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Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food sectors, producing almost 50% of fish for human consumption worldwide. However, relying on fish meal and oil for aquaculture diets is not sustainable economically or environmentally. Aquaculture feeds also contain terrestrial plant ingredients with indigestible forms of phosphorus (P), of which 70%–80% can be released into aquatic environments. This P influx contributes to eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems that can lead to anoxic conditions. This study explores a more sustainable diet for salmonids, an important and valuable seafood. Our aim was to test ingredients with highly digestible forms of P in nutritionally balanced portions to support fish growth and reduce P loading. We determined the digestibility of three feeds containing raw, extruded, and enzymatically processed microalgal co-product of Nannochloropsis oculata compared to a conventional diet. We also quantified how much P was retained and excreted. We detected highest growth in trout fed enzymatically processed co-product feed, though it was not statistically different (p = 0.846) from growth of fish fed the reference or other co-product diets. The enzyme-treated, microalgal co-product ingredient and diet had comparable values for P digestibility and solid P excretion to the reference diet, but the lowest average solid P excretion of all test diets. Trout fed the enzyme-treated diet had the highest P retention, while the reference diet had the lowest (p = 0.0429). Trout fed the enzyme-treated diet had the lowest (p = 0.0174) and negative dissolved P excretion, while those fed the reference diet had the highest. Results showed that enzyme-treated N. oculata co-product maintains digestibility, increases P retention, and reduces dissolved P excretion compared to the reference diet in rainbow trout. These findings encourage follow-up research to design and test growth performance of diets containing enzyme-treated microalgal co-product as sustainable trout aquafeed.

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Summary: The press cake of almond oil extraction contains macro‐ and micronutrients of high nutritional quality. From the milling of this press cake, almond flour (AF) is obtained. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the nutritional and techno‐functional properties of AF and the impact of AF (10%, 20% and 30%) addition on rheological and techno‐functional properties of wheat flour, and maize and potato starches. AF presented a high level of lipids (43.56%), oleic acid being the major one. However, AF presented a long estimated shelf life (18 months). Also, AF was a good source of Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Moreover, AF added to wheat flour reduced water absorption and dough farinograph stability. Besides, AF caused a reduction of starch swelling and retrogradation, evidenced by lower peak viscosity and setback values in the viscoamylograph curves of wheat flour; maize and potato starches. This study showed the potential impact of AF use for the development of new bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the chemical composition, apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, and nutrients of Dehydrated Brewery Residue (DBR) for New Zealand White rabbits, as well as evaluate performance, biochemical and immunological blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Two experiments were carried out: digestibility and performance, both in a completely randomized design. In the digestibility experiment, 20 animals of mixed sexes were used, from 45 to 60 days of age, which consumed reference feed (RF) or test feed (TF - 70% RF + 30% DBR). In the performance experiment, 50 mixed-sex animals were used from 31 to 70 days of age. For digestibility, bromatological analyses were made of total dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin from samples of feces, feed (RF and TF) and experimental feed (DBR). In terms of performance, the treatments were the basal feed (BF) + four TF, made up of increasing levels of DBR inclusion (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Overall, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM was 64.68 ±7.91%, while the ADC of GE and CP were 67.39 ±7.79% and 80.64 ±8.99%, respectively, resulting in digestible energy and digestible protein contents of 3,081 ±356 kcal/kg and 17.97 ±2.00%. There was a linear reduction (P

Food plays a significant role in the environmental impacts of human activities. However, many agro-industrial processes are multi-product systems and their impacts need to be distributed between the different co-products in order to properly address two major issues: (1) prevention of food spoilage and food losses and (2) the eco-design of food systems, from processing up to recommendations for changes in Western diets. As a culturally and nutritionally central component of most human diets, milk is critical because processing is a preservation issue and most dairy products follow from separations, thereby generating co-products. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a reference and standard method that allows quantification of the potential environmental impacts of a manufactured product throughout its life cycle. Application of the method requires foreground information on the system considered, as well as input and output flows that feed and exit the system. This data paper provides data related to the fractionation of milk into cream, casein, lactose and two whey protein ingredients at industrial scale, using up-to-date technologies used in French dairy factories in years 2000–2010s. Cleaning is included. Transcription of these input and output flows into a selection of processes in the Agribalyse 3.0.1 and Ecoinvent 3.8 databases is also provided. Application of the LCA method in its attributional approach leaves methodological choices up to the practitioner, such as subdivision of the system, allocation of the environmental burden where subdivision is not applied or not possible, and aggregation of the impacts. Therefore, this data paper also provides the allocation factors that are necessary to apply mass, dry matter, protein or economic allocation at every separation operation throughout the processing itinerary. Using the characterization method EF 3.0, this data paper provides the potential environmental impacts of the 5 co-products obtained with an initial input of 600 tons of raw milk, i.e., 63 tons of cream, 183 tons of wet casein, 90 tons of lactose, 1.7 ton of dried β-lactoglobulin and 0.3 ton of dried α-lactalbumin. The respective shares of the 5 co-products are calculated for each allocation rule. Finally, this data paper provides the potential environmental impacts for the manufacture of 1 kg of α-lactalbumin enriched ingredient, as the co-product with the longest process itinerary, with details of all intermediate input contributions as well as two possible aggregation rules: by step or by input type. The dataset participates in providing often confidential industrial-scale LCI data to the public. It will be helpful for the eco-design of future itineraries. In particular, it contributes to taking the fate of the co-products into account when using LCA for such eco-design.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the diet offered to Santa Inês sheep on their performance, carcass yield and economic viability. Thirty-two uncastrated male sheep (27.48 ± 4.96 kg and 12 months old) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments (replacement of 0, 14, 28 and 42% of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in dry matter basis) and 8 replications. The inclusion levels of cottonseed cake in their diet provided a reduction in performance, thoracic perimeter, body capacity (measured in vivo), slaughter body weight, hot and cold carcass weights, external length, rump perimeter, thoracic perimeter, carcass compactness index, and leg compactness index (p < 0.05). The weights of the left half carcass, shoulder, neck, loin, and leg were reduced with increasing levels of cottonseed cake in their diet (p < 0.05). The quadratic effect was observed for the rib weight and the yield (p < 0.05). Diets with cottonseed cake had lower total feed costs/animal, revenue, gross margin, and leveling price, and had a higher benefit/cost. Under experimental conditions, despite reducing the feed costs and presenting an improvement in the cost ratio benefit, the use of levels up to 42% of cottonseed cake in sheep diets is not recommended, as it negatively affects the animal performance, carcass weights, and commercial cuts.

