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The occurrence of algal blooms has increased in both extent and frequency worldwide. However, it can become an effective alternative for wastewater treatment (WWT). It is important to note that conventional processes used in WWT facilities are mostly inefficient in removing high loads of nutrients. In this regard, the utilization of microalgae, such as Chlorella spp., emerges as an economically viable alternative that allows for effective removal of nutrients and ensures the production of an effluent that complies with permissible discharge limits to water bodies. Additionally, the biomass formed from microalgae treatment can be used as biofuels. This work describes the use of microalgae as a convenient and cost-effective biological process for the removal of nutrients and organic matter, even allowing for energy recovery through biomass valorization. Thus, the use of microalgae is proposed as a solution to water pollution with high nutrient loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El desarrollo de las ciudades radicadas en la costa atlántica patagónica, tanto la vida diaria como las actividades económicas, pueden aportar sustancias potencialmente capaces de alterar la vida acuática. Entre ellas, se pueden mencionar fármacos, hormonas, drogas ilícitas, bactericidas, plaguicidas y pesticidas. Estos compuestos, denominados contaminantes emergentes, actualmente no se encuentran reguladas a pesar de que sus efectos son potencialmente nocivos para el hombre y el ambiente acuático. Los estudios referidos a los productos de degradación muestran que pueden ser más tóxicos que los compuestos originales. En los últimos años, se han propuesto procesos de oxidación fotoquímicos como alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas. Los procesos de oxidación avanzada (POAs) se emplean en el tratamiento terciario de aguas, tanto para eliminar compuestos difícilmente biodegradables como para disminuir la contaminación microbiológica. En este proyecto, para la aplicación de estos procesos se diseñó y construyó un foto-reactor del tipo Bach empleando LEDs para su iluminación artificial. Los resultados que se obtuvieron con algunas metodologías para la determinación de parámetros cinéticos en reacciones de fotodegradación sensibilizada a esta escala se compararon con los obtenidos a escala laboratorio. Se seleccionó como compuesto de estudio 3 hidroxipiridina (3-OHP), sustrato muy conocido por nuestro grupo de investigación. Asimismo, se trabajó en la puesta a punto de técnicas que permitan analizar la toxicidad del efluente tratado. Los resultados son promisorios, se pudieron detectar algunas diferencias significativas al trabajar en esta escala superior a la de laboratorio.

Los contaminantes emergentes son sustancias que en los últimos años han venido siendo identificados y cuantificados con mayor frecuencia en distintos tipos de agua; esto, asociado con el impacto ambiental, ecológico y de salud pública que generan. Se caracterizan por estar en bajas concentraciones, lo cual provoca que su detección sea costosa y especializada. Es por ello que en los países desarrollados existen programas de monitoreo y seguimiento, mientras que en países Latinoamericanos recién se empiezan a detectar sin una programación o frecuencia definida. El presente artículo presenta el diseño y la aplicación de una herramienta computacional denominada plugin CE, la cual es un plugin del software QGIS, escrito en código Python; dicha herramienta pretende ser un soporte técnico para la determinación de contaminantes emergentes en sectores industriales mediante una identificación asociada con el tipo de sector empresarial y el procesos productivo que se llevan a cabo, al mismo tiempo tiene la capacidad de enlazarse con el catastro de redes sanitarias e identificar posibles puntos de muestreo. Como resultado del plugin se encuentra una guía paso a paso para su uso y un caso de estudio llevado a cabo en la ciudad de Bogotá.

Plastic has become very popular in recent years due to its durability and properties. Despite its many advantages, humanity has developed a certain dependence on this material, which represents an increase in its use and in turn, in waste. One of the most widely used plastic polymers is the polystyrene (PS), as is used in a wide range of applications due to its low cost and easy production, although after the useful life of the plastic, it is considered as waste. When plastic is exposure to atmospheric conditions such as UV radiation, it degrades and fragments giving rise to microplastics (MPs), which are defined as small particles that do not exceed 5 mm, representing a threat to the environment because when they degrade the properties decay, a dimensional change is generated and they can also be easily transported not only to the environment but also to organisms. This review article focuses on highlighting the main pathways that MPs follow when interacting with humans and the potential effects of PS-MPs on the cytoskeleton, as well as highlighting the need for more studies in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Son muchos los desafíos asociados a los microplásticos (MPs), destacando su presencia y efectos perjudiciales tanto en la salud humana como en el medio ambiente. Este trabajo presenta una posible solución propuesta por Captoplastic S.L (Captoplastic), una tecnología de captura y control de MPs en cualquier medio acuoso que se basa en la aglomeración y separación magnética de las partículas, logrando una alta eficacia de eliminación. También, se describe un método propio patentado por Captoplastic para el control de los MPs en cualquier muestra de agua, abordando las limitaciones actuales en las técnicas analíticas existentes, como el análisis en muestras complejas. Este estudio también determina la presencia y concentración de MPs en el vertido de una estación depuradora de agua residual urbana (EDAR). Se detalla la metodología utilizada, desde la preparación de muestras hasta los resultados experimentales, demostrando la efectividad del método en la detección y cuantificación de MPs en muestras reales de aguas residuales, validando la recuperación de estos contaminantes en un 96 %. Este avance tecnológico se presenta como una respuesta efectiva y prometedora para enfrentar el desafío global de la contaminación por MPs.

