Search

Plant biotechnology has become a viable strategy for agriculture, its applications include strategies aimed at obtaining and maintaining pathogen-free cultivars, genetic improvement (anther cultivation, embryo rescue, etc.) and micropropagation, used to obtain a greater number of individuals in less time and reduced spaces. Each of its phases depends largely on an adequate culture medium, since the growth, development and morphogenesis of the explant is mainly due to its chemical composition. For the production of garlic "seed" (Allium sativum L.), all phases are carried out in a growth chamber under automatically controlled aseptic and artificial conditions and at a temperature ranging between 22-25 °C. Somatic embryogenesis allows complete plants to be regenerated from a single cell. Garlic is an annual plant that only reproduces asexually, which is why bacteria, fungi and mainly viruses, which contribute to a 50-80 % decrease in its yield, affect it. An alternative to avoid these problems is the use of chemotherapy, thermotherapy or the combined use of one of these techniques with the cultivation of meristems, to obtain plants of high biological quality. Depending on the behavior of the culture during its in vitro stage, its response will be in the acclimatization phase and later in field conditions. This work was carried out with the objective of deepening the knowledge of some biotechnological techniques that are applied in the cultivation of garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of an efficient in vitro propagation protocol is still ongoing for Vanilla tahitensis (J. W. Moore), an underdeveloped but economically attractive crop in Ecuador. The objective of the research was to evaluate the application of different concentrations of cytokine benzylaminopurine (BAP) in its in vitro culture. The effect of six concentrations of BAP was studied (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 and 2.50 mg/L), and a control treatment, with five repetitions, using a completely randomized design. The 2.0 mg/L concentration of BAP allowed the best micropropagation of the vanilla producing 5 and 6 shoots at 60 and 90 d after sowing. The greatest length of roots was achieved with 1.75 mg/L (7 cm). Regarding plant height and leaf number, the 2.0 mg/L concentration showed the highest plant height with 18 and 6 cm at 90 and 60 d after sowing, and the highest number of leaves with 7 and 5 leaves, respectively. This research reports a successful in vitro culture protocol for this species, to promote the development of this crop in Ecuador, due to its outstanding possibilities for commerce at the international market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the efficiency of a protocol for micropropagation of stem apexes and nodal segments of basil 'Grecco a Palla' in various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3-indole butyric acid (IBA). A completely randomized design was used with six treatments distributed in five replications. A medium without growth regulators favored the survival of Ocimum basilicum stem apexes inoculated in vitro, and thereby promoted the sprouting of explants, whereas, for nodal segments, it was necessary to use regulators, and the concentration of 0.5 mg.L-1 BAP 0.0 mg.L-1 of IBA was more beneficial for the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. es una especie de orquídea epifita nativa de China de importancia ornamental y medicinal en el mundo, que se encuentra en peligro de extinción por efectos antropogénicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la viabilidad y factibilidad de la germinación in vitro de semillas de D. nobile almacenadas en sobres de papel durante 120 días a temperatura ambiente sin previo secado. Para ello, se cosecharon frutos previos a la dehiscencia, se extrajeron las semillas y se cultivaron in vitro bajo condiciones de asepsia. Posteriormente se analizó la viabilidad y la germinación cada 30 días de almacenamiento. Los resultados mostraron que las semillas de esta especie mantienen altos porcentajes de viabilidad (84,61 – 90,97 %) y germinación (78,83 – 83,91%) durante 90 días, pero a partir de los 120 días disminuye notablemente hasta un 33,61% de viabilidad y un 27,93% de germinación. En conclusión, si no se produce un secado previo al almacenamiento, las semillas de D. nobile empiezan a perder su viabilidad y su potencial de germinación a partir de los 120 días.

