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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to create optimally located Facilitation Centers on this tourist circuit, evaluated through network analysis, thus creating an effective linkage between tourism and economic activities of the craftsmen who are the custodians of the cultural heritage of Puri. Design/methodology/approach: The craft villages lying in and around this tourist circuit are surveyed to establish socio-economic condition of artisans, significance of the craft and spatial distribution of craft villages and the willingness of artisans to travel closer to the transport spine. Network analysis is used to assess the suitability of Facilitation Center location using travel time and distance as parameters. Finally, the sustainability of the Facilitation Centers is evaluated using a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Findings: The Facilitation Centers can be spatially developed at the strategic locations to expand tourist market. This will help in leveraging the economic benefits of tourism to a marginalized rural artisan community by creating a sustainable model. Originality/value: The focus on festival can help to protect local cultural traditions, develop tourism and promote the economic, social and cultural developments of the destination. Dispersal strategies adopted aim to increase visitors' satisfaction with the product and thus entice them to stay longer in the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to explore the influencing factors in the selection of outstanding craftsmen among vocational college art and design students. This paper selected the case studies of art majors and collected data on the school performance of 222 students majoring in art and design. Convenience sampling was used to select the sample, which was grouped based on whether or not they had been selected as schoollevel outstanding craftsmen. The study compares the mean values of variables such as entrance exam scores, in-school comprehensive assessment scores, volunteer service hours, possession of vocational qualifications, gender, single-child status, party membership, and employment rates between the two groups of students.Interviews were also conducted, and SPSS software was used for the data analysis. The research found significant differences between the student group selected as school-level outstanding craftsmen and the student group not selected as school-level outstanding craftsmen regarding the in-school comprehensive assessment scores, volunteer service hours, gender, and party membership. These findings provide support for further optimizing the selection criteria and offer empirical references for the cultivation path and evaluation system of craftsmanship spirit among art students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOne of the earliest forms of cultural and economic support for people worldwide, especially in Ethiopia, is indigenous knowledge-based handcrafting. This study uses exploratory, descriptive research design to understand the indigenous knowledge-based tub and griddle pan handcrafting industry in Dessie, Ethiopia. The required data was gathered through in-depth questionnaires and interviews with 97 business owners and employees, supplemented by first-hand field observation and secondary data from offices. Data from different sources was analyzed using descriptive statistical factors such as percentages and frequencies. Content analysis was also used to examine non-numeric qualitative information. The study revealed that artisans produced various goods for indoor and outdoor functions, mainly unique artisan products such as the tub and griddle pan. Artisans can support themselves using manual tools, equipment, and long-established traditional knowledge and skills. Most artisans had learned their skills through apprenticeships or hands-on training. The manufacturing compound was covered in discarded garbage and scrap. Artisans were at risk of injury because they worked without the proper safety gear. Other production barriers included a lack of appropriate production utilities and facilities, including credit, raw materials, markets, and information for product distribution. Therefore, it is vital to find ways to support the Tub and Griddle Pan handcrafting business, by figuring out how to get better production tools and equipment, access to credit, raw materials, market outlets, and training and skill development through the practical application of the policies and strategies set forth by the government.

