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Natural rubber is a sustainable material which plays a vital role in a wide variety of applications. Value additions to this natural material enhance its horizons of utilization and encompass multiple advantages. This endeavor focuses on elevating the properties of the natural rubber latex (NRL)‐dicumyl peroxide vulcanization system with the utilization of cinnamon oil (CIN‐OIL). CIN‐OIL was characterized by GCMS, FTIR, and UV–Vis. The FTIR and TGA have confirmed the incorporation of the CIN‐OIL into the NRL. Swelling studies confirmed that the addition of CIN‐OIL has not interfered with the process of peroxy crosslinking. The adhesive peel test and facial tissue test clearly concluded that CIN‐OIL has reduced the initial tackiness of the material which is apparent in peroxy NR vulcanizates. Tear strength and modulus values were increased with CIN‐OIL due to the formation of physical crosslinking. Weathering tests confirmed the higher degradability of the CIN‐OIL‐added NRL samples. Furthermore, films were tested positive for antibacterial activity against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Along with the enhanced degradability, antibacterial activity, reduced initial tackiness, and enhanced mechanical properties, CIN‐OIL in NRL has enriched its qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite progress made in antiemetic control, most cancer patients still experience chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In oncology departments, nurses can evaluate the effects of complementary therapies such as use of essential oil on reducing nausea and vomiting of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effect of cinnamon essential oil on the chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This is a two-group experimental study with a pretest-posttest design that was conducted between January 20 and March 15 of the year 2020. Through convenience sampling, 70 patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting were recruited to participate in this study. The participants were randomly allocated to two control and intervention groups. A pad moistened with 2 ml of isotonic saline and 0.2 ml of cinnamon essential oil was first placed inside a plastic bag, and then patients in the intervention group were asked to take three deep breaths while their face was towards the bag for two times at five-minute intervals. Patients in the control group used a placebo (a pad moistened with 2 ml of isotonic saline) instead of cinnamon essential oil during the intervention period. Participants in the two groups received routine antiemetic treatment. Using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the severity of nausea and vomiting was measured in both groups before the intervention. For this reason, the severity of nausea and vomiting was measured after the first three breaths, and then after the second three breaths. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, using independent t -test, Chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test. Repeated measures ANOVA were also used to evaluate nausea and vomiting between the two groups across times. The significant level of 0.05 was considered for all tests. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics and the severity of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting before the intervention. The severity of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in the cinnamon group than the control group after the first 3.08 (0.55), (F2 = 13.27, p < 0.001) and second breaths 1.91 (0.33) (F2 = 11.39, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Nurses can educate patients and their families to use of cinnamon essential oil. Nursing managers can also emphasize on the use of cinnamon essential oil, which is one of the non-pharmacological, low-cost, and effective methods of reducing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, by holding in-service training classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon oil, an essential oil extracted from plants of the genus Cinnamomum, has been highly valued in ancient Chinese texts for its medicinal properties. This review summarizes the chemical composition, pharmacological actions, and various applications of cinnamon oil, highlighting its potential in medical and industrial fields. By systematically searching and evaluating studies from major scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the therapeutic potential of cinnamon oil. Research indicates that cinnamon oil possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, covering antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and hypoglycemic effects. It is currently an active ingredient in over 500 patented medicines. Cinnamon oil has demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against various pathogens comprising Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. Its mechanisms of action include disrupting cell membranes, inhibiting ATPase activity, and preventing biofilm formation, suggesting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent. Its anti-inflammatory properties are evidenced by its ability to suppress inflammatory markers like vascular cell adhesion molecules and macrophage colony-stimulating factors. Moreover, cinnamon oil has shown positive effects in lowering blood pressure and improving metabolism in diabetic patients by enhancing glucose uptake and increasing insulin sensitivity. The main active components of cinnamon oil include cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and eugenol, which play key roles in its pharmacological effects. Recently, the applications of cinnamon oil in industrial fields, including food preservation, cosmetics, and fragrances, have also become increasingly widespread. Despite the extensive research supporting its medicinal value, more clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal dosage, administration routes, and possible side effects of cinnamon oil. Additionally, exploring the interactions between cinnamon oil and other drugs, as well as its safety in different populations, is crucial. Considering the current increase in antibiotic resistance and the demand for sustainable and effective medical treatments, this review emphasizes the necessity for further research into the mechanisms and safety of cinnamon oil to confirm its feasibility as a basis for new drug development. In summary, as a versatile natural product, cinnamon oil holds broad application prospects and is expected to play a greater role in future medical research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, attention has been paid to finding eco-friendly products that could represent an alternative for the chemicals usually used during conservation procedures. In the field of the devitalization of biological patinas, the most studied products are essential oils (EOs). Several works tested EOs in vitro on microorganisms isolated from stone artifacts but few applied these products on real artworks colonized by a complex patina. In the present work, the biocidal effect of two EOs (cinnamon bark and oregano) and two EO-based products (Biotersus and Essenzio) was compared to that of three chemical biocides commonly used in the conservation of stone artifacts (Biotin R1+R2, NewDes50, and Preventol RI50). The products were applied by brush in situ on a marble slab characterized by a green patina. The biocidal activity was evaluated by analyzing the chlorophyll fluorescence and quantifying ATP through biochemical tests. Furthermore, the products' interference with stone was evaluated by colorimetric measures on sedimentary rock samples. The results indicate that chemical biocides exhibited biocidal activity of greater than 99.5% with a single application, while cinnamon oil (at a 1% concentration) and Essenzio required two applications to achieve the same level of efficacy. Conversely, oregano oil and Biotersus were not able to effectively reduce microorganism vitality, even with repeated applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of incorporating 1% and 2% cinnamon oil into a soft liner on the growth of Candida albicans colonies and the material's hardness.Methods: Thirty soft liner specimens were prepared for the disk diffusion and thirty for the hardness test. In each test, the specimens were divided into three subgroups based on the concentration of cinnamon oil: A) 0% (control), B) 1%, and C) 2% by weight. Cinnamon oil was added to the monomer of a heat-polymerized soft liner. C. albicans was cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar, and the diameters of the inhibition zones around the specimens were measured. The Shore A hardness test was conducted using the Shore durometer. Statistical analysis was performed by the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post-hoc test (α=0.05).Results: The control group showed no inhibition zone. The specimens in Group C exhibited a significantly larger inhibition zone (16.72 ± 0.82 mm) than Group B (12.56 ± 0.82 mm; P < 0.001). The hardness values differed significantly among groups (P < 0.001). Group C demonstrated the highest hardness (48.54 ± 0.95), significantly greater than both Groups B (47.13 ± 0.72; P < 0.05) and A (45.23 ± 0.73; P < 0.05).Conclusions: Adding cinnamon oil improved the antifungal activity and hardness of the soft denture liner. Adding 2% cinnamon oil increased the hardness values to the upper limit of clinical acceptability. Therefore, the 1% concentration is recommended to balance antimicrobial efficacy and maintain optimal mechanical properties of the soft liner.

