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Justin, an adult very anxious about the fate of planet Earth in this era of climate change, is shocked and angry at the vague but tenacious indifference he observes among his contemporaries in the face of the risk posed by the ecological threat to the whole of life on Earth. Is this indifference the result of denial, splitting, or derealization? Conversely, what is at work in those for whom, like Justin, eco-anxiety is opposed to this indifference? In ecological anguish and distress, what are the links between the intimate and the collective, between everyday life and history? What phantasmatic representations take hold of planet Earth, with its likely unique psychic status? The complex status of Gaia, primordial goddess of Greek antiquity, allows us to examine the phantasmatic underpinnings of our relationship to Mother Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The conjunctural moment of COVID-19 provides a window of opportunity to glean insights into the relationship between moral panics and emerging infectious disease narratives. Analysis: Using Penelope Ironstone's 2020 essay on COVID-19 in keywords as a starting point, this article critically refects on the ways that progressive social interests were unable to gain an upper hand in the process of narrating and defning the contradictions that were condensed in the crisis spurred by COVID-19. Conclusions and implications: The article extends Ironstone's critique by explaining how COVID-19 keywords were expressed through a dominant pandemic narrative that discouraged as much as it incited moral panic by framing the preferred response to the crisis in terms of individualized coping strategies promising relative security from infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English Abstract: Mass exhumations and the mass unearthing of dead bodies are quite new phenomena in the history of humankind. The 'forensic turn' has led various disciplines to pay renewed attention to the dead and not only to the death. For a couple of decades, social anthropologists have been urged to (re)consider the materiality of death. This return of the dead bodies en masse has consequently made them look carefully at the ways in which corpses are dealt with in various situations of disasters or mass crime, but also made them aware of the various silences and denial mechanisms lastingly surrounding mass graves and buried corpses. This afterword aims to reflect on the way these silences and denial have shaped our disciplinary field and maintained some of its blind spots. French Abstract: Les exhumations et la mise au jour massives de cadavres sont des phénomènes plutôt nouveaux dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Le tournant médico-légal a conduit diverses disciplines à accorder une attention renouvelée aux morts et pas seulement à la mort. Pour leur part, les anthropologues sociaux ont été incités depuis quelques décennies à (re)considérer la matérialité de la mort. Ce retour en masse des cadavres les a, par conséquent, amenés à se pencher sur la manière dont les cadavres sont traités dans des situations de catastrophes ou de crimes de masse, mais aussi à prendre conscience des divers silences et mécanismes de déni qui entourent durablement les fosses communes et les cadavres enterrés. Cette postface vise à réfléchir à la manière dont ces silences et ces dénis ont façonné notre champ disciplinaire et maintenu certains de ses angles morts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite critiques of denials broadly underlying Critical International Relations deconstructions of state, security and subjectivity, there is little explicit exploration of the ontological status of denial, and how denials operate in the politics of (in)security. Animated by the question, why and how web of actors and interests traversing the public and private spheres involved in the provision of security endure despite long-running critique, this article problematises = denials. An explicit theorisation of denial needs to be put centre stage in the study of security. Drawing on Dillon's theorisation of the unstable duality of (in)security and synthesising it with a Deleuze and Guattarian assemblage approach, it theorises denial in two forms – denial of complicity and denial of the impossibility of security – as ontologically necessary for the politics of (in)security; then proposes that we scrutinise and expose assemblages of (in)security. These assemblages form, endure and expand, by thriving on denials of the impossibility of security and its attendant complicities; forming symbioses of denial traversing the public-private realms. Assemblages of (in)security adapt, expand, and propagate new technologies of (in)security, often ironically by responding to demands from critique. Without an assemblage-based thinking, we are methodologically ill-equipped to trace, expose and critique the politics of (in)security, without unwittingly partaking in denials sustaining it. Des dénis « du fond des océans jusqu'à l'espace » : agencements d'(in)sécurité et déni dans la politique de sécurité [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This article reverses the conventional logic of moral panics. COVID-19 precrisis risk communication is conceptualized as a form of implicatory denial that underreacted to COVID-19 in the three months leading up to the acute phase of the crisis. Analysis: Connections are established among denial theory; infectious disease crisis communication; and the social, economic, and political implications of underreacting to realworld threats over three phases of pre-crisis risk communication. Conclusions and implications: Linking the analysis to the broader literature on