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BACKGROUND: At present, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the main seed cells used in cell therapy for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. However, the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as seed cells for the regeneration of fibrous rings is at risk of heterotopic ossification and teratoma at the repair site. Therefore, it is of great economic and social significance to find a new kind of seed cells for tissue engineering of annulus fibrosus for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To isolate and purify rat annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells by adherent method combined with fibronectin differential adhesion screening method, and to observe its purification effect and biological characteristics. METHODS: Annulus fibrosus tissue was obtained from a SD rat intervertebral disc. Primary annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells were obtained by the mechanical-enzymatic digestion method. Annulus fibronectin differential adhesion method was used to purify annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells. Morphological changes and proliferation of cells were observed through a microscope. The expression levels of stem cell markers were detected by immunofluorescence technique and qPCR. The screened cells were subjected to multi-lineage cell differentiation and characteristic gene detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The purified cells grew well, and most of them were angular and star-shaped multi-process cells, which had good proliferation ability. (2) Cells were positive for cell membrane surface antigens CD73, CD90 and CD105, while negative for CD45 and CD34. (3) After specific induction, cells could successfully differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts and lipoblasts. (4) Collagen-I, Runx-2 after osteogenic induction, Collagen II, Sox-9 after chondrogenic induction, and PPAR -γ and LPL after lipogenic induction were highly expressed in cells, and the difference was significant compared with that before induction (P < 0.05). (5) These findings confirm that the adherent method combined with fibronectin differential adhesion method is effective enough to screen, isolate and purify rat annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells, and has good cell biological properties, good proliferation ability and multiple differentiation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Truffle cultivation is evolving rapidly and new agronomic practices such as 'truffle nests' (localized peat amendments of the orchard soil) are being developed. Truffle nests improve the shape of truffles and their depth in the soil and reduce the occurrence of insect damage but have also raised concerns about their impact on the ripeness and maturity of the harvested truffles. In this study, the effect of the nests on the volatile organic compounds profile and the aromatic profile of black truffles was evaluated, as well as the existence of perceptible sensorial differences in truffles. For this, truffles growing in nests were compared with truffles growing in the bulk soil of the same host tree. RESULTS: Gas chromatography showed that nest truffles had a less complex volatile organic compound profile than bulk‐soil truffles. Olfactometry indicated that nest truffles were associated with higher modified frequency values of odorants corresponding to sulfur‐containing compounds. Despite this, sensory evaluation with consumers could not clearly show that nest truffles can be distinguished sensorially from bulk‐soil truffles. CONCLUSION: The results prove that soil conditions can influence the aromatic profile of truffles and thus suggest the possibility of managing truffle aroma using agronomic practices. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of biostimulants on two varieties of amaranth, Valentina (Amaranthus tricolor) and Nezhenka (Amaranthus hybridus), in terms of germination, growth, and biomass production. Using neutrosophic statistics allowed for the measurement of indeterminacies and the analysis of variables such as days to germination, stem length, number of leaves, and biomass production. The results showed that seaweed extract was the most effective biostimulant, accelerating germination, increasing stem length and the number of leaves, and maximizing biomass production. Meanwhile, Nezhenka stood out for its superior biomass production, especially with seaweed extract, while Valentina was notable for its rapid germination. These findings suggest that the selection of biostimulants and varieties should be strategic to optimize agricultural yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 1 085 tobacco farmers in different producing areas in China were investigated. K-means algorithm, principal component analysis method, small square path model and stochastic forest analysis method were used to study the professionalization degree of tobacco farmers in China, and the influences and importance of various factors on the professionalization cultivation of tobacco farmers were analyzed. The results showed that the factors affecting tobacco farmers’ professionalization could be divided into five aspects : tobacco farmers’ professionalization thought, tobacco viscosity, production level, skill level and production management ability. These factors were significantly positively correlated with tobacco farmers’ professionalization degree, among which tobacco farmers’ ideas and skill level had the closest influences on tobacco farmers’ professionalization degree. It was an important means to enhance the professionalization degree of tobacco farmers for promoting the improvement of tobacco farmers’ ideas and skills, especially increasing the construction of online resources for tobacco farmers’ cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are increasingly recognized as a valuable resource for bolstering sustainability in agriculture. However, current research and patents primarily focus on Chlorella spp., Scenedesmus spp., and Spirulina spp., thus leaving the vast diversity of microalgae relatively unexplored for agricultural applications. Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyta) is a microalga renowned for its resilience to diverse environmental stressors and capability to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites. This study investigated the potential of cultivating E. gracilis in piggery wastewater for nutrient recycling and as a source of beneficial biomolecules, particularly for biostimulant use. Utilizing raw wastewater diluted to 25% (P25) and pre-treated wastewater with photo-Fenton (PF), the research found that E. gracilis exhibited elevated cell density, biomass concentration, and overall cell health in both wastewaters compared to a synthetic medium (BG11-NPK). This was due to its efficient removal of nutrients, especially ammoniacal-nitrogen and phosphate, resulting in a biomass rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, and paramylon content. The whole-cell biomass significantly enhanced the germination index of lettuce and tomato seeds compared to the water control. Additionally, it promoted cell expansion and root formation in cucumber cotyledons, exhibiting similarities to phytohormones such as gibberellin, cytokinin, and auxin. Furthermore, it is suggested that E. gracilis biomass contains molecules related to resistance to environmental stresses, particularly in tomatoes, given the enhancement in the seedling vigor index. E. gracilis exhibited remarkable adaptability to piggery wastewater, recycling nutrients and yielding biomass rich in bioactive molecules with potential as plant biostimulants. These findings significantly contribute to understanding E. gracilis's potential applications in agriculture and developing a circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eisenia (order Laminariales) is a genus of warm-tolerant kelps found in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of the East Pacific, as well as in the North West Pacific, where species form beds in rocky bottoms along the sea coast from the intertidal and subtidal zones. There are seven recognized species in the genus, including the endemic and vulnerable E. galapagensis. Despite some remarkable morphological variations, Eisenia species are characterized by two twisted stipe-like parts arising from the main stipe. Genetic data have recently contributed to the understanding of Eisenia systematics; however, additional studies on E. desmarestioides, E. cokeri, and E. gracilis are needed. Aside from economic benefits, Eisenia farming has various other essential benefits, such as resource sustainability and ecosystem benefits, which are especially important in climate change scenarios. Spore-based cultivation has been reported only for E. arborea, E. bicyclis, and E. nipponica (formerly known as E. arborea sensu Arasaki). This kelp is widely consumed in Korea and Japan and utilized as a raw material for alginate production and feed for abalone cultures. Because of its nutritional composition and mineral concentration, Eisenia is also a potential