lesego, Diya, Anele, Dladla, Zihloniphile, Dladla, Nompumelelo, Dladla, Mlungisi, Dladla, Patience, Dlamini, Baphilie, Dlamini, Nonhlanhla, Dlamini, Linda, Dlamini, Nonzwakazi, Dlamini, Wendy, Dlamini, Ncomeka, Dlamini, Siyabonga, Dlamini, Nicodemus, Dlamini, Lebohang, Dlamini, Motshedise, Dlava, Babalwa Christine, Dlova, Phikiwe, Dlozi, Lindiwe, Doreen, Maenetja, Doyi, Vumile, Doyi, Athini, Du Plessis, Belinda, du Plessis, Johanna Aletta, du Plessis, Eddie, du Plessis, Nicolette, du Plessis, Karin, du Toit, Briette, du Toit, Narissa, Dube, Jabulile, Dubula, Athayanda, Duduzile, Msomi, Duiker, Sechaba, Duma, Unati Bongile, Duma, Kholiwe, Dunne, Kella, Dyantyi, Kholeka, Dyantyi, Avile, Dyasi, Simphiwe, Dyondzo, Chauke, Dyubhele, Phelisa, Dywili, B J, Edwards, Letitia, Eksteen, Madie, Ellis, Tersia, Ellis, Tia, Emmerson, Glenda, Enslin, Theusia, Epule, Odimula, Erasmus, Lana, Erick, Mathonsi, Etsane, Lerato, Eunice, Shimange, Fani, Zanele, Ferreira, Mariette, Finger-Motsepe, K L, Floris, Fabion, Fobo, Tseko, Fokotsane, Keresemetse, Fokwana, Duduzile Emmelda, Fords, Genevieve Marion, Fortein, Juanita, Fouche, Christine, Fourie, Rulandi, Frean, Andrew, Fredericks, Ludwig, Funda, Wandile, funjwa, kabelo, Futhane, Martha, Futuse, Amanda, Gabaediwe, Dora, Gabuza, Nonhlanhla, Galant, Janycke, Gama, Zanele, Gano, Thobile, Gardiner, Emma Cora, Gastrow, Henri, Gate, Kelly, Gaunt, Ben, Gavaza, Rikhotso, Gayi, Thapelo, Gcakasi, Nkosinathi, Gcobo, Nomusa, Geffen, Leon, Geldenhuys, S, George, Jenny, Gerber, Martha, Getyengana, Zolisa, Gigi, Nkululo, Gihwala, Radha, Gilliland, Mitchell, Gloria, Zandile, Glover, Elitia, Gokailemang, Ellen, Goosen, Suseth, Gopane, Maria, Gosa-Lufuta, Thandazile, Gosnell, Bernadett, Gouws, Sharleen, Govender, Christina, Govender, Raksha, Govender, Pearl, Govender, Sally, Govender, Roxanne, Govender, K, Govender, Savie, Govinden, Rashika, Gqabuza, Luphumlo, Gqaji, Nomthandazo, Gqetywa, Maneo, Green, Caroline, Green, Nathan, Green, Neera, Grobler, Hendrik, Groenwald, Pamela, Grootboom, Daniel, Gumede, Beatrice, Gumede, Nomonde, Gumede, Simphiwe, Gumede, Slindile, Gumede, Ntombikayise, Gumede, Zenande, Gxotiwe, Thandiswa, H L, Makhubela, Hadebe, Nonhlanhla, Hadebe, Skhumbuzo, Halkas, Christos, Hamer, Ansie, Hamida, Ebrahim, Hammond, Juan, Haniff, Sumayia, Hare, Annelise, Hattingh, lorinda, Hendricks, Thenjiwe, Henecke, Philip-George, Henly-Smith, Brends, Herselman, Glynis, Heymans, Ansie, Heyns, Chantel, Hlabahlaba, Golekane, Hlabangwane, Lucky, Hlamarisa, Simango, Hlanzi, Ntokozo, Hlela, Hlengiwe, Hlokwe, Katlego, Hlongwa, Thembinkosi, Hlongwana, Anele, Hlubi, Themba, Hobo, Tozama, Hopane, Nare Nathaniel, House, Mariska, Hudson, Catharina, Huysamen, Marinda, Indheren, Jezreen, Ingle, Samantha, Isaacs, Gavin, Isaacs, T S Thekiso, Itumeleng, Maringa, J van Rensburg, Karien, Jackson, Saloshni, Jacob, Neziswa, Jacobs, Burton, Jacobs, Tshireletso, Jacobs, Gugulethu, Jaftha, Mesadi, Jaji, Zimkhitha, Jali, Sibusiso, James, Gcobisa, January, Gillian, Jeke, Andiswa, Jeremiah, Laurent, Jeremiah, L S, Jhetam, Mubeen, John, Maureen, John, Chuene, Jola, Thandiwe, Jonas, Yolande, Jonas, Anovick, Juggernath, Amilcar, Kaba, Eileen, Kabo, Venetia, Kadi, Disebo, Kaizer, Karabo, Kambule, Moshaya Peter, Kapp, Lorraine, Kau, Tshepo, Keneth, Nchabeleng, Kgabi, O, Kgafela, Tebogo Audrey, Kgakgadi, Vincent, Kgaswe, Isabella, Kgathlane, Tsholofelo, Kgetha, Vuyelwa Julia, Kgomojoo, Mmaselloane, Kgoro, B, Kgosiemang, Christinah, Kgosiencho, Gloria, Khambula, Stephen, Khan, Ariffa, Khanare, Refemetswe, Khanyase, Ncamsile, Khanyile, Nokwethemba, Kharatsi, Fillip, Khawula, Simangele, Khohlakala, Themba, Khomo, Letitia, Khoza, Isabel, Khoza, Sinethemba, Khukule, Nombulelo, Khumalo, Busisiwe, Khumalo, Tracy, khumalo, Zinhle, Khumalo, Vuyelwa, Khumalo, Delisile, Khumalo, Lebohang, Khumalo, Boitumelo, Khumalo, Thuli, Khumalo, Gugu, Khuzwayo, Bongiwe, Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle, Kidson, Hennie, Kistan, Jesne, Klaas, 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Lethoba, Tsepo Patric, Letlalo, Emission, Letlhage, Ofentse, Letshufi, D S V, Letsoalo, Dineo Fiona, Letsoalo, Seleka Jones, Letsoalo, Pennelope, Letwaba, Getrude, Linda, Sobekwa, Lipholo, Katleho, Litabe, Sabata, Lochan, Harsha, Lomax, Linda, Lombaard, Francina, Loots, Elmarie, Lourens, Ariana, Louw, Celeste, Louw, Rianna, Lubambo, Zikhona, Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises, Ludada, Gregory, Lukas, Michael, Lungu, Thembela, Lupindo, Nomvume, Lusenga, Emmah, Luthuli, Happiness, Luvuno, Zoleka Sylvia, M H, Gwangwa, Maarman, Mustafa, Mabaso, Buyisiwe, Mabaso, Cynthia, Mabitle, Morena, Mabogoane, Grace, Mabone, Kgakgamatso, Mabuza, Rueben, Mabuza, Velaphi, Madiseng, Mogantla, Madlala, Thobile, Madolo, Mashooase, Madonsela, Thabiso, Madubanya, Lesetsa, Maepa, Amukelani, Mafumana, Namhla, Mafumo, Caroline, Magadla, Pumeza, Magale, Viscah, Magaqa, Nompumelelo, Magda, Oberholzer, Magdeline, Rakgoale, Maggie, Tswai, Maginxa, Bongeka, Magoba, Cathrine Maite, Magongwa, Caroline, Magubane, Agretia, Magubane, Agretia Ntombizodwa, Magwai, R, Mahabane, D I, Mahabeer, Padmini, Mahadulula, Elsie, Mahanjana, Lungiswa, Maharaj, Amy, Mahlambi, Qedusiza, Mahlangu, Yvonne, Mahlangu, Lerato, Mahlangu, Ntombifikile, Mahlangu, Makhosazana, Mahlangu, Mahlatsi, Mahlasela, Penelope, Mahlatse, Thosago, Mahlobo, Regina, Mahole, Dikhing, Mahomed, Adam, Mahubane, Mapeu Debora, Mahume, Peter, Maifo, Lehlogonolo, Maimane, Vincent, Maimele, Petunia, Maine, Phakoe, Mainongwane, Patricia Senyanyathi, Majamani, Nomalungisa, Majozini, Amahle, Makalima, Noluthando, Makam, Nomfundo, Makamba, Khanyisa, Makan, R, Makarapa, Mashiane, Makgahlela, Malesela, Makgisa, Mogoiwa David, Makgomo, Makgoba, Makgopa, M A, Makhalema, Mabone, Makhanya, Lindokuhle Lizo, Makhanya, Philile Valentia, Makharaedzha, Tolerance, Makhathini, Nathi, Makhesi, Elizabeth, Makhubela, Cinile, Makhunga, Nkululeko Freedom, Makhupula, Nomalinge, Makhura, R R, Makola, Rangwato, Makuba, Zingisa, Makubalo, Asanda, Makumsha, Lonwabo, Makuya, George, Malaka, Levy Mmachuene, Malangeni, Themba, Malatji, M L, Malebana-Metsing, Pelonomi, Malek, Malek, Malevu, Luthando, Malgas, Juanita, Malgas, Dimakatso, Malope, Paul Makgasane, Malose, Monyeki, Maluleke, Katekani, Mambane, Kato, Mamorobela, Nthabiseng, Manamela, Kukami, Manana, Tshepo, Maneto, Sathiel, Manganye, Aron Kabelo, Mangena, Pheto, Mangoale, Anna, Mangozho, Tinotenda Florence, Manickchund, Pariva, Mankayi, Zandisile, Manning, Arthur, Manyaapelo, Kelebogile Manyaapelo, Manyane, Tabea, Manzana, Zoliswa, Manzini, Milton, Mapasa-Dube, Busisiwe, Maphumulo, Siboniso, Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi, Maponya, Sindy, Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy, Maponya, Napjadi, Maqubela, Lami, Maqubela, Lizeka, Maqungo, Vuyo, Marais, Marisa, Marais, Chantal, Maramba, Nondumiso, Mare, Annelize, Maredi, Madumetsa, Martins, Afikile, Marule, Johanna, Marumo, Refilwe, Masakona, N N, Masehla, Kedibone Vincentia, Maseko, Eric, Maselesele, Tshilidzi, Maselo, Mojalefa, Maseloa, M, Masemola, M E, Masemola, Thembi, Mashaba, Bella, Mashangwane, James, Mashao, Mantebele, Mashego, Shalom, Mashele, Lerato, Mashiane, Ester, Mashibini, Joyce, Mashilo, J, Mashiloane, Tumi, Mashishi, Charity, Mashiyi, Ngazibini, Mashudu, Khomola, Masindi, Aluwani, Maslo, Caroline, Masondo, Nduduzo, Masuku, Dumisile, Matamela, Cry, Matandela, Mirriam, Mathabela, Nontokozo, Mathabi, T, Mathe, Keitumetse, Mathebula, Mathabo, Mathebula, Catherine, Mathebula, Mdungazi Andres, Mathenjwa, Nqobizwe, Mathibe, Jane, Mathibela, Lebohang, Mathilda, Makwela, Mathiva, Khakhu, Mathobela, Mokgadi Alinah, Mathonsi, Fikile Pearl, Mathonsi, K P, Mathosa, Katlego, Matiwane, Noluvo, Matjeke, Emma, Matjiane, Bella, Matjila, Thabang, Matlala, Chidi, Matome, Petlo, Matoti, Nolusindiso, Matseliso, C, Matsemela, Dineo, Matsha, Phumeza, Matshediso, Gaalebale Prudence, Matshediso, Motsumi, Matshela, Esther, Mavuma, Bongeka, Mavundla, Pearl, Mavuso, Nomthandazo, Mawasha, Lovender, Mawelela, Rebecca, Mazibuko, Nelisiwe, Mazibuko, Phumlani, Mazubane, Lindiwe, Mbanjwa, Bavumile, Mbasa, Ayanda, Mbatha, Nosimilo, Mbatha, Zanele, Mbatha, Rudolph Zenzele, Mbedzi, Gift, Mbizi, Tatenda Trevor, Mbonambi, Khumbulani, Mboniswa, Nondumiso, Mbonisweni, Nomfanelo, Mbuilu, Jody, Mbulawa, Siyabonga, Mbutho, Zama, Mbuzi, Natasha, Mchunu, Nonkululeko, Mchunu, Cyprian, Mchunu, Nokuzola, Mchunu, Masesi Thandeka, Mciteka, Vuyokazi, Mdaka, Solly, Mdakane, Neho, Mdediswa, Siyabonga, Mdima, Melusi, Mdima Masondo, Nozipho, Mdindana, Siviwe, Mdleleni, Ntombizikhona, Mdletshe, Sibusiso, Mdoda, Gcobisa Precious, Mdolo, Ntombi, Mdontsane, Anele, Mehta, Ruchikas, Memela, Philile Rittah, Methuse, Masande, Metshile, Keatlaretse, Metuse, Pheliswa, Meyer, Anton, Meyer, Gavin, Meyer, Cameron, Mfazwe, Sisonke, Mfecane, Andiswa, Mfecane, Bongeka, Mfeka, Nelisiwe, Mgaga, Busisiwe, Mgauli, Thandiwe Portia, Mgedezi, Thembekile, Mgedezi, Vuyokazi, Mgevane, Kalipile, Mgiba, Bongni, Mgoduka, Babalwa, Mhlaba, Patrick, Mhlaba, Zeldah, Mhlanga, Ntombizodwa, Mhlinza, Vangile, Mhlongo, Nokuthula, Mhlongo, sibongiseni, Mhlotshana, Unamandla, Mikateko, Mabaso, Minnie, Helena, Mintoor, Karen, Miyeni, Bongi, M J, Mabelane, Mjethu, Rosy, Mkhize, Gloria, Mkhize, Mvuselelo, Mkhize, Ntokozo Siyabonga, Mkhize, Victoria, Mkhize, Nomkhosi, Mkhize, Nokuthula, Mkhwanazi, Mathini, Mkile, Nolwandle, Mkise, Kholofelo, Mkiya, Nokwandiso, Mkongi, Pearl, Mkungeka, Mnonopheli, Mlahleki, Hlomile, Mlibali, Nolukholo, Mlungwana, Sakhumzi, Mmachele, Jonas, Mmateka, Mashatole, Mmokwa, Molebatsi, Mmutlane, Thembisa, Mndebele, Zanele Olive, Mngomezulu, Nonhlanhla, Mnguni, Noluthando Millicent, Mngunyana, Pumza, Mngunyana, Nomxolisi, Mngxekeza, Ntombebongo, Mnisi, Zenzele, Mnqayi, Hlengiwe Precious, Mnqayi, Phumzile, Mntungwa, Thabiso, Mnyaka, Siya, Mnyakeni, Ntombikayise, Mnyamana, Vuyani, Mnyipika, Nomzingisi, Moabelo, Koena, Moatshe, Mmakgoshi Alseria, Mochaki-Senoge, Jennifer, Moche, Sharon, Mocwagae, Tebello, Modibane, Koeikantse, Modimoeng, Tebogo godfrey, Modisa, Obakeng, Modisane, Itumeleng, Modise, Olebogeng, Modjadji, Makaepeaa Flovia, Modupe, Sharon, Moeketsi, Maja, Moeketsi, Ntswaki, Moeng, Kereditse Kingsley, Mofamere, Naledi Nthabiseng, Mofokeng, Samuel, Mofokeng, Thabo, Mofomme, Jonas, Mogakane, Vicky, Mogale, Lehlohonolo, Mogapi, Audrey, Mogashoa, Thomas, Mogatla, Mphaka James, Mogoale, Kgaladi, Mohajane, Dikeledi Maggie, Mohapi, Nkuba, Mohatsela, Mthoamihla, Mohlala, Irene, Mohlala, Daphney, Mohlamonyane, Mpho, Mohutsiwa, Bonolo Millord, Moipone, Selemela, Moisi, Tshepang, Mojalefa, Nelly, Moji, Vuyo, Mokangwana, Buhle, Mokgabo, Matloa, Mokgaetji, Manaka, Mokgaotsi, Jane, Mokgoro, Neo Theodore, Mokhatla, Thalitha, Mokhele, Lerato Lovedalia, Mokhema, Sheila, Mokoena, Mamoya, Mokoena, Mojalefa, Mokome, Lleka, Mokone, Cynthia, Mokono, Ipeleng, Mokonyama, Thabiso, Mokori, Josiah, Mokuena, Dolores, Mokumo, Danny, Mokwena, Oddy, Mokwena, Kgaogelo, Mokwena, Kgantshi Sam, Mokwene, Lebogang, Molate, Thato Elliott, Molebalwa, Ditoche, Molefe, Boingotlo, Molehe, Kgopa Stanley, Moleme, Kgomotso, Moliane, Sarah, Moloi, Fanyana, Molorane, Retshepile Joseph, Molotsi, Glenda Tsholanang, Molukanele, Lerato, Monareng, Joy, Moncho, Thapelo, Monica, Modiadie, Monnane, Refilwe, Monqo, Andile, Montewa, Neo, Montsioa, Kgalalelo, Monyaki, Reitumetse, Monyane, Masekhobe Jeanett, Monyela, Lipson, Moodley, Yudeshan, Moodley, Kriesen, Moodley, Kaira, Mooka, Boitumelo Donald, Moonsamy, Prea, Moopanar, Simmi, Moore, David, Mophethe, Lineo, Moremedi, Tshegohatso, Moremong, Kealeboga, Morgan, Nthangeni, Moripa, Egma, Morris, Lulamile, Mosala, Me. A.M., Mosana, Thabo, Mosase, Alice, Mose, Yolanda, Mosehlo, Maponya, Moseki, Mothusi, Moshabe, Mojalefa David, Moshai, D A, Moshani, Mbulelo, Moshani, Pelisa, Mosima, Ledwaba, Mosima, Ezrom, Mosoma, M P, Motaung, Lebohang, Motaung, Mokete, Motaung Xhama, Thozama Charmain, Motha, Purine Khethiwe, Motimele, Lerato, Motimeng, Boitumelo, Motladiile, Shirley, Motlhabane, Otsile, Motlhamme, Joshua, Motloba, Mandla, Motse, Kagiso, Motshegoa, Sophia, Moutlana, Edward, Mouton, Irma, Moya, Zanele, Moyake, Nomonde, M P, Maja, Mpete, Jenny, Mpfuni, Luamba Meltha, Mphahlele, Seputule Mphahlele, Mphake, Mashadi, Mphanya, Ephraim Letlhogonolo, Mphaphuli, Mashudu, Mphela, Tebogo Chwene, Mpontshane, MS, Mqotyana, Thabile, Mqungquthu, Babalwa, Msane, Noluthando