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Background: Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) refers to a group of inherited progressive peripheral neuropathies characterized by reduced nerve conduction velocity with chronic segmental demyelination and/or axonal degeneration. HMSN is highly clinically and genetically heterogeneous with multiple inheritance patterns and phenotypic overlap with other inherited neuropathies and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to this high complexity and genetic heterogeneity, this study aimed to elucidate the genetic causes of HMSN in Pakistani families using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) for variant identification and Sanger sequencing for validation and segregation analysis, facilitating accurate clinical diagnosis. Methods: Families from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with at least two members showing HMSN symptoms, who had not previously undergone genetic analysis, were included. Referrals for genetic investigations were based on clinical features suggestive of HMSN by local neurologists. WES was performed on affected individuals from each family, with Sanger sequencing used to validate and analyze the segregation of identified variants among family members. Clinical data including age of onset were assessed for variability among affected individuals, and the success rate of genetic diagnosis was compared with existing literature using proportional differences and Cohen's h. Results: WES identified homozygous pathogenic variants in GDAP1 (c.310 + 4 A > G, p.?), SETX (c.5948_5949del, p.(Asn1984Profs*30), IGHMBP2 (c.1591 C > A, p.(Pro531Thr) and NARS1 (c.1633 C > T, p.(Arg545Cys) as causative for HMSN in five out of nine families, consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Additionally, in families with HMSN, a SETX variant was found to cause cerebellar ataxia, while a NARS1 variant was linked to intellectual disability. Based on American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria, the GDAP1 variant is classified as a variant of uncertain significance, while variants in SETX and IGHMBP2 are classified as pathogenic, and the NARS1 variant is classified as likely pathogenic. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 15 years (Mean = 5.13, SD = 3.61), and a genetic diagnosis was achieved in 55.56% of families with HMSN, with small effect sizes compared to previous studies. Conclusions: This study expands the molecular genetic spectrum of HMSN and HMSN plus type neuropathies in Pakistan and facilitates accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and clinical management for affected families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold metal transfer (CMT)–wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) exhibits great potential in the production of large structural metallic components. Many studies have focused on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the parts produced using CMT–WAAM. However, the corrosion resistance of such parts has barely been investigated. In this study, parts of stainless steel (SS) 308L were fabricated using CMT–WAAM. Further, the microstructure and corrosion resistance in different areas of the parts were analyzed. The microstructure of such parts comprised austenite and ferrite. The residual ferrite was distributed in austenite in the form of strips and skeletons. The electrochemical corrosion testing revealed that the corrosion performance of the middle sample was the best while that of the bottom sample was the worst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shielding gas plays a vital role in customising the weld bead characteristics. This study explores the effect of shielding gases at different heat inputs of welding considering wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of Inconel 718 on its bead geometry characteristics, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Bead-on-plate experiments were fabricated using the cold metal transfer (CMT) technique of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. ANOVA and S/N ratio approaches were used to analyse factor effects, their contribution and optimum level. For heat input determination, the dynamic characteristics of the welding power source are recorded and processed. Higher bead geometry characteristics and wider heat affected zone (HAZ) area were observed with increased heat input. The increase in CO2 concentration in the Ar + CO2 mixture changed the weld texture from silver metallic (with pure Ar) to grey with 2.5% CO2 and light yellow with 20% CO2. Higher bead width, reinforcement, penetration and dilution were observed when 20% CO2 was mixed with Ar. With 2.5% CO2, beads were continuous and smoother with all heat inputs. While with 100% Ar shielding environment, higher hardness is obtained compared to welds prepared with 2.5% CO2 and 20% CO2 mixed with Ar. The presence of a higher concentration of Nb-riched precipitates, observed from SEM-EDS analysis, resulted in higher strength. The findings of this experimental investigation will empower the WAAM researchers and practitioners to enhance the weld quality and optimize its geometrical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Methods Results Discussion The Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease Health Index (CMT‐HI) is a disease‐specific, patient‐reported disease burden measure. As part of an international clinical trial readiness study, individuals with CMT1A (ages 18–75 years) underwent clinical outcome assessments (COAs), including the CMT‐HI, to capture their longitudinal perspective on the disease burden.Two hundred and fifteen participants underwent serial COAs including the CMT‐HI, CMT Functional Outcome Measure (CMT‐FOM), CMT Neuropathy Score (CMTNSv2R), and CMT Exam Score (CMTES/CMTES‐R). Correlations between the total and subscale scores for the CMT‐HI and other COAs were determined. Changes in the CMT‐HI scores over 12 months were assessed using paired t‐tests. The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for the CMT‐HI and its subscales were calculated by anchoring to a participant global impression of change scale.At baseline, CMT1A participants were 44.5 ± 15 years old (range: 18–75) and 58% were women. The mean CMT‐HI was 25.7 ± 18.8 (range: 0–91.9; 100 reflecting maximal disease burden). The CMT‐HI correlated with the CMT‐FOM (r = .54, p < .0001), CMTNSv2R (r = .48, p < .0001), and CMTES/CMTES‐R (r = .52/r = .54, p < .0001). Disease burden was greater in women than in men (CMT‐HI 29.1 ± 19.1 vs. 21.2 ± 17.3, p = .001). Over 12 months, there was a nonsignificant mean increase in CMT‐HI of 0.40 ± 10.0 (n = 189, p = .89). The MCID for the CMT‐HI total score was 3.8 points (95% CI: 1.7–5.9).Patient‐reported disease burden in CMT1A as measured by the CMT‐HI is associated with measures of neurologic impairment and physical functioning. Women reported a higher disease burden than men. These data will inform the design of clinical trials in CMT1A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally developed for application in dissimilar joints, the dynamic feeding technology applied to the GMAW process is gaining popularity with applications in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Given the growing importance of additive manufacturing (AM) in industrial production, it is essential to better understand the main tool of WAAM technology. Acknowledging the limitations imposed on current waveform parameterization in commercial welding sources, this work used a proprietary welding source, named MIG-AD, which allows full control of parameters through dedicated hardware and open-source software. This study focuses on the impact