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This study investigates negative simple sentences and negation structures in English and Albanian, two Indo-European languages with both similar and distinct linguistic backgrounds and syntactic features. The study sets out with two primary hypotheses. Firstly, negative simple sentences in English and Albanian have similar word order, but there are some differences regarding the particle location in some sentences due to their distinct syntactic and grammatical features. Secondly, the syntax of negation in both languages reflects unique language-specific characteristics. The objectives of this study encompass an analysis of word order patterns, negative particle usage, sentence structure and semantics. Through comparative analysis, this research aims to shed light on the aspects of negation in these languages. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the differences and similarities in negation structures, i.e., negative sentences, in English and Albanian language. The analysis confirms the presence of distinct word order patterns in some sentences in English and Albanian language. These differences align with the broader word order tendencies observed in each language. Secondly, the study reveals variations in negative particle usage. English primarily employs a single particle ('not') and on different occasions ('no'), while Albanian utilizes both a pre-verbal particle ('nuk') and particles like 's'', 'jo', 'mos', etc. which are used to convey negative meaning. Other words with negative meaning are also analyzed in this paper. Another difference is the use of double negative in Albanian, a phenomenon not normally present in English language. These differences contribute to the richness and complexity of negation structures in Albanian. This research highlights the interaction between negation and the types of negation in sentences translated from English to Albanian and vice versa, and if different negation types affect word order in translated sentences. It also explores the semantics of negation, emphasizing mutual semantic effects while discovering differences that contribute to distinctions in meaning. In conclusion, this brief study advances our understanding of negation structures in English and Albanian, providing valuable insights into the syntax and semantics of negation in these languages. These findings contribute to the broader field of comparative linguistics and give insight into the nature of negation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic essay scoring (AES) is an essential educational application in natural language processing. This automated process will alleviate the burden by increasing the reliability and consistency of the assessment. With the advances in text embedding libraries and neural network models, AES systems achieved good results in terms of accuracy. However, the actual goals still need to be attained, like embedding essays into vectors with cohesion and coherence, and providing student feedback is still challenging. In this paper, we proposed coherence‐based embedding of an essay into vectors using sentence‐Bidirectional Encoder Representation for Transformers. We trained these vectors on Long short‐term memory and bidirectional long short‐term memory to capture sentence connectivity with other sentences' semantics. We used two datasets: standard ASAP Kaggle and a domain‐specific dataset with almost 2500 responses from 650 students. Our model performed well on both datasets, with an average quadratic weighted kappa score of 0.76. Furthermore, we achieved good results compared to other prescribed models, and we also tested our model on adversarial responses of both datasets and observed decent outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the construction of "Indian literature" as an object of enquiry in William Jones's essays in the Asiatic Researches (1788-1794). In the first section it studies Jones's method of employing the nation as a frame of reference in geographical and cultural terms in order to construct a "national" literature for India. Extending the scope of his comparative philology, the second section argues that Jones sought to establish an equivalence between diverse literary traditions such as the Indo-Persian and the European, for the benefit of his European readership. The paper concludes by exploring the role of what Bernard Cohn terms the "enumerative modality" as a specific method of investigation through which the Asiatic Researches classifies and thus defines India's diverse and multitudinous literatures. Being informed by colonial discourse studies as well as periodicals research, this paper focuses on the rhetorical construction of the widely accepted nexus between Orientalism and British imperialism in late eighteenth-century India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing interpretations of Deut 20:19–20 concerning the clause kī hāʾādām ʿēṣ haśśādeh have failed to sufficiently explain the meaning of the law against felling food-bearing trees in times of war. I argue that ʾādām is not the generic Hebrew word “human,” but a rare masculine singular