Search

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses the nature of the concept as semantic habit in William of Ockham’s work. The study of the theory of concept of the 14th century Franciscan thinker addresses three aspects: first, the contemporary ontological and logical-semantic positions on Ockham’s nature of the concept. Second, analysis of the extensional denotation and the theory of the natural sign. Third, the semantic examination of the nature of the concept to understand it as semantic habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La complejidad inherente a la pluralidad ontológica requiere ser entendida con nuevos conceptos y metáforas: por un lado, tienen que superar la compartimentación de lo diferenciado y, por otro, tienen que construir puentes de sentido en favor de un enfoque más integrador de la realidad. Hay que evitar la fragmentación tanto desde una perspectiva objetiva como subjetiva, respectivamente, a través de la generación de clasificaciones abiertas y de vínculos simbólicos indirectos que puedan compensar la especialización disciplinar. Nociones como nivel, mapa, mundo de la vida y red contribuyen a esta tarea.

The concept of community is widely used in the social sciences, but its polysemic and general use can limit the understanding of complex social realities. This article presents a reflection on the concept of community based on a systematic analysis of its use in the academic literature of 2022. It shows a diversity of approaches and perspectives, but also a lack of conceptual clarity and a lack of attention to the symmetry of human and non-human actors in community building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente artículo analiza la naturaleza del concepto como hábito semántico en la obra del pensador franciscano del s.XIV Guillermo de Ockham. El estudio de la teoría conceptual de Ockham considera tres aspectos: primero, análisis de las posiciones ontológicas y lógico-semánticas contemporáneas en torno a la naturaleza del concepto en Ockham. Segundo, análisis de la denotación extensional y la teoría del signo natural. Tercero, examen semántico de la naturaleza del concepto para su concepción como hábito semántico.

Copyright of Vínculos de Historia is the property of Vinculos de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Poliana is the property of Studia Poliana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Si bien en general los intérpretes contemporáneos de Hegel han realizado grandes esfuerzos por distanciarse de los aspectos metafísicos de su obra, esta separación resulta poco concordante con la comprensión ofrecida por el propio autor, más allá del rendimiento explicativo que dicho distanciamiento pueda prestar. Por el contrario, y considerando como efectiva la relación entre los Principios de la filosofía del derecho y la Ciencia de la lógica, el desarrollo del concepto y sus implicancias para el desarrollo del concepto de derecho solo pueden ser comprendidos adecuadamente a partir de una lectura conjunta de ambas obras. En este sentido, una mirada radical sobre las consecuencias del pensamiento de Hegel es la que ofrece Žižek al entender al filósofo de Stuttgart como un continuador del proyecto crítico kantiano, pero llevándolo hasta sus últimas consecuencias. Esta lectura presenta una serie de alcances para la comprensión del pensamiento jurídico de Hegel que no solo permite pensar la época del autor de forma restringida, sino que también permite abordar lo jurídico en nuestro tiempo.

Desde el año 2019 se ha producido una proliferación de normas en la Unión Europea (UE) dirigidas a regular los datos y la reutilización de la información del sector público, las cuales han creado un marco normativo fragmentado y de difícil comprensión que implicará reformas estructurales en nuestro modelo de administración. Esta circunstancia exigirá iniciar la reforma para una Administración de datos, y para ello será necesario contar con unas bases conceptuales sólidas que permitan acometer los cambios necesarios para potenciar los principios y derechos en la tramitación de los procedimientos gracias al hecho de situar los datos en el centro de la gestión burocrática. Este trabajo pretende aportar algunas claves para abordar dicho proceso de reforma.

This article analyzes the concept of cybercrime and its compatibility with Chilean legislation. It argues that a cybercrime is one in which the use of information technology is essential in the typical behavior. The importance of defining this concept for the interpretation of criminal offenses is highlighted. Additionally, the difficulty of distinguishing cybercrimes from traditional crimes due to their execution in cyberspace is discussed. The cybersecurity standards adopted by the state of California are mentioned, and the lack of delimitation of behaviors related to hardware in Chilean legislation is analyzed. In general, it is concluded that cybercrimes require the use of information technologies, and a concept based on the use of computer procedures is proposed. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (La Plata) is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Públic is the property of Revista Catalana de Dret Public and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mediante el presente artículo se pretende analizar el proyecto metaforológico de Hans Blumenberg en relación con los desarrollos filosóficos de la historia conceptual de mediados del siglo XX. Se sostiene que Blumenberg, a partir del estudio de la metáfora, procura dotar a la filosofía de un sustrato histórico que da origen al concepto, olvidado por la herencia de la filosofía cartesiana. De este modo, las metáforas, pero también los mitos y las anécdotas, cumplen una función pragmática orientadora del pensamiento y la experiencia, haciéndose así indispensables para la vida humana.