of arc phase parameters on metal transfer, namely arc pulse time, arc pulse current level, and arc base current level. The results show the impact of altering each parameter on droplet formation, wire retraction, detachment frequency, and metal bridge elongation, as well as the stability and quality of the weld bead. This research offers valuable insights for optimizing welding parameters, aiming for greater control and process customization, making it a viable alternative for advanced research in WAAM, cladding, computational simulation, and artificial intelligence applied to welding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is increasingly gaining attraction from researchers and industries worldwide due to its low cost and the ability to produce intricate parts in a shorter time. In this study, the bimetallic wall of aluminium alloys (ER5356/ER4043) is fabricated by cold metal transfer based WAAM technique using two deposition directions (unidirectional and bidirectional) and three current combinations (115 A/90 A, 120 A/95 A, 125 A/100 A). The effect of deposition direction and current on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and residual stress has been investigated. Experimental results displayed better properties in bi-directional wall build at a current combination of 115 A/90 A. This is confirmed by optical microstructure as well as field emission scanning electron microscopy, which shows equiaxed grains on the ER4043 layer, fine grains on the ER5356 layer, and columnar-fine grains at the interface of the bi-directional wall while discontinuous dendritic grains is displayed in ER5356 layer of unidirectional wall. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicates a main difference in weight percentage for Si and Mg contents at the interface layer of the bidirectional wall than the unidirectional wall, with X-ray diffraction analysis specifying the intermetallic compounds like α-Al, Al 12 Mg 17 , Mg 2 Si, AlMg, and Al 3.21 Si 0.47 in both depositional directions. Tensile strength at the interface layer of the bi-directional wall surpasses the tensile strength of the unidirectional wall's interface layer, with fracture morphology indicating ductile fracture in all specimens. The microhardness test reveals an increase in hardness in the transverse direction at the current combination of 115 A/90 A and also in the bidirectional deposition wall compared to the unidirectional wall. Bidirectional deposition has generated less residual stress than unidirectional walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dissimilar structures of 316L and Inconel 625 were fabricated using wire and arc additive manufacturing with the cold metal transfer plus pulse mode (CMT+P). Based on various arc scanning strategies, including single-layer and multi-layer deposition, in vertical and horizontal building directions, the evolution of interface microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured heterogeneous structures were studied. The microstructure analysis showed that during single-layer deposition, both 316L and Inconel 625 formed dendrites and columnar crystals. During the multi-layer deposition process, the 316L material solidified to form a dual-phase microstructure consisting of austenite and ferrite, whereas the Inconel 625 primarily formed an austenite microstructure. The segregation of elements such as Nb and Mo occurred at the interface, resulting in the formation of numerous precipitated phases at the grain boundary. At the interface of the vertically deposited sample, the inadequate diffusion of elements resulted in the formation of a transition layer in the microstructure. The microhardness of the deposited Inconel 625 layer was approximately 215 HV, while the microhardness of the deposited 316L layer ranged from 170 to 200 HV. The tensile strength and elongation rate of the horizontally deposited samples were higher than those of the vertically deposited structure. Both the tensile strength and elongation rate of the multilayer deposited structure were reduced due to the presence of numerous interfaces. The maximum tensile strength and elongation rate of horizontal single-layer samples were 488.57 MPa and 43.53%, respectively. The average tensile strength and elongation of vertical multi-layer samples were 387.26 MPa and 17.79%, respectively. Results showed that the mechanical properties of the SS316L/Inconel 625 heterogeneous structure in wire and arc additive manufacturing are clearly influenced by the deposition strategies and interface orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Methods Results Interpretation Since 2016, biallelic mutations in the membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME) gene have been associated with late‐onset recessive CMT2 (CMT2T). More recently, heterozygous mutations have also been identified in familial and sporadic patients with late‐onset axonal neuropathy, ranging from subclinical to severe. This indicates that the heterozygous MME variants may not be fully penetrant, or alternatively, that they may be a potential risk factor for neuropathy. Here, we describe the clinical, neurophysiological, and genetic findings of 32 CM2T Italian patients.The patients were recruited from four different Italian referral centers. Following a comprehensive battery of neurological, electrophysiological, and laboratory examinations, the patients' DNA was subjected to sequencing in order to identify any variants in the gene. Bioinformatic and modeling analyses were performed to evaluate the identified variants' effects.We observe a relatively mild axonal sensory‐motor neuropathy with a greater impairment of the lower extremities. Biallelic and monoallelic patients exhibit comparable disease severity, with an earlier onset observed in those with biallelic variants. When considering a subgroup with more than 10 years of disease, it becomes evident that biallelic patients exhibit a more severe form of neuropathy. This suggests that they are more prone to quick progression.CM2T has been definitively defined as a late‐onset neuropathy, with a typical onset in the fifth to sixth decades of life and a more rapidly progressing worsening for biallelic patients. CMT2T can be included in the neuropathies of the elderly, particularly if MME variants heterozygous patients are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Canine mammary gland tumour (CMT) is the most common spontaneous tumour in intact female dogs and often exhibits metastases. Auranofin (AF) is a gold complex used for treating rheumatism. The excellent anti‐tumour ability of AF has been demonstrated in various types of human and canine tumours. In this study, five CMT cell lines (CIPp, CMT‐7364, CHMp, CIPm and CTBp) and three CMT primary cells (G7894, L1883 and L6783) were used to explore the anti‐tumour effect of AF on CMT. Two CMT cell lines (CIPp and CMT‐7364) were used to search the underlying mechanism of the effect of AF on CMT. The results showed that AF inhibited the growth, migration, invasion, and colony formation abilities of CMT cells. Additionally, the growth of CMT in a 3D cell culture model was effectively suppressed by AF. Furthermore, AF induced cell apoptosis of CMT cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, AF effectively induces CMT apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway, indicating that AF should be explored as a potential CMT treatment in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of face-to-face, group-based Compassionate Mind Training (CMT) for undergraduate students. Following a 12-week CMT intervention, a cohort of undergraduate students in the CMT group (n = 45) and their counterparts in the passive control group (n = 21) were asked to