A contaminação por fármacos representa uma ameaça ambiental e de saúde pública. Uma das fontes de entrada desses compostos no meio ambiente é o descarte de medicamentos vencidos ou não utilizados. No entanto, é preciso entender como a população reconhece esse problema, para subsidiar ações de gestão perante esse tema. Essas formas de mitigar e/ou reduzir a entrada de fármacos no meio ambiente é uma das principais linhas de atuação da ecofarmacovigilância (EPV). Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os hábitos ambientais do descarte de medicamentos dos internautas brasileiros, de acordo com a legislação vigente, bem como os impactos ambientais decorrentes da poluição por fármacos, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, além de avaliar a implantação do conceito EPV para evitar a entrada de fármacos no meio ambiente. Foi desenvolvido um questionário online na plataforma Google Forms com 26 questões, divulgado durante seis meses em redes sociais, sites e e-mails. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o de conveniência. Os resultados indicaram a predominância de consumo de classes terapêuticas associadas ao tratamento da COVID-19. Além disso, observou-se que a maioria dos participantes descartava medicamentos de uso humano (62%) e veterinário (33,6%) no lixo comum. Além disso, constatou-se que existe uma preocupação do entrevistado sobre a influência dessas substâncias na contaminação da água e do solo, na saúde humana e animal associada a doenças. Divulgar a legislação brasileira vigente e melhorar a eficácia dos programas de logística reversa, bem como conscientizar a sociedade sobre os impactos ambientais associados aos fármacos, pode auxiliar na mitigação dessa problemática ambiental.

Copyright of Acta Zoologica Lilloana is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista ION is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los microplásticos (MPs) ya se consideran como contaminantes emergentes debido a que se encuentran en todos los cuerpos de agua que se han analizado y a que pueden tener efectos adversos en la salud humana. Estimar la cantidad y el tipo de MPs en aguas superficiales es relevante para poder entender la problemática. Sin embargo, aún no se tiene una metodología establecida para la determinación cuantitativa y cualitativa de estos contaminantes en medios acuáticos y por esta falta de estandarización la comparación entre artículos se vuelve complicada. Una metodología estándar podría hacer que futuras investigaciones se enfoquen a la resolución del problema. La presente revisión expone ventajas y limitantes de los diferentes métodos de muestro, detección y caracterización de MPs en agua y sedimentos, con el fin de que futuras investigaciones experimentales de microplásticos puedan utilizar los métodos expuestos en la literatura de manera informada.

Los cosméticos son considerados actualmente como un contaminante emergente. Un ejemplo de ello son las sombras de ojos, de las cuales se desconocen sus efectos en los organismos acuáticos. Se realizó un estudio para determinar la toxicidad de las sombras de ojos de color amarillo de elaboración industrial y orgánica, utilizando Daphnia magna como bioindicador. Se colocaron 5 organismos en cada una de las tres réplicas y las concentraciones utilizadas fueron 187 x 103 μg/L, 375 x 103 μg/L, 750 x 103 μg/L, 1500 x 103 μg/L y 3000 x 103 μg/L y dos controles negativos, uno con agua reconstituida más acetona y otro solo con agua reconstituida. La CL50 fue de 87,90 μg/L para el tóxico de referencia (dicromato de potasio) y de 124 x 103 μg/L para las sombras de ojos de elaboración industrial. No se logró determinar la CL50 para el ensayo con sombras de elaboración orgánica debido a que la mortalidad no rebasó el 6,70 %. Los valores revelaron una mayor sensibilidad de los organismos de prueba hacia las sombras de elaboración industrial respecto a las orgánicas. Si bien las sombras amarillas de elaboración industrial son menos tóxicas que otros colores como las rojas, estas también incorporan parabenos y otros compuestos que son tóxicos. En México no hay normas que limiten la presencia de las sombras y sus compuestos en ambientes acuáticos. Este trabajo aporta información inexistente para México.