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, a new pest has been reported in Guatemalan fir (Abies guatemalensis) plantations, a biofilm of microorganisms known as "green algae". The objective of this research was to identify the algae and fungi that make up the biofilm growing on Guatemalan fir leaves. Leaf samples were collected from three locations where the biofilm has been reported, and the algae and fungi present on the leaves were isolated. Microorganisms were cultured in vitro and identified by light microscopy; in the case of fungi, DNA extraction and amplification of the ITS region were also performed. Four algae of the genera Desmococcus, Klebsormidium and the class Trebouxiophyceae, and 11 fungi of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Trichoderma and Ulocladium were identified from 120 leaves of 15 trees. It was concluded that the biofilm affecting Guatemalan fir plantations in Guatemala is composed of several species of epiphytic algae and fungi, which may vary according to the locality. The factors affecting the richness of microorganisms in the biofilm and their symbiotic relationship still need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassanthe, is not a natural gene, it's the result of the pollination among Brassavola, native from South America and the Antilles, and Guarianthe, native from Mexico and Central America. The hybrids Brassanthe 'Elizabeth' actually is registered and published in the database of the Royal Horticultural Society of England in Orchids Review Supplement 125 (1320), September 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chiapas, Mexico, there are high-yielding coffee plants adapted to the local climatic conditions. The presence of microorganisms in the explants makes developing protocols for cloning these genotypes in vitro difficult. The objective of this work was to evaluate how field and in vitro microorganism management affected asepsis and the induction of callogenesis in leaf explants of agronomically important coffee plants. Drought-tolerant genotypes were obtained from aseptic explants and cell cultures using a participatory study, agronomic, and in vitro techniques. Five accessions (ITTGj 1-5) were selected from a 21-year-old Borbon cultivar. The present study was conducted over two flowering cycles, evaluating the effect of field management on explant asepsis on the first and the callogenic response caused by the culture medium, the transport solution, and the genotype, on the second. Sixty days before explant collection, biweekly applications of calcium polysulfide (10 % v v-1), copper oxychloride (2 g L-1), and Zingiber officinale extract (20 g L-1) reduced fungal contamination by 100 % and bacterial contamination by 90 %. Field explant transportation in 200 mg L-1 citric acid and ascorbic acid solution reduced oxidation in explants and in vitro cultures. Proembryogenic friable corns were formed with the combination of 4.4 μM BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 7.25 μM 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at 45 days of culture, with genotype four showing the best response. Field management was effective for the aseptic establishment of Coffea arabica cultures in vitro, and the combination of BAP and 2,4-D used was an appropriate growth regulator for the induction of callogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanilla is the orchid of greatest economic interest to the world since the spice of the same name is obtained from it. Vanillin is obtained from its ripened pod, this compound is highly recognized and demanded by the gastronomic, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for the sweet aroma and flavor it emanates. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review to put into perspective the reader about the sustainability strategies in the vanilla industry in Mexico, as well as the innovations of propagation and in vitro conservation of Vanilla planifolia germplasm. Despite being originally from Mexico, this country ranks third in world production, preceding Madagascar, and Indonesia. This compilation of studies presents biotechnological techniques to increase vanilla production, as well as alternatives that can reduce the negative effects caused by the low genetic accumulation in this species, such as plant tissue culture, use of molecular markers for the study of somaclonal variation, asymbiotic seed germination under in vitro conditions. These techniques together with agroindustrial strategies can represent a sustainable alternative for vanilla production. In this article, strategies are suggested that allow those interested in vanilla production to make appropriate decisions, however, it is necessary to develop multidisciplinary studies that allow a global approach to the phenomena involved in the production and use of vanilla, as well as the resolution of the problems that this process faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orchids are a family of plants that are characterized by their complexity, the beauty of their flowers, their ecological interactions with fungi and pollinators, their adaptability in different environments and their wide diversity. There are more than 25,000 species reported worldwide, and Colombia is one of the countries with the largest number of orchid species: it is considered that there are 4,400 species grouped into 274 genera. The increase in the legal and illegal commercial demand for orchids as ornamental products has resulted in a greater interest in the development of mass propagation methods not only for their commercialization, but also for their conservation. For this reason, it is of interest to identify the types of substrates used in Orchids are a family of plants that are characterized by their complexity, the beauty of their flowers, their ecological interactions with fungi and pollinators, their adaptability in different environments and their wide diversity. There are more than 25,000 species reported worldwide, and Colombia is one of the countries with the largest number of orchid species: it is considered that there are 4,400 species grouped into 274 genera. The increase in the legal and illegal commercial demand for orchids as ornamental products has resulted in a greater interest in the development of mass propagation methods not only for their commercialization, but also for their conservation. For this reason, it is of interest to identify the types of substrates used in [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nativa is the property of Revista Nativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La vainilla es la orquídea de mayor interés económico para el mundo, pues de ella se obtiene la especia del mismo nombre. De su vaina madurada se obtiene la vainillina, este compuesto es altamente reconocido y demandado por las industrias gastronómica, farmacéutica y cosmética por el dulce aroma y sabor que emana. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión de literatura para poner en perspectiva al lector sobre las estrategias de sustentabilidad en la industria vainillera en México, así como las innovaciones de propagación y conservación in vitro de germoplasma de Vanilla planifolia. A pesar de ser originaria de México, este país ocupa el tercer lugar de producción mundial, antecediendo a Madagascar e Indonesia. En esta recopilación de estudios se presentan técnicas biotecnológicas para incrementar la producción de vainilla, así como alternativas que puedan mitigar los efectos negativos provocados por la poca variabilidad genética en esta especie, como el cultivo de tejidos vegetales, uso de marcadores moleculares para el estudio de la variación somaclonal, germinación asimbiótica de semillas en condiciones in vitro. Estas técnicas en conjunto con estrategias agroindustriales pueden representar una alternativa sustentable de producción de vainilla. En el presente artículo se sugieren estrategias que permitan tomar decisiones adecuadas a los interesados en la producción de vainilla, sin embargo, es necesario el desarrollo de estudios multidisciplinario que permitan tener un enfoque global sobre los fenómenos involucrados en la producción y aprovechamiento de vainilla, así como la resolución de los problemas que este proceso enfrenta.

El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es uno de los cereales de mayor importancia económica debido a que provee alimento a más de la mitad de la población mundial. El mejoramiento de este cultivo mediante ingeniería genética requiere poner a punto procesos como el cultivo de tejidos y la transformación. En este trabajo se optimizaron los métodos de cultivo in vitro y transformación de la variedad local de alto rendimiento Don Justo FCAyF. Con respecto al cultivo de tejidos se determinó que la concentración óptima de 2,4D para la callogénesis fue de 3 mg.l-1 con un 42%. La regeneración de parte aérea mostró un 77% de eficiencia con una combinación de 4 mg.l-1 BAP y 0,8 mg.l-1 ANA. En relación a la transformación mediante Agrobacterium tumefaciens se obtuvieron diferentes porcentajes de eficiencia dependiendo del plásmido utilizado para transformar como también del explanto. En el caso de la transformación in vitro de callos embriogénicos se obtuvieron valores entre 14-29% dependiendo del plásmido. Mientras que el método in planta de transformación de embriones presentó una eficiencia entre 3-28%. En conclusión, en este trabajo se puso a punto los métodos de cultivo y transformación de una variedad local de arroz que facilitará el mejoramiento genético de la misma mediante distintas técnicas como transgénesis convencional o edición génica.

