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Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University during the agricultural season 2019-2020 to investigate the effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extract of oleander leaves, eucalyptus and cutting time in the rooting and growth of the rose. The experiment was conducted based on RCBD design with two factors. The first factor was cutting dates 15 December 2019 and 15 January 2020, the second factor was soaking with aqueous and alcoholic extract of oleander leaves, eucalyptus included 9 levels (control, soaking with aqueous extract of oleander leaves for 10 seconds, soaking with aqueous extract of oleander leaves for 24 hours, soaking with alcoholic extract of oleander leaves for 10 seconds, soaking with alcoholic extract of oleander leaves for 24 hours, soaking with aqueous extract, eucalyptus leaves for 10 seconds, soaking with aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves for 24 hours, soaking with alcoholic extract of oleander leaves for 10 seconds, soaking with alcoholic extract of oleander leaves for 10 seconds). Results showed that soaking with a rapid aqueous extract of oleander leaves for 10 seconds had the highest percentage in Sprouting bud, percentage of rooting, and the number of roots and it reached (100%), (66.6%), (5.83) roots. While, soaking with aqueous extract of slow oleander leaves was superior in Sprouting of first bud for 7.50 days whereas cutting at the second date 15 January gave the highest number of roots 4.18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age disparities between charcoal samples and their context are a well-known problem in archaeological chronometry, and even small offsets could affect the accuracy of high-precision wiggle-matched dates. In many cases of taphonomic or anthropogenic loss of the outermost rings, sapwood-based methods for estimating cutting dates are not always applicable, especially with charcoal. In these instances, wiggle-matched terminus post quem (TPQ) dates are often reconciled with subjective or ad hoc approaches. This study examines the distribution of age disparities caused by ring loss and other factors in a large dendroarchaeological dataset. Probability density functions describing the random distribution of age disparities are then fit to the empirical distributions. These functions are tested on an actual wiggle-matched non-cutting date from the literature to evaluate accuracy in a single case. Simulations are then presented to demonstrate how an age offset function can be applied in OxCal outlier models to yield accurate dating in archaeological sequences with short intervals between dated episodes, even if all samples are non-cutting dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different cutting dates on Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) parameters and the fatty acid (FAs) compositons of caramba hay (Lolium multiflorum cv caramba). The samples were taken from the five randomized plots at the three different cuts (first cut:before blossom, second cut:blossom 50%, and third cut:after blossom). The samples were analyzed including the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), CP fractions (A= NPN, B1= fast, B2= intermediate, B3= slow and C= not fermented and available for the animal), degradable intake protein (DIP), undegradable intake protein (UIP) and the FAs compositions (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3). The CP, EE and A1 fraction were negatively affected by the different cutting dates (P0.05). A positive strong linear relation was found between the C18:3 and CP contents in caramba hay (R2= 0.769, P

Copyright of Algerian Journal of Arid Environment (AJAE) is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different cutting dates on Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) parameters and the fatty acid (FAs) compositons of caramba hay (Lolium multiflorum cv caramba). The samples were taken from the five randomized plots at the three different cuts (first cut:before blossom, second cut:blossom 50%, and third cut:after blossom). The samples were analyzed including the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), CP fractions (A= NPN, B1= fast, B2= intermediate, B3= slow and C= not fermented and available for the animal), degradable intake protein (DIP), undegradable intake protein (UIP) and the FAs compositions (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3). The CP, EE and A1 fraction were negatively affected by the different cutting dates (P<0.05), while the B2, B3 and C fractions were increased by growing stage (P<0.05). Different cutting dates affected total major FAs, and decreased the concentration of C18:3 (P<0.05) and increased those C16:0 (P<0.05) and C18:2 (P>0.05). A positive strong linear relation was found between the C18:3 and CP contents in caramba hay (R²= 0.769, P<0.001). The study showed that CP, soluble protein (A+B1 fraction) and C18:3 were significantly decreased, the other crude protein fractions (B2, B3 and C) and other major FAs (C16:0 and C18:2) were increased by growing stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was conducted at the, Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt during 2016 and 2017 summer seasons to study the growth and forage yield of Pearl millet. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of two cutting dates [early at 56 days after sowing (DAS), and late at 63 DAS for the 1st cut, and after 35 and 42 days from the 1st and 2nd cuts for the 2nd and 3rd cuts] respectively and three nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels viz. 15, 30 and 45 kg N/fad./cut. The results indicated that late cutting date significantly produced the highest growth values for each of plant height (238.2 cm), leaf area/plant (4970.2 cm2) and fresh forage weight (164.9 (g)/plant). Also, the highest fresh and dry forage yields (16.88 and 3.541 ton/fad), the highest total fresh seasonal yield (TFSY) and total dry seasonal yield (TDSY) 37.98 and 7.11 ton/fad., were as well recorded by late cutting in both seasons. Apparently, the highest obtained value of each studied growth traits and the forage yield during both growing seasons was achieved by increasing N fertilizer level up to the highest amount (45 kg N/fad./cut), followed by 30 and 15 kg N/fad./cut, respectively. The significant interaction effect between the two studied factors on forage yield indicated that the highest (TDSY) (7.607 ton/fad.) of pearl millet was obtainable at late cutting date under application of 45 kg N/fad./ cut. The results of the present study has concluded that, cutting at 63 DAS followed by 42 and 35 days interval for next cuts (three cuts) with application of 45 kg N/fad./cut is optimum for better growth and yield performance in pearl millet cultivar “Shandaweel 1” under the agro-climatic conditions of Sharkia Governorate in Egypt and similar areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species-rich hay meadows have evolved through traditional management. They are important habitats for plant and animal species and therefore protected by the EU Habitats Directive. The maintenance of these meadows requires regular cutting, but this can only be guaranteed if farmers benefit in some way. Both agricultural productivity and botanical composition are fundamentally affected by management practices. For this reason, a management that balances productivity and conservation goals is necessary. The purpose of this study is to determine the site-specific influence of extensive fertilisation and date of first cut on the botanical composition of species-rich hay meadows. Three fertilisation variants (none, PK and NPK) and four cutting-date variants (based on phenological stage: first cut before, at beginning of, at end of and after flowering of main grasses) were tested on lowland hay meadows at two sites. However, after the 3 years of the trial, the date of first cut had still not significantly influenced botanical composition at the first site. By contrast, annual fertilisation was found to have a significant effect on botanical composition. The conservation status of the species-rich meadows was downgraded (grades given according to assessment parameters) mainly through the application of NPK fertiliser (35 kg P2O5, 120 kg K2O and 35 kg N ha−1) each year. At one site, cutting before flowering led to declining proportions of annuals and biennials. Surprisingly, at the other site, the date of first cut had still not significantly influenced botanical composition by the end of the 3-year trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los sistemas pecuarios de las áreas subtropicales de la Argentina utilizan en invierno forrajes diferidos, provenientes del crecimiento acumulado en verano de gramíneas megatérmicas o pasturas naturales. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la producción de materia seca, porcentajes de hojas, tallos, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutra, fibra detergente ácida, cenizas y digestibilidad del diferido de Panicum coloratum cv Verde. Se evaluaron dos periodos de diferimiento: diferido total (DT), forraje acumulado desde el rebrote en primavera y diferido parcial (DP), forraje acumulado desde un corte a fines de diciembre y ambos con tres oportunidades de defoliación: temprano (mayo); intermedio (julio) y tardío (agosto). DT produjo más materia seca, pero con alta proporción de tallos, mayor cantidad de fibra y menor porcentaje de proteínas y cenizas; mientras que DP presentó menos tallos y más hojas y como consecuencia mayor porcentaje de proteínas y cenizas. Se concluye que P. coloratum es un recurso adecuado para diferir, sólo si se lo utiliza con un período corto de diferido y momentos tempranos de uso, ya que presenta un nivel mínimo de proteína suficiente para satisfacer los requerimientos de los animales sin la necesidad de realizar suplementación nitrogenada y valores superiores al 55% de digestibilidad.During winter the livestock production systems in subtropical areas of Argentina use deferred forage of native pasture or warm season grasses from the cumulative growth of the summer. The aim of this study was to determine dry matter production and percentage of leaves, stems, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash and digestibility of deferred forage of Panicum coloratum cv Verde. Two deferred periods were evaluated: total deferred (TD), forage accumulated since the spring regrowth and partial deferred (PD), forage accumulated from a cut in late December, and both with three cut dates: early (May), intermediate (July) and late (August). TD produced more dry matter but with a high proportion of stem and more fiber and less protein and ash percentages; while PD had less stem and more leaves and consequently higher percentage of protein and ash. It was concluded that Panicum coloratum is an appropriate fodder to defer only when it is used for a short deferred period and early time of use, because it presents values above 55% digestibility. At this moment Panicum coloratum has a minimum protein level to meet cattle requirements making nitrogen supplementation unnecesary.