It was aimed to evaluate the use of cottonseed cake (CSC) as a source of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) to replace corn silage (CS) in diet of feedlot-finished cattle. The design used was completely randomised, with 2 treatments (30% CSC and 30% CS) and 12 replications. There was interaction between fibre source and nutrient in the material retained in the Penn State Particle Separator. The highest concentrations (P = 0.0001) of peNDF and the in vitro digestibility of peNDF (DpeNDF) were for CSC. There was a higher (p < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake (NDFI) by the animals on the CSC diet. The CSC-fed steers showed higher (P = 0.0001) final body weight (BW) and total weight gain. The steers fed CSC showed a longer (P = 0.0001) feeding time, feed efficiency, and lower rumination time (P = 0.0001) and rumination efficiency (P = 0.0001). There were positive correlations between the variables: rumination time × intake, rumination time × NDFI and peNDF × DpeNDF. It was observed that there was a negative correlation between the variables: rumination time × peNDF, rumination time × DpeNDF, NDFI × peNDF, and NDFI × DpeNDF. Cottonseed cake is an alternative source of peNDF for feedlot beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the diet offered to Santa Inês sheep on their performance, carcass yield and economic viability. Thirty-two uncastrated male sheep (27.48 ± 4.96 kg and 12 months old) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments (replacement of 0, 14, 28 and 42% of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in dry matter basis) and 8 replications. The inclusion levels of cottonseed cake in their diet provided a reduction in performance, thoracic perimeter, body capacity (measured in vivo), slaughter body weight, hot and cold carcass weights, external length, rump perimeter, thoracic perimeter, carcass compactness index, and leg compactness index (p < 0.05). The weights of the left half carcass, shoulder, neck, loin, and leg were reduced with increasing levels of cottonseed cake in their diet (p < 0.05). The quadratic effect was observed for the rib weight and the yield (p < 0.05). Diets with cottonseed cake had lower total feed costs/animal, revenue, gross margin, and leveling price, and had a higher benefit/cost. Under experimental conditions, despite reducing the feed costs and presenting an improvement in the cost ratio benefit, the use of levels up to 42% of cottonseed cake in sheep diets is not recommended, as it negatively affects the animal performance, carcass weights, and commercial cuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated levels of replacement of soybean meal by castor bean meal in the finishing crossbred steers on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period. Forty Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers with an average initial weight of 395.93 ± 10 kg were randomly allocated to four treatment groups that were supplemented with concentrate levels of replacing (0, 290, 613, and 903 g/kg DM of the supplement; at 0.4% body weight [BW]). The experimental period was 120 days. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted; with regression analysis using the computational software package (SAS 9.2, USA). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients and animal performance were evaluated. The replacement levels did not influence (P > 0.05) the intakes of DM (kg/day), organic matter (OM, kg/day), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, kg/day and %BW), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC, kg/day), or total digestible nutrients (kg/day). However, the intake of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE, kg/day) decreased as the replacement levels were increased (P < 0.05). The digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and EE did not change, whereas CP digestibility decreased linearly and NFC digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05). The replacement levels did not affect (P > 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion, and carcass yield. Castor bean meal can replace up to 903 g/kg DM of soybean meal in the composition of the supplement without compromising the performance of steers on Marandu pasture during the rainy-dry transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effects of replacing ground corn with full-fat corn germ (FFCG) on milk production, milk composition, and nutrient use in cows fed sugarcane bagasse and cactus cladodes. Ten multiparous Girolando cows (average body weight 500 ± 66 kg, 90 ± 15 days in milk) were distributed in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin Square and assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of full-fat corn germ in substitution to ground corn. Full-fat corn germ increased fat-corrected milk yield by 2.2 kg/day and the synthesis of fat, lactose, and total solids in milk by 94.4, 60.0, and 201.10 g/day, respectively (p < 0.05). Cows fed corn germ quadratically increased (p < 0.05) dry matter intake by 1.01 kg/day, with the intake of crude protein and total digestible nutrients following the same pattern. Conversely, the substitution of corn for full-fat corn germ linearly reduced (p < 0.05) the total non-fiber carbohydrate intake from 5.79 to 4.40 kg/d. Except for ether extract and non-fiber carbohydrates, full-fat corn germ did not alter (p > 0.05) nutrient digestibility. Cows fed corn germ excreted less (p < 0.05) urea-N in milk and urine N. These results demonstrate that full-fat corn germ can partially replace ground corn to enhance the milk production efficiency of crossbred cows fed cactus cladodes and sugarcane bagasse. Furthermore, including sugarcane bagasse in FFCG-supplemented diets prevents milk fat depression in cows fed cactus cladodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate different levels of crambe cake (CC) protein (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 g/kg DM) as a replacement for soybean meal protein in diets for lambs and their effect on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Forty not castrated crossbred male lambs, weighing 20 ± 3.45 kg, were settled in a completely randomized design with eight replicates per treatment. Final body weight (BW), dry matter intake per kg BW (DMI), DMI over metabolic weight and average daily gain showed linear decreasing effect (p

