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The use of cow urine (CU) in treating a variety of illness can be traced back to ancient ages. It has been referred as an important and integral component of Cowpathy – an age-old practice in Indian sub-continent since the Vedic period (1500 BC – 600 BC). The CU contains several important compounds that are essential in maintaining a balance between the well-being of human and the nature. It is composed of about 95 % water and other useful ingredients such as urea, hormones, lyase enzyme, and salts containing Fe, Ca, P, Mn, S, N, and K. In addition, it also contains lactose, cytokine, and amino acid which are the fundamental building blocks of protein. Researchers have developed various processes for the green synthesis of CU concentrate and evaluated its usefulness in treating various diseases owing to its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Further, CU has also shown promising immunity boosting and anti-oxidant characteristics. Even though human civilization has benefited from the use of CU in treating various types illness but the modern scientific understanding of the cause-effect relationships was partly developed in the last few decades. There exists a huge knowledge gap and a comprehensive study on exploring the science and application of CU hasn't been reported. This paper reviews the historical perspective, compositional analysis, processing, applications, knowledge gap, and future research required in the field of therapeutic usage of CU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forecasted global population growth is poised to create a greater exigency for livestock-derived food production, leading to a significant waste generation from the industrial-scale livestock operations, which necessitates to develop sustainable waste management solutions. The heightened demand for livestock and dairy products has driven a surge in cow waste (CW) production. While CW is typically used as organic fertilizer or solid fuel, improper disposal poses potential environmental hazards. Anaerobic digestion and composting transform CW into valuable products, such as biofuels and organic fertilizers, with the potential for electricity and heat generation, biochar production, and advanced friction materials. The CW contains essential inorganic and organic compounds vital for plant functions, including lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen, and minerals such as potassium, sulfur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt, and manganese. Additionally, the rich microbial diversity in cow dung drives the production of bioenergy carriers like biomethane and biohydrogen, promoting cost-effective energy generation and environmental sustainability. This review employs bibliometric analysis to explore the latest trends in CW applications, with a particular focus on innovative applications such as cellulose extraction, biochar production, microbial fuel cells, and nanoparticle synthesis. It further evaluates the environmental impacts of these technologies and assesses their potential to advance sustainable and cleaner frontiers in the valorization of CW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe unique challenges posed by semi-arid climates, including soil nutrient limitations and organic matter decline, underscore the importance of effective nutrient and organic substance management to ensure optimal yields, quality, and environmental sustainability. A field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during two succeeding years, 2020–21 and 2021–22, to identify optimal nutrient management strategies of different plant nutrients and organic substances on growth, flowering, quality, and yield attributes of the “Anna” apple cultivar. The experiment consisted of nineteen treatments in an RBD system. The plant growth parameters [leaf area (33.64 cm2) and trunk girth (13.16 cm)] when applied 2.0% Urea (N) + 15% Cow urine-T12. Whereas, the number of flower buds (232.83/m2) and flowering duration (39.00 days) were found better with T6. Similarly, [fruit volume (158.95 cm3), number of fruit (63.33/tree) and fruit drop (70.54%)] and [TSS: acid ratio (22.60), reducing sugars (7.17%), non-reducing sugars (2.83%), total protein (0.97 g 100 g−1), starch index (3.59)] were superior with the application of treatment T6. Higher content of boron (80.09 ppm) was estimated in treatment T6, zinc (24.69 ppm) in T9, iron (134.67 ppm) in T1, and manganese (59.94 ppm) in T12 during the experimentation. Therefore, it was concluded that treatment T12 was most effective for enhancing plant growth while treatment T6 was found superior for flowering, high yield, and quality of apple cv. Anna fruit under semi-arid conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed priming is a crucial technique for enhancing the seedling performance. An experiment was conducted at Rampur, Chitwan, during the winter season of 2019 and 2020, to determine the effects of different seed priming agents on Rampur Hybrid 16 maize variety. The treatments included hydropriming, cow urine (10 ml/L), gibberellic acid (100 ppm), calcium chloride (20 g/L), zinc sulphate (10 g/L), potassium nitrate (10 g/L), and unprimed seeds (controls). The experiment was conducted in both field and laboratory conditions. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates and a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates were used in field and laboratory conditions respectively. Seeds were soaked for 16 hours under different treatments, shade-dried, and planted. The study evaluated germination percentage, root and shoot lengths, and Seedling Vigor Index in treated seeds using the towel method, finding cow urine and GA3 seed priming treatments most effective. Similarly, in the field hydropriming, cow urine, and GA3 seed priming treatments significantly increased the number of cobs harvested, and grain production in both years. Hydropriming and cow urine treatments obtained grain yields 7.63 t/ha and 7.54 t/ha in 2019, and 8.55 t/ha and 8.31 t/ha in 2020, respectively. Hydropriming and cow urine seed priming treatments enhanced days to 80% emergence, which is practical and affordable compared to GA3.