Busane, Mseleku, Malusi, Msibi, Sibusiso, Msibi, Mancele, Msibi, Thulisile, Msibi, Siyabonga Linda, Msiza, Clement Nhlanhla, Msomi, Lungelo, Mtatambi, Mandlenkosi, Mthathambi, Thembisa, Mthembu, December, Mthembu, Nhlahla, Mthembu, Fezile Mbali, Mthembu, Lungiswa, Mthethwa, Nompumelelo Petunia, Mthimkhulu, Khulekani, Mthuli, Lungani Percival, Mthunzi, Ashley, Mtolo, Xolani Sydney, Mtolo, Nomonde Precious, Mtshali, Linda, Mtwa, Neliswa, Mtyobile, Fezeka, Mtyobile, Kanyisa, Mudau, Mpfariseni, Muemeleli, Magwabeni, Mulaudzi, Isaac, Mulaudzi, Rebecca, Mulaudzi, Mhlelekedzeni, Muligwe, Dakalo Rejoyce, Muponda, Blessing, Mushadi, Mmbangiseni Stella, Mushid, M, Muthaphuli, Konanani, Muthavhine, J, Muthika, Mpho, Mvelase, Samkelisiwe, Mvelase, Vusi, Mwehu, Laurent Kayumba, Myaka, Thabile, myburgh, Magriet, Mzamo, Zimkhitha, Mzawuziwa, Fezeka, Mzini, Mfundo Lunga, Mzizana, Oscar, Mzobe, Ntokozo, Mzobe, Thokozile, Mzobe, Zamaswazi, Mzwandile, Mtimkulu, Naby, Fathima, Naicker, Keshnee, Naicker, Pregashnie, Naicker, Saroja, Naicker, Pershen, Naicker, Saiyen Virgil, Naidoo, Ria, Naidoo, Sam, Naidoo, Mergan, Naidoo, Kamalambal, Naidoo, Aroomugam, Naku, Sivuyile, Nakwa, Firdose, Nancy, Masoga, Nathan, Rita, Naude, Maritsa, Ncaza, Gcobisa, Ncaza, Aviwe, Ncha, Relebohile, Ncoyini, Yanelisa, Ncube, Snothile, Ndaba, Mrs, Ndaba, Vusumuzi, Ndaba, Mmapula, Ndawonde, Siziwe, Ndevu, Ziphozihle, Ndhlovu, Nonhlanhla Faith, Ndima, Simphiwe, Ndlela, Sindisiwe, Ndlela, Thobsile P, Ndlovu, Nobuhle, Ndlovu, Nwabisa, Ndlovu, Virginia Dipuo, Ndlumbini, Sombekhaya, Nduli, Khululiwe, Nduli, Priscilla Nontokozo, Ndwambi, Michael, Nel, Jeremy, Nel, Rina, Nel, Lizelle, Nemanashi, Ntsundeni florah, Nemudivhiso, Usinkhangwe Nyaphophi, Nemutavhanani, Joyce Nemutavhanani, Nene, Jabu, Nene, Xolani, Netshilonga, David, Netsianda, Rendani, Newton, Charmaine, Ngalo, Vuyo Leroy, Ngani, Ncumisa, Ngcakaza, Thabisa Monica, Ngcobo, Thamela, Ngcobo, Trulove Nonhlanhla, Ngcobo, Richards, Ngcobo, Gcinile, Ngcobo, Guguletu, Ngetu, Thozama, Ngewu, Pinkie, Ngobeni, Tshepo, Ngobeni, Providence, Ngobeni, Khanyisile, Ngobeni, Prudence, Ngobese, Thembisile, Ngomane, Tracy, Ngondo, Nolusindiso, Ngubane, Nokukhanya, Ngubane, Sithembiso, Nguse, Ntombizodwa Praxedise, Ngwane, Tholakele, Ngwasheng, Elizabeth, Ngwenya, Siphamandla, Ngwenya, Gugu, Ngwenya, Nomthandazo, Ngwenya, Themba, Ngwenya, Eva, Ngxola, Zintlanu, Nhabe, Tshegofatso, Nhlabathi, Jabulile, Nhlangwana, Ishmael, Nhlapo, Sithembile, Nick, Matlala, Niemand, Vicky, Nienaber, Carina, Nix, Louise, Njikelana, Chumisa, Njomi, Masiza, Nkabinde, Lucia, NKABINDE, M, Nkabiti, Boitumelo, Nkabule, Gugu, Nkadimeng, Mankopodi, Nkanjeni, Nonkanyiso, Nkatlo, Palesa Portia, Nkewana, Bongani, Nkhwashu, Audrey, Nkoana, Ngokoana, Nkoane, Mmathapelo, Nkogatse, M, Nkomo, Fezile, Nkomo, Ntando, Nkonyane, Nontobeko, Nkosi, Sydney, Nkosi, Ntombikayise, Nkosi, Phumzile, Nkosi, Ntombifuthi, NKOSI, TINTSWALO, Nkosi, ML, Nkosi, Godfrey, Nkosi, Amukelani, Nkosi, Fikile Vinoliah, Nkosi, Mbali, Nkosi, Nomcebo Lucia, Nkosi, Siphokazi, Nkuhlu, Amanda, Nkumane, Phumzile, Nkuna, Malebo, Nkwakwha, Wendy, Noge, Sesi, Nolte, Elizabeth, Nomawabo, Peko, Nombita, Malibongwe, Nophale, Nandipha, Nothnagel, Jeanetta, Novokoza, Bongiwe, Nqaphi, Zanele, Nqondo, Thobekile, Nqwelo, Siphokazi, N S, Nkoana, Ntabeni, Sindiswa, Ntabeni, Mr, Ntampula, mawethu, Ntebe, Mthutuzeli, Ntela, Mokwabo, Ntimbane, Hezekiah, Ntintsilana, Xolisa, Ntleki, Patrick, Ntobela, Zanele, Ntombela, Bandile, Ntombela, Zamaswazi, Ntombela, Khonelihle Zandile, Ntombela, Praisegod Samkelo Thobani, Ntonintshi, Lindiwe, Ntseane, Dipuo, Ntseane, Thobeka, Ntsham, Xolelwa, Ntshele, Mbalenhle, Ntshewula, Amanda, Ntsoko, Zinzi, Ntsoto, Athini, Ntuli, Nomsa, Ntuli, Nokwazi, Ntuli, Nomvula, Ntuli, Andrew Diffar, Ntuli, Faith, Nurnberger, Margrit, Nxala, Ntsikelelo, Nxasane, Sithandiwe, Nxumalo, Thanda, Nyathi, Xolani, Nyawula, Nontobeko, Nzama, Nhlakanipho, Obed, Maila Nkuneng, Ogwal, Florence, Olifant, Maureen, Oliphant, B, Olive, Monota, Olyn, Kagisho, Omoighe, Raymond, One, Phumeza, Oscar, Ratombo, Owen, Nkuna, P, Mailula, Padayachee, Nalini, Padayachy, Vasaily, Pakade, Ntombizakhe, Palime, Mosiuoa, Palisa, Jane, Parker, Arifa, Parkies, Lesenyeho, Parrish, Andy, Patel, Nilesh, Pather, Anastasia, Patience, Mkhombo Tsakani, Patzke, Marisa, Pawuli, Akhumzi, Pelako, Ntandokazi, Penrose, Phaswana Sibasa, Peppeta, Litha, Pershad, Santosh, Pertunia, Makheda, Pertunia, Nkuna, Perumal, Dane, Peter, Mongameli, Peters, Justin, Petlane, Vatiswa, Petrus, Harideen, Phahladira, Kgomotso, Phakisa, Matebesi John, Phale, R, Phathela, Livhuwani, Phillip, Sekate Daniel, Phiri, Beverly, Phiri, Mapule Precious, Phokane, Thapelo, Phokoane, Frank, Pholosho, Moele, Phooko, Sekoro, Phooko, Sekodi Geoffrey, Phutiane, Maponya, Pillay, Faiza, Pillay, Melanie, Pillay, Sayuri, Pillay, C R, Plaatjie, Zikhona, Pootona, James, Potgieter, Samantha, Potgieter, Marius, Precious, Mulaudzi Mulatedzi, Pretorius, Paul Janus, Prozesky, Hans, Pule, Mokhethi, Punwasi, Jayshina, Putzier, Dot, Qankqiso, Lutho, Qebedu, Siphokazi, Qhola, Phozisa, Qotoyi, Ntombesithathu, Qotso, Sipho Victor, Qwabe, Zanele, Rabie, Helena, Rabothata, Phoebe, Rachoene, Christina, Radana, Mteteleli, Radebe, Maria, Radebe, Dr. Valentino, Radebe, Nonkululeko, Radinne, Ella, Raduvha, Sherly, Raghunath, Shamintha, Rajagopaul, Claudine, Rakgwale, Mary, Ralethe, Malumbete Michael, Ralimo, Kenneth, Ramafoko, Motlalepule, Ramagoma, Maduvhahafani, Raman, Charlotte, Ramavhuya, Dr, Rambally, Molly, Ramdeen, Nivasha, Ramdin, Tanusha, Rameshwarnath, Sharita, Ramkillawan, Yeishna, Ramotlou, Rampedi, Faith, Rampersad, Vijayluxmi, Ramuima, Avhashoni, Ranone, Noluthando, Rapasa, Mabohlale Portia, rapelang, Mpharoane, Raphaely, Nika, Rashokeng, Lesiba, Rashopola, Caroline, Ratau, Tebogo, Ratau, M, Ratshili, Mpfariseni David, Rautenbach, Elmari, Ravele, Rofhiwa, Reachable, Johannes, Rebecca, Peta Mmalahla, Reddy, Kessendri, Redfern, Andrew, Reed, Robertha, Rees, Mumsy, Reji, Dr, Reubenson, Gary, Rewthinarain, Veena, Rheeder, Paul, Rhulani, Nkonayani, Richard, Mufamadi, Rikhotso, J S, Rikhotso, Shatimone Beverley, Robert, Lavhelani Ndivhaleni, Roto, Noncedo, Ruder, Gideon, Rugnath, Kapil, Ruiters, Lizette, Ruiters, Mina, Russell, Sue, Ruwiza, Lynn, R Y, Molokoane, Saaiman, Mandy, Sabela, Emmanuel, Sadiq, Lerato, Saki, Litha, Salambwa, Hyppolite, Samjowan, Menitha, Samodien, Nazlee, Samuel, Rakgolele, Sandile, Fakudze, Sanelisiwe, Cekuse, Sani, Mandlankosi, Sawuka, Simangele, Schoeman, Lelani, Scholts, Magriet, Schroder, Ronel, Sebalabala, Mamotetekoane, Sebati, Selwalenkwe Collet, Seboko, Jacoline, Sebuthoma, Wilheminah, Segami, Annah, Segokotlo, Ruth, Sehloho, MR, Seisa, Khutjo, Sekgobela, Antony, Sekhosana, Monica, Sekonyela, John, Sekoto, Mpho, Sekulisa, Naledi, Sekwadi, Mokgadi Vanessa, Selaelo, Lebogo, Selatlha, Johannes, Selekolo, Kgomotso, Selfridge, William, Semenya, Lucy, Sengakane, Ivy, Sengata, Masabata, Sentle, Petronella, Seoketsa, Malebo, Seonandan, Pratheesha, Serumula, Thomas Mambushi, Setheni, Nkululeko, Setlale, Refiloe, Setlhodi, Tumediso, Setlhodi, Barbara, Setloghele, Robert, Sewpersad, Aarthi, Sewpersadh, Ryan, Shabalala, Phumlile, Shabangu, Owen, Shabangu, Kungesihe, Shabangu, Harriet Sbonangaye, Shabangu, Thokozani, Shadi, Clifford, Shaik, Hasifa, Shale, Tseliso, Shandu, Qedani, Shandu, Nomvelo, Shange, Ntswaki Marcia, Shenxane, Abongile, Sherriff, A, Shezi, Sebenzile, Shezi, Thenjiwe, Shihangule, Scally, Shikwambana, Cheyeza, Shoba, Lungisani, shokane, Kamogelo, Sibande, Nora, Sibeko, Lydia, Sibeko, Xolani, Sibiya, Zanele, Sibiya, Mncedisi, Sibuta, Sphamandla, Sifumba, Thembakazi, Sigcau, Sipho, Sigila, Lutho, Sihentshe, Kayakazi, Sihlangu, Bongani, Sikhakhane, Daisy, Sikhakhane, Shaun Nhlanhla, Siko, Mbali, Sikonje, Sipho, Simanga, Khumbulekile, Simango, Nomsa, Simela, Thulisile, Simelane, Ntombikayise, Singh, Sashah, Singh, Marjorie, Singh, Ragani, Singh, Shash, Singh, Anita, Sithole, Hitekani, Sithole, Senzekile, Sithole, Ntokozo Danielle, Sithole, Koketso Maxwell, Situma, Jonnie, Sivraman, Annie, Siwela, Katekani, Siyewuyewu, Nonqubela, Sizeka, Maweya, Siziba, Nonceba, Skhosana, Andrew, Skhosana, Khanyisile, Skhosana, Rorisang, Skoko, Tandiwe, Slabbert, Sunet, Smangaliso, Ntombela, Smedley, Christine, Smit, Lydia, Smit, Natassia, Smit, Lizelle, Smit, Michelle, Smith, Fasie, Smith, Lizzie, Smith, Sunell, Smith, Cassius, Smuts, Stefan, Sofe, Ayanda, Solomon, Khobane, Solomon, L J, Sombani, chauke, Songca, Richard, Sontamo, Anga, Soorju, Supriya, Sopazi, Zubenathi, Soqasha, Brian, Sosibo, Bongiwe, Sotsaka, Ntsika, Soula, Mandy, Spoor, Simon, Stacey, Sarah, Stali, Asanda, Stephina, Mutele Mmboniseni, Steup, Myra, Steven, Sinoxolo, Stevens, AW, Stevens, Vincent, Steyn, Dewald, Steyn, Bianca, Stocks, Pat, Stolk, Henk, Stoltz, Alida, Strehlau, Renate, Stroebel, Anneke, Strydom, Loraine, Strydom, Jean-Marie, Strydom, Anton, Strydom, Ursula, Sunnyraj, Midhu, Swana, Nwabisa, Swanepoel, Winnie, Swanepoel, Suzan, Swartbooi, Elsie, Swartz, Estley Swartz, Syce, Casandra, T E, Shihambi, Tabane, Joyce, Tabane, N E, Tawana, Mrs, Tebello, Ntene, Tembe, Siphosetu Wiseman, Terblanche, Samantha, Thabede, Ntombifuthi, Thabelo, Nkhumeleni, Thabethe, Sibusiso, Thabo George, Lekhanya, Thare, Keorapetse, Thebogo, Makofane, Thekiso, Lerato, Theko, Lloyd, Themba, Celimphilo Zandi, Theron, Danie, Theron, Henda, Theron, Ilze, Thingathinga, Thandiwe, Thlabadira, M M, Thoka, Dikeledi, Thokwana, Zanele, Thom, Gustav, Thubakgale, Mamphot Joel, Thwala, Theodora, Thys, P, Tieho, Monethi, Timothy, Matodzi, Tintswalo, Ndlovu, Tivana, Babalwa, Tladi, Molefi, Tokota, Bongiwe, Toni, Simthandile, Torres, Ariel, Toubkin, Mande, Tsatsi, Marinda, Tshabalala, Khanyisile, Tshamase, Nozibele, Tshefu, Gontse, Tshegofatjo, Makgoga, Tshikomba, Given, Tshilo, Thapelo, Tshira, Lerato, Tshirado, S T, Tshisikule, Maipfi, Tsoke, G, TSOKE, N, Tsoko, Alatha, Tsotetsi, Mosele, Tsubella, Sandeva, Tuswa, Noxolo, Tutse, Maipato, Tutu, Nomayenzeke, Twala, Sphephelo, Twala, Nhlanhla, Twala, Simphiwe, Ubisi, John, Unathi, Tefo, Van Aswegen, A, van der Merwe, Marietjie, van der Merwe, Trudie, van der Plank, Patience, van der Spuy, Elmarie, Van Der Westhuizen, Linda, Van Der Westhuizen, Adele, van der Westhuizen, Talana, van der Westhuyzen, Mene, Van Dyk, Thea, van Heerden, Ingrid, van Jaarsveld, Ryno, Van Lill, M, van Niekerk, Heidi, van Niekerk, Ben, van Rensburg, Amanda, van Schallwyk, Judy, Van Sensie, Zeitschke Yarnrich, van Vuuren, Magda, van Vuuren, Cloete, Vandu, Olga Funiswa, Vane, Mandisa, VanZyl, Lucia, Variava, Ebrahim, Veerus, Mariam, Velapi, Nokhwezi, Veleko, Sebina, Velezantsi, Z, Venter, Retha, Vergottini, Corlia, Vermeulen, Inga, Vidah, Liabara Lufuluvhi, Vilakazi, Bongani, Vilakazi, Treasure N, Vilakazi, Mbalenhle Precious, Viljoen, Karen, Viljoen, Werner, Volschenk, Zuretha, Vos, Angelo, V V, Matlala, Walters, Jacques, Webb, Kate, Welsh, John, Wessels, D, Wheller, Judy, White, Fundile, White, Priscilla, Whyte, Carmen, Willemse, Ansie, William, Sape, Williams, Daniel, Williams, Kamielah, Williams, Mercia, Williamson, Anne, Wilson, Cherade, Wolff, Boipelo, Wray, Michelle, Xaba, Ntombizonke B, Xaba, Thabang Jabulani, Xiniwe, Thanks, Xoliswa, Mtshali, Xulu, Funokwakhe, Xulu, Gibson, Yam, Sandlakazi, Zakhura, NM, Zareloa, Mashela, Zinto, Sive, Zinziswa, Dyibeni, Ziselo, Lulamile, Zitha, Zakhele, Zitha, Emmanuel, Zokufa, Anele, Zondi, Innocent, Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard, Zondi, Sbuyi, Zondi, Thulani, Zongola, Wandiswa, Zühlke, Liesl, Zulu, Zandile, Zulu, Lungelo, Zulu, Thandeka, Zulu, Slindili, Zulu, Nkosinathi, Zuma, Angel, Zungu, Precious, Zungu, Pamela, Zungu, Melusi, Zungu, Priscilla, Zwakala, Bongo Lihle, Zwane, Antonia, Zwane, Promise, Zwane, Muziwendoda, Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila, Zwane, Nomgcobo, Jassat, Waasila, Cohen, Cheryl, Tempia, Stefano, Masha, Maureen, Goldstein, Susan, Kufa, Tendesayi, Murangandi, Pelagia, Savulescu, Dana, Walaza, Sibongile, Bam, Jamy-Lee, Davies, Mary-Ann, Prozesky, Hans W, Naude, Jonathan, Mnguni, Ayanda T, Lawrence, Charlene A, Mathema, Hlengani T, Zamparini, Jarrod, Black, John, Mehta, Ruchika, Chikobvu, Perpetual, Muvhango, Ntshengedzeni, Strydom, Riaan, Adelekan, Tsholofelo, Mdlovu, Bhekizizwe, Moodley, Nirvasha, Namavhandu, Eunice L, Venturas, Jacqueline, Magula, Nombulelo, and Blumberg, Lucille
Published: 2021
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2. Social tipping dynamics in the energy system