BACKGROUND: Postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) and Fusarium solani (fruit decay) negatively affects strawberry fruits during handling and marketing. OBJECTIVE: The effect of cinnamon oil, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and/or pomegranate peel powder were estimated on the growth of the two pathogenic fungi and their fruit decay incidence under in vitro and in vivo conditions. METHODS: The isolated fungi from decayed strawberry fruits were identified as Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium sp. The isolated Fusarium sp. was identified molecularly as Fusarium solani and registered in GenBank under accession number ON248575.1 (). RESULTS: Complete fungal growth suppression was observed at a concentration of 3% for all tested materials, Additionally the same (100%) effect was achieved at 2% of a combination of essential oil, salts and pomegranate peel powder. Significant reduction in decay incidence and severity was observed in inoculated strawberry fruits treated with the same concentrations of the tested materials after 10 and 15 days of storage. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that cinnamon oil, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate and/or pomegranate peel powder have potency as eco-friendly products, for safe postharvest treatments against strawberry fruit rots during storage. They could be recommended for use in packing-houses due to their wide utilization as safe food preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today, the use of antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics in livestock diets is facing reduced social acceptance because of the appearance of residues in milk and meat, and therefore, ruminant nutritionists are seeking for appropriate alternatives for these feed additives. The study of essential oils (EOs) as natural feed additives capable of improving rumen microbial fermentation has taken into consideration by nutritionists. Among the EOs, thyme (THY) and cinnamon (CIN) oil have attracted significant attention due to their antimicrobial activity against ruminal microorganisms. Therefore, more research is required to understand their impacts on rumen microbial fermentation in ruminants. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, few studies has synchronously compared the influences of THY and CIN on rumen fermentation and microorganisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of THY and CIN on performance, and rumen microbial fermentation under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Materials and methods: In the in vitro experiment, different concentrations (0, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/l) of THY and CIN were incubated for 24-h in batch culture. In the in vivo study 18 growing Holstein calves were used in a completely randomized design to examine effects of supplementing a basal diet (CON) with thyme oil (THY, 5 g/d/calf) or cinnamon oil (CIN, 5 g/d/calf) on performance and rumen microbial fermentation. Calves were fed ad libitum diets consisting of 15% forage and 85% concentrate for 80 d. Results and discussion: The high concentration of THY and CIN (1000 mg/l) inhibited rumen microbial fermentation thereby decreasing total gas production and DM disappearance at 24 of incubation, and total VFA concentration. Cinnamon oil at 1000 mg/l increased final pH of batch culture (P<0.05). The lower concentration of THY and CIN (125 and 250 mg/l) decreased the acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.05), without reducing VFA concentration. Supplementation of THY or CIN did not affect DMI and ADG. There were also no effects of EOs on ruminal pH, rumen concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA; whereas molar proportion of acetate and ratio of acetate to propionate decreased (P<0.05), and the molar proportion of propionate increased (P<0.05). Rumen molar proportion of butyrate was significantly increased (P<0.05) by adding CIN. The population of protozoa and methanogens bacteria decreased in the rumen of calves receiving EOs (P<0.05). Ruminal population of Fibrobacter succinogenes was not affected by treatments, but populations of Ruminococcus albus and flavefaciens decreased by THY and CIN (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, although dietary addition of THY and CIN did not have a significant effect on the performance of feedlot calves, but it improved the rumen fermentation properties, which may be considered as potential alternatives for antibiotics in beef production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of incorporating 1% and 2% cinnamon oil into a soft liner on the growth of Candida albicans colonies and the material's hardness. Methods: Thirty soft liner specimens were prepared for the disk diffusion and thirty for the hardness test. In each test, the specimens were divided into three subgroups based on the concentration of cinnamon oil: A) 0% (control), B) 1%, and C) 2% by weight. Cinnamon oil was added to the monomer of a heat-polymerized soft liner. C. albicans was cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar, and the diameters of the inhibition zones around the specimens were measured. The Shore A hardness test was conducted using the Shore durometer. Statistical analysis was performed by the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post-hoc test (a=0.05). Results: The control group showed no inhibition zone. The specimens in Group C exhibited a significantly larger inhibition zone (16.72 ± 0.82 mm) than Group B (12.56 ± 0.82 mm; P < 0.001). The hardness values differed significantly among groups (P < 0.001). Group C demonstrated the highest hardness (48.54 ± 0.95), significantly greater than both Groups B (47.13 ± 0.72; P < 0.05) and A (45.23 ± 0.73; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Adding cinnamon oil improved the antifungal activity and hardness of the soft denture liner. Adding 2% cinnamon oil increased the hardness values to the upper limit of clinical acceptability. Therefore, the 1% concentration is recommended to balance antimicrobial efficacy and maintain optimal mechanical properties of the soft liner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the use of active sachets that emit volatile antimicrobial compounds — ethanol, with and without the addition of cinnamon oil (CO) — to extend the shelf-life of packaged sweetbread. The addition of CO was expected to mask any undesirable odor from ethanol and enhance its antimicrobial efficacy. The active sachets contained ethanol emitter (EE) only and EE combined with CO (ECOE) at the dose of 0.5 and 1 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The effects of active sachets were evaluated based on mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) growth inhibition, hardness, and sensory properties of the packaged sweetbread. The obtained results showed that the mold growth fully covered the Petri dish containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) in 3 days and 4 days in samples without an active sachet and with the EE sachet, respectively. Interestingly, there was no mold growth in samples containing active sachets ECOE 0.5 MIC and 1 MIC. The hardness of the sweetbread, measured with a texture analyzer, was 2105.2 gf for the control, 1375.0 gf for EE, 1313.0 gf for ECOE 0.5 MIC, and 1224.8 gf for ECOE 1 MIC, thus indicating a slower staling rate when using active sachets. Sensory evaluation revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the overall acceptance parameter between sweetbread packaged with and without active sachets (EE and ECOE) treatments indicating there was no decreasing consumer preference. The addition of CO to ethanol emitters enhanced the extension of the shelf-life of packaged sweetbread by inhibiting mold growth and reducing staling without decreasing sensory quality.