The influence of the date of cutting collection and cutting position in the crown on rooting quality was evaluated in cuttings taken from seven-year ortets. The evaluation of various dates of cutting collection in spring demonstrated a possibility of successful propagation by cuttings during a relatively long period from full bud dormancy to flushing onset. The relationship between the development of aboveground parts (flushing, shoot and bud formation) and rooting quality was not established. The exposure of cuttings in the crown of parent tree with respect to the cardinal points did not influence rooting percentage and quality. A somewhat higher rooting ability was observed in cuttings from lower parts of the crown in comparison with cuttings taken from the highest whorls. Differences were more perceivable in generally weak-rooting clones. The comparison of rooting quality in cuttings from seven- and eight-year mother plantations with cuttings from a sixteen-year mother plantation confirmed that not only the rooting of cuttings collected from older mother plantations is weaker but also their growth is slower and their plagiotropic growth continues for a longer time.

A field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at the USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA, to investigate weed suppression by sunn hemp (Crotalaria junceaL). The objectives were to (1) evaluate the effects of apical meristem removal (AMR) at three dates [5, 6, and 7 wks after planting (WAP) on May 14, 2008 and May 21, 2009] and (2) assess the impact of seeding rates (11, 28, and 45 kg ha−1) on weed biomass reduction. Weed species were identified at 4, 8, and 12 wks after sunn hemp planting. Sunn hemp cutting date had no significant effect on weed suppression in 2008 but significant differences for grass weeds at 4, 8, and 12 WAP and for yellow nutsedge at 8 and 12 WAP did occur when compared to the control in 2009. In comparison to the sunn hemp-free control plot in 2009, all three seeding rates had reduced grass weed dry weights at 4, 8, and 12 WAP. The total mass of yellow nutsedge when grown with sunn hemp was reduced compared to the total mass of yellow nutsedge grown in the weedy check for all seeding rates at 8 and 12 WAP. Lower grass weed biomass was observed by 12 WAP for cutting dates and seeding rates during 2008 and 2009. Sunn hemp cutting date and seeding rate reduced branch numbers in both years. The reduction in sunn hemp seeding rates revealed a decrease in weed populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting date and frequency are important parameters determining grassland yields in addition to the effects of weather, soil conditions, plant composition and fertilisation. Because accurate and area-wide data of grassland yields are currently not available, cutting frequency can be used to estimate yields. In this project, a method to detect cutting dates via surface changes in radar images is developed. The combination of this method with a grassland yield model will result in more reliable and regional-wide numbers of grassland yields. For the test-phase of the monitoring project, a study area situated southeast of Munich, Germany, was chosen due to its high density of managed grassland. For determining grassland cutting robust amplitude change detection techniques are used evaluating radar amplitude or backscatter statistics before and after the cutting event. CosmoSkyMed and Sentinel-1A data were analysed. All detected cuts were verified according to in-situ measurements recorded in a GIS database. Although the SAR systems had various acquisition geometries, the amount of detected grassland cut was quite similar. Of 154 tested grassland plots, covering in total 436 ha, 116 and 111 cuts were detected using CosmoSkyMed and Sentinel-1A radar data, respectively. Further improvement of radar data processes as well as additional analyses with higher sample number and wider land surface coverage will follow for optimisation of the method and for validation and generalisation of the results of this feasibility study. The automation of this method will than allow for an area-wide and cost efficient cutting date detection service improving grassland yield models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Shinan shipwreck, which was excavated in the southwestern sea of Korea in the 1970s, was a Chinese trade ship from the Yuan Dynasty, traveling from China to Japan in the early 14th century (A.D. 1323). Anatomical examination indicated that the wood boxes carrying thousands of Chinese porcelain pieces on the Shinan shipwreck were made of either Cryptomeria japonica or Cunninghamia spp. The former grows in South China and Japan, and the latter in China and Taiwan. Therefore, we could not confine the origin of the wood to a single