Las orquídeas son una familia de plantas que se distinguen por la complejidad, la belleza de sus flores, las interacciones ecológicas con hongos y polinizadores, por su adaptabilidad en diferentes ambientes y por su amplia diversidad. Existen más de 25 000 especies se han reportado a escala mundial, y Colombia es uno de los países que cuenta con el mayor número de especies de orquídeas: se considera que hay 4 400 especies agrupadas en 274 géneros. El aumento en la demanda comercial legal e ilegal de orquídeas como productos ornamentales ha dado como resultado un mayor interés en el desarrollo de métodos de propagación masiva no solo para su comercialización, sino para su conservación. Por ello, resulta interesante identificar cuáles son los tipos de sustratos utilizados en invernadero para la producción de orquídeas provenientes de cultivo in vitro, a través del análisis de estudios en los cuales se caracterizan los materiales utilizados de acuerdo con el porcentaje de supervivencia de las plantas en el proceso de aclimatación y endurecimiento, etapa en la cual se realiza el trasplante de laboratorio a condiciones de invernadero, así como las implicaciones que presentan a nivel de metabolismo secundario durante diferentes etapas de desarrollo.

La fibra de la palma de iraca es usada como materia prima en la elaboración de múltiples artesanías incluyendo el sombrero de Panamá, razón por la cual es importante estudiar factores que contribuyan a la germinabilidad de las semillas, útiles en su propagación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue eva-luar la capacidad de germinación de las semillas en condiciones in vitro y ex vitro procedentes de dos estadios de madurez de infrutescencias de Carludovica palmata. Los porcentajes de germinación se evaluaron mediante cuatro protocolos de desinfección, dos estados de madurez de las infrutescencias en condiciones in vitro, tres concentraciones de ácido giberélico (GA3) en condiciones ex vitro y dos in vitro y finalmente cuatro sustratos de germinación, turba, tierra, tierra-turba y medio MS. Las semillas provenientes del estado de madurez E1, presentaron un menor porcentaje de germinación (17,95 %) comparado con las semillas provenientes de las del estado E2 (86,84 %) (P < 0,05), lo que determinó el uso de este estado de madurez en los experimentos posteriores. Por otra parte, se determinó que las semillas germinan eficientemente en condiciones in vitro en medio semisólido MS, obteniendo un porcentaje de germinación del 88,2 %, muy superior al obtenido con sustratos convencionales (P < 0,05), evidenciando así que este método es muy eficiente para la multiplicación de palma de iraca y puede ser usado en la producción a gran escala de plántulas de este cultivo.

La micropropagación o propagación in vitro es la propagación asexual de plantas utilizando técnicas de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales (CTV). A pesar de las ventajas de estas técnicas, la contaminación de explantes, la asepsia del medio de cultivo y la acumulación de etileno en algunas especies, han sido un problema que afecta la micropropagación. La reciente aplicación de las nanopartículas de plata (NPsAg) en la micropropagación se ha convertido en una alternativa eficiente para la solución a estos inconvenientes. Además, en estudios de laboratorio se ha demostrado que las NPsAg, a bajas concentraciones, tiene un efecto dosis-respuesta sobre el desarrollo vegetal, conocido como hormésis. En este artículo revisamos los efectos de las NPsAg sobre la reducción de la contaminación, inhibir los efectos de etileno y promover el desarrollo durante la micropropagación. Además, son una alternativa a otras aplicaciones en el CTV y en la agricultura moderna.

A biotecnologia vegetal é uma área de elevada importância, uma vez que tem a função de obter organismos vegetais com características superiores aos já existentes no mercado. A clonagem é uma das ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas para essa função, através dela, seleciona-se organismos com características de interesse e realiza-se a multiplicação deste individuo, garantindo que as plantas regeneradas sejam geneticamente idênticas a matriz desejada, estabelecendo uma padronização. Sabendo que o setor de plantas ornamentais contribui de maneira expressiva com a economia e dentre as plantas ornamentais de mais estima entre os brasileiros, encontram-se as orquídeas, que vem adquirindo visibilidade cultural e um grande número de colecionadores nos últimos anos. O objetivo, do presente trabalho, foi estabelecer um protocolo de assepsia eficiente para meristemas laterais e obtenção de clones da orquídea do gênero Phalaenopsis. Para metodologia, visando a padronização de um protocolo de assepsia, foram elaborados e testados 4 tratamentos que possuíam diferentes combinações (concentração x tempo) de agentes como o hipoclorito de sódio, álcool, cobre, tween e lavagem dos explantes com água destilada estéril para meristemas laterais da orquídea de gênero Phalaenopsis. Os meristemas, também conhecidos como gemas laterais, foram retirados do caule das plântulas, de suas hastes florais. Quanto a obtenção de clones, o experimento realizado consistia na inoculação dos meristemas, após processo de assepsia, em meios de cultura Knudson, contendo diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento, sendo utilizado uma auxina e citocinina. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, nenhum tratamento para assepsia testados neste trabalho, apresentaram resultados significativos e positivos, deste modo não foi possível estabelecer, ainda, um protocolo de assepsia para meristemas laterais de orquídeas do gênero Phalaenopsis. Uma vez que todos os meristemas sofreram contaminação e oxidação. Logo, ainda não foi possível obter clones, por essa metodologia. Este trabalho serve como base inicial, para futuras pesquisas, referente a clonagem através de meristemas em Phalaenopsis.