Background: Helminth infection occurs due to contact with contaminated soils and poor hygiene practices. Even though there is immense progression in human medicine, infections that occur due to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites persist as a crucial threat to public health. Over the years, many studies indicated cow urine has antimicrobial activity. Hence, this study looks into anthelminthic property of cow urine in Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp., eggs. Methods: The soil sample was collected at the riverside, near the toilet area and at the pond area at an aborigine village in Malaysia. Next, floatation technique was used to isolate the helminth eggs and it was identified using a light microscope. The cow urine was prepared as raw cow urine (RCU), evaporated raw cow urine diluted with distilled water (ERCUD), evaporation raw cow urine diluted with saline (ERCUS) and evaporated filtered cow urine diluted with saline (EFCUS). Results: From the soil samples, mainly two types of helminths were found which were Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Evaporated cow urine diluted with saline showed the most prominent result in the destruction of helminth eggs. Conclusion: Evaporated cow urine possesses biochemical agents that can be used in the future as anthelmintic agents whereby further studies can be made to explore more possibilities to use cow urine as a potential anthelmintic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is an important method for studying urinary proteomics, playing an important role in assessing changes in protein concentrations under different physiological conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the different proteins expressed in the urine of normal cycling, healthy cows. We attained the images from 2-DE of urinary proteins in cow urine. Then, we implemented and evaluated an image analysis protocol with 2D ImageMaster software. Using ImageMaster, different spots were identified. On two-dimensional electrophoresis gels, 40 protein spots from anionic fractions and 15 spots from the cationic fractions of urine were identified. These spots corresponded to a molecular weight (MW) of 10-113 kDa for anionic fractions, and a MW of 15-51 kDa in cationic fractions. There were 12 master spot features across both the gels. This dataset can serve as a foundation for further investigations into the functional roles of specific proteins and their implications in the biological system under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common vegetable crops in the world is the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L). Despite an increase in the area under tomato cultivation, production has not kept up. One of the most significant obstacles to the yield of tomato crops is the Alternaria pathogen. In this study, 11 Alternaria species were isolated from tomato leaves and identified using a morphological and molecular tool based on ITS regions of the rDNA sequences. Fe (iron) nanoparticles (NPs) were created in the current investigation utilizing cow urine. The surface morphology and synthesis of metal oxide functional groups were studied using Scanner electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Preliminary x-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that Fe nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure with a space group (P63mc) (FTIR). Cow urine, Fe nanoparticles, and their combination (CU+ FeNPs) were tested for their effectiveness in vitro and in vivo against the leaf spot pathogen The lethal action of FeNPs on leaf spot may be mediated by ROS, which plays a function in NPs by inhibiting A. alternata growth. In the future, the use of CU + FeNPs combination in crop production mainly to increased yield quality, and