Simple Summary: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of climatic conditions and supplementation based on palm kernel cake, on the thermoregulation of crossbred buffaloes in the eastern Amazon. Over a 12-month period, 24 female buffaloes with an initial age of 54 ± 7 months and an average weight of 503.1 ± 23 kg were divided into four groups with different levels of palm kernel cake supplementation relative to body weight. The animals were kept in Brachiaria brizantha pastures with access to water and mineral salt. Supplementation did not influence the physiological variables of thermoregulation. Throughout the year, mean values of rectal temperature, respiratory rate and body surface temperature were higher in the afternoon (p > 0.05). Supplementation with palm cake did not result in influences on the thermoregulation of buffaloes in the study region. The respiratory rate showed an association with the annual seasonality of temperatures, with higher averages in the afternoons of the rainy season. The positive correlation between the rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and body surface temperature indicates that buffaloes respond to atmospheric thermal elevations (afternoon period), which is reflected in increasing thermal indices. In ruminants, diet composition has a positive correlation with heat production, which can influence thermoregulation, energy expenditure and, consequently, animal performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of climatic conditions and supplementation based on palm kernel cake, on the thermoregulation of crossbred buffaloes in the eastern Amazon. The research was carried out at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (01°26′ S and 48°24′ W), Belém, Pará, and lasted 12 months (representing the entire year). Twenty-four buffaloes, females, with initial age and an average weight of 54 ± 7 months and 503.1 ± 23 kg, respectively, non-pregnant, non-lactating and clinically healthy were used, divided into four treatments based on the supplementation content of the palm cake (%DM) in relation to their body weight (%): 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0. The animals were kept in paddocks with Brachiaria brizantha (cv. Marandu), in a rotating system, with water to drink and mineral salt ad libitum. Equipment was installed to record environmental data (temperature and relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb and black globe) and physiological data: rectal temperature (RT); respiratory rate (RR); and body surface temperature (BST), recorded twice a day, always in the morning (6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.) shifts, and were used to calculate the Globe Temperature and Humidity Index (GTHI). Supplementation did not influence the physiological variables of thermoregulation (p > 0.05). However, there were differences in the GTHI between the shifts, with higher means in the afternoon shift, especially in the less rainy period of the year, where the GTHI reached 92.06 ± 2.74 (p < 0.05). In all periods of the year, the mean values of RT, RR and BST were higher in the afternoon shift (p > 0.05). The respiratory rate (RR) is associated with the annual seasonality of the thermal waters, with higher averages in the afternoons of the rainy season. The positive correlation for rectal temperature, respiratory rate and body surface temperature indicated that buffaloes respond to thermal elevations in the atmosphere (afternoon period) and, consequently, reflect on the GTHI. Supplementation does not influence thermoregulation; the changes observed occurred in response to the region's thermal and rainfall conditions (mainly in the afternoon shift), with higher GTHI values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate different levels of crambe cake (CC) protein (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 g/kg DM) as a replacement for soybean meal protein in diets for lambs and their effect on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Forty not castrated crossbred male lambs, weighing 20 ± 3.45 kg, were settled in a completely randomized design with eight replicates per treatment. Final body weight (BW), dry matter intake per kg BW (DMI), DMI over metabolic weight and average daily gain showed linear decreasing effect (p < 0.05), meanwhile, feed efficiency presented a quadratic effect for replacement levels. There was a quadratic effect with replacement levels of CC protein for hot carcass weight; cold carcass weight; cooling loss index; muscle fat thickness; leg perimeter; leg depth and carcass finishing. Hot carcass yield, carcass length; shoulder clods weight, rib weight and the leg weight showed a linear decrease within BW. Bones and muscle weight of shoulder clods showed a decreasing linear effect. Replacing up to 500 g/kg DM of protein of soybean meal protein for CC protein does not affect performance, carcass traits and meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background C-lignin is a homopolymer of caffeyl alcohol present in the seed coats of a variety of plant species including vanilla orchid, various cacti, and the ornamental plant Cleome hassleriana. Because of its unique chemical and physical properties, there is considerable interest in engineering C-lignin into the cell walls of bioenergy crops as a high-value co-product of bioprocessing. We have used information from a transcriptomic analysis of developing C. hassleriana seed coats to suggest strategies for engineering C-lignin in a heterologous system, using hairy roots of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Results We systematically tested strategies for C-lignin engineering using a combination of gene overexpression and RNAi-mediated knockdown in the caffeic acid/5-hydroxy coniferaldehyde 3/5-O-methyltransferase (comt) mutant background, monitoring the outcomes by analysis of lignin composition and profiling of monolignol pathway metabolites. In all cases, C-lignin accumulation required strong down-regulation of caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) paired with loss of function of COMT. Overexpression of the Selaginella moellendorffii ferulate 5-hydroxylase (SmF5H) gene in comt mutant hairy roots resulted in lines that unexpectedly accumulated high levels of S-lignin. Conclusion C-Lignin accumulation of up to 15% of total lignin in lines with the greatest reduction in CCoAOMT expression required the strong down-regulation of both COMT and CCoAOMT, but did not require expression of a heterologous laccase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) or cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) with preference for 3,4-dihydroxy-substituted substrates in M. truncatula hairy roots. Cell wall fractionation studies suggested that the engineered C-units are not present in a heteropolymer with the bulk of the G-lignin.

The effect of different high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments (400, 600 MPa for 1, 6 min) on white wine pomace was studied throughout storage conditions (270 days) at different temperature conditions (4° and 20 °C). The final use of this product would be as an ingredient for food products preservation. Microbiological, enzyme and physico-chemical parameters were evaluated after processing and during storage. HHP greatly reduced the microbial counts of treated pomace and allowed obtaining a safe product with a long shelf-life at 4 and 20 °C. The HHP treatment also preserved phenolic compounds content, however an important reduction of these compounds was found during storage since the polyphenol oxidase enzyme remained active after the treatment and during storage. Phenolic compounds were better preserved during storage at 4 °C than at 20 °C. The application of HHP at 600 MPa/6 min and the refrigeration of the treated pomace would allow obtaining a microbiologically safe pomace with high levels of phenolic compounds with a shelf-life of 90 days. The activity of the enzyme should be limited in future to ensure a long shelf-life of the processed pomace.

