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Although much has been said about the work of Oswald Mathias Ungers, this essay aims to address the decade from ‘67 to ‘77, which saw the departure of the Ungers family for the United States of America, more precisely for the city of Ithaca in the state of New York. It was precisely the American period that allowed O.M. Ungers to reflect and revise much of the work that had seen him directly involved in some controversies, which culminated in protests in December ‘67. The purpose of this text is to briefly review some of the events that took place during that period, in order to shed light on two almost unknown texts that saw their birth mainly thanks to the American period and the social ferment of the time: Kommunen in der Neuen Welt. 1740 - 1972, published in ‘72 by both authors and Die Rückkehr des Roten Mannes: Indianer in den USA, published in ‘74 by Liselotte Ungers. It is essetial to point out these publications, not only to bring to light a part of Ungers’ work unknown to most, but also to clarify some of the urban strategies proposed by O.M. Ungers that become, now more than ever, fundamental references for the possible resolution of contemporary crises. In a period that sees the rediscovery of utopia as a model for solving the many crises we are facing, as was already the case in the 1960s and 1970s, it is appropriate to recall and deepen Ungers’ reflections on the Utopian device trying not to fall back on the proposal of sci-fi or retro-futuristic models.

Abstract Background In malaria-endemic countries, asymptomatic carriers of plasmodium represent an important reservoir for malaria transmission. Estimating the burden at a fine scale and identifying areas at high risk of asymptomatic carriage are important to guide malaria control strategies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage at the communal level in Burkina Faso, the smallest geographical entity from which a local development policy can be driven. Methods The data used in this study came from several open sources: the 2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey on Malaria and the 2019 general census of the population data and environmental. The analysis involved a total of 5489 children under 5 from the malaria survey and 293,715 children under 5 from the census. The Elbers Langjouw and Langjouw (ELL) approach is used to estimate the prevalence. This approach consists of including data from several sources (mainly census and survey data) in a statistical model to obtain predictive indicators at a sub-geographical level, which are not measured in the population census. The method achieves this by finding correlations between common census variables and survey data. Findings The findings suggest that the spatial distribution of the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage is very heterogeneous across the communes. It varies from a minimum of 5.1% (95% CI 3.6–6.5) in the commune of Bobo-Dioulasso to a maximum of 41.4% (95% CI 33.5–49.4) in the commune of Djigoué. Of the 341 communes, 208 (61%) had prevalences above the national average of 20.3% (95% CI 18.8–21.2). Contributions This analysis provided commune-level estimates of the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage of plasmodium in Burkina Faso. The results of this analysis should help to improve planning of malaria control at the communal level in Burkina Faso.