food source outside Asia. Moreover, various pharmacological applications of Eisenia have been reported, particularly those related to antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Phlorotannins (brown algal polyphenols) derived from E. bicyclis are linked to these bioactivities. In this work, we present a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of knowledge on Eisenia, offering insights into its taxonomy, distribution, ecology, cultivation, and various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This methodology paper introduces an illuminated culture flask-based 3D-printed bioreactor system (FlaskLED) based on Arduino, Grove ecosystem and LED sticks. The Arduino microcontroller allows extensibility and future upgrades via programming and other modifications. We provide the 3D printer files, video presentation of assembly instructions and a detailed description of the INO code and wiring scheme. The INO code presented can be used to produce different light colors and patterns of varying intensity and durations (intermittent/flashing/pulsing light). The system was validated by examining the toxicity of Au3+ ions on Phaeodactylum tricornutum growth. The capabilities of the system offer unique applications for laboratory and industrial research. Our aim is to provide a low-cost and open-source tool to promote and improve cultivation of microalgae and other photosynthetic organisms under different laboratory and experimental setups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Benguela upwelling region on the west coast of South Africa/Namibia has the only major kelp forests on the African continent. South Africa has four species of laminarian kelps; Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida dominate kelp forests in the west coast Benguela upwelling system, with Macrocystis pyrifera occurring rarely in this region and Ecklonia radiata largely confined to the more nutrient-poor south and east coasts. Growth studies on these species have been limited to laboratory experiments and very few initial, small-scale coastal studies. As in other Atlantic regions, there is growing interest in the potential for kelp aquaculture in Southern Africa, and recent pilot initiatives. A comprehensive summary of available literature on South African kelps, their biology and ecology, distribution and growth parameters, is presented, and the potential for kelp aquaculture discussed in relation to recent developments elsewhere on Atlantic and Eastern Pacific coastlines. Recommendations are made with respect to the choice of potential species and sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euglena gracilis is a unique microalga that lacks a cell wall and is able to grow under different trophic culture conditions. In this study, cell growth, biomass production, and changes in the ultrastructure of E. gracilis cells cultivated photoautotrophically, mixotrophically, and under sequential-heterotrophy-photoinduction (SHP) were assessed. Mixotrophy induced the highest cell growth and biomass productivity (6.27 ± 0.59 mg/L/d) in E. gracilis, while the highest content of fatty acids, 2.69 ± 0.04% of dry cell weight (DCW) and amino acids, 38.16 ± 0.08% of DCW was obtained under SHP condition. E. gracilis also accumulated significantly higher saturated fatty acids and lower unsaturated fatty acids when cultivated under SHP condition. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the expression of photosynthetic genes (PsbA, PsbC, F-type ATPase alpha and beta) was lower, carbohydrate and protein synthetic genes (glnA, alg14 and fba) were expressed higher in SHP-culture cells when compared to other groups. Different trophic conditions also induced changes in the cell ultrastructure, where paramylon and starch granules were more abundant in SHP-cultured cells. The findings generated in this study illustrated that aerobic SHP cultivation of E. gracilis possesses great potential in human and animal feed applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methanesulfonate (MS-222)–assisted deep dormancy temperature (DDT) cultivation on the meat quality of crucian carp (Carassius auratus), crucian carp was treated with MS-222 and then cultivated at DDT. The research studied the lactic acid content, pH, water retention rate, cooking loss rate, color, texture, nucleotide content, and sensory score of the crucian carp meat and the serum glucose and residual MS-222 contents in the crucian carp bodies. The results indicated that the required concentration of MS-222 for the anesthetization of crucian carp was 40 mg/L. The serum glucose and lactic acid contents and the cooking loss rate of crucian carp meat increased from 0 to 10 days, whereas the pH and water holding capacity of the crucian carp decreased from 0 to 10 days; all indexes of the crucian carp treated with MS-222 were higher than those of the control from 2 to 10 days. The texture profile, color, and nucleotide content of the crucian carp meat decreased from 0 to 10 days; however, the decline rate of the MS-222-treated group was slower than that of the control. The metabolism results indicated that MS-222 was metabolized into 0 mg/g on the 5th day. These results demonstrated that MS-222-assisted DDT cultivation was superior to the control for the cultivation of crucian carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Caledonian pinewoods of northern Scotland represent the remnants of once extensive forests found at the western edge of the natural range of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The surviving pinewoods are of international significance and are of high conservation and cultural value. However, for many decades, there has been concern about their long-term future because of a lack of regenerating seedlings and young trees. This problem is thought to be driven by high deer populations resulting in intensive browsing and severe damage to young trees, as well as a lack of favourable micro-sites for seedling germination. An experiment was established on the Mar Lodge estate in 2007–08 adjacent to native pinewood stands to test the effects of protection and site cultivation upon seedling numbers and growth. The experiment was located within a regeneration zone where intensive deer control had reduced numbers to <5 animals km−2. Ten years after initiation, occurrence and numbers of both Scots pine and birch seedlings were substantially increased in cultivated treatments compared with uncultivated controls. There were no effects of protection upon seedling numbers. Protection improved height growth of Scots pine, but not of birch. Cultivation had no effect upon the growth of pine seedlings but did influence the height of birch seedlings due to the rapid growth of some pre-existing seedlings in the uncultivated control. Vegetation cover had increased from ~60%to at least 80% cover 6 years after cultivation. The results suggest that site cultivation may be desirable to boost seedling germination within a Caledonian pinewood, but sustained measures to control browsing pressure are a prerequisite for satisfactory establishment of these seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most adolescents follow celebrity rumors daily. This study used a daily diary method to focus on adolescents' (14–18 years old) regular engagement with celebrity content. Cognitive (attitudes of acceptability), affective (neutral feelings), and physiological (arousal) transitions in adolescents' engagement were tracked and analyzed across a period of seven weeks and under contrasting conditions (positive/negative). More specifically, adolescents were asked questions seven times about self-selected celebrity items that they considered positive or negative. After seven weeks, we tested whether these transitions were related to their responses to a case of negative celebrity news. The results indicated that adolescents who focused on negative celebrity news showed a decrease in neutral responses to celebrity news, meaning that their emotional responses became more intense over time. This can be interpreted as a sensitization effect. The transition in emotional engagement was not significantly related to their responses in the post-measurement test, meaning that adolescents did not translate their less neutral feelings into their future expressions about celebrity news items. No significant changes were reported in the cognitive (attitudes of acceptability) and physiological (arousal) levels over time. For the positive condition, the intensity of the adolescents' engagement remained constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is objected to investigate the essential oil yields, chemical compositions, and enantiomeric distribution of wild and cultivated linalool rich Origanum dubium Boiss. essential oils obtained at pre-flowering, initial flowering, and post-flowering growth stages. Wild plant materials are collected from Mediterranean region of Turkey. Samples were also cultivated in Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines of Turkey in the experimental fields of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkey. O. dubium samples yielded between 6.7 and 9.7% (mL/100 g) of