Summary: Babassu is a tropical palm native in South and Central America that produces high‐quality oil from its fruit. The babassu oil extraction results in the production of babassu coconut by‐products (BCBs) – epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and almond cake. In this study, we utilised bibliometric analysis and literature review to understand and evaluate their potential for food applications. Our analysis revealed a total of 165 studies published between 1945 and 2022 in the Web of Science database. Notably, Brazil emerged as a prominent contributor to research in this field. The babassu epicarp and endocarp were identified as lignocellulosic materials. Although they are not directly consumable, they possess the potential to serve as sustainable sources of bioactive compounds. In contrast, the babassu mesocarp primarily consists of starch, while the babassu cake exhibits a high protein content. These ingredients play pivotal roles in bakery products and plant‐based formulations, respectively. Despite these findings, our investigation uncovered a knowledge gap regarding the assessment of these fractions in the context of food science and nutrition. By addressing this research gap, we aspire to contribute to the exploration and use of the full potential of BCBs, promoting their integration into the food sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The partial or total substitution of animal fat by a gelled emulsion elaborated with cocoa bean shell and walnut oil in beef burgers was assessed in terms of the stability of the bioactive compounds (polyphenolic and methylxanthines compounds, and fatty acid profile), bioaccessibility, colon‐available indices (CAIs), and lipid oxidation after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID). RESULTS: No free polyphenolic compounds were detected in the soluble fraction after the GID of reformulated beef burgers. Reductions were obtained in the bound fraction with respect to the undigested sample from 47.57 to 53.12% for protocatechuic acid, from 60.26 to 78.01% for catechin, and from 38.37 to 60.95% for epicatechin. The methylxanthine content decreased significantly after GID. The theobromine content fell by between 48.41 and 68.61% and the caffeine content was reduced by between 96.47 and 97.95%. The fatty acid profile of undigested samples was very similar to that of digested samples. In the control burger the predominant fatty acids were oleic acid (453.27 mg g−1) and palmitic acid (242.20 mg g−1), whereas in reformulated burgers a high content of linoleic acid (304.58 and 413.35 mg g−1) and α‐linolenic acid (52.44 and 82.35 mg g−1) was found. As expected, both undigested and digested reformulated samples presented a higher degree of oxidation than the control sample. CONCLUSIONS: The reformulated beef burgers with cocoa bean shells flour and walnut oil were a good source of bioactive compounds, which were stable after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), a chemically stable intermediate that naturally occurs during microbial degradation of lignin by bacteria, represents a promising building block for diverse biomaterials and polyesters such as biodegradable plastics. The lack of a chemical synthesis method has hindered large-scale utilization of PDC and metabolic engineering approaches for its biosynthesis have recently emerged. In this study, we demonstrate a strategy for the production of PDC via manipulation of the shikimate pathway using plants as green factories. In tobacco leaves, we first showed that transient expression of bacterial feedback-resistant 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (AroG) and 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB) produced high titers of protocatechuate (PCA), which was in turn efficiently converted into PDC upon co-expression of PCA 4,5-dioxygenase (PmdAB) and 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (PmdC) derived from Comamonas testosteroni. We validated that stable expression of AroG in Arabidopsis in a genetic background containing the QsuB gene enhanced PCA content in plant biomass, presumably via an increase of the carbon flux through the shikimate pathway. Further, introducing AroG and the PDC biosynthetic genes (PmdA, PmdB, and PmdC) into the Arabidopsis QsuB background, or introducing the five genes (AroG, QsuB, PmdA, PmdB, and PmdC) stacked on a single construct into wild-type plants, resulted in PDC titers of ~1% and ~3% dry weight in plant biomass, respectively. Consistent with previous studies of plants expressing QsuB, all PDC producing lines showed strong reduction in lignin content in stems. This low lignin trait was accompanied with improvements of biomass saccharification efficiency due to reduced cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic degradation. Importantly, most transgenic lines showed no reduction in biomass yields. Therefore, we conclude that engineering plants with the proposed de-novo PDC pathway provides an avenue to enrich biomass with a value-added co-product while simultaneously improving biomass quality for the supply of fermentable sugars. Implementing this strategy into bioenergy crops has the potential to support existing microbial fermentation approaches that exploit lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks for PDC production.

Background: C-lignin is a homopolymer of caffeyl alcohol present in the seed coats of a variety of plant species including vanilla orchid, various cacti, and the ornamental plant Cleome hassleriana. Because of its unique chemical and physical properties, there is considerable interest in engineering C-lignin into the cell walls of bioenergy crops as a high-value co-product of bioprocessing. We have used information from a transcriptomic analysis of developing C. hassleriana seed coats to suggest strategies for engineering C-lignin in a heterologous system, using hairy roots of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Results: We systematically tested strategies for C-lignin engineering using a combination of gene overexpression and RNAi-mediated knockdown in the caffeic acid/5-hydroxy coniferaldehyde 3/5-O-methyltransferase (comt) mutant background, monitoring the outcomes by analysis of lignin composition and profiling of monolignol pathway metabolites. In all cases, C-lignin accumulation required strong down-regulation of caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) paired with loss of function of COMT. Overexpression of the Selaginella moellendorffii ferulate 5-hydroxylase (SmF5H) gene in comt mutant hairy roots resulted in lines that unexpectedly accumulated high levels of S-lignin. Conclusion: C-Lignin accumulation of up to 15% of total lignin in lines with the greatest reduction in CCoAOMT expression required the strong down-regulation of both COMT and CCoAOMT, but did not require expression of a heterologous laccase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) or cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) with preference for 3,4-dihydroxy-substituted substrates in M. truncatula hairy roots. Cell wall fractionation studies suggested that the engineered C-units are not present in a heteropolymer with the bulk of the G-lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the oils obtained from melon and pumpkin seeds, considered to be by-products of the food industry, were used to prepare lamb meat burgers. The substitution of each of the emulsified seed oils for animal fat was carried out in three concentrations. The burgers obtained show a reduced percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as an increased concentration of vitamin E, with differences depending on the oil emulsion used. To evaluate the acceptance of reformulated burgers, a discrete choice experiment was also used to identify the effects on consumers' purchasing attitudes of using a “with seed oil” label. The results obtained suggest that this label would not lead to greater acceptance of the product, even revealing a negative willingness to pay. In light of the results, the use strategies emphasizing the lower fat content of these burgers (“reduced fat content”) or their higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids is proposed.

In ruminants, diet composition has a positive correlation with heat production, which can influence thermoregulation, energy expenditure and, consequently, animal performance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of climatic conditions and supplementation based on palm kernel cake, on the thermoregulation of crossbred buffaloes in the eastern Amazon. The research was carried out at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (01°26′ S and 48°24′ W), Belém, Pará, and lasted 12 months (representing the entire year). Twenty-four buffaloes, females, with initial age and an average weight of 54 ± 7 months and 503.1 ± 23 kg, respectively, non-pregnant, non-lactating and clinically healthy were used, divided into four treatments based on the supplementation content of the palm cake (%DM) in relation to their body weight (%): 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0. The animals were kept in paddocks with Brachiaria brizantha (cv. Marandu), in a rotating system, with water to drink and mineral salt ad libitum. Equipment was installed to record environmental data (temperature and relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb and black globe) and physiological data: rectal temperature (RT); respiratory rate (RR); and body surface temperature (BST), recorded twice a day, always in the morning (6:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m.) and afternoon (12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.) shifts, and were used to calculate the Globe Temperature and Humidity Index (GTHI). Supplementation did not influence the physiological variables of thermoregulation (p > 0.05). However, there were differences in the GTHI between the shifts, with higher means in the afternoon shift, especially in the less rainy period of the year, where the GTHI reached 92.06 ± 2.74 (p < 0.05). In all periods of the year, the mean values of RT, RR and BST were higher in the afternoon shift (p > 0.05). The respiratory rate (RR) is associated with the annual seasonality of the thermal waters, with higher averages in the afternoons of the rainy season. The positive correlation for rectal temperature, respiratory rate and body surface temperature indicated that buffaloes respond to thermal elevations in the atmosphere (afternoon period) and, consequently, reflect on the GTHI. Supplementation does not influence thermoregulation; the changes observed occurred in response to the region’s thermal and rainfall conditions (mainly in the afternoon shift), with higher GTHI values.