bi-form of the more common ʾădāmāh, “land.” Drawing on both comparative philology and Mesopotamian material about warfare practices, the paper also shows that understanding the equation as one between “land” (rather than humans) and trees better accounts for the law and its placement in its literary context. D distinguishes between far lands and near lands that will be part of the Israelites’ inheritance. If land is soon-to-be conquered, then food-bearing trees are valuable, not only for any immediate fruit, but also for the wealth that they promise in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of computational bioacoustics as well as signal and speech processing techniques in the analysis of primate vocal communication. We explore the potential implications of machine learning and deep learning methods, from the use of simple supervised algorithms to more recent self‐supervised models, for processing and analyzing large data sets obtained within the emergence of passive acoustic monitoring approaches. In addition, we discuss the importance of automated primate vocalization analysis in tackling essential questions on animal communication and highlighting the role of comparative linguistics in bioacoustic research. We also examine the challenges associated with data collection and annotation and provide insights into potential solutions. Overall, this review paper runs through a set of common or innovative perspectives and applications of machine learning for primate vocal communication analysis and outlines opportunities for future research in this rapidly developing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistics as a discipline only began to consider signed languages as legitimate, fully fledged linguistic systems from the 1960s onwards. However, comparative work on signed and spoken languages made so far has struggled to draw on similar methodologies. In this paper, we seek to fill in this gap by presenting a recently built set of multilingual corpora, allowing scholars to conduct comparative studies on French Belgian Sign Language (lsfb), and its ambient spoken language, Belgian French. This paper outlines the theoretical developments which have led to the creation of these corpora, highlighting two breakthroughs in the understanding of human communicative practices (i.e., the emergence of signed language linguistics and the development of comparative semiotics). We show that combining these recent theoretical insights with the new methodological tools holds potential for future research avenues that could broaden and improve our understanding of language use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the unique syntax found in the Greek texts of Mark and Revelation. Both books exhibit a distinct propensity to begin sentences with the conjunction καί , a linguistic phenomenon known as "parataxis." A comparative analysis is conducted on a large swath of contemporary Greek narrative texts in an effort to locate where Mark and Revelation fall along the paratactic spectrum. The analysis draws on comparative linguistics and statistical analysis to argue that this paratactic style is a Semitic linguistic fingerprint, aligning more closely with the LXX and other early Jewish and Christian (EJC) texts but differs from pagan Greek narratives of the same era. The article concludes by summarizing how scholars have accounted for this Semitic fingerprint and what some implications might be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

δεκτός in Acts 10:35 may be understood as a term from the Jewish purity and consecration system. With a high degree of consistency, Hebrew רצון and רצה are rendered in cultic contexts in the LXX with words of the δεκ - lexeme. While verbs of the δεκ - lexeme are not uncommon prior to the LXX, adjectives of the δεκ -lexeme are uncommon outside of the LXX prior to the NT, establishing the use of δεκ - adjectives in the LXX as the primary context for δεκτός in Acts. This interpretation is consistent with themes of purity and consecration in the Cornelius episode and throughout Luke-Acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a family of metasemantics for demonstratives called intentionalism, the intentions of speakers determine the reference of demonstratives. And according to a sub-family I call proximal intentions (PI) intentionalism, the intention that determines reference is one that occupies a certain place—the proximal one—in a structure of intentions. PI intentionalism is thought to make correct predictions about reference where less sophisticated forms of intentionalism make the wrong predictions. In this article I argue that this is an illusion: PI intentionalism also suffers from predictive inadequacy. In Sect. 1, I present the problem of predictive inadequacy for intentionalism and an ad hoc response to it. In Sect. 2, I sketch a version of PI intentionalism that aims to provide the most principled response to this problem. In Sect. 3, I explain why PI intentionalism cannot solve the problem after all. In Sect. 4, I indicate where I think metasemanticists should go next. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the variation in information structure of Estonian -des, -mata and -maks constructions, and analyzes the factors influencing this variation. The paper describes information structure via the categories of information status and information role. Information status, which refers to the general pragmatic status of a linguistic unit, has two possible values: an information unit or an element of an information unit. Information role refers to the pragmatic status of an element in the information structure of a larger information unit. Information role has five possible values: focus, background of the comment, topic, frame or prominent element. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, this article gives an account of the variation in the information status and information role of Estonian converb constructions. In addition, this paper discusses the way in which the relevant explanatory variables relate to the information status and role of converb constructions. This analysis gives an overview of how the information status of converb constructions relates to the presence of punctuation, the position of the converb construction relative to the main clause, the number of words in the converb construction, the semantic function of the converb construction, the position of the converb within the construction, the morphological form of the converb, and the number of modifiers of the converb. This analysis also discusses how the information role of converb constructions relates to the position and semantic function of the construction and the presence of a lexicogrammatical prominence marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inference is usually defined as a speaker's personal but indirect evidence that is based on something that the speaker can directly witness (such as the result of an event), while assumption is based on something such as the speaker's general knowledge of the world. This paper is concerned with inference and assumption in light of the semantics of the Finnish inferential and assumptive adverbs näköjään (inference) and varmaan (assumption). These are examined by administering a questionnaire study. The discussed scenarios differ according to three factors: the presence or lack of visual or sensory evidence, the temporal relations between the evidence and the claim that is made, and the strength of the evidence. The results of the study clearly establish that inference and assumption are separate notions (coded by different adverbs) and that the (non-) observability of the evidence noted above explains only a part of the attested cases; in general, the use of the adverbs is determined by how reliable the speaker considers the evidence to be. As a consequence, this paper proposes new definitions based on the speakers' selection of the appropriate inferential/assumptive adverb based on how strongly they are willing to vouch for the truth value of their statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a review of the book "Generative Linguistics: A Historical Perspective" by Frederick J. Newmeyer. The reviewer praises the book's comprehensive coverage of the history of generative linguistics, specifically the transition from post-Bloomfieldian structuralism to transformational-generative grammar (TGG). The book examines the impact of Noam Chomsky's work on linguistics, the reception of TGG in Europe, and the contested elections within the Linguistic Society of America (LSA). The reviewer commends Newmeyer's use of personal correspondence and archival material to provide a nuanced understanding of the field's development, and suggests that the book may inspire further research on the history of linguistics. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study is dedicated to the anniversary of the renowned Kazakhstani scholar, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Sholpan Kuzarovna Zharkynbekova. The research activities of Professor S.K. Zharkynbekova are associated with the theoretical and applied aspects of such directions of modern linguistics as comparative linguistics, sociolinguistics, intercultural communication, linguoculturology, and cognitive linguistics. The personality of Sholpan Kuzarovna as a scholar and educator is examined through the prism of various aspects of her scientific and pedagogical activity at two leading universities in Kazakhstan: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. The review of the works of Professor S.K. Zharkynbekova allows us to speak of her significant contribution to the development of Kazakhstani linguistics and linguistics in general. The role of the scholar in creating research school and training researchers is shown, as well as her innovative pedagogical activity related to the development of textbooks and teaching aids, including digital educational resources for philological specialties, which are actively used in the educational process of the country’s universities. The results of the scientific research of Professor S.K. Zharkynbekova demonstrate the breadth and depth of the conducted research, its effectiveness and significance are recognized by the philological community of the country and abroad.