Author: Alkemade, F., de Bruin, B., El-Feiaz, A., Pasimeni, F., Niamir, L., Wade, R., Alkemade, F., de Bruin, B., El-Feiaz, A., Pasimeni, F., Niamir, L., and Wade, R.
Abstract: The fast growth in renewables has led to an economic tipping point for the adoption of renewables. However, we do not observe a corresponding reduction in fossil fuel demand. The tipping point has not led to a system-wide energy transition. This paper reviews how the cost tipping point in renewables can initiate other social tipping dynamics in the energy transition and it presents energy communities as a promising and fast-growing niche environment that can exploit and foster such tipping dynamics.
Published: 2024
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3. Towards 90% warm re-use of porous asphalt using foaming technology

Author: Qiu, J., Huurman, M., de Bruin, B., Demmink, E.W., and Frunt, M.H.T.
Published: 2018
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4. Social tipping dynamics in the energy system

Author: Alkemade, F., de Bruin, B., El-Feiaz, A., Pasimeni, F., Niamir, L., Wade, R., Alkemade, F., de Bruin, B., El-Feiaz, A., Pasimeni, F., Niamir, L., and Wade, R.
Abstract: The fast growth in renewables has led to an economic tipping point for the adoption of renewables. However, we do not observe a corresponding reduction in fossil fuel demand. The tipping point has not led to a system-wide energy transition. This paper reviews how the cost tipping point in renewables can initiate other social tipping dynamics in the energy transition and it presents energy communities as a promising and fast-growing niche environment that can exploit and foster such tipping dynamics.
Published: 2023
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5. Full scale performance of the aerobic granular sludge process for sewage treatment

Author: Pronk, M., de Kreuk, M.K., de Bruin, B., Kamminga, P., Kleerebezem, R., and van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.
Published: 2015
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6. The Role of Vacancies in a Ti 2 CT x MXene‐Derived Catalyst for Butane Oxidative Dehydrogenation

Author: Ronda-Lloret, M., Slot, T. K., van Leest, N. P., de Bruin, B., Sloof, W.G., Batyrev, E., Sepúlveda-Escribano, A., Ramos-Fernandez, E. V., Rothenberg, G., Shiju, N. R., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Materiales Avanzados, HCSC+ (HIMS, FNWI), and Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Inorganic Chemistry, Química Inorgánica, Oxygen vacancy, TiO, Organic Chemistry, TiO2, Defects, Lower olefins, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, MXene, Catalysis
Abstract: MXenes are a new family of 2D carbides or nitrides that have attracted attention due to their layered structure, tunable surface groups and high electrical conductivity. Here, we report for the first time that Ti 2 CT x MXene catalyses the selective oxidative dehydrogenation of n -butane to butenes and 1,3-butadiene. This catalyst showed higher intrinsic activity compared to commercial TiC and TiO 2 samples in terms of C 4 olefin formation rate. We propose that the stabilisation of structural vacancies and the change in composition (from a carbide to a mixed phase oxide) in the MXene causes its higher catalytic activity. These vacancies can lead to a higher concentration of unpaired electrons in the MXene-derived material, enhancing its nucleophilic properties and favouring the production of olefins. We thank the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the grant “Developing novel catalytic materials for converting CO2, methane and ethane to high-value chemicals in a hybrid plasma-catalytic reactor” (China.15.119). EVRF thanks the “Ministerio de Ciencia e innovación” grant (PID2020-116998RB-I00).
Published: 2022
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7. Topic: Mesh and Prosthesis

Author: Zabel, D., Kalish, E., Conway, M., Belgrade, J., Köhler, B. Pérez, Moreno, F. García, Sotomayor, S., Rodríguez, M., Pascual, G., Bellón, J. M., Pappalardo, V., Origi, M., Veronesi, P., Moroni, M., Militello, P., Frattolillo, F., Varale, R., Zuliani, W., Munipalle, P., Khan, S., Etherson, K., Viswanath, P., Latham, L., Livraghi, L., Menegat, N., Berselli, M., Agrusti, S., Cotronea, C., Farassino, L., Galvanin, J., Borghi, F., Ambrosoli, A., Crespi, A., Cocozza, E., María, F. José, Alós, A. Rafael, Bellver, B. Gemma, Castaño, C. Sergio, Hernández, M., Glover, M., Glass, J., Franklin, M., Gossetti, F., Ceci, F., Manzi, E., Mattia, S., D’Amore, L., Negro, P., Hernandez, M., Ferzoco, S., de Bruin, B. J. Q., Bettinger, C. J., Bonjer, H. J., Bruggeman, J. P., Muzio, G., Paiuzzi, E., Festa, V., Festa, F., Chiaravalloti, A., Buemi, C., Canuto, R. A., Cossa, J. P., Bizet, G., Ji, Z., Gu, Y., Liu, Z. N., Yang, Z., Zhou, Z. Y., Song, Z. C., Wang, H. C., Yang, J. J., and Tang, R.
Published: 2015
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8. The Role of Vacancies in a Ti2CTx MXene‐Derived Catalyst for Butane Oxidative Dehydrogenation

Author: Ronda‐Lloret, M., primary, Slot, T. K., additional, van Leest, N. P., additional, de Bruin, B., additional, Sloof, W. G., additional, Batyrev, E., additional, Sepúlveda‐Escribano, A., additional, Ramos‐Fernandez, E. V., additional, Rothenberg, G., additional, and Shiju, N. R., additional
Published: 2022
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9. The Role of Vacancies in a Ti2CTx MXene-Derived Catalyst for Butane Oxidative Dehydrogenation

Author: Ronda-Lloret, M. (author), Slot, T. K. (author), van Leest, N. P. (author), de Bruin, B. (author), Sloof, W.G. (author), Batyrev, E. (author), Sepúlveda-Escribano, A. (author), Ramos-Fernandez, E. V. (author), Rothenberg, G. (author), Shiju, N. R. (author), Ronda-Lloret, M. (author), Slot, T. K. (author), van Leest, N. P. (author), de Bruin, B. (author), Sloof, W.G. (author), Batyrev, E. (author), Sepúlveda-Escribano, A. (author), Ramos-Fernandez, E. V. (author), Rothenberg, G. (author), and Shiju, N. R. (author)
Abstract: MXenes are a new family of 2D carbides or nitrides that have attracted attention due to their layered structure, tunable surface groups and high electrical conductivity. Here, we report for the first time that the Ti2CTx MXene catalyses the selective oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane to butenes and 1,3-butadiene. This catalyst showed higher intrinsic activity compared to a commercial TiC and TiO2 samples in terms of C4 olefin formation rate. We propose that the stabilisation of structural vacancies and the change in composition (from a carbide to a mixed phase oxide) in the MXene causes its higher catalytic activity. These vacancies can lead to a higher concentration of unpaired electrons in the MXene-derived material, enhancing its nucleophilic properties and favouring the production of olefins., Team Jilt Sietsma
Published: 2022
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10. How Culture Influences Individual Behavior During a Pandemic: A Social Simulation of the COVID-19 Crisis

Author: Kreulen, Kurt (author), de Bruin, B. (author), Ghorbani, A. (author), Mellema, René (author), Kammler, Christian (author), Vanhee, Loïs (author), Dignum, Frank (author), Dignum, Virginia (author), Kreulen, Kurt (author), de Bruin, B. (author), Ghorbani, A. (author), Mellema, René (author), Kammler, Christian (author), Vanhee, Loïs (author), Dignum, Frank (author), and Dignum, Virginia (author)
Abstract: Since its first appearance in Wuhan (China), countries have been employing, to varying degrees of success, a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions aimed at limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within their populations. In this article, we build on scientific work that demonstrates that culture is part of the explanation for the observed variability between countries in their ability to effectively control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We present a theoretical framework of how culture influences decision-making at the level of the individual. This conceptualization is formalized in an agent-based model that simulates how cultural factors can combine to produce differences across populations in terms of the behavioral responses of individuals to the COVID-19 crisis. We illustrate that, within our simulated environment, the culturally-dependent willingness of people to comply with public health related measures might constitute an important determinant of differences in infection dynamics across populations. Our model generates the highest rates of non-compliance within cultures marked as individualist, progressive and egalitarian. Our model illustrates the potential role of culture as a population-level predictor of infections associated with COVID-19. In doing so, the model, and theoretical framework on which it is based, may inform future studies aimed at incorporating the effect of culture on individual decision-making processes during a pandemic within social simulation models., Energy & Industry
Published: 2022
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11. Ethics at the Centre of Global and Local Challenges: Thoughts on the Future of Business Ethics

Author: Bohm, S, Carrington, M, Cornelius, N, de Bruin, B, Greenwood, M, Hassan, L, Jain, T, Karam, C, Kourula, A, Romani, L, Riaz, S, Shaw, D, Bohm, S, Carrington, M, Cornelius, N, de Bruin, B, Greenwood, M, Hassan, L, Jain, T, Karam, C, Kourula, A, Romani, L, Riaz, S, and Shaw, D
Abstract: To commemorate 40 years since the founding of the Journal of Business Ethics, the editors in chief of the journal have invited the editors to provide commentaries on the future of business ethics. This essay comprises a selection of commentaries aimed at creating dialogue around the theme Ethics at the centre of global and local challenges. For much of the history of the Journal of Business Ethics, ethics was seen within the academy as a peripheral aspect of business. However, in recent years, the stakes have risen dramatically, with global and local worlds destabilized by financial crisis, climate change, internet technologies and artificial intelligence, and global health crises. The authors of these commentaries address these grand challenges by placing business ethics at their centre. What if all grand challenges were framed as grand ethical challenges? Tanusree Jain, Arno Kourula and Suhaib Riaz posit that an ethical lens allows for a humble response, in which those with greater capacity take greater responsibility but remain inclusive and cognizant of different voices and experiences. Focussing on business ethics in connection to the grand(est) challenge of environmental emergencies, Steffen Böhm introduces the deceptively simple yet radical position that business is nature, and nature is business. His quick but profound side-step from arguments against human-nature dualism to an ontological undoing of the business-nature dichotomy should have all business ethics scholars rethinking their "business and society" assumptions. Also, singularly concerned with the climate emergency, Boudewijn de Bruin posits a scenario where, 40 years from now, our field will be evaluated by its ability to have helped humanity emerge from this emergency. He contends that Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth) v. Royal Dutch Shell illustrates how human rights take centre stage in climate change litigation, and how business ethics enters the courtroom. From a consumer ethics perspecti
Published: 2022

12. [Co(TPP)]–Catalyzed Carbene Transfer from Acceptor–Acceptor Iodonium Ylides via N-enolate Carbene Radicals

Author: Mathew S, Bobylev Eo, de Bruin B, Epping Rf, and Hoeksma Mm
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ligand, Cyclopropanation, Radical, chemistry.chemical_element, Photochemistry, Cobalt, Carbene, Acceptor, Redox, Catalysis
Abstract: Square-planar cobalt(II)-systems have emerged as powerful carbene transfer catalysts for the synthesis of a variety of (hetero)cyclic compounds via redox non-innocent Co(III)-carbene radical intermediates. Spectroscopic detection and characterization of these reactive carbene radical intermediates has thus far been limited to a few scattered experiments, in part due to the fact that most studies have focused on mono-substituted carbene precursors. In this work, we demonstrate the unique formation of disubstituted cobalt(III)-carbene radicals in reactions between a cobalt(II)-porphyrin com-plex with acceptor-acceptor iodaneylidenes (iodonium ylides) as the carbene precursors. We report detailed spectroscopic characterization of the resulting reactive carbene radical species, and their application in styrene cyclopropanation. In particular, we demonstrate that iodonium ylides generate novel bis-carbenoid species leading to reversible substrate-promoted ligand modification of the commercially available [Co(TPP)]-catalyst. Two interconnected catalytic cycles are involved in the overall catalytic reaction with a mono-terminal carbene radical and an unprecedented N-enolate-carbene radical intermediate as the respective key species for the mono- and bis-carbene cycles. Notably, N-enolate formation is not a catalyst deactivation pathway, and both the N-enolate and the carbene radical moieties can be transferred as carbene units to styrene. The studies provide a detailed picture of the new [Co(TPP)]-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions from iodonium ylides. The findings are supported by detailed and unequivocal characterization of the reactive N-enolate & carbene radical intermediates and their deactivation products (EPR, UV-Vis, HR-MS, NMR, in-situ ATR-FT-IR, SC-XRD), Hammett analysis, mechanistic control experiments, DFT reaction pathway profiling and NEVPT2-CASSCF electronic structure calculations.
Published: 2021
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13. A Photolabile Fe Catalyst for Light-Triggered Alkyd Paint Curing

Author: Flapper J, Wesley R. Browne, Bootsma J, and de Bruin B
Subjects: Chemistry, Photodissociation, Alkyd, chemistry.chemical_element, law.invention, Catalysis, Cyclopentadienyl complex, Transition metal, law, visual_art, Polymer chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Cobalt, Curing (chemistry)
Abstract: In search for cobalt replacements for alkyd paint curing we show that the photo-active complex [(Cp)Fe(C6H6)]+ (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) acts as a latent catalytic drier that allows for photochemical control over the onset of curing, without the need for anti-skinning agents such as the volatile MEKO normally used to prevent curing during paint storage. The highly soluble neutral complex [(Cp)Fe(Ch)] (Ch = cyclohexadienyl) readily converts to the photo-active complex [(Cp)Fe(C6H6)]+ upon oxidation in alkyd, allowing the latter to be dosed in a wide range of concentrations. Infrared and Raman studies show similar spectral changes of the alkyd paint matrix as have been observed in alkyd curing mediated by the known commercial cobalt- and manganese-based driers Durham NUODEX® Cobalt 10 Neo and NUODEX® DryCoat. The new [(Cp)Fe(Ch)] / [(Cp)Fe(C6H6)]+ system performs equally well as both commercial paint driers in terms of drying time, and outperforms NUODEX® DryCoat by showing a hardness development (increase) similar to the cobalt-based drier. Based on an observed light-dark on/off effect and EPR studies we propose that photolysis of [(Cp)Fe(C6H6)]+ generates short-lived active FeII species, explaining the excellent latency. The novel alkyd curing system [(Cp)Fe(Ch)] / [(Cp)Fe(C6H6)]+ presented herein is the first example of an intrinsically latent paint curing catalyst that is: (1) based on an abundant and harmless transition metal (Fe), (2) doesn’t require any anti-skinning agents, and (3) shows excellent performance in terms of drying times and hardness development.
Published: 2021
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14. The Role of Vacancies in a Ti2CTx MXene‐Derived Catalyst for Butane Oxidative Dehydrogenation.