Abstract This study assessed the effects of four levels of crude glycerin (0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) in the diet of Boer crossbred goat kids on the qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics as well as meat quality. Thirty‐two crossbred, castrated Boer x undefined breed goat kids with an initial average weight of 17.8 ± 2.2 kg between 3 and 4 months of age were distributed across a complete randomized experiment with four treatments and eight replicates. The DM intake linearly decreased (p .05) by dietary crude glycerin. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p = .03) rib eye area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, however, did not affect color, cooking loss, and shear force. The crude glycerin can be included up to 50 g/kg DM in the diet of crossbred Boer goats without negatively affecting carcass characteristics and meat quality. It can be recommended as an energy source in finishing diets.

Beef meat, one of the more environmentally costly animal-based foods, can be produced in two general ways, as the main product on specialised farms or as a co-product on dairy farms. In this study, two cases (a semi-confinement dairy farm (A) and a pasture-based dairy farm (B)) have been analysed by means of LCA to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the coproduction of beef meat. In both cases, purchased feed production was found to be the main cause of environmental impacts in most of the categories considered. Additionally, cow emissions to air were the main contributor for the global warming category. Comparing the two dairy systems, notably lower environmental impacts were obtained for B in 13 of the 18 categories analysed. Regarding CF, 8.10 and 8.88 kg CO2eq/kg LW were obtained for A and B, respectively. These CF values were within the wide range found in the literature for beef meat (1.2–42.6 kg CO2eq/kg LW). Beef calves and cull cows are an important output of dairy farming, so that coproduction enables milk and meat with lower CF and associated environmental impacts to be obtained. In addition, the variability of the data found in literature and the lack of LCA studies based on real data for beef meat coproduced on dairy farms evidence the importance of in-depth study of this interesting topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large amount of waste generated by the orange juice industry has sparked the interest of many researchers in incorporating recycling systems and following a much more sustainable circular economy model. This work proposes the valorization of the co-product generated in the orange juice extraction industry after freeze-drying for its subsequent reuse as a natural ingredient in the food industry. In addition, the possible protective effect of gum Arabic and corn starch esterified with octenyl succinic groups, in proportions optimised in previous studies 0.25 and 0.45 g/g orange co-product dry solutes, on the main bioactive compounds of orange peel during the freeze-drying process has been studied. The samples were characterised for their content of vitamin C (ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids), flavonoids (hesperidin and narirutin), total phenols and total carotenoids, as well as their antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays). In addition, samples were digested, mimicking the human enzymatic oral gastro-intestinal digestion process, and the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds was evaluated. It was observed that the addition of both biopolymers improved the stability of the hydrophilic compounds during freeze-drying. This conservative effect was more remarkable for higher biopolymer concentrations. However, no protective effect on carotenoid compounds was observed. This trend was reflected in the antioxidant activity of the different samples. In addition, the incorporation of biopolymers improved the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds studied. In conclusion, the results supported the feasibility of the freeze-dried orange juice co-product as a natural, sustainable source of health-promoting compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal is the property of Revista Academica Ciencia Animal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of a residue from the rendering plant after obtaining meat and bone meal for growing pigs on performance, carcass characteristics, incidence of diarrhea and economic viability of the diets. Forty-eight pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of residue inclusion), six replicates and two animals per experimental unit (barrows and females) with 30 ± 0.662 kg of initial weight in a 24-day trial period. Statistical assumptions of normality and homogeneity were verified using Shapiro-Wilk and Barllet tests, respectively, at 5% probability. The assumptions were met and the data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% significance. The performance variables, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence did not show significant differences (P

Abstract The animal feed science is in constant search for new products that bring economic return, without harming the quality of the final product. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of substitution of corn by biscuit bran in lamb diet upon the fatty acid profile of its meat and its physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Twenty-four male lambs divided in four treatments were used. The treatments consisted in increasing levels (0, 15, 30, and 45%) of substitution of corn by biscuit bran in lamb diet. The significance of the treatments was determined by ANOVA and the adjusted means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The effects were determined by linear and quadratic responses. The use of up to 45% biscuit bran sweet type did not modify the physical and sensory characteristics of meat, just as it did not affect nutrient and dry matter intakes and animal performance. A replacement of 45%, reduces the cholesterol (P = 0.03) and the total content of saturated fatty acid (P = 0.002), not modifying other physicochemical characteristics. The replacement of corn by biscuit bran sweet type in the feeding represents an alternative nutritional strategy for sheep meat production with desirable organoleptic and quality characteristics.

Protein hydrolysates (P-HS) from edible bird's nest co-product prepared without and with ultrasound (US) pretreatment in combination with heating before hydrolysis using alcalase at different concentrations were characterized. US treatment of co-product in water at 60% amplitude for 20 min, followed by heating at 95 °C for 3 h was done before enzymatic hydrolysis. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), yield and sialic acid (SL) content of P-HS samples were not different (p > 0.05) when 1 or 2% alcalase was used for hydrolysis. The highest protein content and lightness (L*) were observed in P-HS prepared from co-product subjected to US treatment (60% amplitude for 20 min) using 1% alcalase for hydrolysis. When antioxidant activities of dried P-HS were determined, P-HS from co-product subjected to US treatment had higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, ferrous reducing antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, compared to those prepared from non-US treated co-product. P-HS with higher DH contained greater amount of small peptides having MW lower than 1,883 Da. The P-HS produced under optimum condition had major essential amino acids (EA-A) including leucine, threonine, lysine and valine of 4.28, 3.53, 3.30 and 3.08%, respectively. Therefore, P-HS from co-product could serve as both nutrients and functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop flavored flours (salty and sweet) from Amazonic pirarucu waste (Arapaima gigas), include them in extruded snacks, and evaluate the nutritional, physicochemical, microbiological, and acceptance characteristics of these products. A standard flour was elaborated with pirarucu carcass, which presented 54.42% of protein and 7.24% of lipids, and from this, flavored flours were elaborated (salty and sweet). The standard flour had higher levels of protein, calcium, and phosphorus; and the salted one had higher levels of lipids. The fatty acids present in greater quantities were oleic (average of 32.21%), linolenic (average of 20.74%), and palmitic (average of 17.81%). The flavored flours were better accepted than the standard flour, for all sensory attributes and purchase intention. The snacks with sweet flour, despite better results in the sensory attributes of color, aroma, and flavor, were the ones that presented the lowest content of protein and ash, when compared to those with inclusion of standard flour. It is concluded that the pirarucu waste can be used for producing flavored flours and extruded snacks, with the purpose of improved food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the different levels inclusion of corn DDG in the laying hens diet and its effects on the performance, egg quality, yolk pigmentation and economic analysis. A hundred fifty laying hens (Hisex Brown) were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates, with five birds per experimental unit. The diet formulations met the nutritional requirements of the chickens, using the following treatments: control diet with the inclusion of 0% of DDG; inclusion of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of DDG. There was no effect (P> 0,05) on egg quality and performance parameters, the yolk coloring, by the colorimetric spectrum and digital colorimeter (L and a *); there was an effect with DDG inclusion (P