essential oils. The compositions were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (98.2–98.9%). Linalool was detected as the major compound in all essential oils (97.0–97.6%). The dominant enantiomer was discovered as (R)-(-)-linalool with a 99.3–99.4% enantiomeric purity. The essential oil yields, chemical compositions and enantiomeric distributions were found to be constant regardless of cultivation, geographical locations or different growth stages. The result of this manuscript indicates that by culturing linalool chemotype of O. dubium, the industrial need for (R)-(-)-linalool could be met at more affordable costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kelp forests are facing a global decline due to climate change and human-induced stressors, underlining the urgency for proactive interventions. Among the most used restoration methods, "green gravel" has emerged as a promising solution for the recovery of degraded kelp forests. While initial findings suggest its potential effectiveness, green gravel remains a novel approach that requires fine-tuned protocols and optimisation across all stages of the process. In this study, we assessed the performance of two different seeding densities for kelp growth on green gravel to optimise the use of seeding material. Our results show that, while the juveniles in the high-density treatment grew faster, they also had a higher mortality rate during green gravel production. This was a hypothesised outcome, as growing sporophytes reared under laboratory conditions allows for faster production of a large number of individuals, increasing competition for space, which may drive higher mortality rates. Comprehensive experimentation is essential to unlock the full potential of green gravel and ensure its efficiency in all process steps, to achieve successful kelp forest restoration. Well-defined and optimised protocols are indispensable for minimising production costs, simplifying logistics, and allowing future efforts to scale up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fomitopsis betulina, as a macrofungus with both medicinal and dietary applications, is renowned for its rich content of bioactive substances. The recent advancements in research have significantly enhanced our understanding of its polysaccharides, cellulose-degrading enzymes, and wide range of secondary metabolites. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the artificial cultivation techniques and the chemical profiling of over 100 secondary metabolites identified in F. betulina, including terpenoids, phenols, and various other classes. These compounds exhibit notable pharmacological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-malarial effects. Moreover, this review delves into the genomic analysis of F. betulina, focusing on the prediction and classification of terpene synthases, which play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds. This insight is instrumental for potentially facilitating future biochemical studies and pharmaceutical applications. Through this review, we aim to solidify the foundation for future in-depth studies and the development of new drugs derived from this promising natural resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite broad skepticism within the scientific community regarding paranormal phenomena such as ghosts and unidentified flying objects (UFOs), many members of the public believe in these phenomena. Previous studies have argued that viewing paranormal-themed television—including documentary, reality, and news programming—can cultivate such beliefs. In addition, recent research suggests that the online video-sharing platform YouTube may serve as an important source of messages about fringe phenomena. With that in mind, this study builds on theoretical accounts of genre-specific cultivation and social media affordances to examine how YouTube videos present paranormal topics and whether YouTube use predicts belief in the paranormal. A content analysis of 50 highly viewed YouTube videos about paranormal topics (25 about hauntings and 25 about UFOs) showed that a large majority of these videos featured paranormal claims and that a majority included purported footage of paranormal phenomena. Scientific sources appeared in only a quarter of UFO videos and almost no haunting videos, while government sources appeared in most UFO videos, but few haunting videos. An analysis of data from a survey of the U.S. public (n = 1,035), in turn, found that paranormal documentary or reality television viewing, paranormal news use, and YouTube use predicted belief in hauntings, controlling for a range of other media use variables and background factors. These results highlight the potential for video-sharing platforms such as YouTube to reinforce paranormal beliefs among the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important areas of soil erosion science is the development of soil conservation measures. The analysis of published works shows that in Russia most of the techniques and methods to control soil erosion were developed in the 1960s–1980s. In recent decades, interest in scientific and practical developments in this area has been declining. Published data on erosion control measures are poorly systematized, and their generally accepted classification is absent. The typification of erosion-control measures proposed by the authors made it possible to systematize all these measures found in the works and to create their register in the form of a table. Information about the efficiency of erosion control measures is scarce and contradictory. The results of agrotechnical measures are best studied. Non-inversive tillage is the most efficient among agrotechnical measures, it helps to reduce soil erosion by 70–90% according to published data; other agrotechnical measures, on average, reduce the rate of soil erosion by half. Climate change and socioeconomic transformation in the agricultural and industrial complex of Russia in recent decades have led to significant changes in the rate and volume of soil erosion. However, the analysis of literature indicates a shortage of works aimed at adapting existing erosion control measures, or developing new measures with due account for global and regional changes in erosion/deposition processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matcha, a powder processed from tea leaves, has a unique green tea flavor and appealing color, in addition to many other sought after functional properties for a wide range of formulated food applications (e.g., dairy products, bakery products, and beverage). The properties of matcha are influenced by cultivation method and processing post-harvest. The transition from drinking tea infusion to eating whole leaves provides a healthy option for the delivery of functional component and tea phenolics in various food matrix. The aim of this review is to describe the physico-chemical properties of matcha, the specific requirements for tea cultivation and industrial processing. The quality of matcha mainly depends on the quality of fresh tea leaves, which is affected by preharvest factors including tea cultivar, shading treatment, and fertilization. Shading is the key measure to increase greenness, reduce bitterness and astringency, and enhance umami taste of matcha. The potential health benefits of matcha and the gastrointestinal fate of main phenolics in matcha are covered. The chemical compositions and bioactivities of fiber-bound phenolics in matcha and other plant materials are discussed. The fiber-bound phenolics are considered promising components which endow matcha with boosted bioavailability of phenolics and health benefits through modulating gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onopordum nervosum subsp. platylepis Murb. is an Asteraceae species found in Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya. It has been studied for its potential use as a vegetable rennet alternative to animal-derived rennet, making it important to understand its germination characteristics. This species often shows low germinability due to dormancy, which limits its large-scale cultivation. In preliminary experiments, many factors were analyzed to evaluate the seed germination of this thistle including physical stratification with abrasive paper and high-temperature water, chemical treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and the exogenous use of the growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA3). Based on the obtained results and subsequent analysis, GA3 and cold stratification durations were selected for the second experiment, which used a full factorial RSM design with three levels for each factor. Additionally, the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), condensed tannin content (CTC), and DPPH assay were analyzed during the optimization process and for ungerminated seeds. The findings revealed that 14 days of cold stratification followed by 750 ppm GA3 was the most efficient method for breaking the dormancy of these thistle seeds. The highest TPC was recorded in ungerminated seeds. However, germinated Onopordum nervosum ssp. platylepis seeds showed higher levels of TFC and CTC (14.83 mg QE/g DW and 6.49 mg EC/g DW, respectively) compared to the non-germinated ones and demonstrated the greatest potency in inhibiting free radicals (DPPH EC50 = 0.018 mg/mL) at the identified optimal germination conditions. Ungerminated seeds indicated significant phenolic content (TPC) and a limited ability to reduce oxidants, which could explain their low germination percentage. Our findings on the seed germination and dormancy characteristics of this endemic thistle will aid in the protection and development of its germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsoongiodendron odorum is a rare and characteristic plant species with an extremely limited population. Understanding the photosynthetic and physiological properties of this species is crucial for implementing proper protective cultivation methods. No reports have yet been made on the study of photosynthetic physiological characteristics at different growth stages. In this study, the photosynthetic responses of the leaves of Tsoongiodendron odorum juvenile and adult were examined and the chlorophyll content and anatomical characteristics of the leaf surface were compared. The results showed that: the rate of net photosynthetic (Pn) of adult trees was significantly higher than that of juvenile under various light intensity, and there was light inhibition in juvenile species under high light intensity; the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and light saturation point (LSP) of adult tree was significantly higher than those of juvenile, while the dark respiration rate (Rd) and light compensation point (LCP) of juvenile were higher than those of significant adult. Stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were higher in adult trees than in juveniles under high light intensity. Additionally, adult trees had significantly higher levels of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll compared to juveniles, and their tissues differed significantly. Results of correlation and redundancy analysis showed that photosynthetic rate was positively correlated with leaf area, palisade cell tissue thickness, palisade-spongy ratio, xylem thickness, phloem thickness, and vascular cambium thickness. In conclusion, it is suggested that shading treatment should be carried out, and the shading degree should be gradually decreased with the growth of the plants to prevent the growth of Tsoongiodendron odorum from being limited by too strong or too weak light environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the possibility of reusing sewage sludge in the cultivation of Taurus snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii Hook. f.). Taurus snowdrop bulbs with a circumference of 4 cm were used as plant material in the experiment. Bulbs were planted in five different growing media, 100% soil, 25% sewage sludge+75% soil, 50% sewage sludge+50% soil, 75% sewage sludge+25% soil, and 100% sewage sludge. The bulb diameter ranged between 16.8 and 18.5 mm, and bulb weight varied between 2.74 g and 6.33 g. The greatest bulblet weight (2.17 g) and leaf thickness (0.90 mm) obtained was in 75% sewage sludge+25% soil mixture. The number of bulblets ranged from 1.0 to 1.33 piece/bulb. Leaf length was between 7.30 and 9.25 cm, and leaf width was 9.7 to 11.6 mm. The effects of growing media on pedicle length, pedicle diameter, and fruit diameter were not found to be significant. Pedicle lengths were between 4.39 and 6.38 cm, pedicle diameters ranged from 1.59 to 1.80 mm, and fruit diameters were between 4.40 and 7.40 mm. It was concluded based on the present findings that 75% sewage sludge+25% soil mixture could reliably be used as a growing media for Taurus snowdrop culture.

Purpose. To determine the productive and biological parameters of nelma grown in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) as part of the development of a high-intensity technology for growing valuable cold-water objects of aquaculture in RAS with minimized effect of climatic conditions. Methodology. The study was conducted in 2021-2023 in the RAS of the fish farm STOV “Eastern Ukrainian Center for Breeding Valuable Fish Species “MZHA” (Kharkiv region, Ukraine). The material for the study were: age-0+, age-1, age-1+ and age-2+ nelma. Feeding of nelma was carried out with the starter feed of the Inicio 917 formula and the production Efiko Alfa 790, of the European manufacturer “BioMar”, according to the feeding tables, in accordance with the physiological characteristics of each age group. Feeding was carried out using automatic feeders. Findings. Growing of age-1+ nelma was carried out at a stocking density of 150 ind./m3 and water circulation in a recirculation aquaculture system of 230 L/min, the water volume in the system was 60 m3, the daily water exchange rate was 10%. According to the obtained result, fairly high average growth rates of fish were recorded. At the end of the growing period, age-1+ fish reached an average weight of 271.6±30.1 g (Cv=33.2%, fluctuations within 110-408 g) with an average body length of 33.3±0.9 cm (Cv=8.9%, fluctuations in the range of 28.0-38.2 cm), which averaged 39 kg/m3. The survival rate of age-1+ nelma in all fish tanks was more than 90%. The average value of Fulton’s condition factor was at the level of 0.7±0.02 (Cv=12.4%), which is typical for this fish species. On the 1st June 2023, age-2+ nelma grown in the recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) was characterized by following parameters: average weight was 602.8±52 (Cv=26.9%, range of 480-715 g), average body length of 42,3cm, (Cv= 8.9%, range of 33-46.4cm), respectively, the body length to height index was 5.7, Fulton’s condition factor was 0.8. On the 15th October 2023, age-2+ nelma grown in a RAS reached an average body weight of 992.6 g (Cv=16.0%, range of 456-1230 g) and an average body length of 44.5 cm, (Cv=7 .9%, range of 38-50cm), the average condition factor was 1.1, (Cv = 11%, range of 0.9-1.3), which indicated a high growth rate during the last 4 months Originality. A comprehensive analysis of productive and biological parameters of growing nelma in the RAS allowed obtaining original data on the growth dynamics of its different age groups were obtained. Practical Value. A technology of growing nelma in the conditions of RAS adapted to the modern state of industrial aquaculture has been developed.

Background: Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSc) causes chronic infection in patients with concomitant structural changes in the respiratory tract, which is especially important for patients with cystic fibrosis. To isolate an MABSc culture from clinical material, a variety of nutrient media are used. For species determination of microorganisms isolated on these media, additional identification methods are used, for example, polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, or mass spectrometry. The latter method is relatively easy to implement but requires improvement, due to the identification inaccuracy of nontuberculosis mycobacterias in general. Consequently, a set of nutrient media may be important for subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. Methods: The study was conducted on 64 strains of MABSc representatives: 56 strains were obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis and 8 strains from patients with pulmonary pathology unrelated to cystic fibrosis. The obtained MABSc strains were transplanted to the universal chromogenic medium and the selective medium for the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) isolation. Species identification was carried out by mass spectrometry based on matrix-activated laser time-of-flight desorption/ionization (MALDI-ToF MS). Microbial identification is based on a comparison of the obtained mass spectra with reference spectra from the database. Microorganisms were identified based on the coincidence degree (Score value). Sample preparation for microbial identification by mass spectrometry was carried out by an extended direct application method. Fragments of the rpoB and hsp65 genes with lengths of 752 bp and 441 bp, respectively, were used as molecular markers for subspecific identification of MABSc strains. Results: A comparison of the peaks obtained after mass spectrometry of MABSc strains isolated on the studied nutrient media showed significant differences between these indicators selective medium for the BCC isolation with the supplement of iron polymaltose hydroxide (III) and universal chromogenic medium (P < 0.001) and selective medium for the BCC isolation with universal chromogenic medium (P < 0.001). Twenty-five strains of MABSc representatives were sequenced: results of subspecies determination in strains isolated on the universal chromogenic medium coincided with the results sequencing in 13 (86.6%) strains out of 15. Conclusion: MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry allows microbial identification in a short time and with minimal cost, but it does not yet allow the proper identification of the subspecies of certain microbial groups, such as MABSc. Cultivation methods need optimization and new approaches to the extraction process of the bacterial protein fraction.