A medida que aumenta la esperanza de vida y la población envejece, también lo hace el uso de medicamentos consumidos por ella. Una de las consecuencias negativas de esta demanda es la cantidad de residuos farmacéuticos, desechados en los domicilios ya sea por encontrarse vencidos, dañados o en desuso. Su adecuada eliminación resulta fundamental a fin de evitar daños al ambiente, que de manera directa o indirecta impacta en la salud humana. Por esta razón, los países suelen incluir en sus agendas las políticas ambientales que buscan mitigar las consecuencias de esta farmacontaminación. Así se implementan programas que suelen ser coordinados por las autoridades sanitarias locales, los cuales tienen como objetivo reducir el riesgo de contaminación del medio ambiente y la afectación de la salud pública. En Argentina, en cambio, se evidencia un vacío legal en lo concerniente al abordaje de la farmacontaminación. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo permiten detectar 55 acciones concretas, promovidas por diversos entes, que van desde la concientización poblacional hasta la implementación de herramientas puntuales de gestión posconsumo. En virtud de los resultados obtenidos a partir de iniciativas emprendidas por organizaciones civiles y profesionales, se denota que para resolver esta problemática se requiere el compromiso político por parte de autoridades gubernamentales para instaurar políticas nacionales que, al ser acatadas, produzcan beneficios que perduren en el tiempo.

Introduction: antibiotics in the aquatic environment are an important problem due to the emergence of bacterial resistance. The long-term ecological impact on the aquatic environment is unknown. Many sources allow antibiotics to enter the environment, including wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), agricultural runoff, hospital effluent, and landfill leachate. Objective: a study is presented that evaluates the degradation of sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamerazine (SMR) and sulfamethazine (SMT) when exposed to stress conditions due to UV radiation, ozonation and UV + ozonation. Methodology: all analyzes were performed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry after verifying by HPLC analysis that the degradation products did not significantly interfere with the absorbance of the drugs under study. Results: it was shown that the three sulfonamides are sensitive to all the degradation methods studied, the most efficient method being the combination of UV+O3 radiation, and the least efficient being the treatment with ozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a product that has been gaining prominence in the scientific community, and its applicability in the treatment of contaminated environments has been studied all over the world. Its characteristics such as yield and properties vary greatly with the type of raw material, production technology and operational parameters applied. Emerging contaminants are a global concern and need attention, so the use of bugs to remove these contaminants is a viable alternative. The objective of this research is to analyze how the authors are using biochar to treat water and effluents contaminated with emerging contaminants. The articles were searched in reputable databases, such as Science Direct and SciElo, after careful analysis, 15 articles on the subject of study were evaluated. Researchers and decision makers bring important results in their research on the most efficient ways to choose raw materials for biochar production, implementing sustainable production technologies and presenting satisfactory results in the removal of emerging contaminants. Through the data analyzed, it was possible to conclude that biochar is a promising, low-cost, highly replicable material that often uses solid waste from other production processes as raw material and efficiently removes contaminants emerging from aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Actualmente la generación de residuos por actividades antropogénicas ha generado gran preocupación a nivel mundial principalmente debido a que uno de los desafíos a nivel mundial es garantizar la calidad del agua. Algunos disruptores endocrinos (4-nonilfenol y Bisfenol A) son uno de los compuestos más encontrados en cuerpos de agua representando impactos potenciales a la salud humana y ambiental debido a que su degradación incompleta en plantas tratadoras de agua. El presente trabajo muestra la síntesis de polímeros de impresión molecular (MIPs) con capacidad de retención mayores al 90% para ambos compuestos. Adicionalmente, se demostró la capacidad de los MIPs como coadyuvantes en la degradación de estos contaminantes para minimizar los riesgos potenciales de exposición de dichos compuestos.

[Introducción]: Los contaminantes emergentes (CEs) son ahora tema de interés para diversas áreas de investigación científica, identificándose en su mayoría estudios internacionales, sin embargo, aún se carece de información suficiente sobre los verdaderos efectos de estos compuestos en el ambiente y en la salud de las poblaciones que estén en contacto con este tipo de contaminantes, requiriéndose a su vez la búsqueda y ejecución de tratamientos efectivos para minimizar su bioacumulación en el entorno, especialmente de aquellas sustancias de origen farmacéutico, las cuales ya están siendo reconocidas por su alto grado de toxicidad. [Objetivo]: En la presente investigación se estudió la degradación del contaminante emergente metilparabeno. [Metodología]: Para dicho estudio se contaminó el agua destilada, posteriormente se llevó a cabo el análisis de la efectividad del ozono, la radiación ultravioleta y el tratamiento combinado de radiación UV y ozonización en la degradación de la sustancia de origen farmacéutico. [Resultados]: En el estudio se encontró que el tratamiento combinado de radiación UV y ozonización fue más efectivo en la degradación del metilparabeno, en comparación con las técnicas de radiación UV y Ozono utilizadas por separado. [Conclusiones]: Los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación generan información respecto a una nueva alternativa que permita la degradación de contaminantes farmacéuticos, como el metilparabeno, con el fin de minimizar el impacto ambiental de este tipo de sustancias.