fill out assessments before, during, immediately after, and three months following the completion of the intervention. These measures encompassed a range of factors, including self-compassion, negative affect, various forms of positive affect, depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, and dysfunctional attitudes. Compared with the control group, participants belonging to the CMT group showed significant increases in self-compassion and self-warmth, along with decreases in negative affect, self-coldness, dysfunctional attitudes, depression, and stress. However, mediation analyses, when applied within longitudinal models, did not establish the significance of self-compassion, self-coldness, or self-warmth as mediators in the context of the CMT's impact on negative affect and soothing positive affect. The results support the effectiveness of a 12-week, group-based, face-to-face CMT for undergraduate students. Yet, they also cast doubt on self-compassion as the primary mechanism driving these changes, given the absence of supporting longitudinal evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common and genetically heterogeneous inherited neurological diseases, with more than 130 disease-causing genes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has improved diagnosis across genetic diseases, but the diagnostic impact in CMT is yet to be fully reported. We present the diagnostic results from a single specialist inherited neuropathy centre, including the impact of WGS diagnostic testing. Patients were assessed at our specialist inherited neuropathy centre from 2009 to 2023. Genetic testing was performed using single gene testing, next-generation sequencing targeted panels, research whole exome sequencing and WGS and, latterly, WGS through the UK National Health Service. Variants were assessed using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and Association for Clinical Genomic Science criteria. Excluding patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis, 1515 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CMT and related disorders were recruited. In summary, 621 patients had CMT1 (41.0%), 294 CMT2 (19.4%), 205 intermediate CMT (CMTi, 13.5%), 139 hereditary motor neuropathy (HMN, 9.2%), 93 hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN, 6.1%), 38 sensory ataxic neuropathy (2.5%), 72 hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP, 4.8%) and 53 'complex' neuropathy (3.5%). Overall, a genetic diagnosis was reached in 76.9% (1165/1515). A diagnosis was most likely in CMT1 (96.8%, 601/621), followed by CMTi (81.0%, 166/205) and then HSN (69.9%, 65/93). Diagnostic rates remained less than 50% in CMT2, HMN and complex neuropathies. The most common genetic diagnosis was PMP22 duplication (CMT1A; 505/1165, 43.3%), then GJB1 (CMTX1; 151/1165, 13.0%), PMP22 deletion (HNPP; 72/1165, 6.2%) and MFN2 (CMT2A; 46/1165, 3.9%). We recruited 233 cases to the UK 100 000 Genomes Project (100KGP), of which 74 (31.8%) achieved a diagnosis; 28 had been otherwise diagnosed since recruitment, leaving a true diagnostic rate of WGS through the 100KGP of 19.7% (46/233). However, almost half of the solved cases (35/74) received a negative report from the study, and the diagnosis was made through our research access to the WGS data. The overall diagnostic uplift of WGS for the entire cohort was 3.5%. Our diagnostic rate is the highest reported from a single centre and has benefitted from the use of WGS, particularly access to the raw data. However, almost one-quarter of all cases remain unsolved, and a new reference genome and novel technologies will be important to narrow the 'diagnostic gap'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper explores the impact of various weld cladding techniques, such as MIG and TIG, alongside innovative methods like Cold Metal Transfer (CMT), on enhancing the microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of metals and alloys. Welding dissimilar metals with traditional methods presents challenges, but the CMT process, a modified version of MIG welding, addresses these with its rapid deposition rate, improved bead aesthetics and low thermal heat input. Robotic welding further enhances microstructural characteristics. Advancements in conventional TIG, MIG and CMT processes, including A-TIG, Keyhole-TIG, Pulsed MIG, Plasma-MIG, CMT Pulse and CMT Advanced, improve capabilities such as weld penetration, heat-affected zone width, weld finish, and defect reduction. This paper summarises how different welding techniques improve weld quality in terms of microstructure, electrochemical and mechanical properties. Additionally, it compares conventional welds and their variants to identify the best welding technology for Austenitic SS316 in marine environments. Highlighting the applications and benefits of weld cladding in industries like aerospace, shipbuilding and power generation, the paper underscores the significance of a comparative study on TIG, MIG and CMT weld cladding using Ni-Cr-Mo filler on SS316 base metal for optimal corrosion resistance and mechanical performance in marine settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) refers to a group of inherited progressive peripheral neuropathies characterized by reduced nerve conduction velocity with chronic segmental demyelination and/or axonal degeneration. HMSN is highly clinically and genetically heterogeneous with multiple inheritance patterns and phenotypic overlap with other inherited neuropathies and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to this high complexity and genetic heterogeneity, this study aimed to elucidate the genetic causes of HMSN in Pakistani families using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) for variant identification and Sanger sequencing for validation and segregation analysis, facilitating accurate clinical diagnosis. Methods Families from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with at least two members showing HMSN symptoms, who had not previously undergone genetic analysis, were included. Referrals for genetic investigations were based on clinical features suggestive of HMSN by local neurologists. WES was performed on affected individuals from each family, with Sanger sequencing used to validate and analyze the segregation of identified variants among family members. Clinical data including age of onset were assessed for variability among affected individuals, and the success rate of genetic diagnosis was compared with existing literature using proportional differences and Cohen’s h. Results WES identified homozygous pathogenic variants in GDAP1 (c.310 + 4 A > G, p.?), SETX (c.5948_5949del, p.(Asn1984Profs*30), IGHMBP2 (c.1591 C > A, p.(Pro531Thr) and NARS1 (c.1633 C > T, p.(Arg545Cys) as causative for HMSN in five out of nine families, consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Additionally, in families with HMSN, a SETX variant was found to cause cerebellar ataxia, while a NARS1 variant was linked to intellectual disability. Based on American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria, the GDAP1 variant is classified as a variant of uncertain significance, while variants in SETX and IGHMBP2 are classified as pathogenic, and the NARS1 variant is classified as likely pathogenic. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 15 years (Mean = 5.13, SD = 3.61), and a genetic diagnosis was achieved in 55.56% of families with HMSN, with small effect sizes compared to previous studies. Conclusions This study expands the molecular genetic spectrum of HMSN and HMSN plus type neuropathies in Pakistan and facilitates accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and clinical management for affected families.