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the perspective of the Internet, this article focuses on semantic selection in translation, and delves into the semantic selection of translation in Morris' modern semiotic theory. After exploring the relevant theoretical concepts by dimensions, it is found that the semantics of translation in Morris' modern semiotic theory can be divided into three types: denotational semantics, pragmatic semantics and intra-verbal semantics. Finally, the choice of the three types of semantics: denotational semantics, pragmatic semantics and intra-verbal semantics is explored in depth to provide guidance for related theoretical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girolamo Mercuriale's treatise, "On Pestilence," was published in 1577 and has now been translated into English by Craig Martin. The treatise explores the plague that occurred in Venice from 1575-1577 and the medical theories and practices of Mercuriale during that time. The introduction provides historical context and highlights the tension between Mercuriale's misdiagnosis of the plague and the innovative aspects of his treatise. The translation includes a glossary, notes, bibliography, and index, making it accessible to both experts and a wider audience. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this article is to examine Ernesto Monaci's role in the debate about the spread of the standard language in a predominantly dialectspeaking country. In a contest dominated by linguistic particularism, such as that of post-unification Italy, the spread of a common language was seen as a major need, and various strategies were proposed by writers, philologists, glottologists, politicians, and intellectuals in general. Monaci was a firm believer in the role of philological studies, and dialectology in particular, in the field of education: convinced that dialects are the expression of a great cultural richness, he argued for the importance of a profound knowledge of them in order to teach the Italian language through a comparative approach. During the years of the First World War, when the need to consolidate the national consciousness of Italians was at its greatest, he devoted himself to the publication of school manuals based on the didactic model that took students from dialect to standard language; at the same time, in his university courses, he reaffirmed the importance of dialectological studies in the face of linguistic issues that, in those years, served as a pretext for legitimizing precise political choices. Both in school textbooks and in university courses, Monaci proposed an approach based on the study of the local literary tradition on the one hand, and on the living voice of the speakers on the other, as the two main sources on which linguistic analysis should be based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual history offers a method for writing the intellectual history of African societies that did not leave a documentary record accessible in archives. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, in this case drawing on the methods of comparative historical linguistics, it is possible to rethink the limitations of the traditional archive and privilege the intellectual work of people even when their names and the details of their individual lives have been lost to us. Through the case study of the concept of wealth in eastern Uganda over the past 2,000 years, the complexity and dynamism of people's economic ideas becomes apparent. Also apparent is the longevity of their engagement with these concepts over at least the past two millennia. Scholars working in other contexts, including modern ones, can draw on these comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to move beyond the limitations of the archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 1 of the book "Northern Narratives of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium" by R. Z. Gallant is presented. It explores Germanic heroic narrative in J. R. R. Tolkien's fiction. It discusses the controversial historic use of the term 'Germanic' which historian Patrick Armory identified from a historiographer's viewpoint. It also examines the problem with the term in the Germanic heroic literature of the Heroic Age.

This paper argues that functionalist metasemantic views, such as Conceptual Role Semantics and Interpretivism, face a Euthyphro challenge. The challenge, put roughly, is this: functionalist metasemantic views reverse the order of explanation. According to such views, representational mental states have the contents that they do partly because they play certain roles in our mental lives. According to an intuitive picture of the roles that representational mental states play in our mental lives, however, these states play the roles they do partly because they have the contents that they do. Since explanations—even partial ones—are asymmetric (call this principle 'the Euthyphro Principle'), we can't accept both this intuitive picture and a functionalist metasemantics. Hence, we should reject all versions of the latter. This paper can be seen as an attempt to better articulate an intuition that has been