Cordia trichotoma, popularly known in Brazil as 'louro-pardo', has numerous environmental and timber-related applications. This species is naturally propagated by seeds; however, this form of propagation results in restricted seedling production due to high genetic variability associated with a low degree of forest improvement. Thus, the cloning of selected adult trees is an alternative for producing high-quality plants. The aims of this work were to evaluate the emission of epicormic shoots from pruned branches and to define a protocol for the in vitro establishment of C. trichotoma selected adult trees. Propagules used in these experiments were derived from the selection of four C. trichotoma adult trees. The branches were placed in a greenhouse to induce epicormic shoots. Number of shoots according to the climatic season (autumn and spring) and shoot collection time were evaluated. Three sodium hypochlorite concentrations were evaluated for five minutes (C1 = 0.58 % active chlorine, C2 = 1.12 % active chlorine, and C3 = 2.12 % active chlorine) for in vitro establishment. Results indicated that the epicormic shoot technique could be considered viable for shoot emission of C. trichotoma, regardless of the climatic season (autumn or spring). Sodium hypochlorite solution applied for 5 minutes (1.12 % of active chlorine) was effective for the in vitro establishment of nodal segments from epicormic shoots, resulting in 61.3 % of established explants. These results are promising for the cloning of adult trees during the mature stage of development in the field without the need to cut the selected tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Mexico is innovating in the livestock industry through in vitro generation of bovine embryos with technologies such as well-of-the-well (WOW) and polyester mesh (PM) single-embryo culture systems. These techniques allow to maintain embryos in separate areas of a shared culture medium. Objective: To compare the quantity and quality of bovine embryos produced in WOW and PM culture systems versus the conventional (CG) culture system. Methods: In total, 345 embryos fertilized in vitro were evaluated for blastocyst yield in the three culture systems. To count blastocyst cell numbers, 69 embryos in each system were differentially stained for trophectoderm (TE), inner cell mass (ICM), and apoptotic cells. A qPCR gene expression analysis was performed for embryos in all three systems. Results: The WOW, PM and CG systems developed similar amount of blastocysts (41, 35 and 36%, respectively; p>0.05). Blastocysts in all three systems showed adequate amounts of ICM and apoptotic cells. Blastocysts in the PM system showed a greater number of TE cells [63.7 versus 58.6% in the CG system (p<0.05)]. Relative mRNA expression of the embryonic genes POUF5F1, GNAS and TP53 did not differ significantly among systems (p>0.05). The ATP5B expression was higher in WOW than in PM (p<0.05), but similar to CG (p>0.05). The TJP3 expression was higher in PM than in WOW and CG (p<0.05). Expression of ID2 and CLDN4 was higher in WOW than in PM and CG (p<0.05). The biplot graphic from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that CG was located near degenerated embryos, whereas PM was located near arrested embryos, larger ICM and TE, and TJP3 expression. The WOW was located toward blastocysts, morulae, and expression of CLDN4, ID2 and GNAS. Conclusion: Compared with CG, both the PM and WOW systems are good options for culturing single embryos in the bovine model. Moreover, the PCA results suggest that embryos developed in the WOW system have greater capacity for generating blastocysts with increased ability to form TE and ICM layers, which might improve implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research study was to characterize the mycelial growth of the edible mushroom Gymnopus dryophilus and assess its production of β-glucans in a conventional culture medium (potato dextrose) and in an unconventional culture medium (corn flour). Mycelial growth was evaluated in both solid state fermentation (FES) and in liquid state fermentation (FEL) and β-glucans were extracted from an aqueous and alkaline fraction, subsequently were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed higher mycelial growth and production of β-glucans in unconventional culture medium than in conventional culture medium for both types of fermentation. The presence of β-glucans was highest in the non-conventional medium since it contains the greatest quantity of nutrients and its pH favors biomass production. The spectrum of the β-glucans agreed with that reported by FTIR. It is concluded that the unconventional culture medium increases the production of biomass and bioactive compounds (β-glucans). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Nowadays, a growing demand for hybrids of Phalaenopsis sp. exists to satisfy this demand it is necessary to develop protocols for massive propagation that ensure high percentages of clonal regeneration, such as somatic embryogenesis. Besides, studying genetic variation within regenerated plants offers a greater understanding of the suitability of the micropropagation protocol in relation with genetic stability of the materials used. Objective: The present research work aimed to evaluate three concentrations of two types of plant growth regulators (RCV). 6-benzylaminopurine cytokinin (BA) (1.0, 2.0 y 3.0 mgL-1) in combination with three concentrations of 2,4-diclorofenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) (3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mgL-1), for the induction of somatic embryos. In addition, the genetic stability of the regenerated plants was analyzed using molecular markers type RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Methodology: The induction of somatic embryogenesis was induced from two leaf explants with different stages of develop from 15-20 cm in height Phalaenopsis sp. var. Dudú seedlings, cultivated in vitro; first leaf as mature explant (PH) and third leaf as young explant (TH). Results: The highest number of regenerated plants was 29.8 at 135 days after the start of the culture (ddic) with 2.0 and 5.0 mgL-1 of BA and 2,4-D, respectively, using TH as explant. In the morphogenetic response of the regenerated explants, a correlation was observed between the age of the explant and the RCV concentration. Polymorphic bands were observed with the four primers used, indicating somaclonal variation in regenerated plants. Implications: The results obtained provide an alternative for regeneration, as well as offering a methodology to initiate genetic improvement programs in Phalaenopsis sp. var. Dudú. Conclusions: In vitro regeneration of Phalaenopsis sp. var. Dudú by somatic embryogenesis was achieved, as well as the analysis of the genetic integrity of the regenerated material.