Author: Ronda‐Lloret, M., Slot, T. K., van Leest, N. P., de Bruin, B., Sloof, W. G., Batyrev, E., Sepúlveda‐Escribano, A., Ramos‐Fernandez, E. V., Rothenberg, G., and Shiju, N. R.
Subjects: OXIDATIVE dehydrogenation, BUTANE, CATALYSTS, CATALYTIC activity, ELECTRIC conductivity
Abstract: MXenes are a new family of 2D carbides or nitrides that have attracted attention due to their layered structure, tunable surface groups and high electrical conductivity. Here, we report for the first time that the Ti2CTx MXene catalyses the selective oxidative dehydrogenation of n‐butane to butenes and 1,3‐butadiene. This catalyst showed higher intrinsic activity compared to a commercial TiC and TiO2 samples in terms of C4 olefin formation rate. We propose that the stabilisation of structural vacancies and the change in composition (from a carbide to a mixed phase oxide) in the MXene causes its higher catalytic activity. These vacancies can lead to a higher concentration of unpaired electrons in the MXene‐derived material, enhancing its nucleophilic properties and favouring the production of olefins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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15. Role of the ligand and activator in selective CrtextendashPNP ethene tri- and tetramerization catalysts textendash a spectroscopic study

Author: Venderbosch, B., Wolzak, L.A., Oudsen, J.-P.H., de Bruin, B., Korstanje, T.J., Tromp, M., Catalyst Characterisation (HIMS, FNWI), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Science, and HCSC+ (HIMS, FNWI)
Abstract: The reaction of the ethene tetramerization catalyst, ((C6H5)2P)2NiPrCrCl3(THF) (complex 1 ), and ethene trimerization catalyst, ((o-C6H4OMe)2P)2NMeCrCl3 (complex 2 ), with alkylaluminum reagents (AlMe3 and MMAO) was investigated using spectroscopic techniques (Cr K-edge XAS, X-band EPR and UV-vis) and catalytic studies. In all cases the majority of chromium was reduced to the divalent oxidation state and only a minor fraction of chromium was reduced further to the monovalent oxidation state. It is demonstrated that MMAO and the ligand (through a pendant ether donor) can facilitate ion pair formation for these divalent Cr complexes, providing insights into the role of the ligand and activator in the activation process. Via the use of dienes, we succeeded in characterizing a monocationic CrII alkene complex, providing evidence that catalysis could proceed via cationic CrII/CrIV intermediates. This is supported by DFT calculations, where it is shown that a mechanism proceeding via dicationic CrII/CrIV intermediates explains the observed product selectivity.
Published: 2020

16. Supramolecular Systems Containing B–N Frustrated Lewis Pairs of Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and Triphenylamine Derivatives

Author: Chidchob, P., Jansen, S.A.H., Meskers, S.C.J., Weyandt, E., van Leest, N.P., de Bruin, B., Palmans, A.R.A., Vantomme, G., Meijer, E.W., Chidchob, P., Jansen, S.A.H., Meskers, S.C.J., Weyandt, E., van Leest, N.P., de Bruin, B., Palmans, A.R.A., Vantomme, G., and Meijer, E.W.
Abstract: De introductie van een chemisch additief aan supramoleculaire polymeren heeft een groot potentieel voor de ontwikkeling van nieuwe structuren en functies. In dit opzicht zijn verschillende op donor- en acceptor gebaseerde moleculen toegepast bij het ontwerp van deze niet-covalente polymeren. De opname van door borium en stikstof gefrustreerde Lewis-paren in dergelijke architecturen is echter nog steeds zeldzaam, ondanks hun vele intrigerende eigenschappen in katalyse en materiaalwetenschap. De beperkte keuzes van geschikte boorderivaten vormen een van de belangrijkste beperkingen voor de vooruitgang in deze richting. Hier onderzoeken we het gebruik van het in de handel verkrijgbare tris (pentafluorfenyl) boraan met verschillende trifenylaminederivaten om supramoleculaire B-N-ladingsoverdrachtsystemen te creëren. Onze resultaten benadrukken het belang van een goede balans tussen de donor-/acceptorsterkte en de drijvende kracht voor supramoleculaire polymerisatie om stabiele B-N-systemen op lange afstand te bereiken. Gedetailleerde analyses met behulp van paramagnetische elektronenresonantie en optische spectroscopie suggereren dat tris(pentafluorfenyl)boraan complex gedrag vertoont met de op amide gebaseerde trifenylamine supramoleculaire polymeren en kan interageren in dimeren of grotere chirale aggregaten, afhankelijk van de specifieke structuur van de trifenylaminen.
Published: 2021

17. Recommendations for future development of technologies for water management

Author: Sanne, Johan, Moldan, Filip, Galfi, H., Evertsson, J., Meijer, H, Martínez Ruiz, A, Chesa Marro, M-J, Vanmeulebrouk, B, de Bruin, B, Rubion Soler, E, Ribalta, M, Sanne, Johan, Moldan, Filip, Galfi, H., Evertsson, J., Meijer, H, Martínez Ruiz, A, Chesa Marro, M-J, Vanmeulebrouk, B, de Bruin, B, Rubion Soler, E, and Ribalta, M
Abstract: A challenge describes both opportunities and barriers, and an enabler provides means to manage achallenge. The framework for the deliverable is based upon identifying process facilitators (e.g.workshops) and discursive abilities/devices providing enablers that partners used in order to make senseacross organizations and professional communities (developers and users) as a means to develop anddeploy digital technologies and services. IVL lead the work and edited the deliverable. Gothenburg city (CGEA), city of Amersfoort (COA) andBarcelona waste and wastewater company (BCASA) provided experiences as stakeholder and dataprovider, through user involvement. IVL Swedish Environmental Institute, Eurecat (EUT), Talkpool (TP),Civity (CIV) provided experiences from development and implementation work (focusing on stakeholderengagement and user involvement). They all contributed to the deliverable through meetings and writingone section each. Analysing the same processes from different points of view provided interesting insightsinto the development process and implications for the coming phases of the project. The Gothenburg section expresses how insights from cooperation issues from before the project, wereturned into a well-designed collaboration process (process facilitator) between developers andusers/stakeholders. In Gothenburg, engaging with various departments within the municipality and withexternal stakeholders has been a continuing learning process for IVL (case study leader). IVL graduallypresented various opportunities within the project, both in Amersfoort and Barcelona, which has beenvery much appreciated by the stakeholders. In this way, the engagement process has also enabledstakeholders to envision a number of opportunities that the new technologies empower that can becontinued beyond SCOREwater. Moreover, due to a fruitful collaboration between developers and stakeholders, both Gothenburg andBarcelona cities now envision even more opportunities and ambition
Published: 2021

18. Supramolecular Systems Containing B–N Frustrated Lewis Pairs of Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and Triphenylamine Derivatives

Author: Chidchob, P., additional, Jansen, S. A. H., additional, Meskers, S. C. J., additional, Weyandt, E., additional, van Leest, N. P., additional, de Bruin, B., additional, Palmans, A. R. A., additional, Vantomme, G., additional, and Meijer, E. W., additional
Published: 2021
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19. Electrochemical Aziridination of Internal Alkenes with Primary Amines

Author: Oseka, Maksim, primary, Laudadio, Gabriele, primary, van Leest, Nicolaas P., primary, Dyga, Marco, primary, de Andrade Bartolomeu, Aloisio, primary, Goossen, Lukas, primary, de Bruin, B., primary, Thiago de Oliveira, Kleber, primary, and Noel, Timothy, primary
Published: 2020
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20. Phosphorus Analogues of [Ni(bpy)2]: Synthesis and Application in Carbon–Halogen Bond Activation

Author: Leitl, J., primary, Coburger, P., additional, Scott, D. J., additional, Ziegler, C. G. P., additional, Hierlmeier, G., additional, Wolf, R., additional, van Leest, N. P., additional, de Bruin, B., additional, Hörner, G., additional, and Müller, C., additional
Published: 2020
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21. Radiosynthesis and pharmacological evaluation of [ 11C]EMD-95885: a high affinity ligand for NR2B-containing NMDA receptors

Author: Roger, G, Dollé, F, de Bruin, B, Liu, X, Besret, L, Bramoullé, Y, Coulon, C, Ottaviani, M, Bottlaender, M, Valette, H, and Kassiou, M
Published: 2004
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22. Carbene or C1 Polymerization

Author: de Bruin, B., Chikkali, S., Chikkali, S.H., Faculty of Science, Sustainable Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), and HCSC+ (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Polypropylene, chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Double bond, Polymer science, Polymer, Polyethylene, Polyolefin, chemistry.chemical_compound, Monomer, chemistry, Polymerization, Organic chemistry, Polystyrene
Abstract: Metal-catalyzed polymerization of carbon-carbon double bond containing monomers is most widely known and today people produce roughly 180 million tons of polyolefins every year. In this so-called olefin polymerization or vinyl insertion polymerization method, each monomer delivers two carbon atoms in each propagation step. The current source of C2 monomers is mainly crude oil, which is currently available in ample quantities and hence the monomers are cheaper at this moment. However, the supply of crude oil is finite and unsustainable, which calls for long-term sustainable strategies for predictable and uninterrupted supply of monomers. Boron-mediated C1 polymerization represents one of the oldest C1 polymerization methods. A variety of boron compounds such as organoboranes, haloboranes, and borohydrides are known to polymerize C1 monomers. Although nonfunctionalized polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene dominate the field of polymer science and technology, the demand for functionalized polyolefin was picked up in the past two decades.
Published: 2018
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23. Allylpalladium(II) Histidylidene Complexes and Their Application in Z-Selective Transfer Semihydrogenation of Alkynes

Author: Drost, Ruben M., Broere, Daniël L J, Hoogenboom, Jorin, de Baan, Simone N., Lutz, Martin, de Bruin, B., Elsevier, C. J., Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Substituent, chemistry.chemical_element, Homogeneous catalysis, Combinatorial chemistry, Palla-dium, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Alkynes, Carbenes, Imidazole, Organic chemistry, Hydrogenation, Carbene, Alkyl, Histidine, Reduction, Palladium
Abstract: We have studied the use of amino acid histidine as a precursor for N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. This natural amino acid possesses an imidazole substituent, which makes it an interesting NHC precursor that contains both an acid and an amino functionality. These functionalities may be used for further tuning of NHC complexes. We have developed routes for the synthesis of symmetric and dissymmetric alkyl, benzyl, and aryl-substituted histidinium salts. Subsequently, the corresponding Ag and Pd histidylidenes were synthesized and the palladium complexes were tested in the Z-selective transfer semihydrogenation of alkynes. Histidylidene palladium complexes that contain additional donor functionalities were found to display good selectivities. The best catalytic results were obtained with a Pd-histidylidene complex that contains two picolyl functional groups.
Published: 2015

24. Metal-Catalysed Azidation of Organic Molecules

Author: Goswami, M., de Bruin, B., Faculty of Science, HIMS Other Research (FNWI), Sustainable Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), and Nature Inspired Transition Metal Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Abstract: The azide moiety is a desirable functionality in organic molecules, useful in a variety of transformations such as olefin aziridination, C-H bond amination, isocyanate synthesis, the Staudinger reaction and the formation of azo compounds. To harness the versatility of the azide functionality fully it is important that these compounds be easy to prepare, in a clean and cost-effective manner. Conventional (non-catalysed) methods to synthesise azides generally require quite harsh reaction conditions that are often not tolerant of functional groups. In the last decade, several metal-catalysed azidations have been developed in attempts to circumvent this problem. These methods are generally faster, cleaner and more functional-group-tolerant than conventional methods to prepare azides, and can sometimes even be conveniently combined with one-pot follow-up transformations of the installed azide moiety. This review highlights metal-catalysed approaches to azide synthesis, with a focus on the substrate scopes and mechanisms, as well as on advantages and disadvantages of the methods. Overall, metal-catalysed azidation reactions provide shorter routes to a variety of potentially useful organic molecules containing the azide moiety.
Published: 2017

25. Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study

Author: Jassat, Waasila, Cohen, Cheryl, Tempia, Stefano, Masha, Maureen, Goldstein, Susan, Kufa, Tendesayi, Murangandi, Pelagia, Savulescu, Dana, Walaza, Sibongile, Bam, Jamy-Lee, Davies, Mary-Ann, Prozesky, Hans W, Naude, Jonathan, Mnguni, Ayanda T, Lawrence, Charlene A, Mathema, Hlengani T, Zamparini, Jarrod, Black, John, Mehta, Ruchika, Parker, Arifa, Chikobvu, Perpetual, Dawood, Halima, Muvhango, Ntshengedzeni, Strydom, Riaan, Adelekan, Tsholofelo, Mdlovu, Bhekizizwe, Moodley, Nirvasha, Namavhandu, Eunice L, Rheeder, Paul, Venturas, Jacqueline, Magula, Nombulelo, Blumberg, Lucille, Abdullah, Shaina, Abrahams, Fiona, Adams, Vincentius, Adnane, Fhima, Adoni, Sonia, Adoons, Dieketso Melitta, Africa, Veronique, Aguinaga, D, Akach, Susan, Alakram Khelawon, Prisha, Aldrich, George, Alesinloye, Olatunde, Aletta, Mathale Biniki, Alice, Mametja, Aphane, Tebogo, Archary, Moherndran, Arends, Felicity, Arends, Shireen, Aser, Munonde, Asmal, T, Asvat, Mohammed, Avenant, Theunis, Avhazwivhoni, Muvhali, Azuike, Magnolia, Baartman, Johanna, Babalwa, Dlava, Badenhorst, Johan, Badenhorst, Miranda, Badripersad, Bianca, Badul, Lalihla, Bagananeng, M, Bahle, Mncedisi, Balfour, Liezl, Balfour, Liezl, Baloyi, T C, Baloyi, S, Baloyi, Tinyiko, Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho, Banda, Thokozani, Barit, Shimon, Bartsch, Nicole, Bayat, Junaid, Bazana, Siyabulela, Beetge, Marlene, Beetge, Marlene, Bekapezulu, Nosindiso, Belebele, Rammala, Bella, Phala, Belot, Zanenkululeko, Bembe, Lindi Gladys, Bensch, Sonja, Beukes, Gishma, Bezuidenhout, Karla, Bhembe, Themba, Bikisha, N A, Bilenge, Ben, Bishop, Leesa, Biyela, Baphamandla, Blaauw, Cyntheola, Blaylock, Mark, Bodley, Nicola, Bogale, Power, Bokolo, Sibongile, Bolon, Stefan, Booysen, Mary, Booysen, Eldereze, Boretti, Lia, Borges, Paula, Boshoga, Millicent, Bosman, Natasha, Bosvark, Lucinda, Botes, Nicky, Botha, Adele, Botha, Chantall, Botha, Jana, botha, Chantall, Botha, Mandlakayise Irvin, Botha, Alet, Bradbury, Janet, Breakfast, Zandisile, Breed, Maria, Brenda, Molele, Brice, Moshito, Britz, Jolene, Brown, Amanda, Buchanan, T, Bucwa, Thozama, Burger, Crystelle, Busakwe, Ziyanda, Bushula, Nosiviwe, Buthelezi, Zinhle, Buthelezi, Dumsile, Buthelezi, Thubelihle, Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil, Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina, Bux, Nadia, Buys, Christoff, Buys, Anneline, Caka, Ernestina, Canal, Armando Sanchez, Caroline, Sithole, Casper, Monrick, Cawood, Shannon, Cebisa, Oratile, Cele, Nothando, Cele, Sboniso, Cele, Sthembile Goodness, Chauke, Mkhacani, Chauke, Pinkie, Chelin, Nevil, Chen, Xiaohui, Chetty, Venmalla, Chetty, Kerisse, Cheu, Christinah, Chibabhai, Vindana, Chirima, Takudzwa, ChisaleMabotja, Mantwa, Chivenge, Charity, Choene, Ngoasheng, Choko, Mbali Nosisa, Choshi, Martin, Chowdhury, Sabbir, Christoforou, Anastacia, Chuene, S L S, Chueu, T S, Cilliers, Dale, Cilliers, Vanessa, Claassen, Marcel, Cloete, Jeané, Coelho, Chantelle, Coelho, Chantelle, Coetzee, Carol, Coetzee, Hans Jurgens, Coetzee, Christine, Coetzee, Marelize, Coetzer, Dane, Coka, Sizwe, Colane, M, Combrink, Herkulaas, Conjwa, Songezo, Contrad, Colleen, Cornelissen, Faith, Cronje, Leezelle, Crouse, Christine, Dabi, Tshidi, Dandala, Ziyanda, Dangor, Ziyaad, Daniel, Gildenhuys, Daniel, Ngwana, Daumas, Alfred, Dauth, Madelein, David, Mongalo, Davids, Wayne, Daweti, Nozuko, Dawood, Halima, Dayile, Wandisa, De Bruin, B, De Klerk, Karin, De la Rosa, Tanya, de Nysschen, Marice, De vos, Marie, De Wet, Darien, Debising, Mohith, Deenadayalu, Darshan, Dekeda, Babalwa, Desiree, Mofokeng, Deysel, Annelise, Dhlamini, Abram, Diala, Makgethwa Dhlala, Diale, Mathapelo, Diketane, Bella, Dingani, Nosisa, Diniso, Siyabonga, Diphatse, Lesego, Diya, Anele, Dladla, Zihloniphile, Dladla, Nompumelelo, Dladla, Mlungisi, Dladla, Patience, Dlamini, Baphilie, Dlamini, Nonhlanhla, Dlamini, Linda, Dlamini, Nonzwakazi, Dlamini, Wendy, Dlamini, Ncomeka, Dlamini, Siyabonga, Dlamini, Nicodemus, Dlamini, Lebohang, Dlamini, Motshedise, Dlava, Babalwa Christine, Dlova, Phikiwe, Dlozi, Lindiwe, Doreen, Maenetja, Doyi, Vumile, Doyi, Athini, Du Plessis, Belinda, du Plessis, Johanna Aletta, du Plessis, Eddie, du Plessis, Nicolette, du Plessis, Karin, du Toit, Briette, du Toit, Narissa, Dube, Jabulile, Dubula, Athayanda, Duduzile, Msomi, Duiker, Sechaba, Duma, Unati Bongile, Duma, Kholiwe, Dunne, Kella, Dyantyi, Kholeka, Dyantyi, Avile, Dyasi, Simphiwe, Dyondzo, Chauke, Dyubhele, Phelisa, Dywili, B J, Edwards, Letitia, Eksteen, Madie, Ellis, Tersia, Ellis, Tia, Emmerson, Glenda, Enslin, Theusia, Epule, Odimula, Erasmus, Lana, Erick, Mathonsi, Etsane, Lerato, Eunice, Shimange, Fani, Zanele, Ferreira, Mariette, Finger-Motsepe, K L, Floris, Fabion, Fobo, Tseko, Fokotsane, Keresemetse, Fokwana, Duduzile Emmelda, Fords, Genevieve Marion, Fortein, Juanita, Fouche, Christine, Fourie, Rulandi, Frean, Andrew, Fredericks, Ludwig, Funda, Wandile, funjwa, kabelo, Futhane, Martha, Futuse, Amanda, Gabaediwe, Dora, Gabuza, Nonhlanhla, Galant, Janycke, Gama, Zanele, Gano, Thobile, Gardiner, Emma Cora, Gastrow, Henri, Gate, Kelly, Gaunt, Ben, Gavaza, Rikhotso, Gayi, Thapelo, Gcakasi, Nkosinathi, Gcobo, Nomusa, Geffen, Leon, Geldenhuys, S, George, Jenny, Gerber, Martha, Getyengana, Zolisa, Gigi, Nkululo, Gihwala, Radha, Gilliland, Mitchell, Gloria, Zandile, Glover, Elitia, Gokailemang, Ellen, Goosen, Suseth, Gopane, Maria, Gosa-Lufuta, Thandazile, Gosnell, Bernadett, Gouws, Sharleen, Govender, Christina, Govender, Raksha, Govender, Pearl, Govender, Sally, Govender, Christina, Govender, Roxanne, Govender, K, Govender, Savie, Govinden, Rashika, Gqabuza, Luphumlo, Gqaji, Nomthandazo, Gqetywa, Maneo, Green, Caroline, Green, Nathan, Green, Neera, Grobler, Hendrik, Groenwald, Pamela, Grootboom, Daniel, Gumede, Beatrice, Gumede, Nomonde, Gumede, Simphiwe, Gumede, Simphiwe, Gumede, Slindile, Gumede, Ntombikayise, Gumede, Zenande, Gxotiwe, Thandiswa, H L, Makhubela, Hadebe, Nonhlanhla, Hadebe, Skhumbuzo, Halkas, Christos, Hamer, Ansie, Hamida, Ebrahim, Hammond, Juan, Haniff, Sumayia, Hare, Annelise, Hattingh, lorinda, Hendricks, Thenjiwe, Henecke, Philip-George, Henly-Smith, Brends, Herselman, Glynis, Heymans, Ansie, Heyns, Chantel, Hlabahlaba, Golekane, Hlabangwane, Lucky, Hlamarisa, Simango, Hlanzi, Ntokozo, Hlela, Hlengiwe, Hlokwe, Katlego, Hlongwa, Thembinkosi, Hlongwana, Anele, Hlubi, Themba, Hobo, Tozama, Hopane, Nare Nathaniel, House, Mariska, Hudson, Catharina, Huysamen, Marinda, Indheren, Jezreen, Ingle, Samantha, Isaacs, Gavin, Isaacs, T S Thekiso, Itumeleng, Maringa, J van Rensburg, Karien, Jackson, Saloshni, Jacob, Neziswa, Jacobs, Burton, Jacobs, Tshireletso, Jacobs, Gugulethu, Jaftha, Mesadi, Jaji, Zimkhitha, Jali, Sibusiso, James, Gcobisa, January, Gillian, Jeke, Andiswa, Jeremiah, Laurent, Jeremiah, L S, Jhetam, Mubeen, John, Maureen, John, Chuene, Jola, Thandiwe, Jonas, Yolande, Jonas, Anovick, Juggernath, Amilcar, Kaba, Eileen, Kabo, Venetia, Kadi, Disebo, Kaizer, Karabo, Kambule, Moshaya Peter, Kapp, Lorraine, Kau, Tshepo, 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Thosago, Mahlobo, Regina, Mahole, Dikhing, Mahomed, Adam, Mahubane, Mapeu Debora, Mahume, Peter, Maifo, Lehlogonolo, Maimane, Vincent, Maimele, Petunia, Maine, Phakoe, Mainongwane, Patricia Senyanyathi, Majamani, Nomalungisa, Majozini, Amahle, Makalima, Noluthando, Makam, Nomfundo, Makamba, Khanyisa, Makan, R, Makarapa, Mashiane, Makgahlela, Malesela, Makgisa, Mogoiwa David, Makgomo, Makgoba, Makgopa, M A, Makhalema, Mabone, Makhanya, Lindokuhle Lizo, Makhanya, Philile Valentia, Makharaedzha, Tolerance, Makhathini, Nathi, Makhesi, Elizabeth, Makhubela, Cinile, Makhunga, Nkululeko Freedom, Makhupula, Nomalinge, Makhura, R R, Makola, Rangwato, Makuba, Zingisa, Makubalo, Asanda, Makumsha, Lonwabo, Makuya, George, Malaka, Levy Mmachuene, Malangeni, Themba, Malatji, M L, Malebana-Metsing, Pelonomi, Malek, Malek, Malevu, Luthando, Malevu, Luthando, Malgas, Juanita, Malgas, Dimakatso, Malope, Paul Makgasane, Malose, Monyeki, Maluleke, Katekani, Mambane, Kato, Mamorobela, Nthabiseng, Manamela, Kukami, Manana, Tshepo, Maneto, Sathiel, Manganye, Aron Kabelo, Mangena, Pheto, Mangoale, Anna, Mangozho, Tinotenda Florence, Manickchund, Pariva, Mankayi, Zandisile, Manning, Arthur, Manyaapelo, Kelebogile Manyaapelo, Manyane, Tabea, Manzana, Zoliswa, Manzini, Milton, Mapasa-Dube, Busisiwe, Maphumulo, Siboniso, Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi, Maponya, Sindy, Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy, Maponya, Napjadi, Maqubela, Lami, Maqubela, Lizeka, Maqungo, Vuyo, Marais, Marisa, Marais, Chantal, Maramba, Nondumiso, Mare, Annelize, Maredi, Madumetsa, Martins, Afikile, Marule, Johanna, Marumo, Refilwe, Masakona, N N, Masehla, Kedibone Vincentia, Maseko, Eric, Maselesele, Tshilidzi, Maselo, Mojalefa, Maseloa, M, Masemola, M E, Masemola, Thembi, Mashaba, Bella, Mashangwane, James, Mashao, Mantebele, Mashego, Shalom, Mashele, Lerato, Mashiane, Ester, Mashibini, Joyce, Mashilo, J, Mashiloane, Tumi, Mashishi, Charity, Mashiyi, Ngazibini, Mashudu, Khomola, Masindi, Aluwani, Maslo, Caroline, Masondo, Nduduzo, 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Natasha, Mchunu, Nonkululeko, Mchunu, Cyprian, Mchunu, Nokuzola, Mchunu, Masesi Thandeka, Mciteka, Vuyokazi, Mdaka, Solly, Mdakane, Neho, Mdediswa, Siyabonga, Mdima, Melusi, Mdima Masondo, Nozipho, Mdindana, Siviwe, Mdleleni, Ntombizikhona, Mdletshe, Sibusiso, Mdoda, Gcobisa Precious, Mdolo, Ntombi, Mdontsane, Anele, Mehta, Ruchikas, Memela, Philile Rittah, Methuse, Masande, Metshile, Keatlaretse, Metuse, Pheliswa, Meyer, Anton, Meyer, Gavin, Meyer, Cameron, Mfazwe, Sisonke, Mfecane, Andiswa, Mfecane, Bongeka, Mfeka, Nelisiwe, Mgaga, Busisiwe, Mgauli, Thandiwe Portia, Mgedezi, Thembekile, Mgedezi, Vuyokazi, Mgevane, Kalipile, Mgiba, Bongni, Mgoduka, Babalwa, Mhlaba, Patrick, Mhlaba, Zeldah, Mhlanga, Ntombizodwa, Mhlinza, Vangile, Mhlongo, Nokuthula, Mhlongo, sibongiseni, Mhlotshana, Unamandla, Mikateko, Mabaso, Minnie, Helena, Mintoor, Karen, Miyeni, Bongi, M J, Mabelane, Mjethu, Rosy, Mkhize, Gloria, Mkhize, Mvuselelo, Mkhize, Ntokozo Siyabonga, Mkhize, Victoria, Mkhize, Nomkhosi, Mkhize, Nokuthula, Mkhwanazi, Mathini, Mkile, Nolwandle, Mkise, Kholofelo, Mkiya, Nokwandiso, Mkongi, Pearl, Mkongi, Pearl, Mkungeka, Mnonopheli, Mlahleki, Hlomile, Mlibali, Nolukholo, Mlungwana, Sakhumzi, Mmachele, Jonas, Mmateka, Mashatole, Mmokwa, Molebatsi, Mmutlane, Thembisa, Mndebele, Zanele Olive, Mngomezulu, Nonhlanhla, Mnguni, Noluthando Millicent, Mngunyana, Pumza, Mngunyana, Nomxolisi, Mngxekeza, Ntombebongo, Mnisi, Zenzele, Mnqayi, Hlengiwe Precious, Mnqayi, Phumzile, Mntungwa, Thabiso, Mnyaka, Siya, Mnyakeni, Ntombikayise, Mnyamana, Vuyani, Mnyipika, Nomzingisi, Moabelo, Koena, Moatshe, Mmakgoshi Alseria, Mochaki-Senoge, Jennifer, Moche, Sharon, Mocwagae, Tebello, Modibane, Koeikantse, Modimoeng, Tebogo godfrey, Modisa, Obakeng, Modisane, Itumeleng, Modise, Olebogeng, Modjadji, Makaepeaa Flovia, Modupe, Sharon, Moeketsi, Maja, Moeketsi, Ntswaki, Moeng, Kereditse Kingsley, Mofamere, Naledi Nthabiseng, Mofokeng, Samuel, Mofokeng, Thabo, Mofomme, Jonas, Mogakane, Vicky, Mogale, Lehlohonolo, Mogapi, Audrey, Mogashoa, Thomas, Mogatla, Mphaka James, Mogoale, Kgaladi, Mohajane, Dikeledi Maggie, Mohapi, Nkuba, Mohatsela, Mthoamihla, Mohlala, Irene, Mohlala, Daphney, Mohlamonyane, Mpho, Mohutsiwa, Bonolo Millord, Moipone, Selemela, Moisi, Tshepang, Mojalefa, Nelly, Moji, Vuyo, Mokangwana, Buhle, Mokgabo, Matloa, Mokgaetji, Manaka, Mokgaotsi, Jane, Mokgoro, Neo Theodore, Mokhatla, Thalitha, Mokhele, Lerato Lovedalia, Mokhema, Sheila, Mokoena, Mamoya, Mokoena, Mojalefa, Mokome, Lleka, Mokone, Cynthia, Mokono, Ipeleng, Mokonyama, Thabiso, Mokori, Josiah, Mokuena, Dolores, Mokumo, Danny, Mokwena, Oddy, Mokwena, Kgaogelo, Mokwena, Kgantshi Sam, Mokwene, Lebogang, Molate, Thato Elliott, Molebalwa, Ditoche, Molefe, Boingotlo, Molehe, Kgopa Stanley, Moleme, Kgomotso, Moliane, Sarah, Moloi, Fanyana, Molorane, Retshepile Joseph, Molotsi, Glenda Tsholanang, Molukanele, Lerato, Monareng, Joy, Moncho, Thapelo, Monica, Modiadie, Monnane, Refilwe, Monqo, Andile, Montewa, Neo, Montsioa, Kgalalelo, Monyaki, Reitumetse, Monyane, Masekhobe Jeanett, Monyela, Lipson, Moodley, Yudeshan, Moodley, Kriesen, Moodley, Kaira, Mooka, Boitumelo Donald, Moonsamy, Prea, Moopanar, Simmi, Moore, David, Mophethe, Lineo, Moremedi, Tshegohatso, Moremong, Kealeboga, Morgan, Nthangeni, Moripa, Egma, Morris, Lulamile, Mosala, Me. A.M., Mosana, Thabo, Mosase, Alice, Mose, Yolanda, Mosehlo, Maponya, Moseki, Mothusi, Moshabe, Mojalefa David, Moshai, D A, Moshani, Mbulelo, Moshani, Pelisa, Mosima, Ledwaba, Mosima, Ezrom, Mosoma, M P, Motaung, Lebohang, Motaung, Mokete, Motaung Xhama, Thozama Charmain, Motha, Purine Khethiwe, Motimele, Lerato, Motimeng, Boitumelo, Motladiile, Shirley, Motlhabane, Otsile, Motlhamme, Joshua, Motloba, Mandla, Motse, Kagiso, Motshegoa, Sophia, Moutlana, Edward, Mouton, Irma, Moya, Zanele, Moyake, Nomonde, M