This study assessed the effects of four levels of crude glycerin (0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) in the diet of Boer crossbred goat kids on the qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics as well as meat quality. Thirty‐two crossbred, castrated Boer x undefined breed goat kids with an initial average weight of 17.8 ± 2.2 kg between 3 and 4 months of age were distributed across a complete randomized experiment with four treatments and eight replicates. The DM intake linearly decreased (p <.05) as the crude glycerin inclusion level in the diet increased. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p <.05) empty body weight, hot dressing percentage, and cold dressing percentage. Conformation and subcutaneous fat thickness were not affected (p >.05) by dietary crude glycerin. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p =.03) rib eye area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, however, did not affect color, cooking loss, and shear force. The crude glycerin can be included up to 50 g/kg DM in the diet of crossbred Boer goats without negatively affecting carcass characteristics and meat quality. It can be recommended as an energy source in finishing diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and intestinal biometry of Japanese quails fed levels of corn distillery dry grain (DDG) in the rearing phase. A total of 660 Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replications, with 22 quails per experimental unit during 20 days of experimentation. The treatments used were diet with 0% (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20% of corn DDG inclusion. The variables evaluated were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and intestinal biometry. Data were analyzed using the linear and quadratic regression model at 5% probability and Dunnett's test at 5% probability. The use of corn DDG showed a difference (P<0.05) for feed intake, and the inclusion level of 9.51% of DDG maximized this parameter. There were no differences (P>0.05) for weight gain and feed conversion. For intestinal biometry there was difference (P<0.05) only for jejunum and ileum length. In conclusion, it is recommended to include corn DDG in diets of Japanese quails in the rearing phase up to 10.1% without causing damage to performance parameters and intestinal biometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine cheese whey presents physico-chemical similarity with goat cheese whey, making the occurrence of adulteration of goat dairy beverage by addition of bovine whey possible. This study aimed to develop a green analytical method, using NIR spectroscopy and Data Driven–Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies (DD-SIMCA), to verify the authenticity of goat dairy beverage and to detect adulteration with bovine whey. For this, 60 authentic samples of goat dairy beverage were used and 180 samples were adulterated with 10, 25, 50 and 100% bovine whey. The classification model built based on the full spectra (10,000–4000 cm−1) showed 95 and 100% of right assignments for authentic and adulterated samples, respectively. After the variable selection process (5500–4000 cm−1), the results indicated 100% of classification correct for the samples. In this sense, the combination of NIR and class modeling has proved to be efficient for controlling the authenticity of goat dairy beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the effect of including low-fat dried distillers grains (DDG) in finishing diets on protein and energy intake and retention and to estimate the protein and energy requirement of young Nellore bulls. Thirty-five animals were used: baseline (n = 4), maintenance (n = 4), and ad libitum intake (n = 27). Ad libitum animals were divided into four groups: diets with the inclusion of DDG at the levels of 0, 150, 300, and 450 g/kg (dry matter basis). At the end of the experiment, all animals were slaughtered. There was a linear reduction with increasing DDG levels in the total digestible nutrients intake (p = 0.008), metabolizable energy (ME) intake (p < 0.010), in total retained energy (p = 0.065), and in heat production (p < 0.001). Metabolizable protein (MP) intake increased linearly (p < 0.010) but retained protein did not differ (p = 0.499). Daily net energy and ME requirement for maintenance were 75.9 and 122 kcal/kg0.75 EBW, respectively. Daily MP for maintenance was 3.6 g/kg0.75 shrunk body weight. DDG inclusion in finishing diets reduces energy intake and deposition, and we recommend the equations of this study to estimate the requirements of young Nellore bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes is the property of Revista do Instituto de Laticinios Candido Tostes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal (RBSPA) is the property of Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal (RBSPA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: As sustainability has become an important asset for production systems, it is important to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. When conducting an LCA of products derived from a multi-product process, the common challenge of impact partitioning arises. This is referred to as the allocation problem. Many allocation methods have been introduced in the literature, leading to a variety of results depending on the choice of allocation method. The purpose of this paper is to provide LCA practitioners with an operational approach that helps them choose the allocation method when evaluating co-products. Methods: The extensive literature review carried out in the study allows identification of the main allocation methods available to practitioners. A cross-analysis also points out a strong link between allocation choices and decision-makers' objectives. A decision-aid tool is introduced and tested on two case studies involving co-products. Results and discussion: The resulting decision-aid tool helps guide the allocation choice in the two case studies through multi-level reasoning. Depending on the objective of the LCA study and the co-product being analyzed, a multi-level decision tree proposes a set of recommended allocation methods. The first level consists in identifying the purpose of the study, after which yes-or-no questions start to guide the path toward the right allocation method. In the most complex cases, the LCA practitioner is presented with a table containing all the allocation methods defended by other LCA practitioners for specific industries and contexts. This decision-aid tool complements the guidelines presented by ISO 14044 2006. Conclusion: The presented tool creates a strong correlation between the aims of the study and the allocation choice, thus allowing practitioners to both justify their choice and to discuss the results with alternative scenarios for sensitivity analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an alternative ingredient in poultry diets. However, DDGS has high concentrations of non-starch polysaccharides, which limits its inclusion in broiler diets. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of inclusion level of DDGS in broiler diets from 22 to 42 D of age. A total of 980 22-day-old broilers with an average BW of 923 ± 4 g were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 7 increasing levels of DDGS (0, 10, 40, 70, 100, 130, and 160 g kg−1), with 7 replicate pen per treatment and 20 broilers per pen. The performance parameters evaluated included BWG, feed intake, and FCR. At 42 D of age, 2 broilers per pen were selected to determine blood parameters and then euthanized to evaluate gastrointestinal tract development, carcass yield, and meat quality. The results demonstrated that up to 160 g kg−1 DDGS can be included in broiler diets from 22 to 42 D of age without negative effect on performance, carcass and cut yields, meat quality, and litter characteristics.