Background: In malaria-endemic countries, asymptomatic carriers of plasmodium represent an important reservoir for malaria transmission. Estimating the burden at a fine scale and identifying areas at high risk of asymptomatic carriage are important to guide malaria control strategies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage at the communal level in Burkina Faso, the smallest geographical entity from which a local development policy can be driven. Methods: The data used in this study came from several open sources: the 2018 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey on Malaria and the 2019 general census of the population data and environmental. The analysis involved a total of 5489 children under 5 from the malaria survey and 293,715 children under 5 from the census. The Elbers Langjouw and Langjouw (ELL) approach is used to estimate the prevalence. This approach consists of including data from several sources (mainly census and survey data) in a statistical model to obtain predictive indicators at a sub-geographical level, which are not measured in the population census. The method achieves this by finding correlations between common census variables and survey data. Findings: The findings suggest that the spatial distribution of the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage is very heterogeneous across the communes. It varies from a minimum of 5.1% (95% CI 3.6–6.5) in the commune of Bobo-Dioulasso to a maximum of 41.4% (95% CI 33.5–49.4) in the commune of Djigoué. Of the 341 communes, 208 (61%) had prevalences above the national average of 20.3% (95% CI 18.8–21.2). Contributions: This analysis provided commune-level estimates of the prevalence of asymptomatic carriage of plasmodium in Burkina Faso. The results of this analysis should help to improve planning of malaria control at the communal level in Burkina Faso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two important puzzles characterize the development of pre-modern Eurasian polities. First, most rulers convened councils of nobles, but only European monarchs expanded them to create parliaments. Second, war was common throughout Eurasia, but only in Europe did it correlate with the formation of parliaments. We advance a new argument about the emergence of parliaments that accounts for both stylized facts while integrating the literature highlighting the rulers' need to finance wars with that emphasizing the importance of the medieval communal revolution. Using novel data, we document a 'no communes, no parliaments' rule: monarchs established parliaments only after they had fostered the creation of self-governing towns (aka communes). We also show that war was a significant predictor of parliamentary births across medieval Europe – but only during a window of opportunity that opened after a polity had experienced the communal revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors comprising climate variability, increasing water demand, and agricultural and industrial activities, have put pressure on water resources, making them more vulnerable, and compromising water quality. The present study uses geographic information system (GIS) to develop a multidimensional index of territorial vulnerability to water scarcity and climate variability in the Saïss plain, Morocco. The main objective is to identify the most vulnerable areas in the basin. In this approach, the conceptual framework of vulnerability consists of a multidimensional and integrated analysis, and is based on four components (Resources, Socio-demographic, Environment and Infrastructure) and 21 indicators. Two government agencies, namely, Agence du Bassin Hydraulique du Sebou and Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Maroc are the primary sources of data for this study. An aggregation method was used to produce the vulnerability index for each component, as well as the overall vulnerability index. A spatial vulnerability assessment was carried out to identify areas of very high vulnerability within the study area, requiring priority intervention. The findings of this study indicated that the degree of vulnerability to water scarcity in 51% of the communes within the study area is low to very low, 25% is moderate, while 23% of the communes have a high to very high level of vulnerability. According to the geographical distribution of vulnerability, rural communities in the northeast and northwest are more vulnerable than those in the center and south. Based on the assessment and mapping of the vulnerability of water resources to climate change and human factors in the Saiss plain, mitigation and adaptation measures are proposed to mitigate the risks associated with climate conditions and water scarcity.

Understanding urban sprawl is crucial as it provides a dynamic perspective on urban areas, revealing the driving forces and explanatory factors behind their expansion. This study specifically examines the factors contributing to urban sprawl in Bejaia city and its neighbouring communes, Oued-Ghir and Tala-Hamza. The aim is to analyse the intricate urban systems within these areas, unveiling the diverse forms of peri-urbanisation affecting agricultural land. The results underscore the impact of various factors on urban sprawl in Bejaia City. These factors include demography, spatial population distribution, housing, transportation, access conditions, administrative urban status, economic and social development, as well as employment opportunities. These determinants collectively underpin the ongoing urban sprawl in the region, emphasising the necessity for sustainable urban planning and development strategies.

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Theoretical background: The article will help to answer the question what factors contribute to the emergence of new companies in medical, agri-food and creative sectors. Moreover, the aim of the article is to examine to what extent the budget policy of communes determines the creation of new enterprises in each of the analysed sectors separately. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to examine the factors affecting new firms formation in medical, agri-food and creative sectors in Poland, as well as the impact of budget policy of local government units at commune level on entrepreneurship in chosen sectors. Research methods: The study was conducted by means of a panel econometric model. In particular, the study was based on FEM estimation modelling based on 2,477 communes in the years 2010–2021. Main findings: The conducted research confirmed that different factors affect new firms formation in studied sectors. The research proved that budget policy of communes influences new firms formation. Moreover, the study confirmed that individual elements of the local budget policy have a different impact on each economic activity. Thus, local budget policy should be profiled in terms of type of activity supported.

Research presented in this article was undertaken to determine how representatives of authorities and residents of communes perceive airports in the context of the impact of these airports on the socio-economic situation in the communes. The goal was achieved using: analysis of documentation of communes, analysis of data on the functioning of airports, and a diagnostic survey using the interview technique and survey technique. The research was carried out on representatives of 5 communes located in Poland. To analyse the collected material and present the results, Statistica v.13.3, R v.4.0.0 and RStudio editor software were used. Results of this research proved that airports play a pivotal role in stimulating the development of the region. They influence the quality of life in the commune by contributing to the creation of jobs, attracting investors, and generating income for the municipal budget through taxes paid.