P, Maja, Mpete, Jenny, Mpfuni, Luamba Meltha, Mphahlele, Seputule Mphahlele, Mphake, Mashadi, Mphanya, Ephraim Letlhogonolo, Mphaphuli, Mashudu, Mphela, Tebogo Chwene, Mpontshane, MS, Mqotyana, Thabile, Mqungquthu, Babalwa, Msane, Noluthando Busane, Mseleku, Malusi, Msibi, Sibusiso, Msibi, Mancele, Msibi, Thulisile, Msibi, Siyabonga Linda, Msiza, Clement Nhlanhla, Msomi, Lungelo, Mtatambi, Mandlenkosi, Mthathambi, Thembisa, Mthembu, December, Mthembu, Nhlahla, Mthembu, Fezile Mbali, Mthembu, Lungiswa, Mthethwa, Nompumelelo Petunia, Mthimkhulu, Khulekani, Mthuli, Lungani Percival, Mthunzi, Ashley, Mtolo, Xolani Sydney, Mtolo, Nomonde Precious, Mtshali, Linda, Mtwa, Neliswa, Mtyobile, Fezeka, Mtyobile, Kanyisa, Mudau, Mpfariseni, Muemeleli, Magwabeni, Mulaudzi, Isaac, Mulaudzi, Rebecca, Mulaudzi, Mhlelekedzeni, Muligwe, Dakalo Rejoyce, Muponda, Blessing, Mushadi, Mmbangiseni Stella, Mushid, M, Muthaphuli, Konanani, Muthavhine, J, Muthika, Mpho, Mvelase, Samkelisiwe, Mvelase, Vusi, Mwehu, Laurent Kayumba, Myaka, Thabile, myburgh, Magriet, Mzamo, Zimkhitha, Mzawuziwa, Fezeka, Mzini, Mfundo Lunga, Mzizana, Oscar, Mzobe, Ntokozo, Mzobe, Thokozile, Mzobe, Zamaswazi, Mzwandile, Mtimkulu, Naby, Fathima, Naicker, Keshnee, Naicker, Pregashnie, Naicker, Saroja, Naicker, Pershen, Naicker, Saiyen Virgil, Naidoo, Ria, Naidoo, Sam, Naidoo, Mergan, Naidoo, Kamalambal, Naidoo, Aroomugam, Naku, Sivuyile, Nakwa, Firdose, Nancy, Masoga, Nathan, Rita, Naude, Maritsa, Ncaza, Gcobisa, Ncaza, Aviwe, Ncha, Relebohile, Ncoyini, Yanelisa, Ncube, Snothile, Ndaba, Mrs, Ndaba, Vusumuzi, Ndaba, Mmapula, Ndawonde, Siziwe, Ndevu, Ziphozihle, Ndhlovu, Nonhlanhla Faith, Ndima, Simphiwe, Ndlela, Sindisiwe, Ndlela, Thobsile P, Ndlovu, Nobuhle, Ndlovu, Nwabisa, Ndlovu, Virginia Dipuo, Ndlumbini, Sombekhaya, Nduli, Khululiwe, Nduli, Priscilla Nontokozo, Ndwambi, Michael, Nel, Jeremy, Nel, Rina, Nel, Lizelle, Nemanashi, Ntsundeni florah, Nemudivhiso, Usinkhangwe Nyaphophi, Nemutavhanani, Joyce Nemutavhanani, Nene, Jabu, Nene, Xolani, Netshilonga, David, Netsianda, Rendani, Newton, Charmaine, Ngalo, Vuyo Leroy, Ngani, Ncumisa, Ngcakaza, Thabisa Monica, Ngcobo, Thamela, Ngcobo, Trulove Nonhlanhla, Ngcobo, Richards, Ngcobo, Gcinile, Ngcobo, Guguletu, Ngetu, Thozama, Ngewu, Pinkie, Ngobeni, Tshepo, Ngobeni, Providence, Ngobeni, Khanyisile, Ngobeni, Prudence, Ngobese, Thembisile, Ngomane, Tracy, Ngondo, Nolusindiso, Ngubane, Nokukhanya, Ngubane, Sithembiso, Nguse, Ntombizodwa Praxedise, Ngwane, Tholakele, Ngwasheng, Elizabeth, Ngwenya, Siphamandla, Ngwenya, Gugu, Ngwenya, Nomthandazo, Ngwenya, Themba, Ngwenya, Eva, Ngxola, Zintlanu, Nhabe, Tshegofatso, Nhlabathi, Jabulile, Nhlangwana, Ishmael, Nhlapo, Sithembile, Nick, Matlala, Niemand, Vicky, Nienaber, Carina, Nix, Louise, Njikelana, Chumisa, Njomi, Masiza, Nkabinde, Lucia, NKABINDE, M, Nkabiti, Boitumelo, Nkabule, Gugu, Nkadimeng, Mankopodi, Nkanjeni, Nonkanyiso, Nkatlo, Palesa Portia, Nkewana, Bongani, Nkhwashu, Audrey, Nkoana, Ngokoana, Nkoane, Mmathapelo, Nkogatse, M, Nkomo, Fezile, Nkomo, Ntando, Nkonyane, Nontobeko, Nkosi, Sydney, Nkosi, Ntombikayise, Nkosi, Phumzile, Nkosi, Ntombifuthi, NKOSI, TINTSWALO, Nkosi, ML, Nkosi, Godfrey, Nkosi, Amukelani, Nkosi, Fikile Vinoliah, Nkosi, Mbali, Nkosi, Nomcebo Lucia, Nkosi, Siphokazi, Nkuhlu, Amanda, Nkumane, Phumzile, Nkuna, Malebo, Nkwakwha, Wendy, Noge, Sesi, Nolte, Elizabeth, Nomawabo, Peko, Nombita, Malibongwe, Nophale, Nandipha, Nothnagel, Jeanetta, Novokoza, Bongiwe, Nqaphi, Zanele, Nqondo, Thobekile, Nqwelo, Siphokazi, N S, Nkoana, Ntabeni, Sindiswa, Ntabeni, Mr, Ntampula, mawethu, Ntebe, Mthutuzeli, Ntela, Mokwabo, Ntimbane, Hezekiah, Ntintsilana, Xolisa, Ntleki, Patrick, Ntobela, Zanele, Ntombela, Bandile, Ntombela, Bandile, Ntombela, Zamaswazi, Ntombela, Khonelihle Zandile, Ntombela, Praisegod Samkelo Thobani, Ntonintshi, Lindiwe, Ntseane, Dipuo, Ntseane, Thobeka, Ntsham, Xolelwa, Ntshele, Mbalenhle, Ntshewula, Amanda, Ntsoko, Zinzi, Ntsoto, Athini, Ntuli, Nomsa, Ntuli, Nokwazi, Ntuli, Nomvula, Ntuli, Andrew Diffar, Ntuli, Faith, Nurnberger, Margrit, Nxala, Ntsikelelo, Nxasane, Sithandiwe, Nxumalo, Thanda, Nyathi, Xolani, Nyawula, Nontobeko, Nzama, Nhlakanipho, Obed, Maila Nkuneng, Ogwal, Florence, Olifant, Maureen, Oliphant, B, Olive, Monota, Olyn, Kagisho, Omoighe, Raymond, One, Phumeza, Oscar, Ratombo, Owen, Nkuna, P, Mailula, Padayachee, Nalini, Padayachy, Vasaily, Pakade, Ntombizakhe, Palime, Mosiuoa, Palisa, Jane, Parker, Arifa, Parkies, Lesenyeho, Parrish, Andy, Patel, Nilesh, Pather, Anastasia, Patience, Mkhombo Tsakani, Patzke, Marisa, Pawuli, Akhumzi, Pelako, Ntandokazi, Penrose, Phaswana Sibasa, Peppeta, Litha, Pershad, Santosh, Pertunia, Makheda, Pertunia, Nkuna, Perumal, Dane, Peter, Mongameli, Peters, Justin, Petlane, Vatiswa, Petrus, Harideen, Phahladira, Kgomotso, Phakisa, Matebesi John, Phale, R, Phathela, Livhuwani, Phillip, Sekate Daniel, Phiri, Beverly, Phiri, Mapule Precious, Phokane, Thapelo, Phokoane, Frank, Pholosho, Moele, Phooko, Sekoro, Phooko, Sekodi Geoffrey, Phutiane, Maponya, Pillay, Faiza, Pillay, Melanie, Pillay, Sayuri, Pillay, C R, Plaatjie, Zikhona, Pootona, James, Potgieter, Samantha, Potgieter, Marius, Precious, Mulaudzi Mulatedzi, Pretorius, Paul Janus, Prozesky, Hans, Pule, Mokhethi, Punwasi, Jayshina, Putzier, Dot, Qankqiso, Lutho, Qebedu, Siphokazi, Qhola, Phozisa, Qotoyi, Ntombesithathu, Qotso, Sipho Victor, Qwabe, Zanele, Rabie, Helena, Rabothata, Phoebe, Rachoene, Christina, Radana, Mteteleli, Radebe, Maria, Radebe, Dr. Valentino, Radebe, Nonkululeko, Radinne, Ella, Raduvha, Sherly, Raghunath, Shamintha, Rajagopaul, Claudine, Rakgwale, Mary, Ralethe, Malumbete Michael, Ralimo, Kenneth, Ramafoko, Motlalepule, Ramagoma, Maduvhahafani, Raman, Charlotte, Ramavhuya, Dr, Rambally, Molly, Ramdeen, Nivasha, Ramdin, Tanusha, Rameshwarnath, Sharita, Ramkillawan, Yeishna, Ramotlou, Rampedi, Faith, Rampersad, Vijayluxmi, Ramuima, Avhashoni, Ranone, Noluthando, Rapasa, Mabohlale Portia, rapelang, Mpharoane, Raphaely, Nika, Rashokeng, Lesiba, Rashopola, Caroline, Ratau, Tebogo, Ratau, M, Ratshili, Mpfariseni David, Rautenbach, Elmari, Ravele, Rofhiwa, Reachable, Johannes, Rebecca, Peta Mmalahla, Reddy, Kessendri, Redfern, Andrew, Reed, Robertha, Rees, Mumsy, Reji, Dr, Reubenson, Gary, Rewthinarain, Veena, Rheeder, Paul, Rhulani, Nkonayani, Richard, Mufamadi, Rikhotso, J S, Rikhotso, Shatimone Beverley, Robert, Lavhelani Ndivhaleni, Roto, Noncedo, Ruder, Gideon, Rugnath, Kapil, Ruiters, Lizette, Ruiters, Mina, Russell, Sue, Ruwiza, Lynn, R Y, Molokoane, Saaiman, Mandy, Sabela, Emmanuel, Sadiq, Lerato, Saki, Litha, Salambwa, Hyppolite, Samjowan, Menitha, Samodien, Nazlee, Samuel, Rakgolele, Sandile, Fakudze, Sanelisiwe, Cekuse, Sani, Mandlankosi, Sawuka, Simangele, Schoeman, Lelani, Scholts, Magriet, Schroder, Ronel, Sebalabala, Mamotetekoane, Sebati, Selwalenkwe Collet, Seboko, Jacoline, Sebuthoma, Wilheminah, Segami, Annah, Segokotlo, Ruth, Sehloho, MR, Seisa, Khutjo, Sekgobela, Antony, Sekhosana, Monica, Sekonyela, John, Sekoto, Mpho, Sekulisa, Naledi, Sekwadi, Mokgadi Vanessa, Selaelo, Lebogo, Selatlha, Johannes, Selekolo, Kgomotso, Selfridge, William, Semenya, Lucy, Sengakane, Ivy, Sengata, Masabata, Sentle, Petronella, Seoketsa, Malebo, Seonandan, Pratheesha, Serumula, Thomas Mambushi, Setheni, Nkululeko, Setlale, Refiloe, Setlhodi, Tumediso, Setlhodi, Barbara, Setloghele, Robert, Sewpersad, Aarthi, Sewpersadh, Ryan, Shabalala, Phumlile, Shabangu, Owen, Shabangu, Kungesihe, Shabangu, Harriet Sbonangaye, Shabangu, Thokozani, Shadi, Clifford, Shaik, Hasifa, Shale, Tseliso, Shandu, Qedani, Shandu, Nomvelo, Shange, Ntswaki Marcia, Shenxane, Abongile, Sherriff, A, Shezi, Sebenzile, Shezi, Thenjiwe, Shihangule, Scally, Shikwambana, Cheyeza, Shoba, Lungisani, shokane, Kamogelo, Sibande, Nora, Sibeko, Lydia, Sibeko, Xolani, Sibiya, Zanele, Sibiya, Mncedisi, Sibuta, Sphamandla, Sifumba, Thembakazi, Sigcau, Sipho, Sigila, Lutho, Sihentshe, Kayakazi, Sihlangu, Bongani, Sikhakhane, Daisy, Sikhakhane, Shaun Nhlanhla, Siko, Mbali, Sikonje, Sipho, Simanga, Khumbulekile, Simango, Nomsa, Simela, Thulisile, Simelane, Ntombikayise, Singh, Sashah, Singh, Marjorie, Singh, Ragani, Singh, Shash, Singh, Anita, Sithole, Hitekani, Sithole, Senzekile, Sithole, Ntokozo Danielle, Sithole, Koketso Maxwell, Situma, Jonnie, Sivraman, Annie, Siwela, Katekani, Siyewuyewu, Nonqubela, Sizeka, Maweya, Siziba, Nonceba, Skhosana, Andrew, Skhosana, Khanyisile, Skhosana, Rorisang, Skoko, Tandiwe, Slabbert, Sunet, Smangaliso, Ntombela, Smedley, Christine, Smit, Lydia, Smit, Natassia, Smit, Lizelle, Smit, Michelle, Smith, Fasie, Smith, Lizzie, Smith, Sunell, Smith, Cassius, Smuts, Stefan, Sofe, Ayanda, Solomon, Khobane, Solomon, L J, Sombani, chauke, Songca, Richard, Sontamo, Anga, Soorju, Supriya, Sopazi, Zubenathi, Soqasha, Brian, Sosibo, Bongiwe, Sotsaka, Ntsika, Soula, Mandy, Spoor, Simon, Stacey, Sarah, Stali, Asanda, Stephina, Mutele Mmboniseni, Steup, Myra, Steven, Sinoxolo, Stevens, AW, Stevens, Vincent, Steyn, Dewald, Steyn, Bianca, Stocks, Pat, Stolk, Henk, Stoltz, Alida, Strehlau, Renate, Stroebel, Anneke, Strydom, Loraine, Strydom, Jean-Marie, Strydom, Anton, Strydom, Ursula, Sunnyraj, Midhu, Swana, Nwabisa, Swanepoel, Winnie, Swanepoel, Suzan, Swartbooi, Elsie, Swartz, Estley Swartz, Syce, Casandra, T E, Shihambi, Tabane, Joyce, Tabane, N E, Tawana, Mrs, Tebello, Ntene, Tembe, Siphosetu Wiseman, Terblanche, Samantha, Thabede, Ntombifuthi, Thabelo, Nkhumeleni, Thabethe, Sibusiso, Thabo George, Lekhanya, Thare, Keorapetse, Thebogo, Makofane, Thekiso, Lerato, Theko, Lloyd, Themba, Celimphilo Zandi, Theron, Danie, Theron, Henda, Theron, Ilze, Thingathinga, Thandiwe, Thlabadira, M M, Thoka, Dikeledi, Thokwana, Zanele, Thom, Gustav, Thubakgale, Mamphot Joel, Thwala, Theodora, Thys, P, Tieho, Monethi, Timothy, Matodzi, Tintswalo, Ndlovu, Tivana, Babalwa, Tladi, Molefi, Tokota, Bongiwe, Toni, Simthandile, Torres, Ariel, Toubkin, Mande, Tsatsi, Marinda, Tshabalala, Khanyisile, Tshamase, Nozibele, Tshefu, Gontse, Tshegofatjo, Makgoga, Tshikomba, Given, Tshilo, Thapelo, Tshira, Lerato, Tshirado, S T, Tshisikule, Maipfi, Tsoke, G, TSOKE, N, Tsoko, Alatha, Tsotetsi, Mosele, Tsubella, Sandeva, Tuswa, Noxolo, Tutse, Maipato, Tutu, Nomayenzeke, Twala, Sphephelo, Twala, Nhlanhla, Twala, Simphiwe, Ubisi, John, Unathi, Tefo, Van Aswegen, A, van der Merwe, Marietjie, van der Merwe, Trudie, van der Plank, Patience, van der Spuy, Elmarie, Van Der Westhuizen, Linda, Van Der Westhuizen, Adele, van der Westhuizen, Talana, van der Westhuyzen, Mene, Van Dyk, Thea, van Heerden, Ingrid, van Jaarsveld, Ryno, van Jaarsveld, Ryno, Van Lill, M, van Niekerk, Heidi, van Niekerk, Ben, van Rensburg, Amanda, van Schallwyk, Judy, Van Sensie, Zeitschke Yarnrich, van Vuuren, Magda, van Vuuren, Cloete, Vandu, Olga Funiswa, Vane, Mandisa, VanZyl, Lucia, Variava, Ebrahim, Veerus, Mariam, Velapi, Nokhwezi, Veleko, Sebina, Velezantsi, Z, Venter, Retha, Vergottini, Corlia, Vergottini, Corlia, Vermeulen, Inga, Vidah, Liabara Lufuluvhi, Vilakazi, Bongani, Vilakazi, Treasure N, Vilakazi, Mbalenhle Precious, Viljoen, Karen, Viljoen, Werner, Viljoen, Karen, Volschenk, Zuretha, Vos, Angelo, V V, Matlala, Walters, Jacques, Webb, Kate, Welsh, John, Wessels, D, Wheller, Judy, White, Fundile, White, Priscilla, Whyte, Carmen, Willemse, Ansie, William, Sape, Williams, Daniel, Williams, Kamielah, Williams, Mercia, Williamson, Anne, Wilson, Cherade, Wolff, Boipelo, Wray, Michelle, Xaba, Ntombizonke B, Xaba, Thabang Jabulani, Xiniwe, Thanks, Xoliswa, Mtshali, Xulu, Funokwakhe, Xulu, Gibson, Yam, Sandlakazi, Zakhura, NM, Zareloa, Mashela, Zinto, Sive, Zinziswa, Dyibeni, Ziselo, Lulamile, Zitha, Zakhele, Zitha, Emmanuel, Zokufa, Anele, Zondi, Innocent, Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard, Zondi, Sbuyi, Zondi, Thulani, Zongola, Wandiswa, Zühlke, Liesl, Zulu, Zandile, Zulu, Lungelo, Zulu, Thandeka, Zulu, Slindili, Zulu, Nkosinathi, Zuma, Angel, Zungu, Precious, Zungu, Pamela, Zungu, Melusi, Zungu, Priscilla, Zwakala, Bongo Lihle, Zwane, Antonia, Zwane, Promise, Zwane, Muziwendoda, Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila, and Zwane, Nomgcobo
Abstract: The interaction between COVID-19, non-communicable diseases, and chronic infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis is unclear, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries in Africa. South Africa has a national HIV prevalence of 19% among people aged 15–49 years and a tuberculosis prevalence of 0·7% in people of all ages. Using a nationally representative hospital surveillance system in South Africa, we aimed to investigate the factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19.
Published: 2021
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26. Phosphorus Analogues of [Ni(bpy)2]: Synthesis and Application in Carbon–Halogen Bond Activation.