manage diseases should be promoted. As far as we know, this is the first attempt made to manage this important pathogen (leaf spot pathogen) in tomato plants using a combination of CU + FeNPs together under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fermented cow urine (cow bio urine) is used as an organic source of nutrients. This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of cow bio urine as the organic nutrient source on the growth and yield of vegetable crops in hydroponic systems.Method: Research was conducted in a greenhouse at the University Farm from November 2020 to January 2021 with a split plot in RCBD. The main plot consisted of 3 vegetables (bok choy, spinach, and water spinach). The subplot had 5 concentrations prepared by mixing cow bio urine with distilled water at C1: 10%, C2: 20%, C3: 30%, C4: 40%, and C5: 50%. These solutions were used as hydroponic nutrient solutions. All the treatment combinations were maintained in 4 replications.Results: Cow urine analysis before and after fermentation revealed an increase in nutrient content. The highest plant growth and yield were obtained in all three vegetables at the concentration of 50% cow bio urine. Maximum leaf number, leaf area, foliage dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, and foliage fresh weight were significantly higher in the above treatment. The highest foliage fresh weight was observed in treatments with 50% cow bio urine, with values of 57.02 g (bok choy), 54.97 g (spinach), and 26.29 g (water spinach).Conclusion: Cow bio urine could be effectively used as a hydroponic nutrient solution to grow organic vegetables. The regression showed that the optimal concentration of cow bio urine might be higher than the present levels.

The present study was undertaken to explore the antimicrobial potential of cow urine distillate (gomutra ark) against pathogenic microorganisms of medical and veterinary significance. Cow urine distillates (CUDs) were prepared from fresh cow urine of three Indian breeds viz. Sahiwal, Tharparkar, and Vrindavani. CUDs obtained from two goshalas and one commercially available CUD were also tested for antimicrobial activity for comparison. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CUD, antimicrobial activity of concentrated CUD, bacteriostatic and bactericidal potential as well as vapor phase activity were also determined. FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of the selected CUDs was performed to detect the surface functional groups and chemical composition. No antimicrobial activity was detected in the CUDs by disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. However, antimicrobial activity was observed in the microtitre Plate (MTP) assay as evidenced by inhibition of visible growth (turbidity) or measuring optical density (OD595). CUDs prepared from indigenous cows (Sahiwal and Tharparkar) exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared to CUDs from crossbred cows (Vrindavani) or commercial CUDs. In general, CUDs were bactericidal for Gram-negative bacteria but bacteriostatic for Gram-positive bacteria. The MIC of CUDs was found to be in the range of 1:4 to 1:8 dilution. The concentrated CUDs exhibited a relatively lesser antimicrobial effect. CUDs exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. CUDs also exhibited antimicrobial activity in the vapor phase. FT-IR spectra of selected CUDs exhibited bending vibrations at 1633.5 cm-1 due to N-H groups resembling N-H bonding in the structure of urea and stretching vibrations at 3330. 10 cm-1 due to C-H group. GC-MS analysis of selected CUDs exhibited many compounds that may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The results of the study confirm the antimicrobial potential of CUD as reported in ancient literature.