Introduction. The drugs for human use cause environmental and non-target organism damage in the aquatic environment. Objective. Evaluate through ecotoxicological tests, an antibiotic and an anxiolytic of intensive use on Artemia franciscana "brine shrimp" and Excirolana braziliensis "marine isopod" were exposed to Oxytetracycline (OX), and Apohyale grandicornis "marine amphipod" was exposed to Alprazolam (AL). Materials and methods. A. franciscana and E. braziliensis individuals were exposed to OX, and A. grandicornis was exposed to AL. The number of living and dead organisms was counted in each of the dilutions at 24 and 48 h of exposure. Results. It was noted in A. franciscana that, at 48 h of exposure, the LC50 (Mean Lethal Concentration) of OX was 31 % more sensitive compared to 24 h of exposure. It was seen in E. braziliensis that, at 48 h of exposure, the LC50 of OX was 93 % more sensitive compared to 24 h of exposure. It was observed in A. grandicornis that, at 48 h of exposure, the LC50 of LA was 69 % higher in sensitive compared to 24 h exposure. The toxicological cataloging for OX in A. franciscana considered this drug as non-toxic and in E. braziliensis moderately toxic. LA in A. grandicornis was moderately toxic. Conclusions. These three bioindicators made it possible to evaluate the toxicity in the aquatic environment of pharmaceutical products of intensive use during the Covid-19 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive consumption of different products results in an increase of waste generation, in detriment of the health of living beings. Particularly in the case of non-regulated substances, the so-called emerging contaminants (EC) or microcontaminants, the negative effect they produce is not yet completely understood. The EC are typically accumulated in water bodies in very low concentrations (down to ng/L) and are ingredients of everyday life products such as personal care products (shampoo, toothpaste, soap), pharmaceutical products (antibiotics, analgesics, hormones), laundry detergents, plasticizers, to mention a few. In this review, we analyze the current status of the EC in Mexico, regarding their presence, detection, removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants as well as legislation. Also the potential of redox enzymes as a biotechnological alternative for degradation of EC is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the removal of caffeine and its effects on growth and chemical composition of microalgae. The strains Spirulina platensis and Scenedesmus obliquus were cultivated for 40 days in medium with 20 (C20) and 40 mg.L-1 (C40) of caffeine (Stage 1). Caffeine photodegradation was evaluated for 20 days in microalgae culture media without the presence of strains. Scale-up cultivations (Stage 2) were performed with S. platensis and caffeine at the same concentrations. The chemical composition of the biomasses was evaluated at the end of the cultivations in both stages. The microalgae showed ability to grow in C20 and C40, with S. platensis being the most resistant strain. Furthermore, S. obliquus was able to remove 13.66% of the initial concentration of caffeine in C20, while S. platensis showed a greater growth in Stage 2 compared to Stage 1, which resulted in higher removal efficiency in the second stage (25.64% for C20; 13.33% for C40) than in the first stage (0.18% for C20; 12.31% for C40). There was no photodegradation observed in 20 days. Caffeine induced the accumulation of proteins in the biomasses, with values up to 57% (S. obliquus, C20). The high values of proteins demonstrate the possibility of using these biomasses to generate products such as biomethane and biofertilizers. The microalgae were able to grow in high concentrations of caffeine, showing promising for its removal and use of the generated biomasses, requiring further studies in order to improve the removal efficiencies during the microalgal bioremediation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is among the most common plasticizer additives that humans are in contact with daily. DEHP can be released from plastic and enter the human body, whereby it is metabolized and transformed into oxidative hydrophilic molecules. Clinical follow-ups in patients exposed to this phthalate and investigations in cultures of several cell types have provided information on its effects. For example, it is associated with inhibition of diploid human cell development and morphological changes in cultured germ cells. Although skeletal muscle represents around 50 % of the human body mass, knowledge about the effects of DEHP on this tissue is poor. Cultured skeletal muscle cells were exposed to DEHP (1 mM) for 13 days with the aim of exploring and evaluating some of the potential morphological effects. Three culture development parameters and nine cell characteristics