the social organization of denial highlights the dialectical relationship between the rhetoric of panic and conditions of implicatory denial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the advances of a research project on the phenomenon of mourning in "hypermodernity". It reviews concepts related to the theory of mourning in Freud's work. It explores the role of the reality testing in the onset of mourning and its relationship to disavowal (Verleugnung). It analyzes the status of the lost object and, therefore, the Freudian notions of love are reconsidered. It also looks into the concept of "work of mourning" and the object substitution as a result. An articulation is observed between the intrapsychic functioning and the cultural significations of our time, no longer marked by repression, but by the disavowal of pain and loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the concepts of trauma and testimony as elaborated by Sándor Ferenczi and associates them to Svetlana Aleksiévitch's book about the nuclear disaster of Chernobyl. It aims to show the value of Ferenczi's observations on collective trauma by highlighting three topics: relational dissymmetry, process of denial and wounded narcissism. Aleksiévitch's book allowed us to understand in what ways the author's role resembles the one described by Ferenczi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complex and unstable clinical case that we have retrospectively heard from the patient and medical practitioners illustrates the intertwined and contradictory temporal movements that govern the different steps required to establish a diagnosis and treatment in fetal medicine. This temporality depends on the complexity and evolution of pathology, medical deadlines and imperatives, parental adherence to the proposed strategies and is modulated by the cohesion of the couple and families, the particularities of their sociocultural affiliations, the notion of anticipation and trust, and the personal time necessary for their understanding and reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le 7 avril 2015, l’élysée annonçait la déclassification de documents émis entre 1990 et 1995 par la présidence de la République et concernant le rôle de la France au Rwanda. Il est trop tôt pour dire si cette décision représente une véritable avancée sur le chemin de la vérité ou s’il s’agit d’une simple opération de communication pour atténuer l’impact de révélations sans cesse plus nombreuses. Une chose est sûre : les dirigeants français, longtemps suivis par l’immense majorité des médias, n’ont jamais cessé de défendre une version falsifiée de l’histoire. Après avoir exposé dans le précédent numéro les grandes étapes du travail des chercheurs pour reconstituer les faits, cette seconde partie entend éclairer les motivations politiques et géostratégiques d’un tel acharnement dans le déni.

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In this discussion of the paper by Dr. Arnold Richards, "Dream and the Wish for Immortality," the author discusses primal denials and universal primal denials--denials of overwhelming realities such as our fragility and our eventual death, which we all share. The nature of these denials is discussed. The shattering of these denials leads to trauma, and this aspect of death and reactions to the fear of death is also discussed. It is suggested that there is an inborn core to human fear of death, which is then built on and elaborated in later development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of three discursive referents interrelated with respect to the attack on the satirical journal Charlie Hebdo, the article inquires into the social dynamics that may come into play when such acts are perpetrated, and analyzes positions and mechanisms of rapprochement or segregation in our societies. From that perspective, it makes evident how, contrary to the premises of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", Western discourse has trouble relating to the alterity revealed by the beliefs of a different culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to clarify the experience of mourning as an event, based on which reluctance and denial are a possibility. On the other hand, we intend to explain the effects resulting from what can be considered double mourning, based on interpretation of the script of a dramatic film, as well as on testimony from a clinical case. We conclude by highlighting the feeling of castration that relates to mourning as an event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cambodian director and writer, Rithy Panh, born in 1962 in Phnom Penh, is a survivor of the genocide perpetraded by the Pol Pot regime (1975-1979). The Khmer Rouge organized a mass crime (20 % of the population were exterminated). The target, they said, were the enemies of the revolution: the non-Khmers, the intellectuals, the owners, the city people, the middle-class. Their aim was not only to eliminate them but to make them disappear - kamtech in Khmer means not only to kill but to erase all traces, to reduce to ashes, so as to leave nothing of life or death. This crime itself long disappeared; in 1993, the Khmers Rouges were still acknowledged by the UN. How can a society survive to this monstrous oblivion, to this denial, without sinking into madness? The literary and film work of Panh not only endeavours to restore, 20 years along, the truth, methodically, implacably, to flight lies, to bring life to those who have no trace, no story, so as to allow them to a decent grave. By setting them in a narrative and in pictures, Panh allows, in his own way, a mourning ritual for all those who, alike the Mothers of the May Square in Argentina, had tremendously been deprived of it.