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a pathogen of higher risk to the world community. Livestock and the products it produces, which are frequently raised in subpar conditions, are one of the sources of MRSA emergence. Studies on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and prevalence of MRSA in dairy buffaloes were scarce in Jabalpur. Thus, using their antimicrobial pattern as well as phenotypic and genotypic characterization, the current study was aimed to ascertain the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in mastitic buffaloes in the Jabalpur region of Madhya Pradesh. The California Mastitis Test was used to screen 408 buffaloes' milk samples for mastitis (CMT). The mecA gene of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was molecularly characterized using polymerase chain reaction. Overall 25 percent (102/408) of the milk samples tested positive for CMT. 30.39 % (31/102) of the milk samples that tested positive for CMT had S. aureus, according to the results of the biochemical tests. mecA gene was identified in 16.1% (05/31) of the total 31 S. aureus isolates detected as MRSA. Only one S. aureus isolate was found to be multidrug resistant based on the antibiotic sensitivity test results.

This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and the correlation between CMT positive score, udder morphology and management practice in dairy goats in several regencies in East Java. The SCM identification was tested using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) method. The obtained data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the correlation was determined using Kendall’s tau_b coefficient correlation method. The results showed the prevalence of SCM in Blitar, Lumajang, and Jember amounted to 19,35%, 0,86%, and 25%, respectively. The control management of observed dairy farms was relatively similar such as the milking frequency, feeding management, health control, and cage type. Milk production was moderately correlated with CMT (tb =-0.417) and low correlation with the udder shape (tb =1.51), side udder cross-section (tb =-0,293), teat angle of separation between teat (tb =0,204), and degree of udder separation (tb =0,128). The CMT also has low correlation with the BCS (tb =0,146), udder symmetry (tb =0,126), sided udder cross-section (tb =0,153). Then CMT also has a moderate correlation with housing type (tb =-0,380) and milking frequency (tb =0.365). In conclusion, the prevalence of SCM was relatively low to moderate and its correlation with udder morphology were low to moderate.

Intensive research is currently being conducted on WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) processes. Previous studies have demonstrated the impact of current parameters on altering the structure and properties of 316L stainless steel. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information in the literature regarding the influence of electrode extension length (contact to tube distance) on changes in the structure and geometry of parts made of 316L steel using the CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) method. This parameter was often assumed to be constant in research experiments. The study aimed to determine how the length of the electrode extension affects the geometric properties of steel walls produced in the WAAM CMT additive manufacturing process. The experiment used 316LSi stainless steel to build 3D structures in the shape of straight walls. The chosen shape of the parts yielded the most benefits for preparing samples from the resulting structures for destructive testing. The research demonstrated that the length of the electrode extension is a crucial parameter in the additive manufacturing process of structures using the WAAM method. Modifying the electrode extension length in the WAAM process with a CMT machine impacts the bead geometry and, consequently, the overall model geometry. A 6 mm increase in the electrode extension length resulted in a model that was over 8 mm taller, despite using the same number of layers.

The focus of this paper was on welding AISI H13 tool steel by the cold metal transfer method to investigate the effects of welding variables on weld bead geometry, microstructure, and mechanical performance. The variable sets consisted of welding voltages of 16–24 V and speeds of 0.25–1.25 mm/s. The weldments were smooth without weld seam defects due to low-voltage welding. The weld bead height was variably influenced by the welding process factors as the welding voltage increased and the welding speed remained constant. The bead height decreased with increasing voltage. Conversely, the dilution percentage increased as the voltage increased. While maintaining a low voltage, a higher bead width was formed. The optimized conditions were achieved at 18 V and 0.25 mm/s, with a bead height of 8.8 ± 0.1 mm, bead width of 17.5 ± 1.0 mm, and penetration depth of 3.59 ± 1.1 mm. However, the influences of the welding speed on microstructural changes were less significant than those of the welding voltage. The voltage had a minimal influence on the ferrite phase formation of the weld metal and heat-affected zones. The mechanical properties, such as the impact toughness of the welded seam, imparted the material with higher absorbed impact energy than the parent material. The impact toughness decreased with an increase in welding voltage. Moreover, the fusion zones of the weldments had lower hardness values than the heat-affected zones and base material. The chromium contents in the microstructure significantly affected the microstructure and microhardness characteristics of the weld metal and heat-affected zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance in the field of engineering to repair the surface defects of ZM6 cast magnesium alloy by an arc welding method. Compared with the traditional tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding repair technology, cold metal transfer (CMT) welding repair has the advantages of low heat input, small repair deformation, and high efficiency. It is of great research value to repair the surface defects of ZM6 cast magnesium alloy by CMT welding. In this paper, the effect of CMT welding repair parameters on defect repair forming is systematically studied, and a repair process window free of unfused defects is obtained. The effects of preheating temperature of base material, wire-feeding speed, welding speed, stick-out length of welding wire and shielding gas flow on the spread of magnesium alloy melt and weld formation were investigated by a surface surfacing method. During the welding process, a camera was used to capture images of the arc and droplet features. A pit defect with a depth of 11.5 mm was machined on the surface of the casting, and the effect of five different repair paths on the formation of the repair area was studied. In order to make the repair area have better fusion, reasonable repair parameters are as follows: The preheating temperature range is 310–450 °C, the wire-feeding speed range is 5–7 m/min, the welding speed range is 8–10 mm/s, the stick-out length of the welding wire is 12 mm, the shielding gas flow rate is 20 L/min, and the repair path adopts a continuous linear reciprocating welding