were monitored during the bioassay. At 13 days, growth area, cell viability, and concentration of total proteins were lower in DEHP exposed than in control cells. Cell width and area, as well as the diameter of the nucleus and nucleolus, were greater in exposed cells than in control cells. These are interpreted as signs of cytotoxicity and suggest potential adverse effects on the development of skeletal muscle cells from DEHP exposure, as reported for other cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drugs such as cephalexin are emerging micro-pollutants because they are present in minimal amounts in the environment and their effects are unknown. In this project, an advanced oxidation process (AOP) was evaluated in order to examine the transformation of cephalexin in an aqueous solution utilizing ozone as an oxidizing agent and UV radiation (254 nm, 5 W). The process was compared with tests in which only ozone was used in the absence of UV radiation. An experimental design of the Box-Behnken type was used, for which the process factors were the initial pH of the aqueous solution (6.5, 7.5, and 8.5), reaction time (30, 45, and 60 minutes), and initial concentration of cephalexin (7.5, 10 and 12.5 mg / L). The response variables were the percentage reduction in the concentration of cephalexin and TOC. The results indicate that the greatest concentration reductions were 48.85% using ozone, and 62.53% with ozone and UV radiation, these values were reached for an initial pH of 8.5, 60 minutes of reaction, and 12.5 mg/L of initial concentration of cephalexin. Statistical comparison of the results indicates that the effectiveness of the UV radiation intensified ozonation process is greater than the ozonation process alone. The analysis of variance carried out on the results indicates that at alkaline pH the effectiveness of the process is greater, which is explained through the decomposition reactions of ozone and the formation of OH • and ozone radicals due to the effect of UV radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolites and residual compounds from pharmaceutic industry are considered as emerging contaminants and an increasing source of environmental pollution, as they are used by a quantity of people, and due to their physicochemical properties, they are easily transported to hydrological systems and bodies of water. Then, the elimination of this kind of compounds from water by adsorption is one of the most promising techniques. The aim of this research was to study the kinetic and isotherms of ibuprofen adsorption onto low temperature-synthetized activated carbons from cocoa husks (Theobroma cacao) and impregnated with a solution of Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) at impregnations ratios biomass:solution of 1:2 (CA1:2) and 1:3 (CA1:3). The material source and activated underwent a chemical and textural characterization by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer Emmett Teller method (BET), for knowing their morphology, chemical composition, and surface area. Ibuprofen solutions at 20, 30 and 40 ppm were used to perform adsorption tests. The activation of cocoa husk caused an increase in the porosity and surface area of the charcoals, evidenced in the results of the SEM analysis, with CA1:2 being the one that presented such properties in a greater proportion (297.21 m²/g); likewise, it was the carbon that eliminated the highest ibuprofen quantity. The maximum amount of ibuprofen adsorbed by CA1:2 and CA1:3 were 68.27 mg/g and 65.75 mg/g, respectively. Results suggest that the charcoals activated from cocoa husk are considered as good adsorbents of ibuprofen, collaborating in the reduction of this pollutant in the aqueous phase, contributing to environmental sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O consumo do café, bebida, é responsável pela geração de uma massa residual denominada borra de café residual. Estudos de impacto ambiental sobre esse material e/ou aqueles oriundos da sua decomposiçãosão escassos. Desse modo, o presente trabalho objetivou identificar o potencial de impacto ambiental do extrato solubilizado da borra de café (BC) residual via efeito de fuga com minhocas Eisenia fetida, em solo arenoso e argiloso. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 3 repetições para ambos os solos. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - 3,125%; T2 – 6,25%; T3 – 12,5%; T4 – 25%; T5 – 50% e T6 – 100% de extrato BC em função do volume para umedecer cada solo.Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, com auxílio do software BioEstat 5.0.Identificou-se que o extrato BC, de maneira geral não apresentou efeito tóxico potencial. Todavia, cabe ressaltar que em doses equivalentes a 100% da umidade na capacidade de campo, ocorreu fuga dos organismos, o que revela toxicidade, para ambos os solos.