The question of the attitude of the peasantry to socialist modernization, the relevance of which is due to the fact that historically the south of Russia set one of the general algorithms of scientific search in studying the problems of this area is considered. It is noted that one of these problems is related to the content and organizational components of the peasantry labor activity in the Kuban-Black Sea region and further in the North Caucasus region. It is indicated that these components of activity began to be updated in the light of the policy of the authorities, as well as a number of accepted legal sources. The relevance of this study lies in the research of the foundations of labor relations between the peasantry and the Soviet state, which laid the “foundation” for the subsequent regulation of social and labor legal relations and formed the socialist branch of law — collective farm law. The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the cumulative factors that accompanied the procedure for the emergence of the socialist foundations of labor in the collective farms of southern Russia in 1920s. The study is based on archival materials, scientific papers and periodicals. Two legal sources are analyzed: the Normal Statute of Agricultural Productive Communes and the Exemplary Statute of an Agricultural Labor Artel. Attention is focused on the transformation of regulatory changes. Conclusions are drawn that manipulations with the peasantry became experimental for future collectivization, revealed the illiteracy of the peasants, and also made it possible to lay the foundation for collective farm law.

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Introduction: The present research is based on the communes of the department of Cruz del Eje, within the arid region of the province of Córdoba (Argentina), in order to describe the different ways in which small units develop their production and social reproduction. Main Objective: To characterize the historical and current scenario in the communes of the department of Cruz del Eje within a regional economy of scarce development (such as that of the arid region of the province of Córdoba), in order to understand the sociocultural practices of people with small productions and some of the public policies carried out in the territory. Method and technique: From a historical-anthropological approach and from a qualiquantitative triangulation (background review; statistical data and field work) the communal scenarios are studied in relation to the prevailing productive model and its impact on socio-territorial development. Results: The communal scenarios present conditions of vulnerability in the face of the advance of the agro-livestock frontier that is occurring in the region and such situation impacts in various ways the access to resources of those who work the small fruit and vegetable units. Conclusion: The study allows postulating that there is an urgent need to produce diagnoses located on the Cruzdelejeño communes in order, on the one hand, to establish priorities in small-scale productive systems according to their cultural practices and, on the other; to analyze the public policies implemented in the territory, taking into account as primordial the indicators of access to irrigation water, and the efficiency in its distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praktyka Teoretyczna is the property of University of Wroclaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Theoretical background: The article will help to answer the question what factors contribute to the emergence of new companies in medical, agri-food and creative sectors. Moreover, the aim of the article is to examine to what extent the budget policy of communes determines the creation of new enterprises in each of the analysed sectors separately. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to examine the factors affecting new firms formation in medical, agri-food and creative sectors in Poland, as well as the impact of budget policy of local government units at commune level on entrepreneurship in chosen sectors. Research methods: The study was conducted by means of a panel econometric model. In particular, the study was based on FEM estimation modelling based on 2,477 communes in the years 2010–2021. Main findings: The conducted research confirmed that different factors affect new firms formation in studied sectors. The research proved that budget policy of communes influences new firms formation. Moreover, the study confirmed that individual elements of the local budget policy have a different impact on each economic activity. Thus, local budget policy should be profiled in terms of type of activity supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. Research presented in this article was undertaken to determine how representatives of authorities and residents of communes perceive airports in the context of the impact of these airports on the socio-economic situation in the communes. The goal was achieved using: analysis of documentation of communes, analysis of data on the functioning of airports, and a diagnostic survey using the interview technique and survey technique. The research was carried out on representatives of 5 communes located in Poland. To analyse the collected material and present the results, Statistica v.13.3, R v.4.0.0 and RStudio editor software were used. Results of this research proved that airports play a pivotal role in stimulating the development of the region. They influence the quality of life in the commune by contributing to the creation of jobs, attracting investors, and generating income for the municipal budget through taxes paid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigación e Innovación en Ingenierías is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subject and purpose of work: The subject of the study are the elements of the Ukrainian financial control system. A combination of those elements enables formulating a concept which is directed at financial control of communes. The purpose of the study is identifying main directions of modernization of the Ukrainian financial control system over self-government units.