Phosphorus recovered from cow urine rich in nutrients serves as an alternative form of fertilizer when recovered as magnesium ammonium phosphate termed as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O). Extraction of struvite was investigated through bench scale experiments, and its yield was measured by surface spread method and plain sedimentation method. Magnesium (Mg): phosphorus (P) ratio of 5: 1 yielded 77.5 mg/L and 10 mg/L of struvite by surface spread method and plain sedimentation method, respectively. A 15-fold increase in phosphorus recovery was obtained through plain sedimentation method. The mean width and length of struvite crystals obtained from plain sedimentation method were 4.4 µm and 18.4 µm, respectively. Struvite crystal size decreased by 77.78% when the rate of mixing was increased from 40 to 120 rpm. SEM analysis depicted the needle-like and lath-shaped morphology of struvite crystals. EDS analysis revealed the presence of Ca2+ and Na+ ions, and the XRD results confirmed the co-precipitation of other magnesium phosphates such as bobierrite and newberyite and sequential precipitation of K-struvite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to explore the antimicrobial potential of cow urine distillate (gomutra ark) against pathogenic microorganisms of medical and veterinary significance. Cow urine distillates (CUDs) were prepared from fresh cow urine of three Indian breeds viz. Sahiwal, Tharparkar, and Vrindavani. CUDs obtained from two goshalas and one commercially available CUD were also tested for antimicrobial activity for comparison. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CUD, antimicrobial activity of concentrated CUD, bacteriostatic and bactericidal potential as well as vapor phase activity were also determined. FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of the selected CUDs was performed to detect the surface functional groups and chemical composition. No antimicrobial activity was detected in the CUDs by disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. However, antimicrobial activity was observed in the microtitre Plate (MTP) assay as evidenced by inhibition of visible growth (turbidity) or measuring optical density (OD595). CUDs prepared from indigenous cows (Sahiwal and Tharparkar) exhibited superior antimicrobial activity compared to CUDs from crossbred cows (Vrindavani) or commercial CUDs. In general, CUDs were bactericidal for Gram-negative bacteria but bacteriostatic for Gram-positive bacteria. The MIC of CUDs was found to be in the range of 1:4 to 1:8 dilution. The concentrated CUDs exhibited a relatively lesser antimicrobial effect. CUDs exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. CUDs also exhibited antimicrobial activity in the vapor phase. FT-IR spectra of selected CUDs exhibited bending vibrations at 1633.5 cm-1 due to N-H groups resembling N-H bonding in the structure of urea and stretching vibrations at 3330. 10 cm-1 due to C-H group. GC-MS analysis of selected CUDs exhibited many compounds that may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The results of the study confirm the antimicrobial potential of CUD as reported in ancient literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is an important plantation commodity as the main raw material for producing sugar consumed in Indonesia. One of the varieties cultivated is VMC 86-550, but one of the technical obstacles to its cultivation is the slow and non-uniform growth of the seeds. Therefore, one effort to maximize the growth of budset seed varieties requires proper nutrition and contains growth-promoting hormones. Therefore, this study aims to determine the response of giving liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from cow urine to the growth of VMC 86-550 sugarcane seedlings using the budset method. To find out the purpose, this study used a factorial randomized block design with a concentration factor of LOF of cow urine consisting of five levels (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The second factor is the application frequency which consists of once every 2 weeks and once every 4 weeks, so there were 10 treatments and repeated three times. This study used a completely randomized factorial design and was analyzed using ANOVA if there was a significant influence followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level using SPSS 20 software. Observation variables included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of tillers, and root length of sugarcane seedlings up to 90 HST. The results showed that the addition of cow urine LOF had an effect on the growth of sugarcane seedlings, both from the concentration and frequency of application, but the combination of the two did not have a significant effect on all observation variables.

Objective Cow urine possesses several bioactive properties but the responsible components behind these bioactivities are still far from identified. In our study, we tried to identify the possible components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by exploring the peptidome and metabolome. Methods We extracted peptides from the urine of Sahiwal cows belonging to three different physiological states viz heifer, lactation, and pregnant, each group consisting of 10 different animals. The peptides were extracted using the solid phase extraction technique followed by further extraction using ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was evaluated against different pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The safety of urinary aqueous extract was evaluated by hemolysis and cytotoxicity assay on the BuMEC cell line. The urinary peptides were further fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the fraction(s) containing the antimicrobial activity. The HPLC fractions and ethyl acetate extract were analyzed using nLC-MS/MS for the identification of the peptides and metabolites. Results A total of three fractions were identified with antimicrobial activity, and nLC-MS/MS analysis of fractions resulted in the identification of 511 sequences. While 46 compounds were identified in the metabolite profiling of organic extract. The urinary aqueous extract showed significant activity against E. coli as compared to S. aureus and S. agalactiae and was relatively safe against mammalian cells. Conclusion The antimicrobial activity of cow urine is a consequence of the feeding habit. The metabolites of plant origin with several bioactivities are eliminated through urine and are responsible for their antimicrobial nature. Secondly, the plethora of peptides generated from the activity of endogenous proteases on protein shed from different parts of tissues also find their way to urine. Some of these sequences possess antimicrobial activity due to their amino acid composition.