Lung delivery can overcome the problems related to the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment by increasing the drug concentration at the target site. Rifampicin as the first-line antibiotic for tuberculosis has low water solubility and is unstable in gastric which hinders its effectiveness. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a strategy known to improve the solubility and stability of such drugs. This study aimed to obtain the optimum formula of rifampicin SNEDDS intended for lung nebulization using essential oil as an oil phase. Several essential oils are known to have effective antibacterial on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, a high capability to solubilize the drug is required for SNEDDS formulation. Cinnamon oil, tween 80, and transcutol P were chosen as SNEDDS components for optimization using a D-optimal mixture based on the physicochemical characteristics. The optimum formula comprised 12.65% cinnamon oil, 75.00% tween 80, and 12.35% transcutol P which dispersed easily to form a highly transparent emulsion in normal saline under 1 minute. Upon dilution with saline, the optimal SNEDDS can produce a homogenous nanometer droplet (169.2±19.771 nm, PDI of 0.258±0.070) with acceptable pH for lung administration. It also has a viscosity similar to water (0.94±0.01 cP) which allows it to be nebulized easily (aerosol output rate of 0.14±0.02 g/min). Although the diluted SNEDDS has a zeta potential of -2.533±0.268 mV, it was stable for up to 4 hours during the nebulization. These results indicate the potential of cinnamon oil-based rifampicin SNEDDS to be an alternative in the pulmonary delivery of rifampicin via nebulization.

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (2097-2806) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the effects of 2% chitosan (CS) coatings incorporated with varying concentrations of cinnamon oil (CO) (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) on the extension of the quality and shelf-life of tomatoes stored under ambient conditions. Control samples were untreated and coated with distilled water. All samples were stored for 14 days at 25 ± 1 °C, with quality assessments conducted every two days. The application of CS-CO treatments was notably effective in controlling weight loss (3.91–5.26%) and firmness loss (10.81–16.51 N), sustaining the color index score (11.98–16.78), and stabilizing the total soluble solids (4.64–4.71 brix), titratable acidity (0.374–0.383%), total phenolic content (75.89–81.54 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid concentration (21.64–33.69 mg/100 g), total antioxidant capacity (85.89–91.54%) and pigment levels, particularly chlorophyll (52.80–63.18 mg/100 g), compared to control samples (p < 0.05). Higher CO concentrations (1.0% and 1.5%) in the CS coating maintained a significant level of phytochemicals in the samples compared to the control group, while CS-CO at 0.5% performed similarly in preserving the other physicochemical qualities. Both CS and CS-CO treatments extended the shelf life of the tomatoes up to 14 days (<6.78 log10 CFU/mL), whereas control samples were only viable for storage for 6 days due to higher microbial growth (>7.8 log10 CFU/mL) (p < 0.05). Overall, CS-CO-treated tomatoes demonstrated superior quality preservation and shelf-life enhancement, with a notable improvement in overall qualities as compared to the CS and control samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacillus cereus and Yersinia enterocolitica are implicated in foodborne diseases (FBD) which have major effects on human health, therefore it is considered as universal public-health disorders. Essential oils and essential oils Nano emulsions have a sufficient antibacterial performance against a variety of bacteria especially multi-drug resistant bacteria. Probiotics showed several health benefits via moderating the GIT microbiota and their metabolites. Aim: The study was designed for evaluating the biocontrol ability of cinnamon essential oil Nano emulsion and probiotics as natural antibacterial additives and reveal their bactericidal mechanism. Methods: 250 random samples (50 raw milk, 50 rice pudding, 50 kariesh cheese, 50 yoghurt and 50 ice cream) were purchased separately from different areas in Mansoura city, Egypt and exposed to bacteriological analysis. Results: Bacillus cereus was found with the highest mean value of 66x107 ± 1.3x108 CFU/g in raw milk and the lowest mean value of 28x107 ± 2.6x107 CFU/g in kariesh cheese while Yersinia enterocolitica were found in 64% of the total inspected samples with the highest incidence (84%) in yoghurt. The toxinogenic potential of the tested pathogens have been evaluated by multiplex PCR pointing nhe A and ces genes for Bacillus cereus isolates while targeting in Y. enterocolitica 16s rRNA, and YST gene. Different concentrations (0.17%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) of cinnamon oil Nano emulsion were employed in this study. CEO (Cinnamon essential oil) Nano emulsion had the highest reduction rate at a concentration of 1.5% in case of Bacillus cereus and 2% in case of Y. enterocolitica. Among different types of probiotics, the best one which showed inhibitory potential against Bacillus cereus and Y. enterocolitica was L. plantarum. Conclusion: L. plantarum and CEO Nano emulsion at a concentration of 2% have the highest reduction rate against Y. enterocolitica while, L. plantarum and CEO Nano emulsion at a concentration of 1.5% have the best antibacterial effect against Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, more attention is required for both safety and quality in dairy products through application of natural additives as essential oils and probiotics. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(1.000): 470-480]