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tomb inscriptions containing information about tomb-building craftsmen have been found inside imitation wood tombs dating from the 11th to 14th centuries in China's Central Plains region. These inscriptions are valuable because they provide a different angle from which to analyze the designs and functions of tombs. Scholars have viewed tomb building as a domestic act. If the deceased were pleased with their burial arrangements, then their descendants would be blessed. The inscriptions suggest that this beneficial connection relied deeply on the capacity of craftsmen, whose talent was recognized by patrons. By considering how craftsmanship contributed to religious efficacy, as well as the intermediary role craftsmen played to achieve it, this paper explores how the above-mentioned inscriptions deepen our understanding of the functions of tombs and the roles played by craftsmen in burial practices in terms of historical, religious, and social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thiasos Monografie is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discrimination against women's roles in development must be eliminated because women have equal opportunities in various activities. It is important to conduct research on the roles and participation of women in reproductive and productive activities related to a specific job. This research aims to analyze the roles of women who are craftsmen of Lepironia articulata in reproductive and productive activities. The object of research was the community of L.articulata craftsmen residing in the Pabaungan Hulu village in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data collection methods include interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with the respondents. Data analysis regarding involvement in reproductive and productive aspects consists of 2 categories: active (value=1) and inactive (value=0). Role analysis used variables related to reproductive (10 indicators) and productive (13 indicators) activities. The analysis of the participation of L.articulata craftsmen used 3 categories. Women's involvement in reproductive activities have averages value= 86.5%, and in productive activities, it is 88.46%. The average involvement of men in reproductive activities is only 27%, and in productive activities, it is 9.23%. Women's roles in reproductive and productive activities have value= 17.3%, 17,69% respectively. Men have roles in reproductive and productive activities = 5.4%, 1.85% respectively. Women craftsmen's participation in reproductive and productive aspects has a value of 20.15 (high category), while men's participation is only 3.9 (low category). These findings provide important evidence of the significance of women's roles and participation in the management and operational aspects of L.articulata crafts.

Copyright of Revue Historique (0035-3264) is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synesis is the property of Synesis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kepes is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary purpose of this research is to determine the effects of overtourism on ICH elements. The qualitative research method was chosen because it is appropriate for the research. In this direction, interviews were conducted with craftsmen who produce ICH elements in Cappadocia. During the interviews, five questions were asked of the craftsmen. Content analysis was applied to the findings obtained. The analysis determined that demand for the ICH elements has increased. It was determined that there was no change in the production techniques of the ICH elements but a change in the production objective of the ICH elements. The authenticity of the ICH elements was determined to have decreased, and their economic value increased. The results show that overtourism affects the elements of the ICH and that its negative impact is felt more intensely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes an interdisciplinary project set up for the collection of manuscripts produced during the period of ca. 1780-1830 by craftsmen and peasants along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland (Ostrobothnian Mystics, literature and cultural history collection, the Finnish Literature Society). We briefly describe the nature of the material, discuss the specific aspects of the manuscript project which connected two fields of expertise - that of an archive researcher and a user of the particular collection - and conclude by arguing for the urgency of finding new ways and resources to preserve fragile items - both texts and material artefacts - in a specific field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years Tiflis used to be a major economic center of the Caucasus. Its arms were well known and valued outside the region. Arms workshops were located in different areas of Tiflis, but most of them were concentrated in Armoury Row, which, at least since the 1630s, was located in the historic district between Sioni Cathedral and Anchiskhati Basilica, in the western part of King Square. It was probably due to King Rostom that rows of arms workshops were established in the form which remained until the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by Russia. He moved the royal palace to the area between Sioni Cathedral and Anchiskhati Basilica and began the formation of the royal quarter. In 1795, after the troops of the Persian Shah Aga Mohammad Khan invaded Tiflis, Armoury Row was completely destroyed but was subsequently rebuilt by the Kartli-Kakheti kings. Armoury Row continued to exist in the western part of King Square until the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was annexed by the Russian Empire. In the 1800s, various government buildings began to appear around King Square, and therefore Armoury Row was moved a few hundred meters to the south, where it existed until the first quarter of the 20th century. The study of the history of Tiflis Armoury Row allows us to supplement modern views on arms production in the Transcaucasia in the 17th-20th centuries.