Salinity is one of the main factors that causes losses in crops up to 50%, which puts world food security at risk. During evolution, plants have acquired defense mechanisms, which are regulated by specific genes whose main function is to counteract damage by salinity. Genetic variability in crops is necessary for stress-tolerant genotypes to occur. One of the strategies that can be used to find tolerance is the combination of mutagenesis and plant tissue culture, since thousands of plants are produced in confined spaces and short periods; in addition, with the use of selective agents such as NaCl plants can be obtained tolerant to salinity. This review will address topics related to plant tissue culture, induced mutagenesis and the combination of both as strategies to obtain salinity tolerant plants of agricultural interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas is the property of Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this work was to establish a route for the in vitro micropropagation of Salix babylonica. In the disinfection experiment, three treatments were used with 1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.1 % mercury bichloride and the third a double disinfection. with both disinfecting agents. With this last treatment, 71 % of disinfected nodal segments were obtained. 6-BAP 2 mg L-1 alone and in combination with gibberellic acid (5 mg L-1), AIA (1 mg L-1) and ANA (1 mg L-1) were used in the in vitro establishment experiment. The best response was achieved with the use of BAP only with 31,6 % of establishment and an average length of the nodal segments of 6,47 mm. For the multiplication experiment, a comparison was made of the Palomos-Ríos, Chung and Carrasco and MMULT-1 culture media. The multiplication of the nodal segments was higher in the Palomo-Ríos culture medium with 100 % sprouting and a number of 6,42 nodal segments. In the rooting stage, different concentrations of AIB (0.05 and 0.25 mg L-1) and a treatment without growth regulator were used. The highest rooting percentage was obtained in the basal culture medium without AIB with a 91,6 % response.

Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de concentraciones de reguladores del crecimiento y tipos de explantes diferentes en la formación de callos de Morus alba L., variedad acorazonada. Materiales y Métodos El trabajo se desarrolló en el Centro de Estudios de Biotecnología Vegetal de la Universidad de Granma, Cuba. Se realizaron 15 tratamientos con la combinación de tres medios de cultivo con los tipos y posiciones de los explantes. Los medios de cultivo se complementaron con los reguladores del crecimiento ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,0 mg L-1), 6-bencilaminopurina (2,0 mg L-1) + ácido naftalenacético (0,5 mg L-1) y 6-bencilaminopurina (2,0 mg L-1) + ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (0,5 mg L-1). Los tipos de explantes fueron limbos foliares en posición abaxial y adaxial, tallos seccionados transversal y longitudinalmente y pecíolos. A los 15 y 30 días, se evaluó el inicio de la formación de callos, la zona en que se formaron, su porcentaje, coloración y consistencia, así como el porcentaje de formación de las raíces. Resultados A los 15 días, en todos los explantes y medios de cultivo ocurrieron cambios morfológicos. Estas modificaciones evidenciaron el inicio de la formación de los callos, que alcanzó valores superiores a 86 % a los 30 días de cultivo. Los callos que se formaron a partir de tallos seccionados en medios de cultivos complementados con 6-bencilaminopurina (2,0 mg L-1) + ácido 2,4-diclorofenolxiacético (0,5 mg L-1) mostraron mejores características morfogénicas. Conclusiones Se obtuvo la formación de callos en los diferentes medios de cultivo y tipos de explantes de M. alba, variedad acorazonada, con valores superiores a 86 %. El mayor porcentaje de explantes con formación de raíces se registró a partir de tallos seccionados transversalmente en el medio de cultivo con el ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, al alcanzar valores de 75 %.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de cultivo na micropropagação de brotações de Luehea divaricata. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos períodos de cultivo in vitro: 14; 21; 28; 40; 56; 70; 84; 102; 116; 130; 154, 186 ou 200 dias, sem realizar subcultivo ou transferência para outro meio nutritivo fresco. A sobrevivência e o estabelecimento ficaram em torno de 90% até 84 dias de cultivo. A partir deste período, a mortalidade foi mais acentuada. Para as variáveis número total de folhas e folhas com senescência, o período de cultivo de 56 dias foi o que mostrou uma proporção mais adequada, em que para cada nove folhas formadas apenas uma estava senescente. Em relação à formação de raízes primárias, médias superiores a 50% foram observadas após 70 dias de cultivo in vitro, chegando aos melhores resultados (60%) aos 200 dias. Para raízes secundárias, as maiores médias foram observadas após 102 dias (41,5%), alcançando 45,3% aos 200 dias. A micropropagação de Luehea divaricata é afetada significativamente pelo período de cultivo in vitro, que pode ser estendido até aproximadamente 60 dias. A partir desse período, são registradas altas mortalidades.