Abstract Background Control of mosquitoes is considered an essential public health priority. This study was designed to estimate the larvicidal activity of two formulations of Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO for controlling Culex pipiens larvae. Results The prepared formulations were a nanoemulsion of cinnamon (CNE), cinnamon (CN) alone and ordinary cinnamon essential oil mixed with sesame oil (CSO). The cinnamon + sesame oil (CSO) was added as one part cinnamon to 3 parts SO. Different concentrations were prepared and applied following the WHO larvicidal bioassay protocol. Our findings revealed that the LC50 of the CNE form ranged from 85.3 µg/mL to 28.30 µg/mL. The LC50 of SO alone was 1265 µg/mL but when mixed with CNE to form the CSO mixture, this decreased to 159.00 µg/mL. In terms of residual effect, the ordinary form of cinnamon had a residual effect in water for 72 h at a dose of 1000 µg/ml, but this extended to 120 h at the same dose when the CNE form was used. However CSO did not have a residual effect, however. Conclusion The nanoemulsion form significantly improved the efficacy and residual effect of cinnamon against Culex pipiens larvae. Additionally, mixing cinnamon with sesame oil had a synergistic effect. This may assist control strategies against the house mosquito, Culex pipiens.

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of a public health importance as it is continually evolving due to random mutations. New mutations can potentially affect the degree of infectiousness, virulence, and can increase the virus’ capability to evade adaptive immune responses of the body. Immunity is one of the key factors determining the extent of severity of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Therefore, thinking about natural remedies is the way to boost immunity, keep the body protected, and able to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We aimed to make progress in the field of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nutraceuticals, thus providing a safe and natural alternative to traditional chemically manufactured medications. Methods The cytotoxic activity (CC50) of the natural products was tested experimentally in vitro on the VERO-E6 cells using a crystal violet assay. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of the natural products of Moringa oleifera leaves extract, cinnamon bark oil extract, Manuka honey, and Nigella sativa oil. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value and the CC50 value were calculated in order to measure the antiviral effect of on SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to antiviral Remdesivir drug. Results The tested natural products of honey and extracts exhibited pronounced virucidal effect against one of the most challenging viruses worldwide which is the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results showed that the highest selectivity index was the Manuka honey + 20 UMF with SI of 10.23. The second sample following Manuka honey regarding its efficiency was the mixture of the three extracts with the honey (SI = 7.12), then followed by Remdesivir antiviral drug (SI = 3.3), then Moringa oleifera leaves extract (SI = 2.1). The last two products showing the least SI were Nigella sativa oil (SI = 1.6) and cinnamon bark oil (SI = 1.08), respectively. Conclusions Manuka honey + 20 UMF alone or combined with other three extracts of Moringa oleifera, Nigella sativa, and cinnamon bark oil have a much stronger in vitro antiviral effect on SARS-CoV-2 virus than the traditional antiviral drug Remdesivir. Further research will be needed to test the effectiveness of these natural products in vivo as an antiviral remedy against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The objective was to evaluate the increasing use of garlic, sesame, and cinnamon oil in the production of CH4 in 60 d in vitro regrowth of Koronivia grass. The addition of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 % garlic, cinnamon, or sesame oil was evaluated in an in vitro fermentation using a 60-d regrowth of Koronivia grass as substrate. The variables evaluated were cumulative CH4 production at 12, 24, 36, 36, 48, and 72 h; dry matter degradation (DMD), and CH4 production kinetics estimators (A= CH4 production potential, b= CH4 production rate constant, and k= lag time). The CH4 production and the DMD were analyzed with a completely randomized experimental design and orthogonal contrast. The estimators were subjected to a descriptive analysis. An increase of garlic oil and cinnamon linearly reduced CH4 production at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. The DMD decreased linearly with the use of any of the three oils (P<0.05). The highest value of A was obtained with 2.5 % garlic oil, and the highest value of k and b, with 10 % cinnamon oil. In conclusion, the use of garlic and cinnamon oils resulted in a linear decrease of Koronivia grass CH4 and Koronivia grass DMD under in vitro conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nanoemulsions as encapsulation systems for active ingredients, such as cinnamon oil, has been studied. A surfactant based on polyoxyethylene glycerol esters from coconut/palm kernel oil has been used. The nanoemulsions were obtained by the two most commonly low-energy emulsification methods, the composition inversion phase (PIC) and the temperature inversion phase (PIT) methods. Nanoemulsions were successfully obtained by both methods, with very small droplet sizes (5–14 nm) in both cases, but a greater stability was observed when the PIT method was used. Nanoemulsions were encapsulated by external gelation using two different polysaccharides, alginate or chitosan, dissolved in the continuous phase of the nanoemulsion. Then, the nanoemulsion was dropped into a bath with a gelling agent. To improve the release control of cinnamon oil and avoid the burst effect, beads prepared with one of the polysaccharides were coated with the second polysaccharide and then gelled again. Double gelled beads were successfully obtained, the core with chitosan and the outer layer (shell) with alginate. SEM images showed the morphology of the single beads presenting high porosity. When the beads were coated, the porosity decreased because the second polysaccharide molecules covered the pre-existing pores. The smoother surface was obtained when this second layer was, in turn, gelled. The release patterns at pH = 2 and pH = 7 were studied. It was observed that the double gelled bead provided a more gradual release, but maintained approximately the same amount of final released oil. The release patterns were fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The