Background: Ikat weavers work manually and non-stop for a long duration of time, which increases the risk of occupational diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Ikat weaving craftsmen perform work manually and non-stop for a long duration of time which generates occupational diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study aimed to determine the analysis of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among ikat weavers in Langa Bajawa. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study were conducted from August to September 2022 among ikat weaving craftsmen in Langa Bajawa region, Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara. A total of 38 subjects were included in this study. The dependent variable was complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The independent variables were age, working period, duration of work, body posture, work-load, repetitive activity, stretching, and back rest. The data were collected with study questionnaires, Nordic Body Map questionnaires, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) questionnaires, and observations. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: Age >35 years (OR= 1.07; 95% CI= 1.07 to 17.79; p= 0.034), working period >10 years (OR= 3.85; 95% CI= 0.98 to 15.12; p= 0.049), posture with RULA score >4 (OR= 5.66; 95% CI= 1.36 to 23.46; p= 0.013), working hours >8 hours/day (OR= 10.5; 95% CI= 2.16 to 51.42; p= 0.002), repetitive activity (OR= 11.55; 95% CI= 2.41 to 55.39; p= 0.001), rarely stretching (OR= 0.04; 95% CI= 0.00 to 0.27; p< 0.001), and not having a backrest (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.44; p= 0.001) had a significant effect on complaints of musculoskeletal disorder in ikat weaving craftsmen. Meanwhile, the workload of a person who has a pulse of (> 125 BPM) affected the complaints of MSDs, however, it was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Age >35 years, working period >10 years, posture with a RULA score of >4, working hours >8 hours/day, repetitive activities, rarely stretching, not having a backrest, and the workload of a person with a pulse rate (> 125 BPM) affect complaints of musculoskeletal disorder in ikat weaving craftsmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the regional characteristics of Tosa Province at the end of the 16th century were clarified from the industrial perspective, by mapping the locations and distribution of craftsmen residential sites, analyzed from the Chosokabe Cadastral Books. In the past, geographical research aimed at clarifying regional characteristics on a scale within daimyo territories up to the Shokuho period was conducted only from the three perspectives of control, towns and cities, and flow. Therefore, I proposed a new perspective that clarifies the regional characteristics from the distribution of the industry at that time, by exhaustively and quantitatively mapping the distribution of craftsmen of several professions in an area. As a result of the analysis, in addition to the characteristics of each occupation and region, the structure of Tosa Province was clarified, showing that the center of politics, culture, and handicrafts was in the Kochi Plain, wood-related industries and shipbuilding industries were actively carried out in the coastal areas, and products were transported through coastal routes. In addition, a comparison with the distribution of towns and cities revealed that craftsmen did not necessarily live there. It is presumed that craftsmen chose to live in locations that were suitable for their livelihoods, from the viewpoint of obtaining and processing raw materials, collaborating with other craftsmen, and shipping products. Although this is just one example, the results of this paper will be useful in future comparisons and examinations of the distribution of craftsmen and regional characteristics within other daimyo territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jangwa Pana is the property of Revista Jangwa Pana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the utilization of a work-based learning program (WBL) to develop the employability skills of craftsmen in the construction industry towards industrial development. Also, it determines the influence of WBL on employability skills of craftsmen challenges militating against effective utilization of WBL, and strategies/techniques for improving utilization of WBL to develop competency and employability skills of craftsmen in construction industries. A descriptive survey research design was used and data was obtained using a structured questionnaire known as the Employability Skill Inventory Checklist. 95 site managers in construction industries and technical instructors in private vocational centers/colleges in Lagos State participated in the study. The analysis was carried out using SPSS version 16.0 for data computation. Mean was used to answer three research questions. Findings revealed that WBL enhances the employability potential of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) graduates by promoting their soft skills, technical and vocational skills. Challenges against the utilization of WBL include; activities related to WBL programs that do not fit neatly into traditional school and lack healthy collaboration between TVET and industry. Also, recommended techniques/strategies for WBL include maintaining frequent communication between parents and teachers, producing regular reports that track each student’s progress; skill, knowledge, and attitude should be derived from work undertaken.

In comparison with other areas of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, the area of middle Podrinje had the highest population in Roman Ages. That led to the creation of different social strata. By analyzing the epigraphic and archaeological material, we try to answer the following questions: how did the Roman society look like and what was the social status of some social categories; in what position was the indigenous population compared to immigrants; what marks were left behind by the merchants, craftsmen,miners, and slaves?