Kelp forests are facing a global decline due to climate change and human-induced stressors, underlining the urgency for proactive interventions. Among the most used restoration methods, “green gravel” has emerged as a promising solution for the recovery of degraded kelp forests. While initial findings suggest its potential effectiveness, green gravel remains a novel approach that requires fine-tuned protocols and optimisation across all stages of the process. In this study, we assessed the performance of two different seeding densities for kelp growth on green gravel to optimise the use of seeding material. Our results show that, while the juveniles in the high-density treatment grew faster, they also had a higher mortality rate during green gravel production. This was a hypothesised outcome, as growing sporophytes reared under laboratory conditions allows for faster production of a large number of individuals, increasing competition for space, which may drive higher mortality rates. Comprehensive experimentation is essential to unlock the full potential of green gravel and ensure its efficiency in all process steps, to achieve successful kelp forest restoration. Well-defined and optimised protocols are indispensable for minimising production costs, simplifying logistics, and allowing future efforts to scale up.

To understand pathogenic mechanisms and suggest molecular biomarker candidates for the disease status of edible red algae, Pyropia, we analyzed relationships between disease symptom severity, changes in microbial communities, and the metabolic dysregulation of the red algae with 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Our observations of disease symptoms and microbial communities indicated that Pythium was the major pathogen. As the disease progressed, the prokaryotic diversity and composition of the microbial communities were clearly distinct from diseased thalli compared with healthy and weakly diseased thalli. The results of the microbial correlation network analysis showed the co-occurrence of known pathogenic microbes in the diseased thalli. Similarly, the results of the metabolomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of annotated metabolites differed in the diseased thalli compared with the healthy and weakly diseased thalli. In particular, three purine metabolism-related metabolites—hypoxanthine, guanine, and inosine—increased significantly in the diseased thalli. All the affected metabolites in abundance regulation, including the three metabolites, are known to be related to biotic stress and defense mechanisms. This study contributes to filling the gaps in research on molecular and microbial events, especially the links between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, metabolites, and symptom severity in Pyropia. Additionally, the results indicate that the observed prokaryotic diversity reduction and co-occurrence of the known microbial pathogens are new non-target indicators that could be beneficial in cases where no known pathogens indicate pathogenicity. Dysregulated purine metabolism-related metabolites and other stress- and defense-related metabolites are potential molecular indicators of disease status of Pyropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue economy approach is slowly gaining significance, and many nations are placing it on their national agendas to strengthen the maritime policy. The sustainable exploitation of marine resources is the key to achieving blue economic development including commercial seaweed farming. The production of red seaweeds with superior-quality agar in India has propelled research to develop viable cultivation technologies. However, the carragenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii has more industrial support and is the only seaweed taxa commercially farmed in India. The present investigation offers a comparative economic case study between these two groups. Critical economic parameters were analyzed for important operational components, i.e., individual-centric operation and family-centric operation, under three scenarios namely, without subsidy and 40% and 60% subsidy respectively. A lowest payback period was noticed for K. alvarezii cultivated by the family-centric operation under all three scenarios (without subsidy: 0.76 year; 40% subsidy: 0.61 year; 60% subsidy: 0.53 year). However, the minimum breakeven point in the range of 7.3–10.1 dry tons was reported in the case of farming of Gracilaria dura under different subsidies, followed by K. alvarezii (breakeven point value: 15.1–22 dry tons). The net present value and internal rates of return of K. alvarezii were found to be 3123–8863 USD and 31–90%, respectively under different subsidies. All four agarophytes resulted in negative net present values irrespective of subsidy scenario and hence, it is not economically viable. In terms of profit, among five seaweeds, K. alvarezii only showed a profit of 328–902 USD and 4905–10,646 USD for individual and family-centric models, respectively. The more comprehensive analysis with realistic costing—considering uncertain weather conditions and disease infestation—also pointed out the superiority of family-centric operations. The projections from economic analysis revealed that commercial farming of agarophyte is not viable at individual and family-centric operations, but K. alvarezii farming is viable for both operations in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humility as a concept has recently received increasing scholarly attention in international scholarship. It has also been regarded as important for education traditionally in Chinese culture. However, no empirical research so far has examined Chinese people's conceptualisations of humility in education and its cultivation in schools. Based on semi-structured interviews, this exploratory study examined urban teachers' conceptions of humility and their experiences of cultivating humility in mainland Chinese schools. Our findings highlight the multiplicity and complexity of conceptualisations of humility and the challenges faced by the teachers in cultivating humility. The study also raises questions about the politics of practicing humility and the complex entanglements between moral values and social norms and relations, inviting more research to examine the complex implications of moral virtues that are promoted in schools and wider societies around the world. Despite their recognition of the potentially negative consequences of humility such as avoidance from competition and entailing emotional constraints, the teachers regarded humility as a predominantly positive moral concept important for learning, teaching, and teacher–student relationship. Meanwhile, they associated it with disciplinary dispositions such as being quiet, subtle, cautious, or dutiful. The teachers' attempts to cultivate it among their students were highly contingent, however, due to various challenges, including a lack of teacher training and limited textbook contents on humility, the exam-orientedness of the Chinese education system, and the perceived individualistic dispositions of Chinese students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morus sp. is a versatile resource with diverse benefits; however, its cultivation may entail negative environmental impacts. Environmental legislation imposes constraints to mitigate these effects. The current study presents a three-tier classification approach to assess the severity of constraints imposed by environmental legislation on Morus sp. cultivation. The approach is tested in a case study area located in BG0000254 Besaparski vazvishenita, Bratsigovo Municipality, Bulgaria. Approximately 23.6% of this area is under strict protection, thereby prohibiting cultivation. In about 21.3% of the area, Morus sp. cultivation is feasible but most probably an Appropriate Assessment procedure will be required to ensure nonsignificant negative impact. In the remaining 56.4% of the area, notification/screening is necessary, with the likelihood of not requiring a full Appropriate Assessment procedure. Thus, despite a significant portion being under strict protection, there remains potential for Morus sp. cultivation within the study area, albeit with varying procedural complexities. Thе proposed constraints classification approach can inform land use planning, facilitating informed decision-making in site selection not only for Morus sp. but for all types of permanent crops.