fitting parameters reflected the effect of the different coating layers, correlating with different diffusion mechanisms according to the bead core and shell materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulus-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have displayed great potentiality for controlledrelease and targeted drug delivery. In the current work, a supercritical fluid method was utilized to successfully prepare cinnamon oil loaded into chitosan grafted MSNs (CO@CS-MSNs). The influencing factors of drug loads, such as pressure, temperature, impregnation time and depressure time, were investigated. The structure of CO@CS-MSNs was demonstrated with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG) as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD). The drug release assays in vitro at various pH conditions displayed that CO@CS-MSNs had an excellent pH-responsive release behavior, which confirmed that CO was loaded successfully into the CO@CS-MSNs. The findings indicated that the supercritical fluid approach is a non-destructive and efficient approach for stimulus-responsive MSNs, which is expected to further expand its application range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal Production / Hayvansal Üretim is the property of Hayvansal Uretim (Journal of Animal Production) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Control of mosquitoes is considered an essential public health priority. This study was designed to estimate the larvicidal activity of two formulations of Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO for controlling Culex pipiens larvae. Results: The prepared formulations were a nanoemulsion of cinnamon (CNE), cinnamon (CN) alone and ordinary cinnamon essential oil mixed with sesame oil (CSO). The cinnamon + sesame oil (CSO) was added as one part cinnamon to 3 parts SO. Different concentrations were prepared and applied following the WHO larvicidal bioassay protocol. Our findings revealed that the LC50 of the CNE form ranged from 85.3 µg/mL to 28.30 µg/mL. The LC50 of SO alone was 1265 µg/mL but when mixed with CNE to form the CSO mixture, this decreased to 159.00 µg/mL. In terms of residual effect, the ordinary form of cinnamon had a residual effect in water for 72 h at a dose of 1000 µg/ml, but this extended to 120 h at the same dose when the CNE form was used. However CSO did not have a residual effect, however. Conclusion: The nanoemulsion form significantly improved the efficacy and residual effect of cinnamon against Culex pipiens larvae. Additionally, mixing cinnamon with sesame oil had a synergistic effect. This may assist control strategies against the house mosquito, Culex pipiens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis of an improved growth, feed utilization efficiency, and economic efficiency (EE) of broiler chickens reared on different diets supplemented with spirulina (SPA), cinnamon oil (CO) and citric acid (CA). Total of 128 broiler chicken were divided randomly in to 4 group 32 chicks for each, with 4 replicants (8 bird/replicant). Group1 (control) fed diet without any additives. Group2 fed control diet + spirulina (2g/kg feed). Group3 fed control diet + cinnamon oil (1ml/kg feed). Group4 fed control diet + citric acid (5g/kg feed). The result indicated that SPA, CO, and CA has a significant effect at (p<0.05) on growth performance parameters (feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)). SPA recorded the highest FI while CA recorded the lowest value. It was noticed that SPA and CA do better than CO in live weight and weight gain. The best FCR was in CA group (1.61). SPA and CA has considerable effect at (P<0.05) on dressing percent while, CO had no significant effect. CO and CA had a significant impact at (P<0.05) on thymus relative weight. From The Economic point of view CA and SPA in the select doses had improved economic measures and relative economic efficiency (REE) indicating high return and net profit, benefit cost ratio, profitability percent, net profit margin. In contrast CO had no distinct effect on these parameters in the selected dose. Bearing in mind that citric acid had a preference in improving economic efficiency over spirulina. SPA, CO and CA may be used as feed additives for broiler chicken to enhance growth performance, Economically CA and SPA in the selected doses is better to increase return and profitability. Citric acid has the advantage in terms of its presence in the market and its low price compared to spirulina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an economically important fruit crop affected by anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The study was carried out to test two essential oils; Citronella oil and Cinnamon oil and two leaf extracts; Lantana camara and Ocimum tenuiflorum on four occasions of fruit development as pre-treatment assay in the field condition. Research Method: Essential oils were prepared as an emulsifier and leaf saps were extracted from dried leaves and both were set to 10% concentration. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor factorial experiment with Randomized Complete Block Design. Five treatments including the control were applied for four blocks representing stages of fruit development. Disease severity (0–5 scale) and disease severity index were calculated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA, MINITAB and Tukey’s pairwise analysis. Findings: According to the obtained results, four occasions of application of the selected treatment were highly significant with a minimum level of DSI (34.67 ± 4.62). L. camera leaf extract was highly effective as a pre-treatment with the least values for disease severity percentages (5.78 ± 0.43), disease severity score (0.3 ± 0.17) and disease severity index (26.67 ± 6.36). Research limitations: Flower bud initiation was delayed than the date expected due to the unpredicted heavy rainy condition. Originality/Value: The most effective block treatment interaction was shown on three occasions of application of L. camera leaf extract. This study facilitated the development of the most promising pre-harvest management strategy to control anthracnose disease which causes by the fungal pathogen C. gloeosporioides.