path. This study has important significance for guiding the development of CMT repair technology of cast magnesium alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism businesses at coastal locations contribute to job creation and local economic development. There is limited research on COVID-19 and Coastal and Marine Tourism (CMT) Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) that adopts a comparative approach. The stakeholder theory and diffusion theory frame the research. In total, 446 surveys were conducted with SMMEs at purposively selected coastal tourism locations in Cape Town (219) and Durban (227), key CMT destinations in South Africa, enabling a comparative analysis to be undertaken using descriptive (frequency and percentages) and inferential (chi-squared tests) statistics. The primary findings indicate significant differences in the profiles and COVID-19 responses of SMMEs, with Cape Town SMMEs adopting more strategies. SMMEs adopted diverse tools and measures to deal with the pandemic. The study recommends that interventions need to consider locality-specific aspects and funding and training should be provided to better position tourism SMMEs to be resilient in a world where disruptions are likely to be experienced more regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of cold metal transfer (CMT) wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) for 2319 aluminum alloy was studied. The research investigated the coarse and fine equiaxed grain bands and porosity of the 2319 alloy after solution aging treatment, with a focus on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of the aluminum alloy at different positions and orientations. Pores and coarse second phases mainly appeared at grain boundaries but were also observed within coarse equiaxed grains. The yield strength of the top horizontal samples reached 325.5 MPa, one of the highest yield strengths reported for 2319 aluminum alloy in the literature. The coarse brittle second phases at grain boundaries were the main crack sources during the failure process of the samples. In the fine equiaxed grain layer, cracks propagated along the grain boundaries connected to the second phases, and the presence of pores accelerated crack propagation; in the coarse equiaxed grain layer, cracks directly penetrated through the grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper/steel bimetallic composites were made by using cold metal transfer wire and arc additive manufacturing (CMT-WAAM) with 1.2 mm diameter ER120S-G high-strength steel and 1.2 mm diameter ERCuSi-A silicon bronze welding wires. Based on the optimal tensile strength, the optimal CMT additive parameters of the copper layer were determined by the single-factor method under the conditions of the fixed steel layer process parameters of a 100 A welding current and 550 mm/min welding speed. The interfacial behavior of copper/steel bimetallic composites with the optimum parameters was investigated in particular. The results show that the optimum CMT additive process parameters for depositing a copper layer on a steel layer are a welding current of 100 A and a welding speed of 500 mm/min. The steel side consists mainly of martensite and ferrite, and the copper side consists of α-Cu matrix, Cu3Si, and Cu15Si4 reinforcing phases. The composite interfacial region is mainly composed of the FeSi2 reinforcing phase. At the optimum parameters, the ultimate tensile strength of the composites can reach 404 MPa with a ductile fracture on the copper side. Under the optimum parameters, the microhardness of the composites declines gradually from the steel side to the copper side, and the microhardness at the interface is higher than that at copper side, reaching 190 HV. In addition, the corrosion current density of the copper-side metal is 2.035 × 10−6 A·cm−2, and the corrosion current density of the steel-side metal is 7.304 × 10−6 A·cm−2. The corrosion resistance of the copper-side metal is higher than that of the steel-side metal. The CMT-WAAM process can produce copper/steel bimetallic composites with excellent comprehensive performance. The advantage of material integration makes it a broad application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we have designed and simulated an Optical Power Limiter created on a two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal. The functioning of the OPL is based on its "asymmetric Fano-like resonance" structural response. The structure of the device is simple and compact. The proposed device exhibits output power saturation for input power in the range of (22.70 - 37.2) w μ m 2 . The band gap calculation and the performance evaluation of the device were done using the Plane Wave Expansion and the Finite Difference Time Domain method. The maximum transmission allowed by the proposed device is 85 % [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peripheral neuropathies in mitochondrial disease are caused by mutations in nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, or in the mitochondrial genome. Whole exome or genome sequencing enable parallel testing of nuclear and mtDNA genes, and it has significantly advanced the genetic diagnosis of inherited diseases. Despite this, approximately 40% of all Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) cases remain undiagnosed. Methods: The genome-phenome analysis platform (GPAP) in RD-Connect was utilised to create a cohort of 2087 patients with at least one Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) term suggestive of a peripheral neuropathy, from a total of 10,935 patients. These patients' genetic data were then analysed and searched for variants in known mitochondrial disease genes. Results: A total of 1,379 rare variants were identified, 44 of which were included in this study as either reported pathogenic or likely causative in 42 patients from 36 families. The most common genes found to be likely causative for an autosomal dominant neuropathy were GDAP1 and GARS1. We also detected heterozygous likely pathogenic variants in DNA2, MFN2, DNM2, PDHA1, SDHA, and UCHL1. Biallelic variants in SACS, SPG7, GDAP1, C12orf65, UCHL1, NDUFS6, ETFDH and DARS2 and variants in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded MT-ATP6 and MT-TK were also causative for mitochondrial CMT. Only 50% of these variants were already reported as solved in GPAP. Conclusion: Variants in mitochondrial disease genes are frequent in patients with inherited peripheral neuropathies. Due to the clinical overlap between mitochondrial disease and CMT, agnostic exome or genome sequencing have better diagnostic yields than targeted gene panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold metal transfer (CMT) and gas metal arc welding with pulsed current (GMAW-P) were used to apply a hardfacing layer on AISI 1045 steel plates with EnDOTec DO15 filler wire. Three conditions were studied for the plates with hardfacing; as-welded (AW), annealed (ANN) after welding for minimum hardness and tempered heat-treated (HT) after welding targeting hardness values of ~ 400 Vickers units. For the same metallurgical condition, there were no noticeable variation in the microhardness values despite the welding process used. The only difference found was the extent