Abstract Biosynthesis of nanoparticles and their use to harvest agricultural products are a brilliant approach for vegetables and crops with large cultivation areas. Phytophthora, an oomycete, is one of the most serious challenges to tomato crop productivity. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been synthesized using cow urine. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the hexagonal structure, and symmetry of ZnO NPs have a space group (P63mc). SEM and FTIR identified surface morphology and formation of metal oxide functional groups. A prominent absorption peak executes the electronic transitions from the valence band to the conduction band. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of ZnO NPs, cow urine, and the combination of (CU + ZnONPs) were checked against late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans). The role of ROS in ZnO NPs represents by a reduction in the growth inhibition of Phytophthora infestans and the cytotoxic effect of ZnO NPs mediated through ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fermented cow urine (cow bio urine) is used as an organic source of nutrients. This study aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of cow bio urine as the organic nutrient source on the growth and yield of vegetable crops in hydroponic systems. Method: Research was conducted in a greenhouse at the University Farm from November 2020 to January 2021 with a split plot in RCBD. The main plot consisted of 3 vegetables (bok choy, spinach, and water spinach). The subplot had 5 concentrations prepared by mixing cow bio urine with distilled water at C1: 10%, C2: 20%, C3: 30%, C4: 40%, and C5: 50%. These solutions were used as hydroponic nutrient solutions. All the treatment combinations were maintained in 4 replications. Results: Cow urine analysis before and after fermentation revealed an increase in nutrient content. The highest plant growth and yield were obtained in all three vegetables at the concentration of 50% cow bio urine. Maximum leaf number, leaf area, foliage dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, and foliage fresh weight were significantly higher in the above treatment. The highest foliage fresh weight was observed in treatments with 50% cow bio urine, with values of 57.02 g (bok choy), 54.97 g (spinach), and 26.29 g (water spinach). Conclusion: Cow bio urine could be effectively used as a hydroponic nutrient solution to grow organic vegetables. The regression showed that the optimal concentration of cow bio urine might be higher than the present levels [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen oxides are the most dangerous contaminants to human health and the atmosphere. The goal of this research work is to establish a feasible and promising approach for reducing NOx emissions from the exhaust pollutants of a diesel engine without any addition in fuel and impact on other pollutant emissions with cow urine as a catalyst. The experiments were conducted using a modified selective catalytic reduction application mounted on a single-cylinder diesel engine for water-based diesel exhaust with concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 ml at speeds of 800, 1600, and 2400 rpm for each sample. The response parameters such as NOx, CO, HC, CO2, smoke capacity, specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency were predicted employing the response surface method. Consequently, the maximum reduction of NOx was found to be 73.67% for cow urine having a concentration of 750 ml with 250 ml water tested under the speed of 800 rpm.