Background: Medicinal plants have played crucial roles in the traditional health care system since the origin of mankind. Among them, cinnamon is used not only as a spice in food but also as a substance with many health-beneficial effects. The aim of the present study was to identify the antibacterial activity of cinnamon bark extract against bacterial isolates from patient pus samples that might help treat infections. Methods: The antibacterial potential of cinnamon bark extract in both ethanol and methanol against 6 bacterial isolates obtained from pus samples received in the Microbiology Laboratory was identified by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using standard techniques. Results: By agar well diffusion, the highest inhibitory activity of ethanol and methanol extracts of cinnamon was shown by Staphylococcus aureus, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci. The lowest inhibitory effect was shown by Proteus mirabilis. The ethanol extract of cinnamon MIC and MBC ranged from 6.25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL. The methanol extract of cinnamon MIC showed a value of 12.5 mg/mL, and the methanol extract of MBC ranged from 12.5 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL against all bacterial isolates of the present study. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive to the alcoholic extract of cinnamon bark, but its effect is less than that of the selected antibiotic.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of a public health importance as it is continually evolving due to random mutations. New mutations can potentially affect the degree of infectiousness, virulence, and can increase the virus' capability to evade adaptive immune responses of the body. Immunity is one of the key factors determining the extent of severity of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Therefore, thinking about natural remedies is the way to boost immunity, keep the body protected, and able to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We aimed to make progress in the field of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nutraceuticals, thus providing a safe and natural alternative to traditional chemically manufactured medications. Methods: The cytotoxic activity (CC50) of the natural products was tested experimentally in vitro on the VERO-E6 cells using a crystal violet assay. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of the natural products of Moringa oleifera leaves extract, cinnamon bark oil extract, Manuka honey, and Nigella sativa oil. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value and the CC50 value were calculated in order to measure the antiviral effect of on SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to antiviral Remdesivir drug. Results: The tested natural products of honey and extracts exhibited pronounced virucidal effect against one of the most challenging viruses worldwide which is the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results showed that the highest selectivity index was the Manuka honey + 20 UMF with SI of 10.23. The second sample following Manuka honey regarding its efficiency was the mixture of the three extracts with the honey (SI = 7.12), then followed by Remdesivir antiviral drug (SI = 3.3), then Moringa oleifera leaves extract (SI = 2.1). The last two products showing the least SI were Nigella sativa oil (SI = 1.6) and cinnamon bark oil (SI = 1.08), respectively. Conclusions: Manuka honey + 20 UMF alone or combined with other three extracts of Moringa oleifera, Nigella sativa, and cinnamon bark oil have a much stronger in vitro antiviral effect on SARS-CoV-2 virus than the traditional antiviral drug Remdesivir. Further research will be needed to test the effectiveness of these natural products in vivo as an antiviral remedy against SARS-CoV-2 virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-resistant microorganisms are on the rise, posing a danger to successful bacterial illness treatment and increasing the demand for new antibacterial drugs. Natural products are currently and will continue to be the principal source of antibacterial therapeutic agents. This study's aim was to assess the antibacterial effects of Cinnamon essential oil (EO) alone and in combination with several traditional antibiotics against multi-drug resistant Staphylococcussp. The antibacterial efficacy was determined using the disc diffusion method. As a result, cinnamon oil possesses antibacterial properties with MICs were 1.25 mgml -1 and 2.5mgml -1 for S. epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively. Commercial antimicrobials and essential oil work together most effectively when combined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological alterations in Staphylococcus cells, indicating cell membrane damage. Cinnamon essential oil composition was assessed using GC/MS with polonicumtoxin B(14.71%), linalool (5.36%), cinnamaldehyde (3.37%), 5, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one (6.47%), 2-methyl benzofuran (5.79%), and 1,2-propanediol (6.32%). This study presented a natural product as a substitute for chemical therapeutics, addressing the problem of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Black extrinsic tooth stain (BETS) is a health challenge that commonly affects children. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) presents in higher prevalence within the polymicrobial community of BETS. In this study, the anti-planktonic and anti-sessile activities of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and its individual compounds against Aa were evaluated. The preventive effect of CEO and its active substances on BETS formation was also studied in vitro. Methods: Aa was isolated from a preschool child with BETS and was identified based on the morphological characteristics, MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and 16S rRNA sequencing. The effect of CEO and its individual compounds on the growth kinetics of planktonic and sessile Aa cells as well as their antibacterial efficacy and their rate of bacterial killing were examined. The preventive effect of CEO and its active substances on the formation of BETS was evaluated using an ex vivo model. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: Out of eight individual compounds of CEO, only eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and α-methyl cinnamaldehyde showed anti-Aa activities. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were in the following order: CEO (421.5 mg/ml) > α-methyl cinnamaldehyde (26.37 mg/ml) > cinnamaldehyde (0.209 mg/ml) > eugenol (0.052 mg/ml). CEO, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and α-methyl cinnamaldehyde, respectively, exhibited two-, four-, four- and eightfold increase of sessile MIC compared to their planktonic MIC. The growth kinetics of both planktonic and sessile Aa in the presence of CEO, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and α-methyl cinnamaldehyde revealed a complete inhibition at the MICs and 5.3%–37.4% biofilm inhibition at sub-MICs. The time-killing study demonstrated that CEO, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were capable of reducing the survival rate of both planktonic and sessile Aa cells after 15–20 and 25–30 min, respectively. However, α-methyl cinnamaldehyde showed a superior anti-planktonic to anti-biofilm activity. The daily incorporation of CEO, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde at their MICs for 14 days totally prevented the formation of BETS in the ex vivo model; however, in the case of α-methyl cinnamaldehyde, BETS was visually detectable after 10 days. Conclusion: CEO and its individual compounds have marked antibacterial activity against Aa. The effective results against planktonic and sessile Aa within reasonable time indicate that they can be used to prevent BETS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is notorious for its ability to develop a high level of resistance to antimicrobial agents. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps could mediate drug resistance in P. aeruginosa. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and anti-efflux activities of cinnamon essential oil either alone or combined with ciprofloxacin against drug resistant P. aeruginosa originated from human and animal sources. The results revealed that 73.91% of the examined samples were positive for P. aeruginosa; among them, 77.78% were of human source and 72.73% were recovered from animal samples. According to the antimicrobial resistance profile, 48.73% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 9.2% were extensive drug-resistant (XDR), and 0.84% were pan drug-resistant (PDR). The antimicrobial potential of cinnamon oil against eleven XDR and one PDR P. aeruginosa isolates was assessed by the agar well diffusion assay and broth microdilution technique. The results showed strong antibacterial activity of cinnamon oil against all tested P. aeruginosa isolates with inhibition zones' diameters ranging from 34 to 50 mm. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of cinnamon oil against P. aeruginosa isolates ranged from 0.0562–0.225 µg/mL and 0.1125–0.225 µg/mL, respectively. The cinnamon oil was further used to evaluate its anti-efflux activity against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa by phenotypic and genotypic assays. The cartwheel test revealed diminished efflux pump activity post cinnamon oil exposure by two-fold indicating its reasonable impact. Moreover, the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the expression levels of MexA and MexB genes of P. aeruginosa isolates treated with cinnamon oil when compared to the non-treated ones (fold changes values ranged from 0.4204–0.7474 for MexA and 0.2793–0.4118 for MexB). In conclusion, we suggested the therapeutic use of cinnamon oil as a promising antibacterial and anti-efflux agent against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate a citronella oil-loaded microemulsion-based micro-emulgel for the treatment of Candida albicans. The primary objective was to use the skin to transfer hydrophobic medications into the bloodstream. The formulation included cinnamon oil as an antifungal oil and citronella oil as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, respectively. Tween 80 and PEG 200 were used as the surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, to create phase diagrams. Carbopol 940, one of the frequently used polymers, was investigated for its ability to prepare gel formulations. The optimized (F3) batch contained the highest percentage (87.05 ± 0.03%) of drug content and, according to the statistics provided, had the highest drug release rate of around 87.05% within 4 h. The Korsmeyer–Peppas model with n value of 0.82, which is in the range 0.5–1, had the highest r2 value, indicating that release following non-Fickian/anomalous diffusion provided a better dimension for all of the formulations. The optimized (F3) formulation had stronger antifungal activity in comparison to other formulations. This leads to the conclusion that citronella oil can be made into a micro-emulgel, which may improve its release in aqueous systems while maintaining a high level of drug release at the target site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objectives were to isolate and identify Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation abilities of the isolates. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of cinnamon oil against K. pneumoniae isolates. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to April 2023 to collect 200 samples (including 156 nasal swabs and 44 lung specimens) from pneumonic sheep and goats admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Zagazig University, Egypt. K. pneumoniae was isolated from a total of 72 (36%) samples, with 53 (73.6%) isolates recovered from nasal swabs and 19 (26.4%) from lung samples. Among the samples, 52 (36.9%) were from sheep and 20 (33.9%) were from goats. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the 72 K. pneumoniae isolates to 18 antimicrobials revealed that all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, colistin, fosfomycin, and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. None of the isolates were resistant to amikacin, imipenem, and norfloxacin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in all K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from sheep and goats. The average MAR index was 0.71, ranging from 0.50 to 0.83. Regarding biofilm formation, among the K. pneumoniae isolates with a high MAR index (n = 30), 10% exhibited strong formation, 40% showed moderate formation, 43.3% displayed weak formation, and 6.7% did not form biofilms. Additionally, the biofilm-forming genes treC and fimA were present in all 28 biofilm-forming K. pneumoniae isolates, while the mrkA gene was detected in 15 (53.6%) of the 28 isolates. MDR K. pneumoniae isolates with strong biofilm formation abilities were treated with cinnamon oil at varying concentrations (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%). This treatment resulted in inhibition zone diameters ranging from 35 to 45 mm. Cinnamon oil exhibited lower minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values compared to norfloxacin for all isolates. Additionally, cinnamon oil significantly reduced the expression of biofilm-associated genes (treC, fimA, and mrkA) when compared to isolates treated with norfloxacin or untreated. In conclusion, this study identified a high level of MDR K. pneumoniae with strong and moderate biofilm formation abilities in pneumonic sheep and goats in Sharika Governorate, Egypt. Although cinnamon oil demonstrated potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against K. pneumoniae, further research is required to investigate its effectiveness in treating K. pneumoniae infections in pneumonic sheep and goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the antioxidant activity of litsea cubeba oil (LCO), cinnamon oil (CO), anise oil (AO), and eucalyptus oil (EUC) in vitro. The chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of the four EOs was evaluated through scavenging DPPH free radicals, chelating Fe2+, scavenging hydroxyl free radicals, and inhibiting yolk lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the major compounds found in LCO, CO, AO, and EUC are citral (64.29%), cinnamaldehyde (84.25%), anethole (78.51%), and 1,8-cineole (81.78%), respectively. The four EOs all had certain antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge DPPH radical was ranked in the order of LCO > CO > AO > EUC. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability was ranked in the order of EUC > CO > LCO > AO. The chelating Fe2+ capacity was ranked in the order of EUC > AO > CO > LCO. The yolk lipid peroxidation inhibition ability was ranked in the order of CO > AO > EUC > LCO. In different antioxidant activity assays, the antioxidant activity of the EOs was different. It was speculated that the total antioxidant activity of an EO may be the result of the joint action of different antioxidant capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective and green method including in-situ solvothermal reduction of multi-layered graphene oxide (MLGO) using a mixture of acetonitrile and sesame, ginger and cinnamon oils, was investigated for preparing a hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant epoxy coating. The efficiencies of the oils as green reducing agents with synergistic effect by acetonitrile in the solvothermal reduction of MLGO at a temperature of 70 °C were compared with each other. FT-IR, TGA, Raman, and Mapping-EDAX analysis showed that the solvothermal reduction process of MLGO in acetonitrile/cinnamon oil mixture was successfully performed. The results of long-term salt spray and electrochemical impedance tests showed that epoxy-RMLGO (acetonitrile/cinnamon oil) nano-coating