Objective: This paper aims to explore how a relational collaboration process is formed among bag and suitcase craftsmen in an Industrial Village in Indonesia. Design/Methods/Approach: The study is a qualitative case study formulated from nine informants interviewed with different roles, from the initiators, actors, and community leaders to local government agencies. Information collected is analyzed using the Gioia method with the three stages of analysis: concepts, themes, and dimensions. Findings: Different from previous research, which stated that three perspectives of the interaction form of the dynamics of business competition, namely rivalry, competitive-cooperation, and relational, can only be manifested mutual-exclusively according to a certain cultural context, this study finds that those perspectives can be manifested as an evolutionary stage. which we label as "relational-collaboration. “Collaboration is an inseparable process following dynamic changes and adjusting the challenges and opportunities in each competitive interaction change. The changing evolution processes begin from rivalry competition to competitive cooperation and turn again into relational collaboration. Rivalry interaction through price wars has had a negative impact on all craftsmen and even on their social environment. The emergence of an awareness of the price-war impact made a small number of craftsmen initiate to work together through the formation of a cooperative to support their capital business. Although initially, only a few craftsmen became members, the commitment of the initiator members led other craftsmen to join in. This process continues to grow until the formation of relational collaboration among craftsmen in response to orders in large quantities within and outside the country. Originality: Limited study found to discuss how relational collaboration is formed, especially those focusing on the business cluster. This study expects to fill the gap by exploring the empirical aspect of forming relational collaboration among competitors.

This article aims to investigate the technical conditions of textile production in the city of Murcia during the late Middle Ages in order to account for the specific conditions that allow the development of capitalist relations of production. In contrast to the traditional image of the isolated craftsman who, in his workshop, has the conditions to carry out the entire production process, we will show a fragmented production chain, made up of a large number of different operations, carried out by workers with different levels of qualification. As we will show, such fragmentation of the productive process constitutes the material foundation that allows the performance of capitalist accumulators who, acting as Verlegers, coordinate and unite the operations of the artisans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de Historia de España is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Applying a complete sorting technique is essential for the empowerment of cococraft craftsmen. However, complete sorting is often overlooked. Mixed products make the price the same. The research objective is focused on studying the benefits of applying complete sorting techniques to the empowerment of cococraft craftsmen. The research location is a cococraft production center located in Purbalingga Wetan, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The types of research data are primary and secondary. The research method is a descriptive case study with a qualitative-quantitative approach. The results showed that most respondents simply sorted raw materials, shapes, and sizes. Few respondents did complete sorting. Complete sorting is beneficial in increasing the respondent's ability to group products according to quality, estimate the right price, reduce price cuts, increase service, speed up sales time, expand marketing, guarantee customer markets, ease of marketing, inflation, increased mutual trust, establish business cooperation and social relations. The price of cococraft with the whole sort is higher, thus increasing revenue. Complete sorting includes selecting raw materials, shape, size, organ integrity, physical strength, color, texture pattern, surface smoothness, production status, durability, and practical benefits. The application of complete sorting techniques needs to be continuously diffused to craftsmen so they can obtain various functional benefits that support empowerment. Critical diffusion comprises regular consultative advocacy facilities between experienced craftsmen and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the main technology research and development country in the world’s bamboo industry, as well as the main producer and exporter of bamboo products. It ranks at the international leading level in terms of bamboo forest area, stock volume, bamboo product output and scientific research level. However, through literature review, it is found that the development of bamboo products in the modern social environment still faces many challenges. The author searched the keyword “bamboo product design” through CNKI and SCOPUS database systems, and initially retrieved 562 literatures. According to the screening criteria “Bamboo Product Design Status and Strategies”, and excluding redundant and repetitive studies, 76 papers were finally screened and identified. The author uses the A-type graphical tool of the KJ method to combine, classify and analyze the keywords in the “problem” literature, and use the relationship between these materials to organically combine and summarize these facts. It is found that there is a gap in capability between bamboo product designers and craftsmen. What is the gap between them? How to narrow the gap between them and improve their design capability? This is the research question of this study. To a certain extent, it is one of the key factors for the insufficient design innovation of bamboo products and the inability to meet consumer demands. Therefore, this study constructs a strategic framework of five capability dimensions by reviewing the literature on design capability management, combining product design standards and design capability demand theory, and incorporating the unique relevant factors of bamboo product design. The framework aims to improve the knowledge system and professional capability of craftsmen and designers to enhance the diversification and innovation of bamboo products, help the bamboo industry to clarify the market positioning of products, and meet people’s needs for bamboo products in modern life.