Cattle are usually raised for food, manure, leather, therapeutic, and draught purposes. Biowastes from cattle, such as dung and urine, harbor a diverse group of crucial compounds, metabolites/chemicals, and microorganisms that may benefit humans for agriculture, nutrition, therapeutics, industrial, and other utility products. Several bioactive compounds have been identified in cattle dung and urine, which possess unique properties and may vary based on agro-climatic zones and feeding practices. Therefore, cattle dung and urine have great significance, and a balanced nutritional diet may be a key to improved quality of these products/by-products. This review primarily focuses on the scientific aspects of biochemical and microbial characterization of cattle biowastes. Various methods including genomics for analyzing cattle dung and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for cattle urine have been reviewed. The presented information might open doors for the further characterization of cattle resources for heterogeneous applications in the production of utility items and addressing research gaps. Methods for cattle’s dung and urine characterization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cow urine possesses several bioactive properties but the responsible components behind these bioactivities are still far from identified. In our study, we tried to identify the possible components behind the antimicrobial activity of cow urine by exploring the peptidome and metabolome. Methods: We extracted peptides from the urine of Sahiwal cows belonging to three different physiological states viz heifer, lactation, and pregnant, each group consisting of 10 different animals. The peptides were extracted using the solid phase extraction technique followed by further extraction using ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract was evaluated against different pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The safety of urinary aqueous extract was evaluated by hemolysis and cytotoxicity assay on the BuMEC cell line. The urinary peptides were further fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify the fraction(s) containing the antimicrobial activity. The HPLC fractions and ethyl acetate extract were analyzed using nLC-MS/MS for the identification of the peptides and metabolites. Results: A total of three fractions were identified with antimicrobial activity, and nLC-MS/ MS analysis of fractions resulted in the identification of 511 sequences. While 46 compounds were identified in the metabolite profiling of organic extract. The urinary aqueous extract showed significant activity against E. coli as compared to S. aureus and S. agalactiae and was relatively safe against mammalian cells. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of cow urine is a consequence of the feeding habit. The metabolites of plant origin with several bioactivities are eliminated through urine and are responsible for their antimicrobial nature. Secondly, the plethora of peptides generated from the activity of endogenous proteases on protein shed from different parts of tissues also find their way to urine. Some of these sequences possess antimicrobial activity due to their amino acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased prevalence of disease, mortality, and antibiotic resistance among aquatic microorganisms has renewed interest in non-conventional disease prevention and control approaches. Nanoparticles present several benefits in aquaculture and hold significant potential for controlling both human and animal infections. This study reports on the antibacterial properties of green copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesized from the urine of Mithun (MU) (Bos frontalis). In addition, an array of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were employed to investigate the synthesized MU-CuO nanoparticles. Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii, two bacterial fish pathogens known to cause severe infectious diseases in fish, were tested for their antibacterial efficacy against MU-CuO NPs. At 100 µg/mL, MU-CuO NPs exhibit enhanced antibacterial efficacy against two bacterial pathogens commonly found in fish. Applications in aquaculture may be looked at given that MU-CuO NPs showed greater antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bos indicus for human welfare. Ayurveda classics "Sushruta Samhita", "Ashtanga Sangraha" alluded to the therapeutic potential of pristine cow urine as drug or drug ingredients. Compelling evidence exhibits the innumerable medicinal properties of cow urine; accordingly, this elixir can directly treat complex ailments such as leprosy, tuberculosis and fever. Also, the classics narrated many formulations that have utilized cow urine for the preparation of drugs, supplemented to enhance the potency. This practice is more empirical, and only a few pieces of experimental evidence supporting the claim are known. The associated mechanisms are poorly understood and so render its appeal to the limited mass. The study aims to investigate the bio-enhancer-like properties of cow urine toward network pharmacology. For that, 25 medicines having antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, enzyme inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory actions were selected as a reference. Network analysis