Copyright of Búsqueda is the property of Corporacion Universitaria del Caribe (CECAR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of Polonia University is the property of Polonia University of Czestochowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo general mostrar, a través de una determinada lectura, que el fundamento de la estructura de la objetividad tematizada en la Deducción Trascendental (y, más concretamente, en la síntesis de reconocimiento en el concepto) es la síntesis figurativa (synthesis speciosa) de la imaginación productiva. Para el cumplimiento de este objetivo se propone una lectura de este tercer aspecto de la síntesis que toma como hilo conductor la constitución subjetivo-objetiva de la estructura mencionada y muestra, con ello, que la argumentación kantiana en este pasaje procede basculando del «polo» subjetivo al «polo» objetivo de la misma. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo es, en coherencia con ello, que para ganar una comprensión del fundamento que persigue la Deducción Trascendental y, por tanto, de la estructura de la objetividad que el mismo abre, es imprescindible atender al carácter subjetivo-objetivo de dicha estructura.

Copyright of Revista E-mercatoria is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Comercial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To interpret the antecedents, attributes and consequences associated with the concept of old age by means of Walker & Avant's concept analysis method incorporating the integrative literature review. Method: study carried out using Walker and Avan's concept analysis. Search strategy in databases: ProQuest, Redalyc, SAGE, Science Direct, Scopus, Medline, Lilacs, Springer, Oxford and Semantic Scholar and keywords: Investigation of aging AND/OR elder AND concept and in Spanish: vejez. Results: the approach to the concept of old age should be integrated from the psychological, chronological, biological and social dimensions, since it generates positive and negative changes to assume the stage. Conclusions: Recognizing that old age does not imply only the time lived in years, the characteristics framed in the psychological dimensions imply the perception of old age, biological the natural process of the human being, social its participation in society, provides an integral vision of the concept for interventions according to individual needs at this stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A produção leiteira no Brasil ocupa a quarta posição no ranking mundial, sendo que o leite corresponde a um dos seis produtos essenciais para a agropecuária brasileira. O presente trabalho apresentou por objetivo analisar a influência do sexo da cria ao primeiro parto na produção leiteira (kg/leite/lactação) de vacas. Utilizando dados de 43 fêmeas bovinas, no qual foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo: Grupo I (vacas primíparas paridas de macho – VPPM) e Grupo II (vacas primíparas paridas de fêmea – VPPF). Posteriormente os dados coletados referentes à produção leiteira (kg de leite/ lactação) foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade e análise de variância, utilizando o teste de Tukey. E as análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SISVAR 5.6 de domínio público. A produção leiteira de vacas primíparas paridas de fêmea (8.635,5) apresentou maior produção de leite (P < 0,05) que vacas primíparas paridas de macho (7.415,5), sendo demostradas em aspectos gerais a existência do efeito positivo do sexo da cria na produção leiteira de vacas primíparas. Concluindo-se então que o sexo da cria influência na produção de leite na primeira lactação, aonde vacas primíparas paridas de fêmea tendem a produzir mais leite.

En su relación con la historia de la filosofía, Deleuze busca alejarse de las lecturas canónicas de los grandes pensadores mediante una serie de descentramientos, deslizamientos, quebrantamientos y emisiones secretas que remiten a una práctica de subversión inmanente de los textos. Imitando este procedimiento, el presente artículo intenta subvertir al propio Deleuze a través de la lectura que Judith Butler propone de la dialéctica hegeliana desde fines de la década del 90. Para tal fin, nos servimos del concepto de multiplicidad con el cual Deleuze define la filosofía. Nuestra hipótesis es que Hegel es también un filósofo de la multiplicidad y que su lógica del concepto puede ser interpretada, desde una perspectiva butleriana, como una lógica de las multiplicidades. Distinguimos la multiplicidad (Mannigfaltigkeit) de la pluralidad (Vielheit) del ser, pero principalmente de la diversidad (Verschiedenheit) de la esencia. Concluimos así que la negatividad hegeliana no se reduce a oposición y contradicción, como insiste Deleuze, sino que el concepto posee un movimiento ek-stático que remite a un pliegue infinito y que anticipa ya la afirmación nietzscheana.