Private property rights involve coercion against non-owners in their enforcement. As critics of private property point out, this coercion involves a restriction on freedom. Sometimes, such critics suggest that collective property expands rights of access, and therefore expands freedom relative to private property. Does this follow? This paper argues no. To make this argument, I look at two particular forms of collective property: open-access commons and closed-access communes. Both may give rise to potential threats to freedom. This does not mean that collective property never expands freedom relative to private property. It only means we cannot infer from the fact that collective property rules extend rights of access that collective property expands freedom. The upshot is a need to pay more attention to how different property rights work in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the creation of communes within the last years of Franco's dictatorship and Spain's transition to democracy (1968–1986). Specifically, it analyses why some self-considered counter-cultural and young people conceived the communes as an alternative to the family in a general debate about social organization. Responding to an ontological turn in history, the article shows that communes were expected to carry out a personal revolution and open a way to realise a harmonious social relationship by the practical implementation of a set of assumptions about both the world and human nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the discursively revolutionary project conceived by Hugo Chávez, the communes constitute one of the spaces of articulation and integration of greater relevance for the exercise of direct participatory democracy and, especially, for the inclusion and protagonist participation of the popular sectors. Although these organizations were supposed to constitute the pillar of Socialism of the XXI Century and of the Communal State, they have had serious difficulties for their creation, functioning and development. The objective of this article is to provide an inside view, from the perspective of the protagonists, about the scope and limits and the conjectural and structural challenges of the communes. Also, to discuss the territorial, political, economic, and social obstacles related to their conceptual foundations. To this end, we analyze the views of President Chávez, members of the communes and of communes so-called "under construction", and the Network of Comuneros and Comuneras. We also examine the conceptual framework of these organizations. The results of the field-work research is that all of these actors coincide in identifying the bureaucratic obstacles that hinder the creation and functioning of the communes; in addition to other conjuncture factors that have disrupted the dynamics of their organizational process. However, there are important differences around the structural factors and the conceptual bases that further limit the scope of the communes: the protagonist role of popular sectors, the self-government or direct democracy; the notion of autonomy and the relationship between the Constituent Power and the Constituted Power among others These structural differences occur within an increasingly authoritarian political context, an acute economic crisis, that severely limits government financing and the demobilization, weakening and partisanship of the communes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fort the most part, and unlike many European countries that have experienced municipal mergers, the French response to municipal fragmentation has been to resort to cooperative logics, a kind of soft alternative to mergers. The progress of intermunicipal cooperation and the preservation of a municipal order of intermunicipality have long been the subject of institutional struggles, both at the local level and in the more general framework of national and parliamentary political debate. In the context of territorial reform, these struggles seem to have intensified and unfolded in a context marked by a form of competitive autonomization of intermunicipalities facing municipalities. Observed in the field of representation (associations of elected officials), they reveal a tightening of the legal lock that is eroding the capacity of local elected officials on the ground to shape the cooperative framework themselves. But these struggles also highlight the capacities of municipalist safeguards, which are deployed both in a defensive mode (statutory and electoral issues) and, from now on, in a counter-offensive mode ("communes nouvelles", "Engagement et Proximité" Act). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Italian medieval historiography was mostly composed of scholars born and formed within the boundaries of the former kingdom of Sicily, which were recognized in the approach then defined "economiclegal". These scholars elaborated an interpretation of the history of Italy which saw the Communes, especially the Tuscan ones, as engines of the development and progress of the country, completely putting aside the glorious history of the southern monarchy. They were certainly conditioned in their negative judgment by southern monarchy nineteenth-century developments. Only after the Second World War the historiography of and about Mezzogiorno took into consideration a historiographical theme that is rich in ideas, stimuli and news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vita et Transitus Sancti Hieronymi was a main devotional work upon which the humanist and the renaissance cult of Saint Jerome was built, testified by a large number of manuscript copies, and printed editions of the work. This paper explores the previously unacknowledged presence of the work in the Eastern Adriatic Coast, especially in the Dalmatian communes, where Jerome has been praised as a national saint since the 15th century. Based on the archival documents, quotations of the Transitus in other written works, and its use as a textual model for the visual representations, it discusses the direct and indirect influence on the promotion of veneration of Jerome. Furthermore, it contributes to the notion of the exchange of ideas and artistic models between two shores of the Adriatic Sea during the Late Middle Ages.