for twenty chemotypes found in cow urine was carried out. First, through enrichment analysis, the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes and gene ontology terms were obtained. Second, we performed protein-protein interaction studies to screen more targets. Towards this, the drug-protein and cow urine-protein interaction networks are built separately and processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Katuk is a vegetable and biopharmaceutical plant, so it needs to be cultivated using environmentally friendly fertilizers, to produce products that are free from chemical residues. This study was aimed at assessing the agronomic performance of several accessions of katuk plants of Bogor origin at various compositions of N-organic fertilizer. A factorial completely randomized design with two factors was used. The first factor was katuk accessions consisting of Dramaga, Cinangneng1, Cinangneng2, and Katulampa. The second factor was N fertilizer compositions consisting of 100% Nurea, 100% N-cow urine, 100% N-MSC, 75% N-urea + 25% N-cow urine, 75% N-urea + 25% N-MSC, 50% N-urea + 50% N-cow urine, 50% N-urea + 50% N-MSC, 25% N-urea + 75% N-cow urine, 25% N-urea + 75% N-MSC, 0% Nurea + 0% N-cow urine + 0% N-MSC. Results showed that Katulampa katuk plants had the highest number of leaves, number of leaflets, fresh weight, dry weight, nitrate content, and total dissolved solid content. N fertilizer compositions gave significant effects on all growth and production parameters excluding stem diameter and number of leaflets. The use of 75% Ua + 25% Kp fertilizer composition significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, number of buds, total bud length, fresh weight, dry weight, nitrate content, and total dissolved solid content. The best quality katuk plants with the highest chlorophyll, carotene, and vitamin C contents were shown by Dramaga accession treated with 50% Urea + 50% cow urine and 50% Urea + 50% MSC, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen oxides are the most dangerous contaminants to human health and the atmosphere. The goal of this research work is to establish a feasible and promising approach for reducing NO x emissions from the exhaust pollutants of a diesel engine without any addition in fuel and impact on other pollutant emissions with cow urine as a catalyst. The experiments were conducted using a modified selective catalytic reduction application mounted on a single-cylinder diesel engine for water-based diesel exhaust with concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 ml at speeds of 800, 1600, and 2400 rpm for each sample. The response parameters such as NO x , CO, HC, CO 2 , smoke capacity, specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency were predicted employing the response surface method. Consequently, the maximum reduction of NO x was found to be 73.67% for cow urine having a concentration of 750 ml with 250 ml water tested under the speed of 800 rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow urine shows a synergistic effect with various naturally occurring oils and herbs. In this study, we analyzed how the antibacterial activity of cow urine gets enhanced in the presence of essential oils. The observations suggested that 0.5% or 1% essential oil in combination with cow urine makes cow urine activity better than raw cow urine. Essential oils contain active components and phenolic-like compounds as active ingredients that enhance their antibacterial properties. These active components degrade the bacterial cell wall and inhibit bacterial survival in the oil's environment. A total of 15 samples were prepared from cow urine (CU+0.5% E.O. and CU+1% E.O.). The mixture of cow urine and essential oils were processed and shows better activities than raw cow urine. The activity of all these samples is because of phenolic groups present in cow urine and essential oils. The activity is carried out by agar well diffusion technique against various bacterial isolates and the zone of inhibition was measured in mm. The essential oils of Ginger, Spearmint, Star anise, and Clove were found highly effective in the presence of Cow Urine against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. It has been concluded from the present study that the (treated) cow urine enhances the activity of essential oils and showed a synergistic effect against the bacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out on a split-plot design with two uneven controls, viz. four foliar concentrations of cow urine, and jeevamrutha under natural farming which were compared with Organic farming (OF), and Recommended package of practices (RPP) given by University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (UASD). The treatments were replicated thrice. The study found that the UASD RPP recorded significantly higher grain yield, straw yield, gross return, net return, and B:C ratio than OF and natural farming practices. The grain yield reduction in the best treatment (cow urine @50% + jeevamrutha @100%) was 16% lesser than RPP, and 2% higher than OF. However, the cost of cultivation in natural farming with cow urine @50% + jeevamrutha @100% was lesser to the extent of 6.91 and 30.42% than UASD RPP and OF. Hence, the study indicates that irrigated wheat can be grown under UASD RPP followed by natural farming treatment more profitably.