Copyright of Kronika is the property of Kronika, Casopis za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This participatory action study is aimed at identifying the adaptation level of traditional batik craftsmen in developing batik motif designs using jBatik software technology. The research participants consist of 10 traditional batik craftsmen, three from the innovators group and seven from the adopters group located in Kerek District, Tuban Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The application of jBatik technology will be carried out using the Diffusion of Innovation theory which divides the process stages into 5, namely the knowledge stage, persuasion stage, decision stage, implementation stage, and confirmation stage. The results of the theory application resulted in 4 things. First the knowledge about various social system variables and the characteristics of the innovation recipients. Second, the design of the communication model to include knowledge about the innovation of batik motif design as a result of the JBatik software. Third, the results of the simulation of the application of batik motif designs produced by the jBatik software with craftsmen. Fourth, validation of the simulation results of the application of batik motif design innovations by craftsmen by people who had the ability to measure the level of absorption of innovation, so that the level of adaptation of traditional craftsmen to the technological challenges of the jbatik device could be identified. This study contributes to determining the level of knowledge and basic skills possessed by traditional batik craftsmen to serve as a starting point in deciding innovation strategies to be solutions that can be implemented by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the regeneration of endek weaving craftsmen in Klungkung, Bali. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. The research location is in Klungkung, Bali. The technique of collecting data through interviews was conducted on four groups of informants, namely business owners, craftsmen, children of craftsmen, and community leaders. The data analysis technique used is the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, namely: data reduction, data display, and verification. The results showed that regeneration attempts have not yet been successful due to several factors, including: 1) the younger generation’s lack of interest in weaving, 2) the number of promising job alternatives, and 3) the lack of love and pride in the younger generation for endek woven fabric products. The regeneration process functions through outreach carried out by networks of family, friends, and neighbors. Keywords: regeneration, socialization, weaving Mengungkap Regenerasi Pengrajin Tenun Endek di Bali Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui regenerasi pengrajin tenun endek di Klungkung, Bali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Lokasi penelitian berada di Klungkung, Bali. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dilakukan terhadap empat kelompok informan yaitu pemilik usaha, pengrajin, anak pengrajin, dan tokoh masyarakat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah model interaktif Miles dan Huberman yaitu: reduksi data, display data, dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa upaya regenerasi belum berhasil karena beberapa faktor, antara lain: 1) kurangnya minat generasi muda dalam menenun, 2) banyaknya alternatif pekerjaan yang menjanjikan, dan 3) kurangnya rasa cinta dan bangga pada yang lebih muda. generasi untuk produk kain tenun endek. Proses regenerasi berfungsi melalui sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh jaringan keluarga, teman, dan tetangga. Kata kunci: regenerasi, sosialisasi, tenun