O presente trabalho reporta a síntese pelo método sol-gel de ZnO nanoparticulado (nZnO) e avalia sua atividade frente ao ZnO comercial (cZnO) como fotocatalisador na degradação do antibiótico cloridrato de ciprofloxacino (CIP) em solução aquosa. A caracterização do nZnO foi realizada por DRX, MEV, MET e infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. Os experimentos de fotodegradação foram organizados em um planejamento experimental 23 e a influência dos parâmetros [ZnO], [H2O2] e pH foram avaliados estatisticamente. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que as melhores condições para o processo de fotodegradação, [H2O2] = 500 mg L-1 e [ZnO] = 20 mg L-1 em pH 4, foram idênticas para ambos fotocatlisadores, e a atividade do nZnO foi 6% superior à atividade do cZnO. A pequena diferença observada na atividade do nZnO em relação ao cZnO pode ser atribuída à heterogeneidade morfológica do nZnO obtido sinteticamente.

Los fármacos como la cefalexina se catalogan como microcontaminantes emergentes, por estar presentes en cantidades mínimas en el ambiente y por el desconocimiento de sus efectos. En este proyecto se evaluó un proceso de oxidación avanzada (POA) que consistió en analizar la transformación de cefalexina en solución acuosa por medio de ozono como agente oxidante y radiación UV (254 nm, 5 W); el proceso fue comparado con ensayos en los cuales se utilizó solamente ozono en ausencia de radiación UV. Se empleó un diseño experimental de tipo Box-Behnken, para el cual los factores variables del proceso fueron el pH inicial de la solución acuosa (6,5, 7,5 y 8,5), el tiempo de reacción (30, 45 y 60 minutos) y la concentración inicial de cefalexina (7,5, 10 y 12,5 mg/L). Los parámetros de respuesta fueron el porcentaje de reducción de concentración de cefalexina y de carbono orgánico total (COT). Los resultados indican que las mayores reducciones de concentración fueron de 48,85 % utilizando ozono, y 62,53 % con ozono y radiación UV. Estos valores fueron alcanzados para un pH inicial de 8,5, con 60 minutos de reacción y 12,5 mg/L de concentración inicial de cefalexina. La comparación estadística de los resultados indica que la efectividad del proceso de ozonización intensificado por radiación UV es mayor que la ozonización sola. El análisis de varianza realizado a los datos obtenidos señala que con un pH alcalino la efectividad del proceso es mayor, lo cual se explica a través de las reacciones de descomposición del ozono y la formación de radicales OH● y de ozono por efecto de radiación UV.

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Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo principal de este artículo es identificar los avances más importantes en referencia a la potabilización de aguas residuales. Para ello, se realiza la explicación detallada sobre la importancia del agua y su estado actual teniendo en cuenta los contaminantes nocivos para el ecosistema acuático. El estudio toma como referentes artículos científicos, revistas, tesis y libros de información desde el año 1936 hasta el 2019 de diferentes bases de datos como Google Académico, Virtual Pro, Ambientalex.info y Science Direct. A partir de la investigación, se describen las ventajas y desventajas que brindan cada uno los tratamientos de agua existentes. Específicamente, se da cuenta de los tratamientos avanzados, en los cuales se determinan las técnicas innovadoras, los beneficios, las aplicaciones y el funcionamiento a escala industrial. Los resultados de este estudio señalan que al implementar tratamientos avanzados de aguas residuales se genera un desarrollo tecnológico con enfoque en la gestión hídrica, que da lugar a un mayor grado de remoción de contaminantes en el agua. Además, se evidencia que las técnicas de intercambio y tecnologías de membrana son funcionales para realizar procesos de remoción efectivos y eficientes. A pesar de que el método de oxidación avanzada realiza la degradación de contaminantes, se concluye que no es funcional por su alto costo operativo.