La especie Calibanus hookerii perteneciente a la familia Asparagaceae, está registrada en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 catalogada como planta amenazada. Sus poblaciones naturales se han visto reducidas de manera importante debido a una explotación excesiva y destrucción de su hábitat, por lo que se requiere de métodos de propagación eficaz que aseguren su conservación. La propagación in vitro es una alternativa viable para especies vegetales amenazadas. En la presente investigación se reporta el protocolo para la micropropagación de Calibanus hookerii mediante la germinación de semilla sin testa inoculada en medio MS complementado con 2.5, 5.0 y 7.0 mg L-1 de 6 benciladenina (BA), cinetina (K), 2-isopentil-adenina (2iP) y tidiazuron (TDZ). Las variables a medir fueron porcentaje de germinación, número y longitud de brotes producidos por semilla. El tratamiento más eficiente fue de 5.0 mg L-1 de BA produciéndose un promedio de 26 brotes por semilla; el tratamiento menos eficaz fue con 2.5 mg L-1 K en el cual solamente se obtuvieron dos brotes por semilla. De las tres concentraciones de 2iP solamente en la concentración de 7 mg. L-1 mostró resultados produciendo 6 brotes por semilla. En lo que respecta a la longitud del brote ningún tratamiento superó al testigo (8.07cm). La eficiencia la germinación in vitro fue de 56-97%.

Arrow cane (Gynerium sagittatum Aubl.) is a Poaceae associated to human development of the ancient Zenú culture present nowadays in the flat lands of Córdoba and Sucre department in the Colombian north Coast. Despite its importance, arrow cane is not cultivated in large scale and extraction from natural populations is the most common way for plant exploitation with negative environmental and economic consequences for the aboriginal communities. A research program based on biotechnology was implemented to generate information related to plant genetic diversity, plant propagation and genetic resource conservation in order to provide knowledge to contribute to implement technical crop development to minimize the impact of artisans' activity on the environment and increase sustainability on fiber source for craftsmanship. Accessions from different zones of the Colombian territory were characterized using morphological and molecular markers founding low genetic diversity. Cultivars UC121, "Criolla", "Criolla 1", Costera and "Martinera" were in vitro established and micropropagation results indicated that large quantities of high quality, fully adapted, homogeneous plants can be produced from any cultivar. In vitro cultured arrow cane plants can be stored by means of slow growth or modified structures such as micro rhizomes developed in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La producción de embriones in vitro es una de las biotecnologías de la reproducción animal que ha presentado mayor desarrollo en las últimas dos décadas; sin embargo, los resultados exitosos en estos procedimientos dependen de múltiples factores, entre ellos la presencia de especies reactivas de oxígeno, debido a que el proceso de fertilización in vitro y la manipulación de los gametos y embriones expone a las células a factores endógenos y exógenos que pueden afectar los mecanismos de defensa antioxidante y por consiguiente la calidad de los gametos y embriones. En esta revisión se discutirán algunas fuentes de especies reactivas de oxígeno, el uso de antioxidantes enzimáticos, no enzimáticos y polifenólicos para disminuir el estrés oxidativo en los procesos de producción in vitro de embriones, y su efecto sobre la calidad de los oocitos y embriones, la expresión génica y su competencia para el desarrollo embrionario.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is traditionally propagated by rhizomes and can carry diseases that decrease production. In vitro propagation allows healthy seed to be obtained, in high volumes and in less time. The objective of this work was to present a protocol for the in vitro propagation of Z. officinale via organogenesis. Procedures for in vitro establishment from axillary buds of primary rhizomes of field-grown plants are included. In addition, the in vitro multiplication and planting in the ex vitro acclimatization phase with high survival rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los bosques del departamento de San Martin, hábitat de Platycerium andinum B. viene siendo destruido de manera desmesurada, ocasionado por actividades antropogénicas, lo que ha conducido a la pérdida de la especie en su habitad natural, sumándose a ello la extracción por su exuberante belleza para su comercialización como planta ornamental, asimismo sus esporas son difíciles de germinar en condiciones naturales, además, no se cuenta con una metodología para la propagación in vitro de esta especie. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la concentración adecuada de hipoclorito de sodio para la obtención de esporas de P. andinum libre de patógenos y evaluar tres medios de cultivo para determinar el medio más adecuado para la propagación de gametofitos. Las esporas fueron obtenidas de frondas fértiles de plantas adultas haciendo un raspado de estas. La germinación de las esporas fue evaluada a partir de los 10 días, tiempo en el cual comenzaron a germinar y a los 30 días ya se tenía abundante tejido gametofitico; se evaluó a través del Índice de Germinación de las esporas (IG) utilizando la escala de abundancia-cobertura de Braun-Blanquet llegando a los 60 días a la escala 5 (cualquier número de gametofitos con cobertura mayor de 75%). En cuanto a la determinación del mejor medio de cultivo para la propagación in vitro de gametofitos se trabajó con tres medios MSB (T1, T2 y T3) con aditivos de 0.4 ml. de thiamina, 0.5 de ácido nicotínico, 2 gramos de carbón activado y 20 gramos de sacarosa; con 100 ml de agua de coco en T2, y 200 ml en T3, obteniéndose como mejor resultado al tratamiento T1: (M y S Basal, con adición de 0.4 ml. de thiamina, 0.5 de ácido nicotínico, 2 gramos de carbón activado y 20 gramos de sacarosa).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different in vitro culture periods of micropropagated Luehea divaricata shoots. The treatments were constituted by different in vitro culture periods (14; 21; 28; 40; 56; 70; 84; 102; 116; 130; 154, 186 or 200 days), without subculture or transfer to a new nutritive medium. The survival and establishment reached around 90% up to 84 days. After that, the mortality increased. Culture period of 56 days was the one that showed the most appropriate proportion of number of leaves and senescent leaves, simultaneously, showing nine leaves and only one senescent. Averages above 50% were observed for primary roots formation after 70 days of in vitro culture, providing the best results (60%) at 200 days. For secondary roots, the highest averages were observed after 102 days (41.5%), reaching 45.3% at 200 days. The micropropagation of Luehea divaricata is significantly affected by the in vitro culture period, which can be extended up to approximately 60 days. From that period, high mortality and leaf senescence are registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propagation of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Requires seed with physiological and phytosanitary quality. The work was carried out with the objective of establishing a bank of sugarcane mother plants under semi-controlled conditions to guarantee the efficiency of in vitro propagation with plants free of Xanthomonas albilineans. A greenhouse was modified and the structure was remodeled, a Sarán shade mesh (50%) and a sprinkler irrigation system were placed. The plants were grown in plastic containers (20 m3 volume) with a mixture of cachaça compost and zeolite 3:1. Stems of cultivars C98-357, C97-445 and C86-156, without symptoms of leaf scald and with six months of culture, were cut into segments with a bud. Hydrothermal treatment was applied and subsequently the biostimulant VIUSID Agro® (0.8 ml l-1) before the buds planting. At three months of culture, a serological diagnosis was made to detect the presence of X. albilineans. The negative plants were treated with biostimulants and the response of the in vitro establishment was evaluated. Adequate plant growth was achieved under the conditions described. The establishment of a bank of sugarcane mother plants under semi-controlled conditions and its management guaranteed that microbial contamination and phenolic oxidation decreased in the in vitro establishment phase. The effectiveness of the hydrothermal treatment combined with the semi-controlled conditions and the management of the plants make it possible to reduce the incidence of X. albilineans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biotechnology san área of high importance since it has for obtaining plant organisms with characteristics superior to those already on the market. Cloning is one of the tolos that for this function, through it, organisms with characteristics of interest are selected and this individual is multiplied, ensuring that there generated plants are genetically identical to the desired matrix, establishing a standardization. Knowing that the ornamental plants sector contributes significantly to the economy and among the most esteemed ornamental plants among Brazilians, there are orchids which have acquired cultural visibility and a large number of collectors in recent years. The objective of the present work was to establish an efficient assepsis protocol for lateral meristems and to obtain clones of the orchid of the genus Phalaenopsis. For methodology, aiming at the standardization o fan asepsis protocol, 4 treatments were developed and tested with different combinations (concentration x time) of agents such as sodium hypochlorite, alcohol, copper, tween and washing the explants with steriledistilled wáter for meristems of the orchid of the genus Phalaenopsis. The meristems, also known as lateral bud, were removed from the stem of the seedlings, from their floral stems. As forobtained clones, the experiment carried out consisted of inoculating the meristems, after an asepsis process, in Knudson culture media, containing different combinations of grow thregulators, using anauxin and cytokinin. The results obtained show that, no asepsis treatments tested in this work, presented significant and positive results, so it was not posible to establish, as yet, an asepsis protocol for lateral meristem of orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis. Since all meristems suffered contamination and oxidation. There for, it was not yet posible to obtain clones, using this methodology. This work serves as aninitialbasis, for future research, regarding cloning through meristems in Phalaenopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "sempre-viva" denotes plants whose structures retain their natural form and color after being cut and dried. For these reasons, they are commercially valuable for ornamental purposes. However, due to extractive overexploitation of their inflorescences, some of these species are considered endangered. The genus Comanthera includes the sempre-vivas species with greatest economic importance in Brazil. Previous studies have shown that tissue culture is a workable strategy for in vitro propagation and conservation of species of this genus. However, these studies are still incipient. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the findings on the in vitro cultivation of species of the Comanthera genus, to serve as the basis for future research. The text is structured in two main topics: micropropagation and in vitro conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo A deiscência não simultânea dos frutos de bromélias deve ser considerada para fins de propagação por sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o melhor método para produção de plantas da bromélia imperial considerando a colheita simultânea das sementes de diferentes posições do escapo floral no período da deiscência dos frutos da base e seu armazenamento para posterior uso na obtenção de plantas. As sementes foram colhidas da base, meio e topo do escapo floral e armazenadas por 26, 61, 154 e 213 dias a 10 °C e a 25 °C. Foram avaliadas a emergência de plantas em gerbox com papel de filtro e a germinação e crescimento in vitro com 10, 20 e 30 g.L-1 de sacarose. As sementes colhidas da base e armazenadas por até dois meses a 10 °C foram as que apresentaram maior porcentagem de emergência de plantas (57%) e a melhor concentração de sacarose para germinação in vitro foi de 10 g.L-1 e para o crescimento, 20 g.L-1. Considerando-se a vulnerabilidade desta bromélia, o aproveitamento, ao mesmo tempo, das sementes de todo o escapo floral pode ser uma estratégia de conservação.