São raros os estudos envolvendo o uso múltiplo de recursos naturais por populações amazônicas. Este trabalho apresenta um panorama de como os índios Deni, habitantes da região de interflúvio entre dois dos maiores afluentes de água branca da bacia amazônica, os rios Juruá e Purus, utilizam dos recursos disponíveis em seu território. Os Deni são, atualmente, índios que vivem da exploração de recursos da terra firme e de regiões alagadas. São um misto de horticultores e caçadores/coletores, que utilizam toda a sua área para a obtenção de recursos para subsistência. Como regra, deslocam periodicamente seus assentamentos, evitando o esgotamento local de recursos, e provocando a modificação local do ambiente. Esta alteração aumenta temporariamente a disponibilidade de alimento. Áreas com aldeias, pomares e roçados abandonados, por sua vez, tornam-se locais onde se concentram inúmeros recursos da flora e da fauna, posteriormente explorados. O impacto provocado por este sistema é aparentemente mínimo. Os Deni estão contextualizados na periferia de um sistema capitalista, onde a única fonte de renda para adquirir bens que são hoje considerados pelos índios como indispensáveis para sua sobrevivência são os recursos naturais. Estes são e continuarão sendo explorados de maneira a produzir um excedente a ser comercializado para a obtenção de uma série de produtos industrializados, independentemente das opiniões externas. É sobre este patamar que devemos avaliar a sustentabilidade do atual manejo da área.Studies concerning the use of multiple natural resources by Amazonian indians are scarce. This work presents a portrait of how the Deni Indians, inhabitants of an area between two of the most important white-water rivers of the Amazon basin (Juruá and Purus Rivers), exploit natural resources in their territory. The Deni exploit both the upland and floodplain forests. They are a mix of horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers, using their whole territory to obtain what they need to live. As a rule, they move their settlements periodically, avoiding local resource depletion. The Deni modify the landscape at a local level, causing an increase in resource availability. Abandoned villages, fruit orchards and crops are places where floristic and faunistic resources concentrate and are systematically exploited. The impacts of such management are apparently minimal. For the Deni society natural resources are the only way to get goods for survival, but it is inserted in the periphery of a capitalist system which exploits and will continue to exploit natural resources in order to produce a surplus for the acquisition of industrialized products, independently of external judgements. This should be the starting point to evaluate sustainability in this local management system.