suggested in various forms in the literature. The paper proceeds as follows. First, it shows that functionalist metasemantic views imply certain 'partly because' claims. Second, it argues for the Euthyphro Principle. Third, it defends the intuitive picture of representational mental states and shows that it implies 'partly because' claims that conflict with those made by functionalist metasemantic views. Finally, it considers ways of relaxing the intuitive picture and finds them all wanting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a book review of "From Sībawayhi to 'Aḥmad Ḥasan al-Zayyāt: New Angles on the Arabic Linguistic Tradition." The book covers centuries of linguistic and philological reflection in Arabic grammar, from its beginnings to the modern era. The review focuses on three articles from the book: one on the technical vocabulary of Arabic grammar, one on the operator of the predicate in a nominal sentence, and one on the use of metaphorical thinking in Arabic poetry. The articles explore various aspects of Arabic grammar, including the concept of shughl, the term an, the word āmīn, and the theory of definition in Arabic grammar. Additionally, the review discusses an article that examines how Tanḥûm ha-Yerûshalmî used his knowledge of Arabic language and philology to interpret passages of the Hebrew Bible. The article analyzes examples of comparisons between Hebrew and Arabic in Tanḥûm's commentary, highlighting his use of lexical similarities, semantic comparisons, and morpho-syntactic features. Overall, the article provides insights into the Arabic linguistic tradition and its influence on biblical interpretation. [Extracted from the article]

Although demonstrative adjectives fall within the adjectival paradigm and, within the framework of this paradigm, implement most grammatical oppositions, in terms of linearization they differ significantly from qualitative and relative adjectives: the postposition of the demonstrative modifier has a completely different character than in the case of adjectives. The authors intend to achieve several goals. The first goal is to compare nominative constructions with the pronominal (demonstrative) modifier in Slavic languages belonging to different groups, i.e. Polish and Ukrainian. The second objective is to examine the factors determining the post-positional use of demonstrative attributes, both direct evident (functionally marked) and statistical. In this respect, the authors mention the following factors: 1) the linear position of the nominal group in relation to the predicate; 2) the position of the nominal group in the communicative (thematic-rhematic) structure; 3) the stress structure of the utterance; 4) case of the noun; 5) degree of development of the nominal group; 6) the status of the noun as a primary or derived (from an adjective) name. The empirical material of the study was collected on the basis of language corpora and source texts of various styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides brief biographical information about various scholars in the field of Germanic studies. The scholars come from different universities and have expertise in areas such as Old English, Old Frisian, Old Germanic, and medieval literature. Their research interests include topics such as linguistics, legal history, book history, and philology. The document includes information about their academic positions, publications, and current research projects. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT: This article examines the origin and various influences of the Malagasy language, as well as the specificity of its definite and indefinite determiners in comparison with French. The Malagasy language, rich in a varied linguistic heritage, incorporates elements of Kiswahili, Arabic, Sanskrit, and European contributions. The study focuses on the definition and use of Malagasy definite determiners, particularly their deictic, anaphoric, and cataphoric employment, as well as the unique role of the determiner le-Modif. It also addresses indefinite determiners, defining their usage and analyzing the article ‘un’ accompanied by modifiers. This research contributes to a better understanding of the determination mechanisms in Austronesian languages and sheds light on the interactions between contact languages. RÉSUMÉ : Cet article examine l’origine et les influences diverses de la langue malgache, ainsi que la spécificité de ses déterminants définis et indéfinis en comparaison avec le français. La langue malgache, riche d’un héritage linguistique varié, intègre des éléments du kiswahili, de l’arabe, du sanskrit et des contributions européennes. L’étude se concentre sur la définition et l’utilisation des déterminants définis malgaches, notamment leur emploi déictique, anaphorique et cataphorique, ainsi que sur le rôle unique du déterminant le-Modif. Elle aborde également les déterminants indéfinis, en définissant leur usage et en analysant l’article un accompagné de modifieurs. Cette recherche contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de détermination dans les langues austronésiennes et offre un éclairage sur les interactions entre les langues en contact.