Author: Leitl, J., Coburger, P., Scott, D. J., Ziegler, C. G. P., Hierlmeier, G., Wolf, R., van Leest, N. P., de Bruin, B., Hörner, G., and Müller, C.
Published: 2020
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27. Ligand Effects on the Hydrogenation of Biomass-Inspired Substrates with Bifunctional Ru, Ir, and Rh Complexes

Author: Jansen, E., Jongbloed, L.S., Tromp, D.S., Lutz, M., de Bruin, B., Elsevier, C.J., Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Denticity, General Chemical Engineering, Substituent, Iridium, Ligands, Photochemistry, Medicinal chemistry, Catalysis, Ruthenium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biomimetics, Organometallic Compounds, Environmental Chemistry, General Materials Science, Biomass, Bifunctional, Alkyl, chemistry.chemical_classification, Ligand, Ring size, Rhenium, General Energy, chemistry, Hydrogenation, Acetophenone
Abstract: We herein report on the application and structural investigation of a new set of complexes that contain bidentate N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and primary amine moieties of the type [M(arene)Cl(L)] [M=Ru, Ir, or Rh; arene=p-cymene or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; L=1-(2-aminophenyl)-3-(n-alkyl)imidazol-2-ylidine]. These complexes were tested and compared in the hydrogenation of acetophenone with hydrogen. Structural variations in the chelate ring size of the heteroditopic ligand revealed that smaller chelate ring sizes in combination with ring conjugation in the ligand are beneficial for the activity of this type of catalyst, favoring an inner-sphere coordination pathway. Additionally, increasing the steric bulk of the alkyl substituent on the NHC aided the reaction, showing almost no induction period and formation of a more active catalyst for the n-butyl complex relative to complexes with smaller Me and Et substituents. As is common in hydrogenation reactions, the activity of the complexes decreases in the order Ru>Ir>Rh. The application of [Ru(p-cym)Cl(L)]PF6, which outperforms its reported analogues, has been successfully extended to the hydrogenation of more challenging biomass-inspired substrates.
Published: 2013
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28. On the 'Tertiary Structure' of Poly-Carbenes; Self-Assembly of sp3-Carbon-Based Polymers into Liquid-Crystalline Aggregates

Author: Franssen, N.G.M., Ensing, B., Hegde, M., Dingemans, T.J., Norder, B., Picken, S.J., Alberda van Ekenstein, G.O.R., van Eck, E.R.H., Elemans, J.A.A.W, Vis, M., Reek, J.N.H., de Bruin, B., Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Sub Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Molecular Simulations (HIMS, FNWI), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Sub Physical and Colloid Chemistry, and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Molecular model, Macromolecular Substances, ARCHITECTURES, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Catalysis, liquid crystals, triple helix, Liquid crystal, supramolecular aggregates, STEREOREGULAR POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATES), polymers, HELICAL POLYMERS, COPOLYMERIZATION, chemistry.chemical_classification, POLYMETHYLENES, Molecular Structure, 010405 organic chemistry, Small-angle X-ray scattering, Scanning Probe Microscopy, Organic Chemistry, ALKYL DIAZOACETATES, food and beverages, sp(3) backbone, General Chemistry, Polymer, DIAZOCARBONYL COMPOUNDS, Solid State NMR, Carbon, 0104 chemical sciences, Crystallography, Models, Chemical, Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, chemistry, PALLADIUM-MEDIATED POLYMERIZATION, Melting point, CHAIN, Self-assembly, STEREOCOMPLEX, Triple helix
Abstract: The self-assembly of poly- A acetate) (st-PEA) into van der Waals-stabilized liquid-crystalline (LC) aggregates is reported. The LC behavior of these materials is unex- pected, and unusual for flexible sp 3 - carbon backbone polymers. Although the dense packing of polar ester func- tionalities along the carbon backbone of st-PEA could perhaps be expected to lead directly to rigid-rod behavior, molecular modeling reveals that indi- vidual st-PEA chains are actually highly flexible and should not reveal rigid-rod induced LC behavior. None- theless, st-PEA clearly reveals LC be- havior, both in solution and in the melt over a broad elevated temperature range. A combined set of experimental measurements, supported by MM/MD studies, suggests that the observed LC behavior is due to self-aggregation of st-PEA into higher-order aggregates. According to MM/MD modeling st- PEA single helices adopt a flexible hel- ical structure with a preferred trans- gauche syn-syn-anti-anti orientation. Unexpectedly, similar modeling experi- ments suggest that three of these heli- ces can self-assemble into triple-helical aggregates. Higher-order assemblies were not observed in the MM/MD sim- ulations, suggesting that the triple helix is the most stable aggregate configura- tion. DLS data confirmed the aggrega- tion of st-PEA into higher-order struc- tures, and suggest the formation of rod- like particles. The dimensions derived from these light-scattering experiments correspond with st-PEA triple-helix formation. Langmuir-Blodgett surface pressure-area isotherms also point to the formation of rod-like st-PEA ag- gregates with similar dimensions as st- PEA triple helixes. Upon increasing the st-PEA concentration, the viscosity of the polymer solution increases strongly, and at concentrations above 20 wt % st-PEA forms an organogel. STM on this gel reveals the formation of helical aggregates on the graphite surface-solution interface with shapes and dimensions matching st-PEA triple helices, in good agreement with the structures proposed by molecular mod- eling. X-ray diffraction, WAXS, SAXS and solid state NMR spectroscopy studies suggest that st-PEA triple heli- ces are also present in the solid state, up to temperatures well above the melting point of st-PEA. Formation of higher-order aggregates explains the observed LC behavior of st-PEA, em- phasizing the importance of the "terti- ary structure" of synthetic polymers on their material properties.
Published: 2013
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29. Net nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and CO₂ production in alternating moisture conditions in an unfertilized low-humus sandy soil from the Sahel

Author: DE BRUIN, B., DE VRIES, F.W.T. PENNING, VAN BROEKHOVEN, L.W., VERTREGT, N., and VAN DE GEIJN, S.C.
Published: 1989

30. Dibenzo[b,f]phosphepines: Novel Phosphane-Olefin Ligands for Transition Metals

Author: Lyaskovskyy, V., van Dijk-Moes, R.J.A., Burck, S., Dzik, W.I., Lutz, M., Ehlers, A.W., Slootweg, J.Chris, de Bruin, B., Lammertsma, K., Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, AIMMS, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, and Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Double bond, 010405 organic chemistry, Ligand, Stereochemistry, Organic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Crystal structure, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Rhodium, law.invention, Coordination complex, Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography, chemistry, Transition metal, law, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Cyclic voltammetry, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Electron paramagnetic resonance
Abstract: New, stable heterobidentate phosphane-olefin ligands based on the dibenzo[b,f]phosphepine backbone are reported together with their redox properties and coordination chemistry to rhodium(I). The X-ray crystal structures and DFT calculations show different conformations for the P-phenyl (6a) and P-mesityl (6b) derivatives. Cyclic voltammetry (vs Fc/Fc(+)) of 6a supported by UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry showed two cathodic waves, a reversible one at E-1/2 = -2.62 V (I-f/I-b, = 1.0) and a quasi-reversible (I-f/I-b approximate to 1.2) one at E-1/2 = -3.03 V. Reduction with sodium afforded a mixture of the radical anion [6a(center dot)](-), characterized by EPR spectroscopy, and dianion [6a](2-), for which an X-ray crystal structure was obtained. Both 6a and 6b bind to Rh-1 centers, giving rise to 3:1 (8a) and 2:1 (8b) ligand:Rh complexes, respectively. Two dibenzo[b,f]phosphepines in 8a and 8b act as heterobidentate ligands in which both the phosphorus atom and the olefinic double bond coordinate to rhodium, but the third ligand in 8a binds as a monodentate P-donor. The cyclic voltammogram of 8b showed two close-lying waves, a one-electron reversible wave at -1.45 V and a two-electron quasi-reversible wave at -1.80 V (I-f/I-b approximate to 1.3). 8a showed a reversible wave at -1.71 V and irreversible waves at lower potentials.
Published: 2013
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31. Reductive Elimination at an Ortho-Metalated Iridium(III) Hydride Bearing a Tripodal Tetraphosphorus Ligand

Author: Gloaguen, Y., Jongens, L.M., Reek, J.N.H., Lutz, M., de Bruin, B., van der Vlugt, J.I., Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry
Subjects: 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Ligand, Hydride, Stereochemistry, Organic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Protonation, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Medicinal chemistry, Reductive elimination, 0104 chemical sciences, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Proton NMR, Molecule, Iridium, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Phosphine
Abstract: The synthesis of the novel C-3-symmetric tripodal, tetradentate ligand 1, bearing only phosphorus atoms as donor groups, is described, starting from commercially available o-tolyldiphenylphosphine, and its molecular structure has been determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Coordination to the cationic Ir-1 precursor [Ir(COE)(2)(acetone)(2)]PF6 led to a highly unsymmetrical species (90% yield) with four inequivalent phosphorus atoms, as evidenced by P-31 NMR spectroscopy. The corresponding H-1 NMR spectrum exhibited a pseudo doublet of quartets at delta -5.9 ppm with one large trans P-H coupling ((2)J(P-H) = 115.4 Hz) and a much smaller cis coupling ((2)J(P-H) = 10.8 Hz). X-ray crystallography confirmed the formation of complex 2, [Ir(H)(kappa P-5,P,P,P,C-1)]PF6, which is a rare example of a structurally characterized mononuclear Ir hydride species bearing an ortho-metalated phosphine ligand. This species does not react with hydride sources, but addition of 1 equiv of CF3COOH resulted in facile overall formal protonation of the Ir-C bond. DFT calculations support a pathway involving initial reductive elimination, forming the highly distorted four-coordinate species 2', followed by protonation at iridium to give the dicationic monohydride species 3, with an activation barrier Delta G(dagger) of 28.2 kcal mol(-1). Deuteration experiments support this mechanism. Reductive elimination can also be induced by reaction of 2 with carbon monoxide, yielding the monocationic carbonyl complex [Ir-1(CO)(1)]PF6 as the sole product.
Published: 2013

32. [CpArNi{Ga(nacnac)}]: An Open-Shell Nickel(I) Complex Supported by a Gallium(I) Carbenoid (CpAr = C5(C6H4-4-Et)5, nacnac = HC[C(Me)N-(C6H3)-2,6-iPr2]2)

Author: Chakraborty, U., Mühldorf, B., van Velzen, N.J.C., de Bruin, B., Harder, S., Wolf, R., Sustainable Chemistry, HIMS Other Research (FNWI), Faculty of Science, and Nature Inspired Transition Metal Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Abstract: The 17 valence electron (VE) open-shell nickel gallanediyl complex [CpArNi{Ga(nacnac)}] (3, Ar = C5(C6H4-4-Et)5, nacnac = HC[C(Me)N(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)]2), having an unsupported Ni–Ga bond, was synthesized from [CpArNi(μ-Br)]2 (1) by reducing the adduct [CpArNi(μ-Br){Ga(nacnac)}] (2) or, alternatively, trapping the “CpArNiI” synthon with Ga(nacnac); spectroscopic and DFT studies showed that the single unpaired electron in 3 resides mainly at the Ni center.
Published: 2016

33. Synthesis and Reactivity of Ester‐Functionalized 5‐Membered Rh I ‐κ 2 ‐C,O‐Chelates and Their Relevance in Rh(cod)‐Mediated Carbene Polymerization

Author: Finger, M., Lutz, M., Reek, J.N.H., de Bruin, B., Rontgen participation programme, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Olefin fiber, Diene, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Ligand, chemistry.chemical_element, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Medicinal chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Rhodium, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Polymerization, Organic chemistry, Reactivity (chemistry), Carbene, Group 2 organometallic chemistry
Abstract: The previous mechanistic studies of the Rh-mediated polymerization of carbenes suggests the involvement of organometallic compounds that have been derived from Rh(diene) species that contain a five-membered chelate ring of the type Rh{κ2-C,O-[-CH(COOR)-CH(Pol)-C(OR)=O-]} (Pol = polymer chain), which are characterized by the coordination of the β-ester group of the growing polymer chain to the metal. Herein we present our efforts to characterize the possibly related RhI(cod){κ2-C,O-[-CH(COOR)-CHR′-C(OR)=O-]} (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) species. These structures can be generated by means of olefin exchange with an allyl complex and with the concomitant release of the corresponding 1,3-diene, which is derived from the allyl ligand. The product is unstable and further reacts by means of a bimolecular C-H activation process to form a related dinuclear complex [(cod)Rh(μ-{-CH(COOR)-CH-C(OR)=O-})2Rh(cod)], in which the carbon dianion of the dimethyl or diethyl succinate bridges two Rh(cod) moieties. The complex was synthesized in an independent way and was structurally characterized. We investigated the importance of these complexes in carbene polymerization.
Published: 2011
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34. Homoleptic Diphosphacyclobutadiene Complexes [M(η4‐P2C2R2)2]x− (M=Fe, Co; x=0, 1)

Author: Wolf, Robert, Ehlers, A.W., Khusniyarov, M.M., Hartl, F., de Bruin, B., Long, G.J., Grandjean, F., Schappacher, F.M., Pöttgen, R., Slootweg, J.C., Lutz, M., Spek, A.L., Lammertsma, K., Rontgen participation programme, SYNTHESE, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Rontgen participation programme, SYNTHESE, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Crystal and Structural Chemistry
Subjects: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Metallocenes, Inorganic chemistry, Molecular Conformation, Crystallography, X-Ray, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Organophosphorus Compounds, Oxidation state, Organometallic Compounds, Ferrous Compounds, Homoleptic, Group 2 organometallic chemistry, Molecular Structure, Organic Chemistry, 18-Crown-6, General Chemistry, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Cobalt, Triple bond, Crystallography, chemistry, Models, Chemical, Covalent bond, X-ray crystallography, Oxidation-Reduction, Cyclobutanes
Abstract: The preparation and comprehensive characterization of a series of homoleptic sandwich complexes containing diphosphacyclobutadiene ligands are reported. Compounds [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][Fe(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] (K1), [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][Co(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] (K2), and [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][Co(η(4)-P(2)C(2)Ad(2))(2)] (K3, Ad = adamantyl) were obtained from reactions of [K([18]crown-6)(thf)(2)][M(η(4)-C(14)H(10))(2)] (M = Fe, Co) with tBuC[triple bond]P (1, 2), or with AdC[triple bond]P (3). Neutral sandwiches [M(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] (4: M = Fe 5: M = Co) were obtained by oxidizing 1 and 2 with [Cp(2)Fe]PF(6). Cyclic voltammetry and spectro-electrochemistry indicate that the two [M(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)](-)/[M(η(4)-P(2)C(2)tBu(2))(2)] moieties can be reversibly interconverted by one electron oxidation and reduction, respectively. Complexes 1-5 were characterized by multinuclear NMR, EPR (1 and 5), UV/Vis, and Mossbauer spectroscopies (1 and 4), mass spectrometry (4 and 5), and microanalysis (1-3). The molecular structures of 1-5 were determined by using X-ray crystallography. Essentially D(2d)-symmetric structures were found for all five complexes, which show the two 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene rings in a staggered orientation. Density functional theory calculations revealed the importance of covalent metal-ligand π bonding in 1-5. Possible oxidation state assignments for the metal ions are discussed.
Published: 2010
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35. Versatile New C3-Symmetric Tripodal Tetraphosphine Ligands; Structural Flexibility to Stabilize CuI and RhI Species and Tune Their Reactivity