Objectives. To develop an effective technology for the cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably producing GamP2C5 antibody which is a component I of the GamCoviMab candidate drug for emergency prevention and therapy of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus; to select optimal cultivation parameters and to scale this technology in production.Methods. The study was performed on CHO GamP2C5 (clone 78) cell culture, producing a single-domain antibody fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG1 GamP2C5. Different culture media and supplements were used. Cells were cultured in Erlenmeyer flasks, Biostat® RM 20 wave-mixed bioreactor, Ambr® 250 mini bioreactors, STR 200 stirred-tank bioreactor.Results. Using molecular-genetic and biotechnological methods, a stable clone producer of CHO GamP2C5 antibody, clone 78, was obtained. Then a technique was worked out for the cultivation of the obtained clone producer on different culture media. The most suitable cultivation regimes, culture media, and optimal supplements were selected. This technology was tested in laboratory conditions in a 10-L reactor, and then successfully scaled up for production at the MedGamal Branch of the Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology.Conclusions. This study demonstrates the fundamental feasibility of developing and scaling up a culture technology, in order to produce a drug based on a modified single-domain antibody with virus neutralizing activity against different strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Extended Abstract Background: The recent developments of human societies in terms of population growth, science and technology, and environmental issues have doubled the importance of the agricultural sector. The importance of paying attention to the strategies of the agricultural sector in development plans is due to the increasing importance of this sector in the national economy of Iran. In the meantime, Mazandaran province has been considered an agricultural hub for a long time due to its rainfall and fertile soil. To realize the development of the agricultural sector, identifying the challenges and potentials facing this sector seems to be one of the important factors. This study aims to identify the current situation and determine the challenges, strategies, and solutions for the development of the agricultural sector and their prioritization in Mazandaran province. Methods: Considering the capabilities of producing agricultural products in the province, in this study, the challenges and explanations of sustainable agriculture development mechanisms and strategies were discussed in the most important sub-sectors of agriculture and horticulture, animal husbandry, and fisheries. Data were collected by completing a questionnaire from users and experts in 2018. The options were weighted according to economic, social, environmental, and technical criteria, and infrastructure as the most key aspects of sustainable development. The strategies were ranked using the TOPSIS Fuzzy method. Results: Mazandaran province has the first rank in the production of citrus fruits, rice, kiwi, ornamental seedlings, olive seedlings, oyster mushrooms, fodder plants, white meat, and day-old chickens, which shows the high potential of this province in providing food for the country. Based on the studies, farmers in the future will have to deal with issues such as competition in the market, reducing budgets, risk management, combating climate change, water management, and using the opportunities that have arisen due to the existence of demand in the field of bio-energy along with the conservation of various species. The transformation and diversity of agricultural products, changing consumer tastes, the need to increase efficiency, the globalization of the economy, and the intensification of global competition are among the factors that have caused more emphasis on knowledge-based agriculture. Based on the results, the main and important challenges of the agricultural sector in Mazandaran province include non-implementation of the land preparation document, weak economic, social, and managerial attitudes toward the agricultural position of the province at the national level, lack of participation and sufficient investment of the private sector, and lack of infrastructure. To develop agriculture according to the new conditions, there is a weakness in the integrated management of knowledge and information in the agricultural sector according to the needs of the province and non-compliance with the optimal cultivation pattern due to the effects of climate change. The results showed that the strategy (providing credit services for equipping and modernizing production methods) in the cultivation and gardening sector was given the highest priority with a final score of 0.47. In the livestock, poultry, and fisheries sectors, the strategies (export development and entry into global markets) and (aquaculture development), with final scores of 0.57 and 0.68, obtained the highest amount, respectively, and were ranked first. Conclusion: To realize the goals of the agricultural sector development in the province, the development of knowledge-based companies is emphasized in this study. From this point of view, the agricultural commission of the provincial chamber of commerce can try to speed up the development of these technologies and capacities in the provinces in the form of a resolution. Solutions such as the use of agricultural researchers and graduates and support and development of transformation and complementary industries of agricultural products are suggested according to the results of this research. Although there are fertile lands and suitable climates in most areas of the province for a variety of agricultural and garden crops, there is a serious threat to the products with relative advantage and necessary in the province with the change of cultivation patterns toward inappropriate crops and even changes in use from agriculture to other activities. In this context, "laws limiting the change of land use" are considered necessary. The low productivity in the agricultural sector due to old and inappropriate technologies, which also leads to an increase in the total cost, causes the low quality and the high price of products. Considering the excessive import of agricultural and horticultural products, the government should take an important step in the development of this sector by "providing credit services for equipping and modernizing production methods in the agriculture and horticulture sectors." One of the most important threats, especially in recent years, has been the reduction of fodder due to climate changes, as well as the lack of access to some imported inputs because of economic sanctions. Accordingly, a solution such as "investment to produce high-yielding and resistant varieties of forage plants" can be presented through the existence of study and research institutions. Moreover, the country is prone to the threat resulting from the reduced consumption of livestock products including dairy products, a reason for which can be the increase in the price of these products. Therefore, the strengths such as the presence of favorable conditions in the province and having the top ranks in producing livestock products, can be utilized to present the strategy of "optimizing production and reducing the cost of products" to deal with the aforementioned threat.

Purpose. Compiling a list of sources, which may be useful for learning about studies and issues related to river crayfish, their ecology and biology. Methodology. The holistic approach allowed getting acquainted with a broad range of literature on the study topic, while the selective approach allowed focusing on specific aspects or authors specializing in this field. Attention was focused on papers in scientific journals and collections, materials of temporary teams, as well as monographs devoted to the studies on the biology of river crayfish. Findings. A thematic list of the main works - materials of international scientific and practical conferences, articles from collections of scientific works, thematic scientific collections, journals as well as monographs and abstracts of dissertations on the biology of crustaceans and their cultivation in global crayfish aquaculture has been prepared. The cited works cover the time period from 2019 to 2024. The bibliography contains 166 publications, placed in alphabetical order and described in accordance with the requirements of the HAC, in accordance with DSTU 8302:2015 «Information and documentation. Bibliographic reference. General provisions and rules of drafting», taking into account the amendments (UKND code 01.140.40). Practical value. The list can be useful for law-making activities, maintenance of ecological security of Ukraine, for specialists, scientists, students interested in crustacean biology and crayfish farming.