A number of philosophers have recently argued for acknowledging non-augmented partial grounds, partial grounds that are not parts of full grounds. This paper shows how non-augmented partial grounds can be straightforwardly modelled within the framework of generalised identity. I argue that my proposal answers questions concerning the connections between partial grounding, full grounding, and nothing-over-and-aboveness in a motivated way. In this context, I propose and discuss a way to spell out nothing-over-and-aboveness in terms of generalised identity that does justice to the claim that the fully grounded is nothing over and above its full grounds. It will turn out that the related question whether partial grounding and nothing-over-and-aboveness yield full grounding pertains to considerations concerning how finely factual content is individuated. The relationship between non-augmented partial grounding and nothing-over-and-aboveness crucially depends on whether one works with a representational or a worldly notion of grounding and how coarsely grained one takes worldly grounds to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper constitutes part of a long-range series aiming, step by step, to identify the inherited Afro-Asiatic stock in the etymologically little explored lexicon of the Omotic (West Ethiopia) branch of the Afro-Asiatic family displaying the least of shared traits among the six branches of this macrofamily, which suggests a most ancient Omotic desintegration reaching far back to the age of post-Natufian neolithic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The onomatopoetically derived stems *pakka- and *paka- trace back to ancient times, originally signifying actions like breaking and splitting along with the associated sounds. Over time, the concept of colour became syncretically intertwined with these meanings. Derivatives formed by adding suffixes to the root *pakka- include the Finnish pakkunen ‘three-lobe beggarticks (Bidens tripartitus)’, the Olonetsian pakkuinen ‘yellow’, the Vepsian pakuine ‘yellow’, and the Hungarian fakó (< *pak-) ‘greyish; faded; cream-coloured (about a horse)’. These terms share the common thread of ‘yellow’. The stem *paka- contributed to the Finnic names for alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus or Rhamnus frangula), such as the Estonian paakspuu, the Finnish paatsama, the Vepsian pagač, and others, along with the Estonian pagu ‘feldspar’ and paat(jas) ‘pale or greyish yellow’. In ancient times, the rock paintings of South-Eastern Finland used paint made from buckthorn, in addition to ochre, to achieve the so-called macro-red tones. The association of the colour yellow with wood, feldspar, or another significant coloured rock in the prehistorical times is plausible. Both the wood and the stone derive their names from their good splitting properties. Unfortunately, there is no information about the term’s prevalence outside the Estonian language. The disappearance of this term is likely linked to the diminishing significance of the material in economic, aesthetic and/or religious contexts. In general, the study suggests a partially parallel semantic development of similar words in sound composition. In Finno-Ugric languages, the evolution of *pakka ~ *paka progressed from ‘break, burst’ → ‘split tree/wood or stone/rock’ → ‘split, brittle coloured wood or easily split [= ‘alder buckthorn’], brittle coloured stone/rock [= feldspar]’ → ‘yellow’. The point at which syncretism appeared remains unclear, considering the intertwining with the meaning of another stem, as well as semantic shifts due to diverse component associations. In various Indo-European languages, *sphē- ~ *sphə- has developed as follows: ‘long, flat piece of wood’ → ‘chip; brushwood; thin log’ → ‘dried wood’ → ‘split, cracked wood’ → ‘split, brittle rock [= feld-spar]’ and ‘flat objects with a thinner part, mostly with a handle [= oar, spade, spoon; wedge, shoulder blade, etc.]’. The meaning ‘feldspar’ is exclusive to Germanic languages, with no progression to the taxonomic and colour concepts of wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to understand the information structure of right dislocation (RD). I report a variation in RD in Asian languages with regard to the information structural status of the right dislocated elements. The discussion focuses on Alasha, a Mongolic language spoken in Mongolia. Through a comparative perspective on right dislocation, I show that RD languages come in two types: one that allows focused elements to be right dislocated, and one that disallows focused elements to be right dislocated. I argue that Alasha belongs to the former type, and I propose a bi-clausal analysis of Alasha RD, where Focus movement may occur in the second clause. Drawing on these findings, I further argue that the variation in RD is due to the parametric difference on the licensing condition of Focus Projection in Asian languages. Ultimately, the findings of this paper strengthen a non-uniform approach to RD in natural languages in both syntactic structure and information structure, despite their surface similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study delves into the intricate realm of language and its regional variations, a topic widely explored across multiple linguistic branches, including sociolinguistics, phonetics, socio-cultural, and applied linguistics. Each of these branches brings forth a unique perspective, defining regional variation tailored to its specific theoretical framework. Typically, general descriptions of languages prioritize the standard variety in terms of pronunciation or vocabulary, but this does not necessarily rank it above other varieties. It is pivotal to understand the distinction between regional dialects, which differentiate residents of one region from another, and social dialects that align with specific social groups. Dialect geographers have endeavored to visually represent these linguistic nuances through 'dialect atlases,' employing 'isoglosses' to demarcate the geographical distribution of linguistic features. An exemplar distinction is evident between the Meknes community's use of the