country by wood identification. However, we could date 21 wood boxes using tree-ring chronologies of C. japonica from western Japan. The outermost ring with sapwood was dated to A.D. 1316. The results from the tree-ring dating indicated that the wood boxes on the Shinan shipwreck were of Japanese rather than Chinese origin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of cutting date and position (apical, basal and central) on rooting ability and fatty acid composition from Carignan (Vitis vinifera L.) shoot were determined. Root number and weight depended of the cutting date and position. Only in the case of the cutting in the basal position, there was a highly positive correlation between number and percentage of roots (r =0.95) during sampling date. Concerning the influence of the cutting date, the root number by cutting oscillated in a saw tooth. The root weight and percentage showed a positive correlation for the three cutting positions and they increased with time. Cutting date and position had an irregularly effect on the contents of total lipid and different fatty acids. Independently of cutting position, the contents of oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitic acid (C16:0) correlated negatively with those of linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic acids (C18:3) during sampling date. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Annually sown cool-season small-grain cereal species can provide a valuable source of cool-season herbage for livestock in the southern Great Plains of the USA but limited access to field equipment for cultivation and sowing is an obstacle to their use. Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) (IRG) can persist through self-seeding and may offer an alternative source of cool-season herbage. The effects of cutting dates in mid-April, early May or mid- to late May following sowing in the previous September, and of removing 0·57, 0·73 or 1·00 of the herbage mass at this time, on subsequent seed deposition, seedling re-establishment and herbage production of IRG were measured. Later cutting dates reduced seed production, seed deposition, 1000-seed weight and eventual re-establishment of IRG seedlings. Removing different proportions of the herbage mass did not compensate for reduced seed deposition arising from later cutting dates. Numbers of seed heads and seed required to achieve a self-seeded target population of 500 established seedlings m−2 ranged from 885 to 5650 seed heads m−2 and 3360 to 5850 deposited viable seeds m−2. Re-establishment of IRG through self-seeding showed a failure rate of 0·43 indicating that self-seeded IRG will need periodic resowing. Any economic benefit derived from self-seeded IRG will depend heavily on the success of its rate of re-establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Perennial warm season grasses, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), complement cool-season species by filling the period of low biomass production called summer-slump. Although switchgrass is widespread in the Great Plains of the USA, there is very little information available about its management in mountain regions. A field experiment was conducted in Blacksburg, VA, USA, to determine the influence of dates of first and regrowth harvest, and cutting height on the canopy structure of the winter hardy cv. ‘Pathfinder’. The number, height and weight of tillers, yield distribution, light penetration through the canopy, leafiness, specific leaf area and leaf area index were investigated. Harvested biomass yield increased as date of first harvest was delayed throughout June and cutting height was reduced from 300mm to 200mm, but the yield of regrowth declined accordingly. This decline was caused by the removal of an increasing percentage of apical meristems and increasing damage to the crop canopy, in particular the loss of a greater proportion of photosynthetically active leaf area. A lower cutting height also reduced the amount of biomass produced in the following year. Cutting at 300mm in early June can maximise the amount of high quality (defined as high concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein) biomass available for use as animal feed as compensation for cool season grasses during the first half of July. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which aimed to determine the effects of cutting dates and row distances on herb yield and some morphological characters in Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.). The study found that the morphological characters and fresh matter, dry matter and crude protein yields and crude protein content were not affected by the row distance. It has been noticed that the highest forage yield and quality were obtained at 3 cm cutting height in the full-bloom stage.