A pimenta de macaco (Piper aduncum) é uma espécie nativa da Amazônia, que possui grande potencial econômico em razão de o seu óleo essencial conter substâncias bioquímicas com propriedades fungicida e inseticida. Seu cultivo é sustentável, podendo ser explorado de forma não destrutiva e renovável. Com a crescente demanda para a produção de óleo essencial dessa espécie, existe a necessidade da implantação de cultivos comerciais, e com isso se tem como limitação a oferta de mudas em quantidade e com qualidade. A produção de mudas em laboratório por meio da micropropagação supre tal necessidade, já que permite a obtenção de material isento de doenças e em larga escala. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os parâmetros necessários para o cultivo in vitro de sementes dessa espécie. Foram realizados três experimentos: germinação e crescimento inicial, multiplicação e enraizamento in vitro. Foram utilizados os meios de cultura MS e WPM em diferentes concentrações salinas. Para multiplicação in vitro foram testadas quatro citocininas em cinco diferentes concentrações, e para o enraizamento in vitro foram utilizados três tipos de auxinas em seis diferentes concentrações. Todas as variáveis foram submetidas à análise de variância e, quando o valor de F foi significativo, utilizou-se a comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro, para tratamentos qualitativos. Já para os tratamentos quantitativos, foi realizada análise de regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. Verificou-se que a germinação in vitro das sementes de P. aduncum deve ser realizada se utilizando sais do meio MS; para a multiplicação e o enraizamento in vitro não é necessária a adição de reguladores de crescimento nesse meio, provavelmente os níveis endógenos desses reguladores nos explantes são suficientes para suprir suas necessidades de crescimento e desenvolvimento. Observou-se também que a utilização de citocininas propicia o aparecimento de calos na base dos explantes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Kisspeptin (Kp) on the medium used in different stages of in vitro production of bovine embryo (IVEP), evaluating cleavage (CR) and blastocyst (BR) rates. The study was divided into three experiments that analyzed, respectively, the action of Kp on in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and in vitro culture (IVC) of bovine embryos. In experiment 1, the oocytes were matured in IVM medium and distributed into the following treatments: maturation (IVM Control, n = 102), maturation with addition of 10-7 M Kp (Kp 10-7 IVM, n = 90), and hormone-free maturation luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) with the addition of 10-7M Kp (No hormones + Kp 10-7, n = 84), following maturation to normal stages of IVEP. In experiment 2, the oocytes were fertilized in IVF medium, in the following treatments: TALP-FERT without Kp (Control IVF, n = 103) and TALP-FERT with the addition of 10-7M Kp (Kp 10-7 IVF, n = 119), usually following the other steps. Finally, in the third experiment, the oocytes passed through all phases and were divided into IVC in two treatments: SOF medium without Kp (Control IVC, n = 109) and SOF medium with the addition of 10-7M Kp (Kp 10-7, N = 106). The data were analyzed by PROC GLIMMIX of the SAS program. In experiment 1, the means of CR and BR were similar (P > 0.05) between treatments (IVM Control76.47% and 37.25%, Kp 10-7 MIV80% and 33.33%, and No hormones + Kp 10-770.24% and 30.95%, respectively). In experiment 2, the means of CR were similar for the IVF Control and Kp 10-7 IVF groups (P > 0.05), 76.70% and 86.55% respectively. But, the mean of the BR of the group Kp 10-7 IVF was 38.66%, which was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the FIV Control group, which was 31.07%. In the third experiment, the means of CR and BR (P > 0.05) were similar between the IVC Control and Kp 10-7 IVC groups (CR 83.50% and 78.30%, and BR 26.60% and 23.60%, respectively). Although at this concentration of 10-7M during IVC no change in embryo production is seen, Kp presents the same performance as both gonadotrophins in oocyte maturation and modulates the fertilization process, providing more blastocysts. With these findings, it can be seen that Kp presents a regulatory action on bovine reproduction, and can be an excellent tool to maximize IVEP indexes.