Este artículo enfatiza la importancia de un análisis conceptual de nuestra experiencia del mundo real, explora nuevas formas de pensamiento conceptual e investiga sus límites inherentes y persistentes. Se muestra que ambos lados del pensamiento conceptual poseen límites; tanto aquello a lo que permite acceder como aquello que se le escapa. Comienzo por resumir las objeciones de Heidegger y Deleuze en contra de que el pensamiento filosófico sea la cuestión de un sujeto que re-conoce, que se representa para sí y que conceptualiza objetos idénticos. En un segundo paso, usaré a Deleuze para explorar la posibilidad de una nueva forma de pensamiento filosófico conceptual que opera sin las presuposiciones de una “imagen del pensamiento” (kantiana). La última parte de este artículo trata de cómo Husserl, Bergson y Spinoza promueven una forma de pensamiento intuitivo que supera los límites de lo que podemos concebir conceptualmente.

The passage of “On Denoting” about Gray’s Elegy (PEG) is extremely obscure and has been the subject of many different interpretations. Apparently, it contains a devastating objection to the theory of denotative concepts that Russell himself had postulated in The Principles of Mathematics (PM) (1903). In this article we briefly expose this semantic theory, we examine in detail the passage in question, and we explore some of the interpretations that intend to unravel its meaning. With this we show, firstly, that this criticism is directed against the PM theory directly; secondly, that it is not possible to make a few homogeneous changes to enable a literal reading of the passage; finally, that although some of the arguments that the interpreters have argued to abandon the theory of denotative concepts are solid, it is not obvious that all of them are in PEG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of democracy is central to our political systems and citizens are constantly asked in surveys about their views on democracy and related issues. However, these questions usually omit the fact that the democracy is a complex concept and only rarely are questions asked about how respondents understand democracy. Combining insights from political theory and survey methodology, this study analyses questions from the seven surveys that have been carried out in Spain to date that have directly addressed these conceptions. Some remarks are provided in the conclusion about the strengths and weaknesses of the questions asked so far, as well as some general recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lemir is the property of Universitat de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Edad de Oro is the property of Departamento de Filologia Espanola de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Limite is the property of Universidad de Tarapaca, Departamento de Filosofia y Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista EntreLínguas is the property of Revista EntreLinguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the elements that make up the concept of natural punishment in criminal law. The minimum agreement on this concept is discussed, as well as the discrepancies regarding the requirements to recognize a natural punishment. Two court cases are presented in which the defendants were acquitted based on the concept of natural punishment, arguing that the suffering and damages suffered were sufficient and that imposing an additional punishment would be unnecessary and disproportionate. The importance of repentance and forgiveness in determining natural punishment is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

The article addresses the debate on the theory of punishment, focusing on the distinction between the conceptual level and the justificatory level. It argues that it is important to analyze the relationships and connections between both levels. The majority of doctrine maintains that there should be no connection between them, but the deficiencies of this position are pointed out and the guidelines for an alternative approach are established. It is concluded that a useful concept of state punishment cannot be constructed without taking into account the justification of punitive praxis. [Extracted from the article]