The objective was to evaluate soybean molasses as supplement for sheep at crescent levels. Five-crossbred ½ Dorper - Santa Inês ewes with initial body mass of 45 ± 3.5 kg and 12 ± 2 months of age were used. Treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% of soybean molasses inclusion to a basal corn silage diet, which fed exclusively supports the nutritional requirements of ewes at maintenance. The treatments were assigned into 5×5 latin square design. Five experimental periods, of 12 days each (1st to 5th day: diet adaptation period; 6th to 12th: data collection and sampling), was adopted. The statistical analysis performed were regression analysis with 5% of significance. Crude protein and water intakes increase as increase the supplementation levels of soybean molasses, allowing the fit of linear regressions (P0.05). Also ingestive behavior and blood variables, as metabolicand mineral profile, was not affected (P>0.05). Soybean molasses can be used as supplement for sheep until 12 % of daily ration without affect feed digestibility, ingestive behaviour and metabolic profile.

Due to the heavy environmental impacts on the building industry, wood-based building materials are gaining interest. They may improve the indoor climate and have a low carbon footprint compared to steel and concrete structures. This study provides knowledge on the carbon footprint of wood shavings (WSs) and WSs improved with clay as insulation materials. The study defines the lifecycle emissions of five different wall structures, of which two are of conventional type in the Finnish context and three with WSs as insulation. The study follows the EN standards on buildings’ life cycle assessment with a streamlined approach and discusses the applicability of the method in the normative context. The study analyzes multiple methodological aspects, including biogenic carbon, co-product allocation, and defining the functional unit in wall structure comparison. In the base case, the exterior wall using WS as insulation provided the lowest GHG emissions of the compared structures. The study finds global warming potential (GWP) of WSs moderately sensitive to allocation choices and energy sources used in the drying of WSs with clay, while the End-of-Life treatment option can radically change the results in biogenic GWP. From the perspective of applying the buildings’ life cycle assessment in the normative context, there is a call for further research for controlling uncertainties in modeling End-of-Life options of biogenic materials.

The large amount of waste generated by the orange juice industry has sparked the interest of many researchers in incorporating recycling systems and following a much more sustainable circular economy model. This work proposes the valorization of the co-product generated in the orange juice extraction industry after freeze-drying for its subsequent reuse as a natural ingredient in the food industry. In addition, the possible protective effect of gum Arabic and corn starch esterified with octenyl succinic groups, in proportions optimised in previous studies 0.25 and 0.45 g/g orange co-product dry solutes, on the main bioactive compounds of orange peel during the freeze-drying process has been studied. The samples were characterised for their content of vitamin C (ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids), flavonoids (hesperidin and narirutin), total phenols and total carotenoids, as well as their antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays). In addition, samples were digested, mimicking the human enzymatic oral gastro-intestinal digestion process, and the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds was evaluated. It was observed that the addition of both biopolymers improved the stability of the hydrophilic compounds during freeze-drying. This conservative effect was more remarkable for higher biopolymer concentrations. However, no protective effect on carotenoid compounds was observed. This trend was reflected in the antioxidant activity of the different samples. In addition, the incorporation of biopolymers improved the bioaccessibility of the bioactive compounds studied. In conclusion, the results supported the feasibility of the freeze-dried orange juice co-product as a natural, sustainable source of health-promoting compounds.