Abstract Gardens hold untapped potential for participatory biodiversity conservation. Conservation gardening has recently emerged as a way to foster declining native plant species in urban and rural green spaces. But the impact of cultivating these species on population trends in the broader landscape remains underexplored. This study examines the effects of cultivating herbaceous native plants on their long‐term population trends and endangerment, using Rothmaler's ‘Herbaceous Ornamental and Crop Plants’ in Germany, along with the German Red List of 1998 and 2018. It investigates whether native plants under cultivation are less endangered, examines the long‐term population trends relative to cultivation frequency and assesses the potential role of cultivation in improving Red List status. The findings reveal that cultivated species, especially those commonly grown in gardens, were less likely to be endangered. Moreover, commonly cultivated species had fewer declining and more positive long‐term population trends compared to non‐cultivated species. Some evidence suggests that commonly cultivated plants recorded on the 1998 Red List as threatened are more likely to improve their status, yet still a considerable proportion is in decline. These findings hint at a promising role of gardens as a means to support native species populations, but they also underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of which species are most likely to benefit from cultivation. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Rice has become the government’s focus to sustainably increase productivity. The applicable technological innovation to intensively increase rice productivity and farmers’ income is using superior varieties and the jarwo spacing system. This study determines the productivity of some rice superior varieties by applying a jarwo 2:1 in irrigated paddy fields. The research lasted from April to August 2021 on a farmer’s paddy field in Musi Rawas Regency, South Sumatra. The oversite design research involved 5 replications. The applied tested factors were: 1) superior variety implementation (Inpari 22, 32, and IR Nutri Zinc) and 2) the planted spacing (tiles 25 x 25 cm², and jarwo 2:1). The results showed an increment in the superior varieties of rice productivity using the jarwo 2:1 with a percentage of 38.8% for Inpari IR Nutri Zinc, a percentage of 31.5% for Inpari 32, and a percentage of 32.8% for Inpari 22. The jarwo 2:1 was more profitable than tiles, observable on 3.2 R/C ratio value and 3.5 MBCR value. Therefore, the jarwo 2:1 is very feasible to be widely developed in irrigated paddy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mint is one of the most valuable herbs, and has multiple benefits and uses. The effect of cultivation methods on the biometric parameters of mint plants was determined by comparing a hydroponic system involving moveable flood tables with plastic covers and a raised-bed growing system in an open field. The morphometric parameters of mint plants may vary depending on species and cultivation method. An interaction between both factors was observed for plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and the number of leaves. Spearmint and apple mint grown under field conditions were characterized by higher average values of plant height and width and a higher number of branches than hydroponically grown plants. In the hydroponic system, the number of branched stems decreased by up to 80% with increased plant height. Leaf width was correlated with the total number of leaves. An increase in the number of leaves per plant induced a decrease in leaf width (up to 61%). Field-grown mint is usually characterized by higher marketable and total yields than hydroponically grown mint. However, the marketable yield of apple mint was approximately 50% higher in the hydroponic system than in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The distinction between complicated and uncomplicated acute appendicitis (AA) is important as it guides postoperative antibiotic treatment. A diagnosis based on intraoperative findings is imprecise and standard cultivation of peritoneal fluid is generally time-consuming with little clinical benefit. The aim of this study was to examine if cultivation of peritoneal fluid in acute appendicitis could reliably detect bacteria within 24 h. Methods: Patients older than 18 years undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy were prospectively enrolled at two surgical departments after informed consent was obtained. Periappendicular fluid was collected prior to appendectomy and sent for cultivation. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using 72-hour cultivation results as the gold standard. Patients with complicated AA as determined by the surgeon, received a three-day course of oral antibiotics. Postoperative infectious complications within 30 days after surgery were registered. Results: From July 2020 to January 2021, 101 patients were included. The intraoperative diagnosis was complicated AA in 34 cases. Of these patients, six (17.6%) had bacteria cultured within 24 h after surgery, leading to a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 100%. The positive and negative predictive values were 1.00 and 0.96, respectively. Seven patients developed a postoperative infection (five superficial wound infections and two intra-abdominal abscess). In all cases with a positive cultivation result, the intraoperative diagnosis was complicated appendicitis and a postoperative course of antibiotics prescribed. Conclusion: Twenty-four-hour cultivation of the peritoneal fluid in acute appendicitis is a valid indicator for peritoneal bacterial contamination. Randomized studies are necessary to determine if this approach is suitable for targeting postoperative antibiotic treatment as a means to prevent overtreatment without increasing the risk of infectious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impacts of war and siege on farmers' livelihoods in Tigray (2020–2022), Ethiopia, through field observations during the crisis, and a literature review. We found military tactics and activities alongside institutional changes were the main pathways driving famine among vulnerable farming communities through destruction of crops, damage to property, and slaughter of livestock. Moreover, farmers were deprived of access to alternative sources of livelihood such as beekeeping, traditional gold mining, and seasonal migration. Notably, absence of freedom of movement and withdrawal of national and international aid organizations limited the farmers' survival options. The crisis also aggravated the pre-war food insecurity in the area. We argue that economic rehabilitation must be accompanied by the building of a durable peace as soon as possible to restore sustainable livelihoods for farming communities in Tigray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima has received intense scientific attention over the last decades. In recent years, interest in cultivation of the species has strongly increased in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Pacific Ocean, driven by the great potential of S. latissima to be utilised for various industrial applications, including food, feed, and biomaterials. Accordingly, current research has focused on improving farming methods and technology, environmental impacts, and site selection. In addition, many studies have investigated the varying chemical composition of S. latissima, extraction of commercially interesting components, and the use of the biomass and its derived components in various applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of farming and applications of S. latissima from the last 15 years. Additional insights on other research topics, such as ecology, physiology, biochemical and molecular biology of S. latissima, are given in the first review, "The sugar kelp Saccharina latissima I: recent advances in a changing climate" (Diehl et al. 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In farming projects, environmental variations can affect growth, productivity, survival, and fertility, as well as the quality of the produced biomass. This is why estuarine algae could be a good alternative for developing aquaculture ventures in a global climate change scenario since they can develop in highly fluctuating environments with large temperature and salinity fluctuations and low light penetrability. In this study, the best culture conditions (i.e., temperature; nutrients with Provasoli culture medium (PES) and PES + Kelpak®, a commercial biostimulant based on algae; salinity and photon flux) for the growth and fertility of gametophytes and sporophytes of the estuarine alga Punctaria latifolia were evaluated. Gametophytes and sporophytes of P. latifolia showed good tolerance to a wide range of abiotic variables. Under culture conditions, both stages presented the highest growth at intermediate to high temperatures (16—20 °C) and intermediate to high salinity (27.5 – 35 psu). However, gametophytes grew better at intermediate to high nutrient concentrations of PES and PES + Kelpak® and low and high light intensity (5—35 µmol photons m−2 s−1), whereas sporophytes grew better at intermediate to low nutrients of PES and PES + Kelpak® and low light intensity (5 µmol photons m−2 s−1). Punctaria latifolia would be a potentially cultivable alternative due to its broad tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions in the climatic change we face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are known to contribute to global climate change. A two-year field study on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) evaluated cultivation practices and fertilizer use on GHGs. The presence of urea and hollow-tine aerification resulted in the highest soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. No