The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of developing tools for the implementation of amalgamated territorial communities. The European countries’ experience helps to improve the system of public administration in such a way that it acts in the interests of the individual-citizen and is under the control of civil society. The important factors in the dynamic development of the state is effective public administration at all levels of the administrative and territorial structure of the country are investigated. The main links in this section are the district and regional levels, within which the main socio-economic, political and cultural links are realized and estableshed. The main task of effective regional public administration is to ensure the socio-economic development of the region and to meet the needs of citizens. Methodology. The survey is based on a comparison of data from the EU countries. The competences of local governments in the EU countries are examined. Results. Implementation tools for amalgamated territorial communities have been identified to assess the socio-economic development of the community for investment attractiveness. It has been proved that the amalgamation of territorial communities should be based on the principle of multicriteria, since the main participants in the formation, functioning and further development of the community are people who are united in a team to achieve a common goal, which is to develop the territorial community in order to improve the quality of life. Practical implications. Society will be able only if each of its members clearly understands the possibility of improving the standard of living within the community than existence outside of it. The study has shown that there are the number of criteria, including spatial, temporal, demographic, labor, cultural, historical, financial, that should be considered when amalgamating territorial communities. It is proved that the main instruments of implementation of amalgamated territorial communities are area, population (including demographic structure), income level, level of spending, financing structure, structure of economic entities by types of activity and level of income, number of objects of social infrastructure, employment and community unemployment, etc.

Pour l’essentiel et à la différence de nombreux pays européens ayant connu des fusions communales, la réponse française à la fragmentation communale a recouru aux logiques coopératives, sorte d’alternative douce à la fusion. Progrès de l’intercommunalité et ménagements d’un ordre municipaliste de l’intercommunalité font depuis longtemps l’objet de luttes d’institutions, aussi bien au plan local que dans le cadre plus général du débat politique national et parlementaire. Dans le cadre de la réforme territoriale, ces luttes semblent s’être intensifiées et déployées dans un contexte marqué par une forme d’autonomisation concurrentielle des intercommunalités à l’endroit des municipalités. Observables sur le terrain de la représentation (associations d’élus), elles dévoilent un resserrement du verrou juridique rognant la capacité des élus locaux sur le terrain à façonner eux-mêmes le cadre coopératif. Mais ces luttes mettent aussi en évidence les capacités de sauvegarde municipaliste qui se déploient aussi bien sur un mode défensif (questions statutaire et électorale) que, désormais, sur un mode contre-offensif (communes nouvelles, loi Engagement et Proximité).

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The preventive archaeology system in Luxembourg was developed during the 1990s. Archaeological heritage is now managed by the National Archaeological Research Centre/Centre national de recherche archéologique (CNRA), founded in 2011, although there is still no legal framework within which archaeology can be protected. A draft law implementing the principles of the Valletta Convention will provide the structure for the CNRA to assess construction projects and require archaeological investigations. This paper outlines the development of the system, notes the challenges and highlights opportunities to raise public awareness, which are keys to engage the public in local decision making, through the communes.