Food plays a significant role in the environmental impacts of human activities. However, many agro-industrial processes are multi-product systems and their impacts need to be distributed between the different co-products in order to properly address two major issues: (1) prevention of food spoilage and food losses and (2) the eco-design of food systems, from processing up to recommendations for changes in Western diets. As a culturally and nutritionally central component of most human diets, milk is critical because processing is a preservation issue and most dairy products follow from separations, thereby generating co-products. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a reference and standard method that allows quantification of the potential environmental impacts of a manufactured product throughout its life cycle. Application of the method requires foreground information on the system considered, as well as input and output flows that feed and exit the system. This data paper provides data related to the fractionation of milk into cream, casein, lactose and two whey protein ingredients at industrial scale, using up-to-date technologies used in French dairy factories in years 2000-2010s. Cleaning is included. Transcription of these input and output flows into a selection of processes in the Agribalyse 3.0.1 and Ecoinvent 3.8 databases is also provided. Application of the LCA method in its attributional approach leaves methodological choices up to the practitioner, such as subdivision of the system, allocation of the environmental burden where subdivision is not applied or not possible, and aggregation of the impacts. Therefore, this data paper also provides the allocation factors that are necessary to apply mass, dry matter, protein or economic allocation at every separation operation throughout the processing itinerary. Using the characterization method EF 3.0, this data paper provides the potential environmental impacts of the 5 co-products obtained with an initial input of 600 tons of raw milk, i.e., 63 tons of cream, 183 tons of wet casein, 90 tons of lactose, 1.7 ton of dried β-lactoglobulin and 0.3 ton of dried α-lactalbumin. The respective shares of the 5 co-products are calculated for each allocation rule. Finally, this data paper provides the potential environmental impacts for the manufacture of 1 kg of α-lactalbumin enriched ingredient, as the co-product with the longest process itinerary, with details of all intermediate input contributions as well as two possible aggregation rules: by step or by input type. The dataset participates in providing often confidential industrial-scale LCI data to the public. It will be helpful for the eco-design of future itineraries. In particular, it contributes to taking the fate of the co-products into account when using LCA for such eco-design., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of substitution of grain corn for citrus pulp (0, 15 and 30%) in confined lambs on dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, carcass yield and daily cost of feeding. Twelve non-castrated Ile de France and Suffolk crossbred lambs, approximately 70 days old and average live weight of 17.5 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling four animals per treatment. The animals were housed in individual 2.20 m2 pens, with individual feeders and drinkers. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic, with crude protein (CP) content of 12.88% and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of 81.85%. The live weight of lambs fed 30% of corn grain replacement by pelletized citrus pulp was higher (p <0.05) than of lambs with diet without citrus pulp. Lambs fed a diet with 30% citrus pulp had higher dry matter intake (kg) and dry matter intake (% body weight) compared to diet without citrus pulp (p <0.05). The average daily gain was not influenced by the treatments. The cost of food (R$/day) was higher in lambs who received a diet with 30% citrus pulp compared to those who received a diet without citrus pulp. Replacing maize grain by 30% pelleted citrus pulp offers better carcass yield about treatment without inclusion of citrus pulp, which generated higher revenue from the sale of carcasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the processes and alternative uses that plantain cultivation may have, in addition to places with tourist potential in the town Monte Salas, municipality of Fortín de las Flores, Veracruz, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: A review of the space of the study area was performed, as well as an anthropological analysis, description of the process of the plantain leaf used to prepare local food, commercial analysis, development of a sustainable product, and a research stay in Colombia. Results: In Monte Salas, Fortín de las Flores, Veracruz, Mexico, plantain cultivation is regarded as an outstanding element of the landscape, together with the process of leaf roast production as a value-adding strategy to generate biodegradable co-products. Through the dissemination of audiovisual capsules on social networks, places with tourist potential were made known and together with the implementation of the offer of biodegradable co-products, it was demonstrated that plantain leaf can be used alternately. Study Limitations/Implications: Due to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) coronavirus pandemic, the dissemination of our findings and products were restricted. Conclusions: Novel biodegradable products can be manufactured from plantain leaves, which created a special interest of local tourists to visit Monte Salas and enjoy the agrosystemic landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feedlot cattle performance was evaluated upon diets offering different levels and frequencies of sweet corn residue as source of roughage. The animals were divided into five groups, in a total of 30 animals per treatment. 1) roughage:grain ratio (R:G) of 50:50 from the start to the end of experiment, 2) 30 days with 100% roughage, followed by 30 days with R:G ratio of 50:50, and then R:G ratio of 30:70 until the end of the experimental period; 3) first 45 days at feedlot condition with 100% of roughage and then R:G ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 4) 30 days at start of feedlot with 100% of roughage, and then a ratio of 50:50 until the end of experimental period; 5) 100% of roughage. The lowest body weight, average daily gain and dry matter intake were achieved by animals receiving only roughage during the total period of feedlot; however, these animals presented the best feed conversion between evaluated treatments and lowest cost per pound produced. The concentrate inclusion offered, in general, highest animal performance, but with high-cost production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buttermilk is a co-product of butter manufacturing, possessing techno-functional, nutritional, and functional properties. However, it is often discarded or underutilized by the dairy industry, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to develop five formulations of low-fat fermented dairy beverages by varying the ratios of skim milk and buttermilk: F1 (100 % skim milk); F2 (75 % skim milk, 25 % buttermilk); F3 (50 % skim milk, 50 % buttermilk); F4 (25 % skim milk, 75 % buttermilk); and F5 (100 % buttermilk). These formulations underwent analyses for centesimal composition, pH, syneresis, water holding capacity, microbiology, rheology, and sensory evaluation. The substitution of milk with buttermilk did not impact the centesimal composition and pH ( p H ‾ = 4.48) of the beverages. Furthermore, the inclusion of 25 % buttermilk reduced whey separation by ∼3 % on the day of production and increased the water holding capacity from 58.89 % to 62.72 % of the beverages during 16 days of storage. All formulations presented non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour and apparent viscosity at 50 s−1 from 0.85 to 1.17 Pa s (at 5 °C) and 0.57–0.98 Pa s (at 25 °C). F4 and F5 presented lower gel strength compared to the other treatments. Among the formulations, F3 demonstrated favorable acceptance (global impression = 7.47) and a positive inclination towards the purchase (2.27), with no significant difference from the sample containing 100 % milk (F1). However, the Rate-All-That-Apply test revealed that sensory attributes characteristics of butter, such as flavour, aroma, and greasiness, negatively affected the acceptance of beverages with higher concentrations of buttermilk (F4 and F5). Consequently, utilizing buttermilk as a partial substitute (≤50 %) for milk proved to be a viable alternative to produce nutritious, sensory-pleasing, and cost-effective food items, thereby bolstering the bio-economy in the dairy chain. • Buttermilk can be used to replace skimmed milk in the dairy beverage. • Up to 50 % of buttermilk did not change the sensory acceptance of the dairy beverage. • The use of buttermilk did not affect the rheology of the dairy beverage. • Buttermilk can be used to improve dairy sustainability in developing countries. • Buttermilk usage reduces dairy industry waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine milk whey is a co-product of the dairy agroindustry that has potential for use in lamb feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of bovine milk whey on the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing lambs. Eighteen male lambs were distributed in three treatments (control diet – CD, diet with whey powder – DWP, and diet with liquid whey – DLW) with six replicates. The performance variables, loin-eye area measurements, cover and subcutaneous fat, marbling, yield, morphometry, conformation, and finishing of the carcasses were evaluated. There was a difference in the dry matter intake, with the CD (3.22%) and DWP (3.08%) treatments having higher levels than that of the DLW (2.46%) treatment. The averages for loin-eye area, subcutaneous fat, and marbling were 9.88 cm2, 2.97 mm, and 1.39, respectively. There was a difference among the treatments for ethereal extract content of the meat; it was higher in CD (7.90%) and lower in DLW (5.19%). The inclusion of bovine milk whey did not alter the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the carcass; however, it altered the levels of ethereal extract content in the meat.

The objective of this work was to characterize the chemical - bromatological composition of the acerola co - product before and after protein enrichment with the yeast of the species Sacharomyces cerevisae in semi - solid fermentation for animal feed. Four treatments were performed, the control containing the co-product in in natura form and the others containing 2% of yeast for treatment II; 2% of yeast plus 1% of urea forming treatment III and 2% of yeast plus 2% of urea for treatment IV which remained 24 hours at room temperature for 24 hours subjected in this period in semi-solid fermentation. The following results were obtained for crude protein: 9.85%; 17.91%; 43.11% and 59.06%, respectively. It was concluded that there was an efficacy of the process since similar and higher values were obtained than the conventional concentrate of the soybean used in the animals' diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]