According to the main thesis of this article, in order to articulate the scope and interest of Wittgenstein's family resemblances topic, we should see into it not an answer to the question what concepts in general are, but a methodological proposal. Two questions guide the central part of the text: (1) What does "family-resemblances concepts" mean? (2) What concepts fall within the corresponding class? Regarding (1) I try to show that "family-resemblances concepts" is not an unequivocal term: a first sense has to do with the dictum of "similarities overlapping and criss-crossing" (IF 67) and is to be distinguished from a second sense associated with the topic of "blurred edges" (IF 71). This distinction lies behind the answer I offer to (2): in the first sense of the term, there is no family concept at all, while according to the second sense all concepts are of this kind. In the final part I propose a reinterpretation of the issue from a methodological perspective. To say that concepts like language, understanding, thinking, etc. are family concepts means that the philosophical reflection on them should not centre on the praxis of looking for definitions. As important --maybe more important-- as that it's the careful description of paradigmatic examples, as "centers of variation" (EPB 190). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main weapon of liberation is knowledge. Social and institutional changes can be made, but if the knowledge that supports it is not changed, problems will continue to be thought about and understood from the theoretical lenses that make injustice possible. The objective of this work is to reflect from legal philosophy on the dissociation between theory and practice of the administration of justice in Peru. The partial and provisional hypothesis that arises is that for the administration of justice to reach all Peruvians, it is urgent to decolonize the knowledge onof knowledge which it is sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El texto se construyó a modo de ensayo, cuya principal intención fue reflexionar en torno al concepto de innovación educativa, sus comprensiones y prospecciones para el siglo XXI; esto, con base en metodología documental de fuentes primarias y secundarias, lo que permitió identificar que el concepto es polisémico y ha sido co-construido por diversas disciplinas a lo largo del tiempo, de acuerdo con contextos concretos y sus respectivas necesidades; sin embargo, se concluyó que en el siglo XXI es indispensable que el concepto ponga énfasis en el aprendizaje para toda la vida, aprender a ser y aprender a aprender como medios para responder adaptándose al cambio de una realidad caótica, incierta, polarizada y contrastante

A través del presente trabajo tiendo a efectuar un aporte al estudio de la seguridad social y del derecho de la seguridad social, desde un aspecto conceptual. Para ello, recupero las opiniones de importantes autores en el campo científico referenciado, y realizo algunos aportes personales direccionados a ampliar el análisis ontológico de aquellos ámbitos que, aunque ubicándose en el mismo terreno, imponen efectuar algunas aclaraciones identitarias entre sí, así como también explicar la incidencia de otras figuras o institutos puntuales específicos. La metodología seleccionada se basa, por ende, en una revisión bibliográfica, y en algún breve apunte de normativa vigente. Luego del desarrollo, concluyo respecto a la crucial importancia que tiene la seguridad social y su normación jurídica actual, el papel protagónico de la política en dicho terreno, y en la necesidad de concebir y estudiar aquella disciplina desde una posición ampliada.

El objetivo marcado en este trabajo es establecer una línea de continuidad entre el pensamiento de Ortega y el de María Zambrano, situando a ambos en un contexto común de crítica a ciertos excesos de la Modernidad. Así, la propuesta se basa en un análisis de la racionalidad científico-matemática como ámbito excluyente de ciertos planos de la realidad, y en cómo ambos autores son conscientes de ello (aunque lo manifiesten desde distintos prismas y atendiendo a diferentes asuntos). De esta manera, se pretende mostrar que la comprensión orteguiana del concepto en tanto que instrumento de captación parcial de la realidad se vincula al modo en que Zambrano comprende la existencia, función y generación de los dioses, siendo tanto aquél (el concepto) como éstos (los dioses) formas de enmascarar la realidad para su humana interpretación. Asimismo, el trabajo pretende mostrar cómo, frente a la razón del racionalismo occidental, caben formas de conocimiento que trascienden el mero pensar conceptual, tales como el arte.

Copyright of Anales del Seminario de Historia de la Filosofía is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents various approaches to defining the essence of a sign in cognitive science and philosophy of language. It offers presentations of critical review of research publications on sign processes. Based on extensive theoretical work in a cognitive approach to communication process, the hypothesis that each speaker of a language acts exclusively within the framework of their cognitive area is supported in the article. Given the results, meaning as a fact of consciousness is closed in it and during the "translation" of meanings they are not transmitted: signs cannot be considered to be carriers of meanings in the sense that meanings making up a part of their material body are contained in them. The material components of signs stimulate the appearance of identical or similar meanings, actuating analogous conceptual spheres in communicating minds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Tamoios is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Political Philosophy / Las Torres de Lucca is the property of Revista Las Torres de Lucca. Facultad de Filosofia, Ciudad Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)