Author: Wassenaar, J., Siegler, M. A., Spek, A.L., de Bruin, B., Reek, J.N.H., van der Vlugt, J.I., Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Denticity, Molecular Structure, Phosphines, Cyclopropanation, Stereochemistry, Chemistry, Ligand, Norbornadiene, Ligands, Catalysis, Styrene, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coordination Complexes, Polymer chemistry, Quantum Theory, Rhodium, Reactivity (chemistry), Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Copper, Phosphine
Abstract: The high-yielding synthesis and detailed characterization of two well-defined, linkage isomeric tripodal, tetradentate all-phosphorus ligands 1-3 is described. Coordination to Cu(I) resulted in formation of complexes 4-6, for which the molecular structures indicate overall tridentate coordination to the copper atom in the solid state, with one dangling peripheral phosphine. The solution studies suggest fast exchange between the three phosphine side-arms. For these new Cu(I) complexes, preliminary catalytic activity in the cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyldiazoacetate (EDA) is disclosed. The anticipated well-defined tetradentate coordination in a C(3)-symmetric fashion was achieved with Rh(I) and Ir(I), leading to the overall five-coordinated complexes 7-12. Complex 11 has the norbornadiene (nbd) ligand coordinated in an unprecedented monodentate 2,3-eta(2) mode to Rh. Furthermore, unexpected but very interesting redox-chemistry and reactivity was displayed by the Rh(Cl)-complexes 7 and 8. Oxidation resulted in the formation of stable Rh(II) metalloradicals [7]PF(6) and [8]PF(6) that were characterized by X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Subsequent redox-reactivity of these metalloradicals toward molecular hydrogen is described, resulting in the formation of Rh(III) hydride compounds.
Published: 2010
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36. Phosphinoureas: Cooperative Ligands in Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation? On the Possibility of a Ligand-Assisted Reductive Elimination of the Aldehyde

Author: Meeuwissen, J., Sandee, A. J., de Bruin, B., Siegler, M. A., Spek, A.L., Reek, J.N.H., Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry
Subjects: Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Abstract: We report the synthesis of a novel type of phosphinourea ligand, its coordination chemistry with rhodium, its use in the asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene, and investigations on the hydroformylation reaction mechanism. Complex studies on the 2:1 complex of phosphinourea to [Rh(acac)(CO)2] showed that a neutral trans-coordinating complex [Rh(HL-κP)(L-κ2O,P)(CO)] was formed. An anionic O,P-chelating ligand has displaced the anionic acac− ligand via an acid−base reaction involving the deprotonation of an acidic urea proton, giving Hacac. A second phosphinourea is coordinated as a neutral monodentate ligand and is linked to the chelating anionic ligand via an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The behavior of these supramolecular complexes in the hydroformylation reaction and the possible cooperative role of the ligands in the catalytic cycle were studied both experimentally and by computational methods. High-pressure NMR spectroscopy revealed that the catalytically active rhodium hydride species further consists of two neutral phosphinourea ligands and is in equilibrium with the neutral species [Rh(HL-κP)(L-κ2O,P)(CO)]. This equilibrium is likely an integrated part of a productive hydroformylation cycle involving a ligand-assisted reductive elimination of the aldehyde. DFT calculations revealed that the ligand-assisted mechanism could well be the preferred lower energetic pathway; however, the orientation of the anionic oxygen donor atom in [Rh(HL-κP)(L-κ2O,P)(CO)] prevented us from finding a direct (nonsolvent assisted) transition state to connect the intermediates. We therefore cannot exclude a mechanism where [Rh(HL-κP)(L-κ2O,P)(CO)] is a dormant species outside the productive hydroformylation cycle, although the intermediate associated with this mechanism is higher in energy. Finally, the synthesis of heteroligated complexes was investigated, consisting of two electronically different phosphinoureas, which sets the stage for combinatorial supramolecular ligand approaches in catalysis. Simply mixing two electronically different phosphinoureas with metal precursor [Rh(acac)(CO)2] resulted in the formation of a heterobidentate ligand. A set of six new phosphinoureas was used to prepare such rhodium complexes in a combinatorial fashion for the asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene, resulting in high conversions and selectivities for the branched product and moderate enantioselectivities.
Published: 2010
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37. Ureaphosphanes as hybrid, anionic or supramolecular bidentate ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions

Author: Meeuwissen, J., Detz, R., Sandee, A. J., de Bruin, B., Siegler, M. A., Spek, A.L., Reek, J.N.H., Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Denticity, Chemistry, Ligand, Asymmetric hydrogenation, Supramolecular chemistry, Cationic polymerization, Medicinal chemistry, Coordination complex, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Organic chemistry, Chelation, Acetamide
Abstract: We report the coordination behavior of ureaphosphane ligand 1[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethyl]-3-phenylurea (L1) towards different rhodium precursor complexes. Depending on the nature of the anion and the ligand/metal ratio, L1 acts either as a hybrid P, O-coordinating chelate, as an anionic P,N-coordinating chelate or as a supramolecular (hydrogen-bonded) bidentate ligand. The different types of complexes were investigated in the asymmetric hydrogenation of three olefinic substrates using ureaphosphanes L2 and L3, which are chiral analogues of L1. For methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate (Si) and dimethyl itaconate (S2) the neutral complex [Rh(L2-kappa P-2,N)(cod)], containing an anionic RN-coordinating ureaphosphane ligand, provided the best enantioselectivity (69.2 and 24.3 %, respectively). For N-(3,4-dihydro-2-naphth-alenyl)acetamide (S3) the best enantioselectivity was obtained with the cationic complex [Rh(L3-kappa P-2,O)(nbd)]BF4, containing a hybrid PO-coordinating ureaphosphane ligand (86.1 %).
Published: 2010

38. Multiple spin-state scenarios in organometallic reactivity

Author: Dzik, W.I., Böhmer, W., de Bruin, B., Swart, M., Costas, M., and Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Electron transfer, Ligand, Chemistry, Intramolecular force, Reactivity (chemistry), Photochemistry, Oxidative addition, Reductive elimination, Catalysis, Group 2 organometallic chemistry
Abstract: This chapter gives an overview of the different spin-state crossing scenarios affecting the reactivity of organometallic compounds. It focuses on the effects of crossing spin states in a number of elementary reactions typically observed for organometallic compounds, such as ligand exchange, oxidative addition, reductive elimination, migration/insertion, β-hydride elimination, C-H bond activation and intramolecular electron transfer between a transition metal and a coordinated redox active ligand. These processes are highly relevant for catalysis. To address the influence of the spin-crossing on the reaction rate, Schroder et al. introduced the two-state reactivity (TSR) concept, which applies if the overall kinetics for product formation results from an interplay between the barriers for the spin-inversion and the barriers on the high- and low-spin surfaces. The chapter discusses examples of homogeneous first-row transition metal systems that catalyze (cyclo)oligomerization reactions of alkynes and alkenes, and which undergo a spin-crossing during the catalytic turnover.
Published: 2016
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39. Reversible cyclometalation at RhI as a motif for metal–ligand bifunctional bond activation and base-free formic acid dehydrogenation

Author: Jongbloed, L. S., De Bruin, B., Reek, J. N. H., Lutz, M., Van Der Vlugt, J. I., Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Crystal and Structural Chemistry
Abstract: Reversible cyclometalation is demonstrated as a strategy for the activation of small protic molecules, with a proof-of-principle catalytic application in the dehydrogenation of formic acid in the absence of an exogenous base. The well-defined RhI complex Rh(CO)(L) 1, bearing the reactive cyclometalated PN(C) ligand L (LH = PNCH = 2-di(tert-butylphosphinomethyl)-6-phenylpyridine), undergoes protonolysis of the Rh–CPh bond with weak protic reagents, such as thiols and trifluoromethanesulfonamide. This system also displays bifunctional metal–ligand protonolysis reactivity with formic acid and subsequent decarboxylation of the formate complex. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that H2 evolution from putative Rh(CO)(H)(LH) complex A is very facile, proposedly encompassing formal C–H oxidative addition at Rh to give Cvia agostic intermediate B and subsequent reductive elimination of H2. Complex 1 is a catalytically competent species for base-free formic acid dehydrogenation, with the intermediacy of formate complex 4. DFT calculations reveal accessible barriers for involvement of a flanking phenyl group for both initial activation of formic acid and release of H2, supporting a cooperative pathway. Reversible C–H activation is thus a viable mechanism for metal–ligand bifunctional catalysis.
Published: 2016

40. Redox Non-innocent Ligands: Reactivity and Catalysis

Author: de Bruin, B., Gualco, P., Paul, N.D., Stradiotto, M., Lundgren, R.J., Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Faculty of Science, HIMS Other Research (FNWI), and Sustainable Chemistry
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 010405 organic chemistry, Chemistry, Ligand, Alkene, 010402 general chemistry, Metathesis, 01 natural sciences, Combinatorial chemistry, Chemical synthesis, Non-innocent ligand, 0104 chemical sciences, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Reactivity (chemistry), Organometallic chemistry
Abstract: The design of ancillary ligands used to modify the structural and reactivity properties of metal complexes has evolved into a rapidly expanding sub-discipline in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Ancillary ligand design has figured directly in the discovery of new bonding motifs and stoichiometric reactivity, as well as in the development of new catalytic protocols that have had widespread positive impact on chemical synthesis on benchtop and industrial scales. Ligand Design in Metal Chemistry presents a collection of cutting-edge contributions from leaders in the field of ligand design, encompassing a broad spectrum of ancillary ligand classes and reactivity applications. Topics covered include: Key concepts in ligand design; Redox non-innocent ligands; Ligands for selective alkene metathesis; Ligands in cross-coupling. Ligand design in polymerizationThe design of ancillary ligands used to modify the structural and reactivity properties of metal complexes has evolved into a rapidly expanding sub-discipline in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. Ancillary ligand design has figured directly in the discovery of new bonding motifs and stoichiometric reactivity, as well as in the development of new catalytic protocols that have had widespread positive impact on chemical synthesis on benchtop and industrial scales. Ligand Design in Metal Chemistry presents a collection of cutting-edge contributions from leaders in the field of ligand design, encompassing a broad spectrum of ancillary ligand classes and reactivity applications. Topics covered include: Key concepts in ligand design; Redox non-innocent ligands; Ligands for selective alkene metathesis; Ligands in cross-coupling; Ligand design in polymerization.
Published: 2016

41. Reversible cyclometalation at Rh-I as a motif for metal-ligand bifunctional bond activation and base-free formic acid dehydrogenation

Author: Jongbloed, L. S., De Bruin, B., Reek, J. N. H., Lutz, M., Van Der Vlugt, J. I., Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, and Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI)
Subjects: Agostic interaction, 010405 organic chemistry, Formic acid, Ligand, 010402 general chemistry, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Medicinal chemistry, Oxidative addition, Catalysis, Reductive elimination, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Formate, Protonolysis, Bifunctional
Abstract: Reversible cyclometalation is demonstrated as a strategy for the activation of small protic molecules, with a proof-of-principle catalytic application in the dehydrogenation of formic acid in the absence of an exogenous base. The well-defined RhI complex Rh(CO)(L) 1, bearing the reactive cyclometalated PN(C) ligand L (LH = PNCH = 2-di(tert-butylphosphinomethyl)-6-phenylpyridine), undergoes protonolysis of the Rh–CPh bond with weak protic reagents, such as thiols and trifluoromethanesulfonamide. This system also displays bifunctional metal–ligand protonolysis reactivity with formic acid and subsequent decarboxylation of the formate complex. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that H2 evolution from putative Rh(CO)(H)(LH) complex A is very facile, proposedly encompassing formal C–H oxidative addition at Rh to give Cvia agostic intermediate B and subsequent reductive elimination of H2. Complex 1 is a catalytically competent species for base-free formic acid dehydrogenation, with the intermediacy of formate complex 4. DFT calculations reveal accessible barriers for involvement of a flanking phenyl group for both initial activation of formic acid and release of H2, supporting a cooperative pathway. Reversible C–H activation is thus a viable mechanism for metal–ligand bifunctional catalysis.
Published: 2016

42. N-Atom transfer via thermal or photolytic activation of a Co-azido complex with a PNP pincer ligand

Author: Vreeken, V., primary, Baij, L., additional, de Bruin, B., additional, Siegler, M. A., additional, and van der Vlugt, J. I., additional
Published: 2017
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43. Reversible cyclometalation at RhI as a motif for metal–ligand bifunctional bond activation and base-free formic acid dehydrogenation

Author: Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Jongbloed, L. S., De Bruin, B., Reek, J. N. H., Lutz, M., Van Der Vlugt, J. I., Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Jongbloed, L. S., De Bruin, B., Reek, J. N. H., Lutz, M., and Van Der Vlugt, J. I.
Published: 2016

44. Liberale verantwoordelijkheid: uitgangspunten

Author: van Hees, M., de Beaufort, F., de Bruin, B., van Schie, P., Wissenburg, M., and FMG
Published: 2014

45. Nitrogen-Centred Ligand Radical Complexes; Classification, Spectroscopic Features, Reactivity and Catalytic Applications

Author: Olivos Suarez, A.I., Lyaskovskyy, V., Reek, J.N.H., van der Vlugt, J.I., de Bruin, B., Olivos Suarez, A.I., Lyaskovskyy, Reek, J.N.H., van der Vlugt, J.I., and de Bruin
Published: 2013

46. Encapsulation of Metallo-Porphyrins in a Self-Assembled Cubic M8L6 Cage \u2013 A new Molecular Flask for Cobalt-Porphyrin Catalyzed Radical-type Reactions

Author: Otte, M., Kuijpers, P. F., Troeppner, O., Ivanović-Burmazović, I., Reek, J. N. H., de Bruin, B., Otte, Kuijpers, P. F., Troeppner, Ivanović-Burmazović, Reek, J. N. H., and de Bruin
Published: 2013

47. Bioinspired nonheme iron complexes derived from an extended series of N,N,O-ligated BAIP ligands

Author: Moelands, M.A.H., Nijsse, S., Folkertsma, E., de Bruin, B., Lutz, M., Spek, A.L., Klein Gebbink, R.J.M., Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Chem Biol & Organic Chem begr 1-6-12, Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis (HIMS, FNWI), Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Chem Biol & Organic Chem begr 1-6-12, and Sub Crystal and Structural Chemistry
Subjects: Steric effects, chemistry.chemical_classification, Models, Molecular, Ligand, Stereochemistry, Imidazoles, Hydrogen Peroxide, Ligands, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cyclooctanes, chemistry, Octahedron, Biomimetic Materials, Amide, Polymer chemistry, Propionate, Moiety, Ferrous Compounds, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Propionates, Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Abstract: A series of mononuclear Fe(II) triflate complexes based on the 3,3-bis(1-alkylimidazole-2-yl)propionate ester (BAIP) ligand scaffold are reported. I, these complexes, the tripodal N,N,O-BAIP ester ligand is varied by (i) changing the ester moiety (i.e., n-Pr, tert-Bu esters, n-Pr amide), (ii) changing the methylimidazole moieties to methylbenzimidazole moieties, and (iii) changing the methylimidazole moieties to 1-ethyl-4-isopropylimidazole moieties. The general structure of the resulting complexes comprises two facially capping BAIP ligands around a coordinatively saturated octahedral Fe(II) center, with either a transoid or cisoid orientation of the N,N,O-donor manifold that depends on the combined steric and electronic demand of the ligands, In the ligands. In the case of the sterically most encumbered ligand, a four-coordinate all N-coordinate complex is formed as well, which cocrystallizes with the six-coordinate complex. In combination with the catalytic properties of the new complexes in the epoxidation/cis-dihydroxylation of cyclooctene with H2O2, in terms of turnover number and cis-diol formation, these studies provide a number of insights for further ligand design and catalyst development aimed at Fe-mediated cis-dihydroxylation.
Published: 2013

48. On the \u2018Tertiary Structure\u2019 of Poly-Carbenes; Self-assembly of sp3-Carbon Based Polymers into Liquid-Crystalline Aggregates

Author: Franssen, N. M. G., Ensing, B., Hegde, M., Dingemans, T., Norder, B., Picken, S. J., Alberda van Ekenstein, G. O. R., van Eck, E., Elemans, J. A. A. W., Vis, M, Reek, J. N. H., de Bruin, B., Franssen, N. M. G., Ensing, Hegde, Dingemans, Norder, Picken, S. J., Alberda van Ekenstein, G. O. R., van Eck, Elemans, J. A. A. W., Vis, M, Reek, J. N. H., and de Bruin
Published: 2013

49. Synthesis of Functional \u2018Polyolefins\u2019: State of the Art and Remaining Challenges

Author: Franssen, N.M.G., Reek, J.N.H, de Bruin, B., Franssen, N.M.G., Reek, J.N.H, and de Bruin
Published: 2013

50. Propagation & Termination Steps in Rh-mediated Carbene Polymerisation using Diazomethane

Author: Franssen, N.M.G., Finger, M., Reek, J.N.H, de Bruin, B., Franssen, N.M.G., Finger, Reek, J.N.H, and de Bruin
Published: 2013

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