The main aim of the proposed paper is to reveal the interrelationship between migration and labour during the 19th century. Bulgarian migrants' experience in the Danubian Principalities/Romania has been used as a laboratory for different kind of research analyses. The current paper pays attention to different kinds of migrations (seasonal, border, temporary and permanent migrations) and migrant-labourers (merchant-entrepreneurs, craftsmen, unskilled labourers, peasants, market-gardeners). It looks into the reasons for migration and the patterns of migration and settlement, while presenting the main occupations of the settlers. It sheds light on the policy of the authorities regarding the migrants. In doing so, the research is based on concepts and methods coming from migration theory and history, economic/business and social history (labour history). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to explore how a relational collaboration process is formed among bag and suitcase craftsmen in an Industrial Village in Indonesia. Design/Methods/Approach: The study is a qualitative case study formulated from nine informants interviewed with different roles, from the initiators, actors, and community leaders to local government agencies. Information collected is analyzed using the Gioia method with the three stages of analysis: concepts, themes, and dimensions. Findings: Different from previous research, which stated that three perspectives of the interaction form of the dynamics of business competition, namely rivalry, competitive-cooperation, and relational, can only be manifested mutual-exclusively according to a certain cultural context, this study finds that those perspectives can be manifested as an evolutionary stage. which we label as "relational-collaboration. "Collaboration is an inseparable process following dynamic changes and adjusting the challenges and opportunities in each competitive interaction change. The changing evolution processes begin from rivalry competition to competitive cooperation and turn again into relational collaboration. Rivalry interaction through price wars has had a negative impact on all craftsmen and even on their social environment. The emergence of an awareness of the price-war impact made a small number of craftsmen initiate to work together through the formation of a cooperative to support their capital business. Although initially, only a few craftsmen became members, the commitment of the initiator members led other craftsmen to join in. This process continues to grow until the formation of relational collaboration among craftsmen in response to orders in large quantities within and outside the country. Originality: Limited study found to discuss how relational collaboration is formed, especially those focusing on the business cluster. This study expects to fill the gap by exploring the empirical aspect of forming relational collaboration among competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craftsmen in post-Islamic Iran history have had a close relationship with religion and its custodians. Among the factors close connection of guilds to religion and its custodians, proximity to the physical space of the mosque and market place, providing effective support to groups and the influential religious scholars in society. Proximity of craftsmen to religious circles in cities consistently emphasized the role of religion in the economic and cultural relations of the pioneers. In such a way that caused the queuing based on the factor of religion among the artisans living in various neighborhoods of cities and led neighborhood conflicts based on religious differences. This has had some dire consequences, especially in the field of economics, for craftsmen. This study is going to answer the question of what was the role of religious conflict in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen in the fourth and fifth centuries. The results of this study show that sectarian disputes in Baghdad due to the market fires, killing of skilled artisans, looting shops and craftsmen's property caused economic weakness of craftsmen. This research aims to analyse historical data through a descriptive-analytical method to indicate the role of religious conflicts in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen through the Fourth and Fifth centuries.

Book review, Daniela Tănase, Craftsmen and Jewelers in the Middle and Lower Danube Region (6th to 7th Centuries), BRILL: Leiden/Boston, 2021, 406 pag. done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ

Since 1 January 2020 it is prohibited to build other than nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) in the EU countries. This introduces more stringent requirements on all professions from architects to crafts. The construction of new buildings brings higher demand for technology but also for life-long education. The information and knowledge we learned at school is hardly sufficient today, therefore CraftEdu project introduced now qualification and training scheme for nZEB. Due to the restrictions in 2020-2021 the education for the craftspeople was transformed into the fully electronic way. The goal of the paper is to introduce new method and approaches of e-learning we used in four countries. Education courses for eight selected crafts were prepared for the winter and autumn 2021. Most of them did not take place in classrooms but were performed online, using online training platform, video content, mock-ups, or a webinar form. Even in the category of craftspeople there is significant demand for e-learning courses. This significantly increased the interactivity and attractiveness of the training courses. The courses took place in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Bulgaria and Austria. The e-learning showed possibility of upscaling of the training process.