The purpose of this article is to show how Freud began to create the concept of denial (Verleugnung) in the text "Moses of Michelangelo"; in it, he uses the word according to its common sense in the German language. The article shows how this defense mechanism, due to the changes in the theory, operated a turn in the psychoanalytic interpretation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les réflexions qui suivent souhaitent questionner les processus en jeu dans notre rapport à la violence. De façon spontanée et presque nécessaire, nous considérons toujours que la violence éclate ailleurs, mais pas ici, du côté de notre humanité, comme si nous avions du mal à admettre que nous puissions également être habités de pulsions mortifères ou agressives. Devant les expressions collectives de la violence déshumanisante, qu'est-ce que notre discipline, occupée à l'analyse du singulier, a à dire? Nous analyserons d'abord les modes de rejet ou de déni de la violence, qui suscitent, comme ce fut le cas après les attentats contre Charlie Hebdo, la recréation d'une foule anonyme, suivant une forme d'uniformisation que la réalité virtuelle paraît accélérer. Ensuite, nous évoquerons l'absence de toute perlaboration après l'événement historique de la Shoah, événement qui se devait d'être oublié, sans quoi nous aurions été confrontés à la part d'inhumain qui nous habite. Enfin, pour conclure, nous nous demanderons si le rôle de la culture ne serait pas justement de faire une place à la reconnaissance et à l'assomption de l'autre en nous et à l'extérieur de nous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif L’article étudie la clinique du traumatisme selon une approche différentielle, plus particulièrement dans les situations de catastrophes humaines (attentats terroristes, massacres, génocides), dont la spécificité et la portée sont précisées par rapport aux catastrophes naturelles. Méthode L’auteur s’appuie sur la littérature concernant le traumatisme. Après avoir resitué la notion de trauma pour Charcot, puis Freud et Ferenczi, les définitions du traumatisme psychique sont précisées à partir d’auteurs contemporains : Maria Torok, Claude Nachin, Pierre Benghozi, Guy Briole, Olivier Douville, etc. Les notions classiques de clivage et de dissociation sont abordées, ainsi que celles plus récentes de « révisionnisme psychique » et d’« en-deuil catastrophique ». Résultats Le trauma a partie liée avec l’accident et plus encore avec la catastrophe, surtout si elle concerne la mise à mort barbare d’autres humains. Ces réalités conduisent à s’interroger sur la haine et le meurtre. Les grandes guerres mondiales, les pratiques de la torture et les génocides ont bouleversé notre façon de considérer la mort, notamment du fait de la mutilation irréversible des corps. Accueillir et écouter les êtres humains aux prises avec les effets dévastateurs durables des catastrophes amène l’auteur à constater l’existence d’un « principe d’intégrité », complétant les principes de plaisir et de réalité posés par Freud : intégrité comme vœu et comme processus, non comme instinct de conservation ou de repli sur soi, non comme fixation défensive ou comme fantasme de totalité ; intégrité, encore, comme désir d’éthique, aussi du fait que le sujet se situe comme appartenant au genre humain. Sont alors explorées les possibilités thérapeutiques qui découlent du repérage de ces notions dans le cadre de la cure psychanalytique et de l’accueil empathique du praticien. La symptomatologie de l’après-coup traumatique et les voies thérapeutiques qui se présentent à lui confirment la pertinence du concept de « principe d’intégrité ». Discussion L’approche et la démarche de la psychanalyse, à l’écoute de la singularité du sujet, se démarquent des protocoles comportementalistes, notamment du debriefing. Les notions traditionnelles du corpus psychanalytique demandent aussi à être complétées par des éléments qui découlent de la clinique contemporaine, notamment en situation de catastrophe. Conclusion Une clinique différentielle du choc traumatique et de ses effets ultérieurs peut garantir l’accueil personnalisé du sujet en souffrance et la reprise de ses processus de subjectivation. Objective The paper examines the clinical characteristics of trauma using a differential approach, particularly in human disaster situations (terrorist attacks, slaughter, genocide), and their specificity compared to natural disasters is explored. Method The author draws on the specialized literature on trauma. After reviewing the notion of trauma in Charcot, Freud and Ferenczi, definitions of mental trauma are drawn from contemporary authors: Maria Torok, Claude Nachin Pierre Benghozi Guy Briole, Olivier Douville, etc. The conventional notions of cleavage and dissociation are discussed, as well as the more recent concepts of “psychological revisionism” and “catastrophic mourning.” Results Trauma is closely linked to accidental occurrences and even more to disaster, especially where it concerns the barbaric killing of other humans. These realities raise questions on hatred and murder. The world wars, torture and genocide have changed our way of looking at death, particularly as a result of the irreversible mutilation of bodies. Experience confronting and listening to people struggling with the devastating effects of disasters leads the author to posit the existence of an “integrity principle”, completing the pleasure principle and reality principle posed by Freud: integrity seen as both a wish and a process, not as an instinct for