word /qal/ and Errachidia Province's use of /gal/. Methodology: To elucidate the methodological framework of this study, a qualitative approach was employed, primarily through interviews, which were chosen based on their high acceptance within the local communities. This approach not only bolstered the reliability of the data gathered but also aligned with the nature of our linguistic inquiry. Findings: The study finds that examining the broader linguistic practices of the Meknasi and Er-Rissani populations, especially in social interactions, offers insights into the underlying reasons for these linguistic disparities. Crucially, factors such as ethnic background, an individual's social and familial lineage, and the surrounding environment play significant roles in shaping linguistic choices, be it in Amazigh, Arabic, or southern Arabic dialects. This study further underscores the influence of modern and traditional environments on word selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the study of language contact and contact-induced change, which has gained scholarly attention in recent years. It highlights the importance of understanding how contact between languages can lead to changes in their morphosyntax, particularly from a typological perspective. The article also acknowledges the challenges of studying contact-induced change in languages with limited historical or written documentation. The special issue of the Transactions of the Philological Society aims to explore these challenges and provide new data and perspectives on contact-induced changes in the morphosyntax of various ancient and modern languages. The articles in the issue cover a range of topics, including the role of typology, the influence of genetic relatedness, and the impact of translation on linguistic change. The volume includes case studies on languages such as Greek, Latin, Occitan, Udi, and Central Siberian Yupik, among others. Overall, the articles contribute to a better understanding of language contact and its effects on morphosyntax. [Extracted from the article]

The effects of language contact on semantic and syntactic properties of verbs can be considered as not yet extensively studied. This contribution is concerned with French as a typical verb-framed language that cannot freely combine manner verbs with result-denoting arguments within the VP. Drawing on creation events, the study explores if restrictions can loosen, and lexicalization preferences change when French is in contact to a satellite-framed language like English. Judgment data from bilingual speakers of Canadian French (CaFr) are compared to data from speakers of Hexagonal French (HFr). The analysis addresses how selective copying from English is relevant for the acceptability of different VPs and considers how the factors of individual and social language dominance might influence the judgments within the CaFr group. The results show that French manner verbs and direct objects can be coerced into creation readings in both test groups as long as only the selectional restrictions of a particular verb have to be adapted. When, however, a general constraint of French has to be overridden to arrive at a creation reading, acceptability is higher in the CaFr group, who can resort to combinatorial copying from English. Furthermore, VPs in which manner is not lexicalized in the verb are somewhat more accepted in the HFr group than in the CaFr group. Within the CaFr group, certain cases of satellite framing are judged somewhat better by speakers from an English dominant region, while VPs without a manner verb reach slightly higher scores among speakers from Quebec. It is thus shown how structural and speaker-related factors can affect the acceptability of event descriptions in language contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish genitive case is explored from the point of view of its proposed polysemy. We adopt the view that the genitive represents an instance of structured polysemy (Nikiforidou 1991). Like Nikiforidou, we reject the opinion that the genitive instantiates accidental homonymy or shows general single meaning. Our analysis demonstrates that several meanings we identified are intricately tied to each other. There are two prototypical meanings with their several semantic extensions, the latter departing from the former. Contrary to Nikiforidou's proposal of the genitive as a "radial category" (Lakoff 1987), we support an alternative model. In our view, structured polysemy found in the genitive is better handled by a model referred to as the "meaning chain" (Taylor 1988). Some of the meanings identified are motivated by other meanings in the chain, without directly relying on some semantic centre. Our description of the Polish genitive sheds new light on the holistic semantics of this category with allegedly only grammatical meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines semantic features and functions of free relative clauses with pronominal relativizers, represented in the Croatian Glagolitic folk medicine books from the 14th, 15th and 18th centuries. Prediction, projection and topicality are singled out as central conceptual and functional features of the expressions studied. The examples are interpreted from the aspect of construction grammar and the pragmatic aspect, and therefore a schematic representation of mental spaces forming the basis for the selected relative clauses has been constructed using the methodology presented in Dancygier and Sweetser (2005). The expressions studied are also viewed in the context of the titling function, as well as in the context of all relative clauses in the studied corpus and have therefore also been linked to the specific features of the text type and certain diachronic changes in their use have been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the perceived failure to bring general semantics (GS) to a wider audience and its potential to alleviate political disputes. Topics include discussions on the need to integrate GS into daily life beyond academia, the belief that GS could address current political challenges, and calls for its inclusion in school curricula.