of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) being smaller for the CMT process. The HAZ showed a refined microstructure that was fully and partially reversed for the ANN and HT conditions, respectively. For the tensile tests of the EnDOTec DO15 filler material, the AW condition exhibited a brittle behavior. The highest yield strength values were obtained in the HT condition (1327.1 ± 34.5 MPa for GMAW-P and 1422.55 ± 9.65 MPa for CMT). The ANN condition showed yield strength values of 715.5 ± 3.3 MPa for GMAW-P and 719.88 ± 7.72 MPa for the CMT. Charpy impact tests were performed using weld cladded samples with the V groove in two positions, over the hardfacing layer and over the AISI 1045 substrate. The specimens with the notch on the carbon steel plate recorded the highest values of absorbed energy for the three metallurgical conditions. The results proved that irrespective of the power source employed the mechanical properties of the weld overlay cladded plates are very good and suitable for refurbishing worn components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The complex deformities in cavovarus feet of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease are difficult to evaluate. The aim of this study was to quantify the initial standing alignment correction achieved after joint-sparing CMT cavovarus reconstruction using pre- and postoperative weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). Methods: Twenty-nine CMT cavovarus reconstructions were retrospectively analyzed. Three-dimensional measurements were performed using semiautomated software (Bonelogic 2.1) to investigate changes in sagittal, axial, and coronal parameters. Pre- and postoperative data were compared, along with normative data. Correlation among the preoperative measurements and the amount of correction in sagittal, axial, and coronal parameters were analyzed. Results: The sagittal, axial, and coronal malalignment of the hindfoot, and the sagittal and axial malalignment of the forefoot, was significantly improved after corrective surgery (P <.05). Sagittal Meary angle (from 14.8 to 0.1 degrees), axial talonavicular angle (TNA, from 3.6 to 19.2 degrees), and coronal hindfoot alignment (from 11.0 to −11.1 degrees) showed significant changes postoperatively (P <.001). Hindfoot, forefoot sagittal, and forefoot axial parameters reached comparable outcomes compared with normative value (P >.05). Regarding amount of correction, Spearman correlation demonstrated that axial Meary angle and TNA were most strongly related to improvement in sagittal Meary angle and coronal hindfoot alignment. Conclusion: Preoperative and postoperative WBCT measurements demonstrated that joint sparing CMT cavovarus reconstruction significantly improved sagittal, axial, and coronal deformities of CMT, and sagittal Meary angle was restored toward normative values. Apparent axial plane correction, the majority of which occurred at the talonavicular joint, had the strongest correlation with deformity correction in multiple planes. This suggests that soft tissue releases and correction of the talonavicular joint may be a key component of a cavovarus foot correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) as an emerging process to fabricate and repair big objects. In this investigation, thin-walled 316L Stainless steel parts were deposited utilizing the CMT-WAAM process. The effect of various heat input on changing the process parameters of Weld Current (WC), Travel Speed (TS) and Wire Feed Speed (WFS) on microstructure features and mechanical qualities were explored. The microstructure studies comprises the formation of both equiaxed and columnar grains. As TS values decreases, the coarse and equiaxed grains would increase in the various 316L deposited parts. EBSD analysis reveals the formation of strong (100) texture in the building direction of deposit parts. Micro-hardness studies demonstrates a hardness value increases from 210 to 240 HV under the effects of variation of TS and WFS values. In addition, the tensile properties indicates that the samples produced at TS: 4.1 m/min and WFS: 4.8 m/min possess the superior Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS): 459.3 MPa, Yield Strength (YS): 277.5 MPa and Elongation (EL): 39%. Fracture morphology reveals the formation of dimples and micro-voids in the deposit samples and confirms the ductile mode fracture. WAAM process deposited at the TS: 4.1 m/min & WFS: 4.8 m/min exhibits the increase in both tensile and micro-hardness properties and good forming quality assist compared to other deposited samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a planar, non-angular, series-fed, dual-element dipole array MIMO antenna operating at 28 GHz with the metasurface-based isolation improvement technique. The initial design is a single-element antenna with a dual dipole array which is series-fed. These dipole elements are non-uniform in shape and distance. This dipole antenna results in end-fire radiation. The dipole antenna excites the J 1 mode for its operation. Further, with the view to improve channel capacity, the dipole array expands the antenna to a three-element MIMO antenna. In the MIMO antenna structure, the sum of the J 1 , J 2 , and J 3 modes is excited, causing resonance at 28 GHz. This article also proposes a metasurface structure with wide stopband characteristics at 28 GHz for isolation improvement. The metasurface is composed of rectangle-shaped structures. The defected ground and metasurface structure combination suppresses the surface wave coupling among the MIMO elements. The proposed antenna results in a bandwidth ranging from 26.7 to 29.6 GHz with isolation improvement greater than 21 dB and a gain of 6.3 dBi. The antenna is validated with the diversity parameters of envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, and channel capacity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at evaluation of two diagnostic techniques and the cultural isolation of Staphylococcus aureus for the testing of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows. A total of 144 milk samples from 36 cows were examined. Ten (10) ml milk samples were aseptically collected from each quarter into labelled sterile universal bottles. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT) were carried out on each sample, before cultural isolation (gold standard test) was conducted. Forty eight milk samples were CMT-positive and 60 samples were MBRT-positive, while the gold standard (S. aureus isolation) had 31 positives. The 89.5 % samples of CMT-positive were correctly identified by the test culture. The proportions of samples that tested negative for Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) that did not have the disease, which is a negative predictive value, are 97.9 % and 92.9 % for CMT and MBRT, respectively. The highest total resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics was detected for gentamycin and chloramphenicol (100 %), followed by streptomycin and amoxicillin at 80.6 % and 74.1 %, respectively. The control and monitoring of subclinical mastitis in lactating cows are of great importance to human health. A good management system constitutes the priority in controlling subclinical mastitis in lactating cows.

Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), recognized for its capability to fabricate large-scale, complex parts, stands out due to its significant deposition rates and cost-effectiveness, positioning it as a forward-looking manufacturing method. In this research, we employed two welding currents to produce samples of 316 austenitic stainless steel utilizing the Cold Metal Transfer wire arc additive manufacturing process (CMT-WAAM). This study initially evaluated the maximum allowable arc travel speed (MAWFS) and the formation characteristics of the deposition bead, considering deposition currents that vary between 100 A and175 A in both CMT and CMT pulse(CMT+P) modes. Thereafter, the effect of the CMT+P mode arc on the microstructure evolution was analyzed using the EBSD technique. The findings indicate that the arc travel speed and deposition current significantly affect the deposition bead's dimensions. Specifically, an increase in travel speed or a reduction in current results in reduced bead width and height. Moreover, the employment of the CMT+P arc mode led to a reduction in the average grain size in the mid-section of the sample fabricated by CMT arc and wire additive manufacturing, from 13.426 μm to 9.429 μm. Therefore, the components of 316 stainless steel produced through the CMT+P-WAAM method are considered fit for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a heterogeneous group of inherited peripheral neuropathies. Although the typical disease onset is reported in the second decade, earlier onsets are not uncommon. To date, few studies on pediatric populations have been conducted and the achievement of molecular diagnosis remains challenging. During the last 24 years we recruited 223 patients with early-onset hereditary peripheral neuropathies (EOHPN), negative for PMP22 duplication, 72 of them referred by a specialized pediatric hospital. Genetic testing for CMT-associated genes has been carried out with a range of different techniques. Of the 223 EOHPN cases, 43% were classified as CMT1 (demyelinating), 49% as CMT2 (axonal), and 8% as CMTi (intermediate). Genetic diagnosis was reached in 51% of patients, but the diagnostic yield increased to 67% when focusing only on cases from the specialized pediatric neuromuscular centers. Excluding PMP22 rearrangements, no significant difference in diagnostic rate between demyelinating and axonal forms was identified. De novo mutations account for 38% of cases. This study describes an exhaustive picture of EOHPN in an Italian referral genetic center and analyzes the molecular diagnostic rate of a heterogeneous cohort compared with one referred by a specialized pediatric center. Our data identify MPZ , MFN2 , GDAP1 , and SH3TC2 genes as the most frequent players in EOHPN. Our study underlines the relevance of a specific neurological pediatric expertise to address the genetic testing and highlights its importance to clarify possible unexpected results when neuropathy is only a secondary clinical sign of a more complex phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine mastitis causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry all over the world. Staphylococcus aureus is a most common causative agent of bovine mastitis. The study was undertaken with an objective of isolation, identification and biochemical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases. Total of 256 bovine milk samples (32 from clinical mastitis and 224 from suspected cases of subclinical mastitis) were collected from in and around Navsari. Of the 224 SCM suspected milk samples screened by California mastitis test (CMT), 108 (48.21 %) samples were found positive for subclinical mastitis, whereas all 32 clinical mastitis samples were CMT positive. Thus total 140 bovine milk samples (32 clinical and 108 subclinical mastitis) were used for detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Out of these, 17 (12.14%) isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. From 17 S. aureus, 16 (94.11%) isolates were categorized as mannitol fermenter and coagulase positive, while 1 (5.88%) isolate was mannitol non-fermenter and coagulase negative. Majority of the isolates 10 (58.82%) exhibited beta-haemolysis, whereas 5 (29.41%) isolates showed alpha-haemolysis and 2 (11.76%) isolates were non-haemolytic on 5% sheep blood agar. Among 17 S. aureus isolates, 14 (82.35%) isolates exhibited slime production, while 6 (11.76%) isolates were negative for slime production. This study showed overall 12.14 % incidence of bovine mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus, whereas cases of clinical mastitis and sub-clinical mastitis noted as 9.30% and 12.96%, respectively, by S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the relatively nascent field of multi-modal metaphor research, specifically focusing on the manifestation of the given type of metaphors on the covers of business magazines. For the purpose of this study, a sample of covers from prominent business magazines (including Bloomberg Businessweek, Time Magazine, and The Economist) was collected and analyzed. In this research paper, four types of multi-modal metaphors have been distinguished based on the means of encoding source domains and target domains in verbal and pictorial modes. The study was performed within the theoretical framework of critical metaphor analysis. After analyzing the articles, it has been determined that multi-modal metaphors on business magazine covers can be based on image-schema level metaphors such as POWER IS UP as well as more complex domain-level metaphors such as BUSINESS LEADER IS A RELIGIOUS FIGURE. Covers that rely on multi-modal metaphors help to define the personality of a certain magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes a novel hybrid cold metal transfer (CMT) and tandem Pulsed gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) process for narrow gap welding (NGW) of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel plates. Investigating three sets of lead and trail wire feed speed (WFS) ratios [WFSL/T - 1.4, 1, 0.7], the study delves into the complex arc and metal transfer behavior within the narrow gap. Utilizing synchronized arc images and current-voltage waveforms, the research assesses their influence on fusion and mechanical properties. The root pass employs the single wire CMT process, while filling and closing passes leverage tandem P-GMAW, effectively minimizing incomplete fusion and reducing heat input. Results indicate that a lower WFSL/T (0.7) reduces the molten pool hump and overflow within the narrow gap while enabling direct weld arc engagement with the previously deposited layer, enhancing weld penetration. WFSL/T of 1.4 and 0.7 revealed higher and lower Charpy impact toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cell cultivation has been one of the most popular methods in research for decades. Currently, scientists routinely use two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures of commercially available cell lines and primary cultures to study cellular behaviour, responses to stimuli, and interactions with their environment in a controlled laboratory setting. In recent years, 3D cultivation has gained more attention in modern biomedical research, mainly due to its numerous advantages compared to 2D cultures. One of the main goals where 3D culture models are used is the investigation of tumour diseases, in both animals and humans. The ability to simulate the tumour microenvironment and design 3D masses allows us to monitor all the processes that take place in tumour tissue created not only from cell lines but directly from the patient's tumour cells. One of the tumour types for which 3D culture methods are often used in research is the canine mammary gland tumour (CMT). The clinically similar profile of the CMT and breast tumours in humans makes the CMT a suitable model for studying the issue not only in animals but also in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 2 group are characterized by signs of axonal degeneration in the absence of obvious myelin alterations, normal or slightly reduced nerve conduction velocities, and progressive distal muscle weakness and atrophy. Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 2k onset is in early childhood (younger than 3 years). This phenotype is characterized by foot deformities, kyphoscoliosis, distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy, areflexia, and diminished sensation in the lower limbs. Weakness in the upper limbs is observed in the first decade, with clawing of the fingers. Inheritance can be autosomal dominant or recessive. Method we sequenced the entire coding region and exon-intron boundaries of the GDAP1 gene in one individual using whole-exome sequencing (WES). Co-segregation analysis was also performed in the proband and mother using Sanger sequencing (the mother has incomplete penetrance). In addition, bioinformatics analyzes were performed to predict the probability and pathogenicity of the mutation. Results In exon 6 of the GDAP1 gene, a novel deleterious heterozygous mutation c.830A > G; p. E277G was identified. Conclusions We surveyed the clinical and genetic features of this patient and recognized a novel pathogenic variant c.830A > G; p. E277G in the GDAP1 gene. according to the patient's symptoms, we identified a new type of pathogen. This is a missense mutation and its inheritance is autosomal dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, AISI-430 and HARDOX 500 steels were welded with Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding technique, and the changes in the mechanical properties in the welding and HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) regions were investigated. 100x130x6 mm AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels were cut in standard sizes with a band saw and joined by the CMT method using AWS 307 additional wire. The mechanical properties and microstructural changes of the welded areas were investigated by various analyses, microhardness, notch impact, and tensile tests, and the ruptured surfaces of the test specimens after the tensile test were investigated by SEM analysis. Welding was carried out at 140 A, 130 A, and 120 A current. 97.5% Argon and 2.5% CO2 gas were used as shielding gas. It has been determined that there are differences in morphology from the optical images after welding. Coarse grains were formed in the HAZ regions but were limited to the low-temperature input of the CMT welding. According to the EDS analysis results, it has been determined that there are atomic transitions between the regions. In the hardness analysis, there was a slight decrease in hardness in the HAZ regions compared to the base metals. In the tensile test, all 3 samples broke from the AISI 430 main material part. Elongation amounts were measured between 16.81 and 17.90 mm, and tensile strengths were measured between 417 and 441 MPa. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the mechanical properties of AISI 430 and HARDOX 500 steels combined with CMT Welding have increased significantly in the weld zone and weldability is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty in forming geometric accuracy is one of the main factors limiting the application of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), highlighting the importance of studying the variation in deposition size. In this paper, the profile of single beads based on CMT technology was studied and a theoretical model was developed to describe the correlation between variable parameters and geometric features. The accuracy of the model in predicting the geometric parameters was verified, and the accuracy errors of the deposition width and deposition height were 7.81 % and 4.82 %, respectively. Then, based on the optimized multi-layer stacking model, an appropriate strategy was proposed to address the phenomenon of layer-by-layer widening due to the changing formation conditions of subsequent sediment layers during the multi-layer single-bead (MLSB) deposition process. The comparative experimental results demonstrated that following the proposed deposition strategy can effectively alleviate this phenomenon and achieve stable deposition geometric parameters. To further verify the stability of the deposition process, six-layer deposition experiments were performed and the actual deposition characteristics of each layer were analyzed, which showed good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The proposed scheme was successful in predicting the sedimentation height with an overall accuracy of 9.4 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates the mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of the interface between the cold metal transfer (CMT)-wire arc additive manufactured (WAAM) SS308LSi and wrought SS304L via controlled interlayer temperature (CIT) of 100–120°C and uncontrolled interlayer temperature (UIT). The thermal cycles on the substrate were recorded using K-type thermocouples and correlated with the mechanical and microstructure properties of deposited walls. Microstructure analysis of the interface cross-section revealed a defect-free interfacial bond with a columnar solidification structure with slightly coarser grains under UIT deposition compared to CIT deposition. The microhardness of wrought SS304L is in the range of 196 ± 9 HV, while that of UIT and CIT deposited 308LSi is 178.4 ± 7.02 HV and 183.4 ± 6 HV, respectively, with no aberrant hardness values at the interface. Tensile tests were performed on the wrought SS304L and WAAM SS308LSi transverse to their interface. The results revealed that interface strength is higher than that of WAAM deposits and failed with average ultimate tensile strengths of 589.1 and 580.9 MPa under CIT and UIT depositions, respectively. This work reveals that CMT-WAAM can produce high-quality interfacial bonding between WAAM SS308LSi and wrought SS304L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of the right set of parameters for the desired bead geometry leads to minimize the discontinuous weld bead, weld cracks, porosity, and waviness. The present work focuses on the multi-response optimization for the cold metal transfer-deposited IN625 weld bead characteristics that include bead height, bead width, and penetration depth along with a mechanical property of micro-hardness. Effects of input parameters such as input current, travel speed, and standoff distance are being selected for the investigation by implementing grey relational analysis where entropy weightage method is applied for the calculation of overall grey relation grade. The multi-responses of minimum bead width and maximum bead height, penetration, and microhardness by grey relational analysis are optimized at 140 A current, 4 mm/s travel speed, and 4 mm standoff distance. Confirmatory experiments were also carried out giving the satisfactory validation. The evaluation of bead features optimization can be used for the development of wire arc additive manufacturing process in later stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]