self-preservation or withdrawal, nor as a defensive fixation or a fantasy of totality; integrity rather as an ethical desire, linked to the fact that the subject is positioned as belonging to the human race. Consideration is then given to the therapeutic possibilities arising from the identification of these concepts in the context of the psychoanalytic cure and an empathetic approach by the practitioner. The post-traumatic symptom profiles and the resulting therapeutic strategies confirm the relevance of this new concept of an “integrity principle.” Discussion The psychoanalytical approach, lending an ear to the subject's singularity, is quite distinct from behavioral protocols, including “debriefing”. Classic notions from the psychoanalytic corpus need to be supplemented by elements stemming from contemporary practice, particularly in disaster situations. Conclusion Differential studies on traumatic shock and its aftermath can enable a personalized approach to the distressed subject and the resumption of the individual's “subjectivation” process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Psycho-Oncologie is the property of PiscoMed Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The denial of pregnancy being partial, total or absolute, refers to cases where the child has a biological existence but where he is not spoken, thought nor desired. The children denied before birth and sometimes even up to their birth are said to be carried by women "without belly" and are not welcomed at a level of experience and awareness. During the period of denial, no naming can symbolize this foreign body occurring in the woman's body because no representation and no affect is summoned. In this study, we will hypothesize that a certain level of denial is a common coping mechanism for a woman who is expecting a baby. In most cases, the subjective work necessary to adopt this biological presence makes the "mother of" and the child "the child of". This work can be done once the pregnancy is revealed by language (spoken words), often thanks to the medical practitioners. But when the case of denial of pregnancy is absolute this work is not achievable. In consequence, this risk of impulsive acting-out is very important. However, these cases of denial are rare. Indeed, most denials of pregnancy are not related to a confirmed mental pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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"Miss" asked the president of the cour d'assises, addressing the eleven year old teenager Marina "Can you tell the court what happened when you discovered the inanimate body of your seven year old brother two years ago?" The frail young girl, her face turned towards the accused - her own mother - keeps silent. In the presence of her educator and of her psychologist, Marina will remain nearly silent, not only in the court, but even later, after her mother has been sentenced to several years in prison. The daughter of parents who had separated a few years before, born in a denial of pregnancy situation, Marina is the survivor of two children. Her younger brother, who died after an untreated lung disease, suffering from undernutrition, was found dead by his mother, in the presence of the little girl who thought the boy was asleep. For a week after the discovery, the mother, who lacked job security, kept on with a starting professional activity which she had long waited for. During this period of time, Marina remained silent in the children's bedroom with the hidden body of her dead brother. Considering her mother's denial of her own birth, and a possible denial of her brother's death by herself and partly the mother, we shall address the young girl's psychic trauma, which caused her partial mutism. As she then asked for, because of her relationship with her mother, Marina will be left in the care of her father, and will progressively come out of her mutism, however keeping the circumstances of the events a secret. The educative and therapeutic environment doubtlessly allowed the young girl to overcome the affective and psychic shock she had suffered at the time she was undernourished. In this particular case, respecting the child's partial mutism appeared to be the safeguard of her psychic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinction between ideology as a discourse of the social group and the social and psychological functions it serves permits specification of the ideological position, defined as the relation between the individual subject and three aspects of the group unconscious : the omnipotent Idea, which replaces the reality principle ; the Ideal, which establishes faith or belief in the group, and the Idol who protects and who must be served without hesitation or doubt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Cet article s’intéresse au déni complet des faits présenté par des personnes sous obligation de soins, et particulièrement aux auteurs de violences sexuelles et de violences conjugales. Après nous être intéressés à la fréquence de ce phénomène, nous présentons une revue de la littérature concernant les facteurs associés à ce type de déni, et notamment en termes de maintien et d’abandon progressif du déni. Enfin, nous présentons le modèle de Rogers et Dickney qui présente le déni comme situationnel et adaptatif. L’article tente de montrer que le déni est à comprendre comme étant la résultante d’un contexte interpersonnel et processuel, et ce, du déni complet jusqu’à son abandon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L’auteur, à travers son expérience professionnelle, fait part de ses réflexions sur la ű vérité psychiatrique Ƈ supposée éclairer le juge sur la ű vérité judiciaire Ƈ. Il discute cinq problèmes fondamentaux : l’impartialité de l’expert psychiatre, l’entretien d’expertise, l’irresponsabilité pénale de l’accusé pour troubles mentaux, la crédibilité de l’accusé, l’évaluation de la dangerosité future de l’accusé. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The generation of the grandparents generally conveys conforting images of wellbeing, hospitality and availability. The sexual agression on child constitutes an emotional act charged on the individual and collective level. There is a real discrepancy between them. Patients and methods: The article develops a reflexion starting from several clinical cases on the specificity of sexual agression when it concerns the grandparents. The author is based on an experiment of meeting of 60 authors within the framework of the work undertaken within a team specialized in the socio-psycho-medical refunding of the ill-treatments on children. The grandparents were aged 65 years or more. Three women were met. At least two talks and a maximum of six talks could take place. Individual meetings, of couple and family allowed to collect the elements of reflexion. Results: Our experiment indicates three latest things of representation in the clinical expression of the transgression with regard to the child. We consider temporality to act it sexual violent one, by integrity this one in a singular course of life. On the psychological level, one notes powerful mechanisms of defence, refusal and cleavage, which account for few possibilities of treatment. The position of the entourage and the possible partner represents determining factors. The type of negation hold by the grandparents constitutes another capital element. Conclusion: We recommend to accentuate the prevention by a sensitizing of the actors of ground as the parents in the attentive listening of the children when the test discomfort corresponding to inadequate attitudes of an adult in their connection. They are a necessary mobilization of the representations and emotions by admitting that the grandparents can, like any adult, attack the child sexually. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: After a brief overview of the psychiatric literature dedicated to the autism, as introduced by Bleuler in the clinic of schizophrenia, this article focuses on the status of autistic syndrome in the schizophrenic symptomatology. In a first part based on the study of the negative symptomatology, the author underlines the paradoxical situation of affects in such clinical pictures, and highlights how autistic withdrawal cannot be understood as a “loss of affective contact”. The second part, focused on the positive symptomatology, shows the particularities of the “autistic thought” and settles what the relevant study owes to the dream-paradigm. Finally, the author formulates the contradiction between Bleulerian and Freudian''s approaches: autism is not a withdrawal on the “intimate world”, but merely an effect of its exclusion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A specific class of defences--contrast defences--is introduced. The author first describes contrast reactions. In these reactions exposure to a reality that contrasts with a second (internally known, even if unconscious) reality evokes feelings connected with this second reality. A contrast defence is defined as a defensive manoeuvre motivated by the distressing feelings of a contrast reaction. Two clinical examples are presented, both of patients with unloving mothers. When presented with contrasting realities--people who were loving and caring--the painful feelings connected to their mother's lack of love threatened to emerge, and contrast defences, including avoiding such people, came into play. It is pointed out that the area of operation of contrast defences is quite wide: any distressing and/or traumatic situation can lead to a contrast defence--the avoidance of the contrasting, opposite reality. Finally, it is suggested that most contrast defences are attentional defences--defences that use shifts of attention to defend against awareness of unpleasant realities--and it is proposed that defences can be divided into two basic types: these attentional defences, and counterforce defences such as repression, which use a powerful counterforce to push strong affects and wishes into the unconscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: This article takes back the main part of our intervention in the fourth French-speaking International Congress on the Sexual Aggression in Paris. We describe our device of care intended for the authors of sexual attacks there, which consists in a group of psychodrama. Illustrated with clinical logos, the rules of functioning of the group and the mechanisms of the psychodrama in the work are developed, which explain the effective of the device. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Group therapy (psychodrama) for sexual abuse authors. Detailed analysis of one of the participant named “Juste”, suffering from severe narcistic pathology with perversions elements, this evitating him psychotic decompensation. Overview of the mecanisms in the group dynamic and the change process. Juste''s progress evaluation after 50 sessions according to the Health–Sickness Rating Scale and our method put to the test. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]