Revisiting Robert Brentano's 1960 article in Traditio on "The Bishops' Books of Città di Castello," this contribution challenges a reigning narrative of the "documentary revolution" in medieval Italy as primarily the achievement of the thirteenth-century communal governments of the north. While these urban ruling regimes did produce prodigious numbers of documents and new documentary forms, they were not the earliest innovators. By broadening the scope of analysis to include all the early administrative codices surviving in Città di Castello -- those of the city's communal government, cathedral chapter, and bishopric -- the author demonstrates that the initial leap from administrative reliance on single sheet parchments to registers occurred earliest in the cathedral chapter (by 1192), then in the bishop's court (1207), and finally more than a decade later in the commune (1221). At least in this one small Umbrian town, ecclesiastical institutions were the earliest innovators. The evidence of Città di Castello also indicates that political instability and its related economic effects drove innovation, not the reform initiatives of Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council. Local ecclesiastical leaders, not popes, were the innovators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The subject of the study is to present the concept of local autonomy from a historical and comparative perspective. The work will analyze the provisions of Roman law and Polish law. The work also includes references to the solutions in other selected legal systems. The basic assumption of the author is to accept the hypothesis that the autonomy of ancient municipalities was much wider than today. This was undoubtedly due to a different concept of the state.The contemporary state aims at full control over the organization of society. The Roman state was limited to taking such actions that were necessary. Thus, the principle of subsidiarity was better implemented in antiquity. The intervention of central authorities was essentially limited to the implementation of tasks that exceeded the capacity of the local community. Currently, it is the central authority that decides about the form and scope of local governments.

The article presents a gendered survey of street names in the capital of Europe, Brussels, and depicts the constraints and challenges to make women more visible in the city. After the comprehensive counting of street names and the study of women's figures honored which reveals an abyssal imbalance between women and men's names of Brussels' streets, the article examines the practices and strategies of municipal representatives to feminize street names and to do justice to the memory of women. The paper reveals, on the one hand, regulations and urban morphology constraints existing to increase the number of female names. On the other hand, it shows the policy of municipal representatives and the political role played by feminist organizations in the fight against invisibility of minority groups in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article links two political forms that emerged at roughly the same time: the small group (xiaozu) and the mass-party. In the tumultuous early Chinese republic, activists considered different possibilities for organising the relations between individual, society and the state. The historiography has by and large focused teleologically on the mass-parties that emerged – the Nationalist Party and Communist Party. By contrast, this article demonstrates that at roughly the same time (1919–1921) activists experimented with small-scale organisations that could form the basis for an ideal society. Such experiments included the New Village Movement (Xincun yundong), the Work Study Mutual Aid Corps (Gongdu huzhu tuan) and the Garden of Morning Light (Xi yuan). The experiments were widely reported and gripped the imagination of many. Interest in these experiments was not limited to future members of one political party or the other. Ultimately, large mass-parties came to dominate Chinese politics, due in part to Comintern intervention, yet terms and concepts associated with the small groups resurfaced and helped shape later Communist policies aimed at the masses. This article suggests therefore that the ascendance of mass-parties over small groups was not inevitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space settlement advocates frequently argue that we will soon be able to settle humans in space. Surviving on Mars is clearly a pre-requisite to settlement, and much work has been done examining the engineering aspects of this endeavor. Much less work has been done, however, on questions related to how to arrange a society in space. Early settlements will be dangerous, isolated, and cramped, and picking a social arrangement that is likely to result in a vibrant and productive society will be critical. Moreover, given the high stakes of this endeavor, being able to anticipate and ameliorate likely social problems ahead of time would be beneficial. Some important questions to consider include: How can settlements pick members who are likely to contribute as much as or more than they take from the society? How will they make sure everyone continues to contribute? How will they retain their most talented members? The literature on space settlements frequently posits that early settlements are particularly likely to be communal, though settlement scholars rarely consult the social sciences literature to explore whether or not communes would be a good social model for space. This article explores lessons from three major communal movements—the Hutterites, kibbutzim, and 60s-era communes. Similar social problems (such as adverse selection, free riding, and brain drain) are frequently encountered in these communes, and communards employ similar solutions to ameliorate these problems. This article also discusses how the nature of these social constraints may differ in the space environment, and the potential implications of the observation that religious communes seem to be more likely to persist than purely socialist ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]