The feeding inhibition and oviposition deterrent activity of natural products were evaluated under laboratory conditions against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Mite feeding specks in the treatments varied from 61.3 to 428 at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 40%. Darekastra and fermented buttermilk outperformed others to result in reduced number of feeding specks with increase in concentration. The feeding inhibition index for all the products was negative suggesting that these have varied level of inhibition. Cow urine, Darekastra, fermented buttermilk and Tamarlassi were found to effectively reduce the oviposition by mite. The oviposition deterrence index exhibited both attractiveness and repellent activity of natural products. Cow urine, Darekastra and fermented buttermilk proved as potent acaricides against T. urticae under both the deterrence parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of inorganic fertilizers (100% RDF) with foliar application of 100% concentration of cow urine as organic source of nutrients enhanced growth and yield parameters of wheat. Hence, cow urine application with variable RDF levels could be an effective combination as integrated nutrient management tool for enhancing yields of field crops.

The increased prevalence of disease, mortality, and antibiotic resistance among aquatic microorganisms has renewed interest in non-conventional disease prevention and control approaches. Nanoparticles present several benefits in aquaculture and hold significant potential for controlling both human and animal infections. This study reports on the antibacterial properties of green copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesized from the urine of Mithun (MU) (Bos frontalis). In addition, an array of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were employed to investigate the synthesized MU-CuO nanoparticles. Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii, two bacterial fish pathogens known to cause severe infectious diseases in fish, were tested for their antibacterial efficacy against MU-CuO NPs. At 100 µg/mL, MU-CuO NPs exhibit enhanced antibacterial efficacy against two bacterial pathogens commonly found in fish. Applications in aquaculture may be looked at given that MU-CuO NPs showed greater antibacterial activity.

The presence of ammonium content in cow urine waste damages the aquatic ecosystem due to its toxicity. Ammonium content can be reduced by removing it through struvite crystallization. In this study, struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) was formed from the reaction of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate compounds using a bulkhead reactor. The rate of air moving the solution in the reactor causes ammonium to react with reactants to form struvite. This research was conducted with M : A : P (magnesium ammonium phosphate) molar ratio solution is 3 : 1 : 1 and 0,4 L/min air flow rate with MAP flow rate variation of 8,8; 11; 14,67; 22; 44 ml/min and a temperature variation of 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 ̊C to decrease ammonium content. The faster the MAP flow rate, the lower the ammonium removal efficiency. The efficiency of ammonium removal will increase with increasing temperature. The best results obtained in this study were ammonium removal in the waste of 77.97%. The result of x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) is the crystals tested was a struvite with elongated or rod shape. EDAX analysis gave the percentage of components in struvite, namely 14.28% Mg, 10.68% N, and 18.19% P.

Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium are the three major nutrients required for healthy plant growth. Cow urine contains significant amount of Nitrogen and Potassium. The recent research show that only 20% of nitrogenous material consumed by cattle is absorbed remaining 80% excreted in urine and dung. This study shows that the fertilizer grade urea synthesized from cow urine by standard procedure and characterized by FT-IR for functional group determination. The presence of urea in the sample was confirmed by Biuret test. This study gives a ample scope to the farmers to increases the soil fertility and better yield of agricultural products. The percentage of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen in synthesized urea was determined by the chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, green syntheses have received crucial attention as a reliable, developing and eco-benevolent protocol for synthesizing a broad range of nanomaterials (NMs) including metal/metal oxides NMs, bio-inspired materials and hybrid/composite NMs. As such, biogenic synthesis is regarded as a significant tool to mitigate the destructive impacts associated with the conventional approaches of synthesis for NMs generally utilized in industry and laboratory. In this review, we summed up the general protocols and mechanisms of green synthesis routes, especially for silver (Ag), silver oxide (Ag2O), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), copper ferrite (CuFe2O4), palladium (Pd), aceprophyline, cellulose and graphene nanomaterials/nanoparticles using cow urine. Importantly, we explored the main role of biological constituents which is existed in cow urine. These essential biomolecules act as reducing/stabilizing agents in solvent systems. The stability, phase formation and surface morphology of NMs using characterization techniques are also discussed. Finally, we covered the eclectic applications of such synthesized NMs in terms of anti-asthma, antimicrobial, antituberculosis, antioxidant, anticancer activity, catalytic activity and removal of pollutants dyes.