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Contextualization: Advancement in the Sensitivity of Analytical Techniques developed in recent decades contribute to identify and quantify the presence of various pollutants in the aquatic environment, within this group of pollutants we have the emerging pollutants (EP) which are mainly organic compounds present as personal care and hygiene products, antibiotics, hormones, plasticizers, drugs and other products that are dumped into water sources altering the balance of these ecosystems. Knowledge gap: Several studies show that emerging pollutants may negatively affect aquatic life and human health. To date, in the city of Monteria and in the department of Córdoba, any investigations has been reported that allows evidence of the presence of emerging pollutants in surface water, for human and residual consumption. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of five common emerging pollutants: naproxen, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, caffeine and triclosan in samples of water for human, residual and surface consumption collected in the north of Colombia, representing thus one of the first studies to report the presence of these compounds in water sources in this region. Methodology: Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the analysis of the water samples; the detection and quantification were carried out by high efficiency liquid chromatography with a diode array detector and molecula fluorescence (HPLC-DAD-FLD). Results and conclusions: Ibuprofen was the most frequently found compound in the water samples, opposite to triclosan, which was the least detected (2.25 µg / L), caffeine was found with a maximum of 43.38 µg/L, while concentrations of naproxen and ibuprofen were between 0.047 and 10.21 µg/L, which is an important health concern due to presence of these compounds in drinking waters. These results show the anthropogenic pressure exerted on the aquatic compartments, which could become an environmental problem that may affect the dynamics and ecosystem services. It was found that the water supply plants do not take into account the presence of these compounds in their purification systems, which could become a public health issue in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Contexto: En la actualidad la nanotecnología posee múltiples áreas de acción que, debido a su naturaleza, la misma puede instrumentarse con amplia versatilidad, dado que, gran cantidad de avances en nanotecnología basan sus estudios en cómo optimizar procesos cotidianos e industriales y en cómo favorecer al medio ambiente. Aunado a ello, la manipulación de la materia a este nivel permite crear soluciones con mayor proyección en impacto científico, social y económico. Para fines de esta investigación, se mostrarán resultados a nivel de laboratorio usando nanomateriales celulósicos para la adsorción de contaminantes emergentes tipo antibióticos. Método: Esta investigación se realizó a nivel de laboratorio, en donde se modificó por métodos químicos celulosa para obtener nanocelulosa por oxidación. Se realizó una caracterización de material obtenido por técnicas de espectroscopia y se evaluó la adsorción de contaminantes emergentes tipo antibiótico como la ciprofloxacina. Resultados: Los nanomateriales celulósicos tienen potencial para ser usados en tratamiento de agua terciario en la eliminación de contaminantes emergentes como la ciprofloxacina. Los resultados muestran que el nanomaterial celulósico adsorbe la ciprofloxacina en un 27 %. Conclusiones: Las membranas de nanocelulosa tienen potencial para ser usadas en un sistema de purificación de agua; aquellas echas solo con celulosa presentaron un menor porcentaje de adsorción del contaminante que las membranas con nanocelulosa.

Contextualización: gracias al avance de técnicas analíticas sensibles desarrolladas en las últimas décadas, se ha podido identificar y cuantificar la presencia de diversos contaminantes en el medio acuático, dentro de este grupo se encuentran los contaminantes emergentes (CE) conformados por productos de cuidado e higiene personal, antibióticos, hormonas, plastificantes, fármacos y otros que son vertidos a las fuentes de agua alterando el equilibrio de estos ecosistemas. Vacío de investigación: diversas investigaciones muestran que los contaminantes emergentes pueden comprometer la vida acuática y la salud humana. A la fecha en la ciudad de montería y en el departamento de Córdoba no se encuentran reportados ningún estudio que permita evidenciar la presencia de contaminantes emergentes en agua superficial, de consumo humano y residual. Propósito del estudio: el presente estudio, tuvo como objetivo evaluar la presencia de cinco contaminantes emergentes comunes: naproxeno, ibuprofeno, gemfibrozilo, cafeína y triclosán en muestras de agua de consumo humano, residual y superficial colectadas al norte del país, representando así uno de los primeros estudios en reportar la presencia de estos compuestos en fuentes hídricas en esta región. Metodología: se empleó extracción en fase sólida (SPE) para el análisis de las muestras de agua, la detección y cuantificación se realizó por cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia con detector de arreglo de diodo y fluorescencia molecular (HPLC-DAD-FLD). Resultados y conclusiones: el ibuprofeno fue el compuesto que se encontró con mayor frecuencia en las muestras de agua, caso contrario al triclosán, que fue el menos detectado (2.25 µg/L); se halló cafeína en un máximo de 43.38 µg/L mientras que las concentraciones de naproxeno e ibuprofeno estuvieron entre 0.047 y 10.21 µg/L, resaltando la presencia de ibuprofeno y gemfibrozilo en agua de consumo humano. Estos resultados manifiestan la presión antropogénica ejercida sobre los compartimientos acuáticos, convirtiéndose en un problema ambiental que compromete la dinámica y servicios ecosistémicos. Se encontró que las plantas de abastecimiento de agua no tienen en cuenta la presencia de estos compuestos en sus sistemas de potabilización, lo cual podría constituirse un problema de salud pública en un futuro.

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma comparação das eficiências de remoção de contaminantes emergentes (CE) em estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETEs) e em estações de tratamento de água (ETAs) no Brasil. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão bibliográfica, no qual buscou-se trabalhos científicos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2019. No total foram analisados 14 trabalhos referentes as eficiências de remoção desses compostos, sendo 5 deles em ETEs e 9 em ETAs. Nas ETEs, os processos de separação por membranas e os reatores UASB vêm sendo estudados quanto à capacidade de remoção de CE, apresentando resultados promissores. Nas ETAs, a adsorção em carvão ativado foi uma das mais estudadas para a remoção de CE e se mostra muito promissora, uma vez que, por meio dela, não existe a formação de subprodutos de degradação e sua eficiência é superior ou igual a outras técnicas de tratamento. As eficiências de remoção de CE tanto em ETEs quanto em ETAs variam desde 0 a até 100%, a depender do CE e da tecnologia de tratamento, o que demonstra a necessidade de aprofundamento dessas tecnologias.