Commercial curses indicating an occupation, business, profit, workshops or shops, or targeting individuals identified by a trade number about sixty; most come from Greece and date to the fifth to third century bce. That the texts concern rivalries or conflicts between tradesmen has been the prevailing opinion, though ambiguity in curses that include multiple targets (sometimes with different trades) or family members have led some to maintain that competition may not explain commercial curses best, and instead suggest that the tablets reflect attempts to deal with risk or uncertainty arising from a range of social, legal, or political contexts. Though a steady stream of scholarship detailing economic activity, particularly at non-elite levels, has rightly reoriented the debate about the nature and scale of the ancient economy, and the strategies that craftsmen, merchants, and others engaged in commerce employed to mitigate concerns about risk and competition, the contribution of commercial curses, spells, and oracles has not been a part of the conversation. The curse tablets help further refine our understanding of the ancient economy because of what they reveal about concerns related to competitors, profit, and reputation, and the methods the practitioners used to hinder opponents. Rather than being at odds with commercial competition, those methods which target multiple craftsmen, their families, and others besides workshops, skills, and profit align with strategies of collaboration among ancient craftsmen and merchants and their reliance on social capital, described as social networks and notions of trust, reputation, and the shared norms that supported them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Master mark is one of the main basics for the correct attribution of the European armour. However, on studying the armour suits, manufactured before the second half of the 15th century, scholars are inevitably faced with the problem that no country saving Italy practiced armour marking in that time. The aim of the article is to point out and trace the origin of armour marking outside of Italy, and it can be rightfully considered as a turning point in the history of the European armour manufacturing. The author describes the backstory of existence and interconnections of Italian and German gunsmith schools in the 15th century. On the grounds of the analysis of armour suits, made in the German-speaking lands, he proposes a thesis that the practice of armour marking in the German dukedoms started earlier than in 1460-ies, and this fact supplements the sight presented by Allan Williams. The origin of armour marking practice in the German-speaking lands is naturally and inseparably connected with the technology of iron production and processing due to using high furnaces and water streams. In this vein an Innsbruck master of Italian origin Conrad Treyz the Elder comes to the carpet, as it was he who introduced technological innovations to the German armour manufacturing. Analyzing primary sources, the author links the role of Innsbruck as a lading gunsmith center of that time with the development of iron production technology and the emergence of armour marking practice. At the end of the article A. Bogdanov states that from the middle of the 15th century on in Innsbruck under the duke patronage the work houses and set of craftsmen capable to manufacture high quality armour comparable in their properties with the Italian pieces had appeared. The location of manufacture was probably determined by the felt-need of water energy appliance both for polishing mills and hammers and for the production of high quality metal itself. Thus, the combination of the patronage, nature factors, and adopted Italian hardening technology in Innsbruck laid the basis for the emergence of marked armour, produced of high quality metal in the German-speaking lands.

Entrepreneurship-based business management for doormats craftsmen in Panggungduwet Village. The number of craftsmen who participated in the PKM program was 10 people. PKM collaborates with the Panggungduwet Village government and the Faculty of Management, Ciputra University. Craftsmen problems: (1) Doormats business without innovation; (2) The conventional sales system; (3) The doormat business generates low income (less than 1 million/month); (4) Doormats craftsmen without entrepreneurship-based business management knowledge; (5) Doormats craftsmen are afraid to sell products through an online sales system; (6) The character of the craftsmen did not believe in himself. PKM goals: improve the quality of human resources from craftsmen, business management and reduce the number of poor people in Panggungduwet Village. The PKM activity methods consist of: Business Model Canvas analysis, business management innovation, and business evaluation. PKM Results: (1) Innovation of the entrepreneurship-based doormat business management system by developing customer relationships; (2) Marketing media innovation with social media; (3) Creating jobs for 20 people in Panggungduwet Village who become doormats craftsmen; (4) Increasing 15% income craftsmen; (5) Increase the understanding of craftsmen on the concept of entrepreneurship; (6) Increased self-confidence of craftsmen in running business operations and executing product sales with an online system. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/abdimas.v5i3.4201

Annexation of the Punjab by the British in 1849 brought about major modifications to the local visual culture. Expecting Indian crafts to remain frozen in time (for several reasons), the colonial administrators and art critics disapproved the changes employed by the craftsmen in their wares to cater to the new ruling class. Among the corrective measures adopted by the government to revive the ‘dying’ Indian art and craft, art schools were set up and surveys were conducted to publish illustrated monographs on individual crafts bringing once strictly guarded trade secrets out in the public. By the late nineteenth century, the ‘native craftsmen’ or mistrīs themselves emerged as authors of illustrated craft manuals carrying instructions in all three important vernaculars, Gurmukhi, Urdu and Sanskrit mixed with some English terms and designs. The most interesting among these publications are a few woodcarver’s manuals that laboriously enumerate a wide range of geometric designs for both architecture and furniture. Each shape, its construction methods and titles are given in an interesting mix of the three vernaculars. These terms were also mentioned by John Lockwood Kipling, the first Principal of the Mayo School of Industrial Art (1876-1893) in his essay on wood carving but abandoned by the time Percy Brown (1897-1909) took over. Except for some, today most of these terms and construction methods are unknown even to the traditional craftsmen of the Punjab. This paper aims to trace the history of traditional geometrical patterns going as far back as Mughal times (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries), their references in manuals published by local craftsmen during the colonial rule and the role of British art educators on social memory.