Copyright of Omer Halisdemir Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Omer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Economics & Admistrative Sciene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yoruba and French languages are so rich in the use of idiomatic expressions which lend themselves easily in the hands of those who know the two languages, through limitless improvisation of idiomatic expressions. In friendly, family and societal conversations, idiomatic expressions occupy a unique place. Their importance cannot be over emphasized as they add beauty to the speeches that employ them and provide knowledge and wisdom for better and clear understanding of the messages being projected. This paper therefore, examines idiomatic expressions in both languages at different fora. The paper hinges on Cognitive Linguistics which claims that idiomatic expression, which is motivated by metaphor, is not merely a figure of speech, but a specific mental and neutral mapping that influences a good deal of how people think, reason and imagine in everyday life. It was complemented with Conceptual Metaphor Theory which postulates that human thought process are largely metaphorical, and human conceptual system is structured and defined in a metaphorical way. The examples of Yoruba idiomatic expressions used in the paper were taken from two authentic Yoruba text books; Yoruba idioms by M.A. Fabunmi and Asayan Akanlo Ede Yoruba by Ademola Olopade while French idiomatic expressions were taken from Dictionnaire Des Expressions Et Locutions, second edition by Allain Ray et Sophie Chantreau. Our findings reveal that, the idiomatic expressions in both languages have similar characteristics, similar functions and at times have mutual equivalence. Also idioms in both languages can have the same word patterns but different lexical items due to different cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses four prominent adverbs of degree in Old, Middle, and Early New High German from a comparative West Germanic perspective: filu / vile / viel 'much, very', harto / harte / hart 'very, firmly', sêro / sêre / sehr 'very, sorely', and gar(aw)o / gar(w)e / gar 'wholly, very'. Based on corpus data, all four display considerable changes in their usage patterns over time. The findings support the observation that the Middle Germanic period was a time of convergence with regard to the usage of adverbs of degree (Visser 2023), since the developments in Low German largely follow those in High German. However, the geographic and textual distribution of sêro / sêre / sehr with the meaning 'very' in High and Low German suggests an expansion from Middle Dutch beginning around 1400. A broader implication is that usage patterns of adverbs of degree are quite borrowable in language contact situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly evolving Virtual World landscape, thelanguage of war crosses traditional boundaries, manifesting itself in unprecedented ways that demand linguistic analysis. This article delves into the multifaceted aspects of "The Language of War in the Virtual World," exploring linguistic theories, models and practical manifestations of the virtual domain. Using established linguistic frameworks, this exploratory work breaks down the constituent nuances of war-related discourse, shedding light on the distinctive linguistic features that characterize virtual conflicts. Through a comparative analysis of Polish and English languages, this study aims to uncover the subtleties of virtual war discourse, highlighting its profound impact on communication in this technologically mediatized environment.

We present a critical analysis of Newton da Costa's C1 paraconsistent calculus. The strategy considers what we call semantic categories underlying a logic, from which we explore a broader notion of meaning for the logic than the one provided by formal semantics. Through the examination of the semantic categories associated in principle with this calculus, and the analysis of a rational reconstruction of a historical case of inconsistency, we argue that there is a certain inadequacy within the semantic structure of C1, understood in the more general framework of meaning; we also argue that there is an inadequacy between this general semantic structure and those semantic categories of scientific thought that it would be modeling. From all the above, we conclude a brief argument in favor of the idea that scientific contradictions should preferably be modeled (against, at least, some of the hegemonic proposals) as necessarily false formulae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]