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma comparação dos níveis de concentração de contaminantes emergentes (CE) em esgotos brutos e tratados, águas superficiais e águas tratadas no Brasil. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão bibliográfica, no qual buscou-se trabalhos científicos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2019, que trataram sobre a presença desses compostos nas matrizes aquáticas. No total foram analisados 27 trabalhos referentes a presença desses compostos, sendo 7 deles em esgotos (bruto e tratado) e 20 em águas (superficiais e tratadas). Os contaminantes emergentes estão presentes em águas do território brasileiro, podendo ocorrer um decréscimo em suas concentrações ao longo da seguinte sequência de ambientes aquáticos: esgoto bruto, esgoto tratado, águas superficiais (rios) e águas de abastecimento público. As estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs) apresentam alguma remoção destes compostos, embora de magnitude reduzida, enquanto há algumas evidências de que o mesmo não ocorre nas estações de tratamento de água (ETAs).

Desde el Antropoceno, el planeta está amenazado por una serie de riesgos asociados a la actividad humana. Entre ellos, la contaminación química plantea desafíos conceptuales y técnicos que hacen especialmente compleja su caracterización a escala global. ¿Qué es un contaminante? ¿Qué propiedades son relevantes para definirlo? Los estudios sobre la abundancia, la persistencia, la movilidad en el medio y el potencial de bioacumulación de compuestos químicos que usamos diariamente están cambiando el paradigma de lo que considerábamos un contaminante. Así, compuestos que no generan toxicidad aguda pueden ser peligrosos para los ecosistemas al ser aportados de manera continua al medio, darse a elevadísimas concentraciones o dispersarse fácilmente. Visibilizar esta contaminación olvidada que afecta a nuestros océanos y que generamos inconscientemente es esencial para proteger el planeta.

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The recent detection of emerging contaminants in soils, waters and effluents, which can have adverse effects on organisms and the environment, has triggered numerous studies aimed at the removal and degradation of these contaminants. Microalgae are an alternative treatment for removing contaminants and, with the remaining biomass, by-products can be produced. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the cellular composition of microalgae after cultivation in synthetic media containing different mixtures of drugs. Chlorella homosphaera and Scenedesmus obliquus were grown in 250 ml erlenmeyer flasks, placed on a shaking table with temperature control and photoperiod, for 20 days. Five experiments were performed with the drugs caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), diazepam, paracetamol and fluoxetine, along with 2 control experiments. At the end of the 20 days, the culture was centrifuged to separate the biomass and prepare the extract for quantification of carbohydrates and proteins by spectrophotometric methods. Chlorella showed higher quantification of carbohydrates in the experiment containing diazepam, caffeine and ASA (37%), in contrast to the experiment containing fluoxetine, caffeine and ASA (20.58%) and the experiment with the 5 drugs (20.69%). Scenedesmus, on the other hand, had expressive values of protein, the highest quantification being found in the experiment containing fluoxetine (82.72%) and the lowest value in the assay with the 5 drugs (54.85%). Cultivation in the presence of drugs altered the biochemical composition of microalgae, making it possible to manufacture products such as biofuels, for example. For use in other matrices, it is necessary to investigate the biomass toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial development has generated the creation of new products that have improved the quality of life. In this way, the consumption of drugs, cosmetics, cleaning and personal care items, among others, has been promoted. These socalled emerging pollutants have been in frequent use in recent decades, causing strong pressure on aquatic habitats and being considered risk factors for the health of living beings. An example is triclosan (TCS), recognized for its fungicidal action and present in hygiene products such as antibacterials, personal care, liquid soaps and mouthwashes. Unfortunately, it has been found in raw and waste waters, interacting with aquatic ecosystems and affecting the quality of life of individuals, altering metabolic functions and consequently the trophic chain due to the effect of bioaccumulation. Thus, in this research, the effect of triclosan on the sperm motility was evaluated in sexually mature males of Oreochromis spp. that were subjected to an experimental design with three factors: triclosan concentration (0, 50, 120 and 190 µg / L), pH (7 and 9) and exposure time (0, 3 and 7 days). The results showed a significant decrease in fast mobility and therefore a significant increase for some treatments in medium and slow mobility. The results allow us to conclude that the interaction between the evaluated factors could influence the alteration of the sperm cell structure and the mitochondria, reducing their mobility due to a low synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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