Se ha sugerido que la rickettsia Anaplasma marginale podría interactuar con células endoteliales en el huésped bovino. La línea celular BUVEC E6E7 de origen bovino se utilizó en ensayos previos para intentar reproducirla sin éxito. En parte debido a la carencia de información de sus propiedades de crecimiento in vitro. Con este propósito se plantearon experimentos que procuraran información útil en la aplicación del procedimiento. Las células se obtuvieron del Instituto de Neurobiología/UNAM, fueron mantenidas en Medio F-12 (HAM) suplementado con suero fetal bovino y NaHCO3 e incubadas a 37 °C en atmósfera de 5% CO2 en aire saturado de humedad. El primer ensayo en placas de 24 pozos, se diseñó para determinar la dosis mínima para empezar un cultivo, resultando el valor de 2,500 células/pozo; en el segundo se identificó la densidad mínima de siembra a partir de cultivos con 1, 3, 9 y 27 células/mm2, cosechados con solución Tripsina-EDTA al alcanzar >95 % de confluencia. Los valores promedio alcanzados fueron: 8.0 x 104, 9.3 x 104, 6.3 x 104 y 6.5 x 104 células totales, respectivamente. Para evaluar la cinética del desarrollo celular, se utilizaron por triplicado cajas de Petri de 35 mm Ø iniciando con una densidad de 3.0 células/mm2 e intervalos de medición cada 8 h; agrupadas en dos series. Una con cambio del medio cada 48 h y la otra sin cambio de medio. El mayor crecimiento observado en ambas fue a las 152 h, con una densidad promedio de 2,505 células/mm2 en la primera serie y 1,708 células/mm2 en la segunda. El tiempo de duplicación estimado fue de 11.73 y 12.6 h, respectivamente. La línea BUVEC E6E7 de origen endotelial expresa un vigor de crecimiento inusual.

The purpose of the review is to comment on available data on the application of plant tissue culture to carnivorous plants. Thus, the review encompassed publications from 1979 to 2017 along in vitro germination studies and micropropagation techniques, such as somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, which emphasized the responses of plant materials to the stimuli offered during in vitro culture. Tissue culture in carnivorous plants is presented as a tool to promote the increase of the population of these plants either for scientific and commercial purposes or for the conservation and reintroduction in their natural habitat, in order to ensure a sustainable exploitation of this nutritional pattern of plants. In general terms, the studies carried out were limited to the following aspects: cultivation technique, explant source, exogenously applied substances and culture medium. The review also revealed the absence of defined protocols for in vitro multiplication of large-scale carnivorous plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]