significant differences between soil methane (CH4) flux were observed based on fertilizer; however, in 2014 the verticutting cultivation treatment fluxed significantly more soil CH4 than the uncultivated control. Results showed no significant differences in soil nitrous oxide (N2O) in 2013; however, in 2014, both fertilizer and cultivation practices showed significant differences between treatments, with the urea and the hollow-tine treatments fluxing significantly more soil N2O. The hollow-tined plots produced the greenest turf in 2013, followed by the uncultivated control and the verticutted treatment. In 2014, both the hollow-tine and the uncultivated control produced the greenest turf, followed by the verticutted treatment. The hollow-tined and uncultivated control treatments had significantly higher turfgrass quality than the verticutted treatment. The verticutted urea treatment was above acceptable levels (>6.0) for turfgrass quality following all cultivation events. The results show cultivation practices can be identified that reduce GHG emissions while maintaining turfgrass quality and color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaxis acuminata D. Don (Common name- Jeevak) is a well-known medicinal herb with considerable therapeutic and medicinal potential. The species is used to cure ailments like seminal debility, fever, tuberculosis, vitality strengthening, and immune modulation. However, the phenology of this species has not been investigated systematically. In this study, eight major developmental stages for bud development (PGS-0), leaf development (PGS-1), shoot development (PGS-3), inflorescence emergence (PGS-5), flowering (PGS-6), fruit development (PGS-7), fruit maturation (PGS-8), and senescence (PGS-9) of M. acuminata have been identified using the extended Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale along with secondary growth stages. The climatic settings required for these phenophases of the species were also investigated. Malaxis acuminata exhibited a long juvenile vegetative phase compared to the short reproductive phase. For a better understanding of these growth stages, explanatory photographs with descriptions and codification are provided. It was observed that M. acuminata completes its various vegetative and reproductive phases in a very short period under favourable conditions, after which the pseudobulbs serve as propagation propagules for the production of plantlets in the following year. The correct identification of the phenophases of M. acuminata is vital for characterization, conservation and management because of their importance in cultivation and maintenance. Therefore, this approach can be recommended as an efficient tool for elite identification for growers and researchers for pharmaceutical and drug discovery, along with gene expression research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana was used for the treatment of winery wastewater (WWW). Batch experiments were initially conducted to investigate how biomass acclimatization in different media, dilution of wastewater, and addition of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) affect the growth of microalgae and the removal of major pollutants. Afterwards, two sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems were tested applying different configurations and hydraulic retention times. The biomass collected at the end of the experiments was characterized for proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acid profile, and the existence of lutein, β-carotene, chlorophyll a, and tocopherols. Batch experiments showed that Chlorella sorokiniana acclimatization to urban wastewater enhanced the removal of NH4-N and total phosphorus (TP). The operation of a two-stage SBR system achieved COD and NH4-N removal equal to 85 ± 9% and 91 ± 20%, respectively, while the use of a single-stage system feeding with anaerobically pretreated WWW resulted to COD and NH4-N removal of 78 ± 9% and 95 ± 9%, respectively. Analyses of biomass showed higher protein content (up to 58.8%) in batch experiments with NH4-N addition as well as in SBR experiments. The cultivation of microalgae under SBR conditions enhanced the production of pigments and tocopherols. The maximum concentrations of 1075 mg kg−1, 45.5 mg kg−1, and 131.2 mg kg−1 were achieved for lutein, β-carotene, and tocopherols, respectively, in the one-stage system. Our findings suggested that Chlorella sorokiniana cultivation in WWW not only removed nutrients from WWW but also could potentially serve for the production of value-added ingredients used in food industry, cosmetics, and animal feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global population and the challenges faced by the food production sector, including urbanization, reduction of arable land, and climatic extremes, necessitate innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture. This comprehensive review examines advancements in improving the energy performance of agricultural greenhouses, highlighting innovations in thermal and energy efficiency, particularly in heating and cooling systems. The methods include a systematic analysis of current technologies and their applications in optimizing greenhouse design and functionality. Key findings reveal significant progress in materials and techniques that enhance energy efficiency and operational sustainability. The review identifies gaps in the current knowledge, such as the need for more research on the economic viability of new materials and the development of predictive models for various climatic conditions. The conclusions emphasize the importance of integrating renewable energy technologies and advanced control systems to achieve energy-efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adlay is an edible high nutritious minor cereal. The research aimed to study the adlay performance when cultivated intercropped on young teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantation. The treatments were consisted of two factors that were arranged by factorial (3 × 3) in randomised completed block design with four replicates. The first factor was three fertilisation dosages of NPK (16-16-16), as 0 g/hole (F0), 2 g/hole (F2) and 4 g/hole (F4). The second factors were three planting space as 2 m × 2 m (PS2), 3 m × 3 m (PS3) and 4 m × 4 m (PS4). The parameter observed were vegetative growth which was consisted of plant height, the number of leaves, tillers and sub tillers, leaf chlorophyll content, grain production and biomass weight. The results revealed that fertilisation treatment were significantly affected the growth and production of adlay. On 12 weeks after planting, the F4 treatment produced the tallest plant, and the highest leaf number. The highest grain number/plant was achieved on the F2 treatment that was significantly different compared with the control (F0). The shading intensity due to the teak coverage significantly affected adlay growth and production. The PS4 treatment produced the highest number of leaves, tillers and grains. The combination of F2 and PS4 treatments resulted in the best growth and production. The PS2 treatment which has lower light intercepted by plants due to lower incident light intensity, resulting in a significant reduction in plant growth and production. It is suggested that adlay offers potency as a component of agro-forestry on the teak plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to determine the possibility of reusing sewage sludge in the cultivation of Taurus snowdrop (Galanthus elwesii Hook. f.). Taurus snowdrop bulbs with a circumference of 4 cm were used as plant material in the experiment. Bulbs were planted in five different growing media, 100% soil, 25% sewage sludge+75% soil, 50% sewage sludge+50% soil, 75% sewage sludge+25% soil, and 100% sewage sludge. The bulb diameter ranged between 16.8 and 18.5 mm, and bulb weight varied between 2.74 g and 6.33 g. The greatest bulblet weight (2.17 g) and leaf thickness (0.90 mm) obtained was in 75% sewage sludge+25% soil mixture. The number of bulblets ranged from 1.0 to 1.33 piece/bulb. Leaf length was between 7.30 and 9.25 cm, and leaf width was 9.7 to 11.6 mm. The effects of growing media on pedicle length, pedicle diameter, and fruit diameter were not found to be significant. Pedicle lengths were between 4.39 and 6.38 cm, pedicle diameters ranged from 1.59 to 1.80 mm, and fruit diameters were between 4.40 and 7.40 mm. It was concluded based on the present findings that 75% sewage sludge+25% soil mixture could reliably be used as a growing media for Taurus snowdrop culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indigenous wild plants of Southern Africa are intertwined with human cultures, histories and livelihoods. By focusing on commercial cultivation of a wild plant, honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), an indigenous plant that is endemic to parts of South Africa, we discuss changing colonial relations of domination and alienation affecting its use by local communities. We draw from an interdisciplinary study of honeybush conducted in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa, which included archival research, life history interviews, participant observation and a review of honeybush cultivation science. Anna Tsing's notion of non-scalability and a multispecies critique of plant domestication guides our analysis of the changing relations and approaches to honeybush use. We show the impact these changes exert on human and human-non-human relations. We conclude that the persistence of scalable projects in the commercial use of honeybush sustains and reconfigures relations that strengthen the alienation of (certain) humans from nature. Our interdisciplinary research highlights how historical violence continues to be subsumed in plant domestication and commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)