had a significant improvement in corrosion resistance (after10 months, the impedance value was 8.1 × 108 Ω cm2) compared with the other coatings. Also, the value of the water contact angle for the nano-coating was 102.80° and based on Mapping-EDAX analysis, the C/O ratio was 54.45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study antibacterial effect of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil in vivo and in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), combined inhibitory effect and inhibitory curve of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella were determined by microdilution method, chessboard method and dilution coating plate method respectively. The protective effect of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil on mice diarrhea induced by Escherichia coli were further verified. The results showed that MIC of Cinnamon oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella was 0.31~0.62 mg/L and 0.19~0.39 mg/L, MIC of star anise oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella was 50~100 mg/L. The results of combined inhibitory effect showed that FIC value of combination of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil was 0.16~0.53 for Escherichia coli and 0.16~0.28 for Salmonella. The results of inhibitory curve showed that both single and combined use of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil can inhibit growth of Bacteria, and inhibitory effect was increased after combined use. The animal test results showed that compared with model group, the content of TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse serum were significantly decreased. The experiment indicates that Cinnamon oil and star anise oil alone or combination can inhibition effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and have certain protective effect on mice diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle size at the nanometric level allows the manifestation of remarkable properties, chiefly due to changes in surface-to-volume ratio. This study is attributed to the novel green synthesis of nano silver by using essential oils as a capping and reducing agent. Clove oil, cinnamon oil, and cardamom oil were selected for the eco-friendly and low-cost fabrication of silver nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that samples prepared by using cinnamon oil (20 nm) and cardamom oil (12 nm) had smaller particle sizes as compared to those synthesized by using clove oil (45 nm). All the prepared samples exhibited very strong antimicrobial activities with a clear zone of inhibition (6–24 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. Very resilient photocatalytic activities of the samples were observed against Allura red and fast green dyes. It was concluded that the cinnamon oil-based system is the best size reducer and size homogenizer (less chances of agglomeration) as compared to clove oil and cardamom oil (more chances of agglomeration) for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol, or acetaminophen (APAP), is one of the first-line medications that is used for fever and pain. However, APAP can induce uterine toxicity when overused. The mode of action of APAP toxicity is due to the production of free radicals. The main goal of our study is to determine uterine toxicity from APAP overdose and the antioxidative activity of cinnamon oil (CO) in female rats. The effect of different doses of CO (50–200 mg/kg b.w.) was assessed in the uterus toxicity induced by APAP. Additionally, the imbalance in oxidative parameters, interleukins, and caspases was evaluated for the protective effects of CO. A single dose of APAP (2 g/kg b.w.) resulted in uterus toxicity, indicated by a significant increase in the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO), inflammatory interleukins cytokines (IL-1 and 6), expression of caspases 3 and 9, and a marked change in uterus tissue architecture evaluated by histopathology. Co-treatment of CO resulted in a significant amelioration of all the parameters such as LPO, interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, caspases 3 and 9 expression, and distortion of tissue architecture in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we can conclude that APAP-induced uterine injury due to oxidative stress can be restored by co-treatment with cinnamon oil (CO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent scientific advances, the global load of bacterial disease remains high and has been established against a backdrop of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, there is a pressing need for highly effective and natural antibacterial agents. In the present work, the antibiofilm effect provided by essential oils was evaluated. Of these, cinnamon oil extract showed potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus at an MBEC of 75.0 µg/mL. It was revealed that benzyl alcohol, 2-propenal-3-phenyl, hexadecenoic acid, and oleic acid were the major components of the tested cinnamon oil extract. In addition, the interaction between the cinnamon oil and colistin showed a synergistic effect against S. aureus. Cinnamon oil that had been combined with colistin was encapsulated by liposomes to enhance the essential oil's chemical stability, demonstrating a particle size of 91.67 nm, a PDI of 0.143, a zeta potential of −0.129 mV, and an MBEC of 50.0 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the morphological changes in the Staphylococcus aureus biofilm that was treated with the encapsulated cinnamon oil extract/colistin. As a natural and safe option, cinnamon oil exhibited satisfactory antibacterial and antibiofilm performance. The application of liposomes further improved the stability of the antibacterial agents and extended the essential oil release profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of 2% chitosan (CS) coatings incorporated with varying concentrations of cinnamon oil (CO) (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) on the extension of the quality and shelf-life of tomatoes stored under ambient conditions. Control samples were untreated and coated with distilled water. All samples were stored for 14 days at 25 ± 1 °C, with quality assessments conducted every two days. The application of CS-CO treatments was notably effective in controlling weight loss (3.91–5.26%) and firmness loss (10.81–16.51 N), sustaining the color index score (11.98–16.78), and stabilizing the total soluble solids (4.64–4.71 brix), titratable acidity (0.374–0.383%), total phenolic content (75.89–81.54 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid concentration (21.64–33.69 mg/100 g), total antioxidant capacity (85.89–91.54%) and pigment levels, particularly chlorophyll (52.80–63.18 mg/100 g), compared to control samples (p < 0.05). Higher CO concentrations (1.0% and 1.5%) in the CS coating maintained a significant level of phytochemicals in the samples compared to the control group, while CS-CO at 0.5% performed similarly in preserving the other physicochemical qualities. Both CS and CS-CO treatments extended the shelf life of the tomatoes up to 14 days (7.8 log10 CFU/mL) (p < 0.05). Overall, CS-CO-treated tomatoes demonstrated superior quality preservation and shelf-life enhancement, with a notable improvement in overall qualities as compared to the CS and control samples.

Abstract Today, the increment in microbial resistance has guided the researches focus into new antimicrobial compounds or transmission systems. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an opportunistic pathogen, producing a biofilm responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections which are often difficult to eradicate with available antibiotics. On the other hand, Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon oil) (CO) is widely used as a natural antibacterial agent and Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are promising carriers for antibacterial compounds due to their lipophilic nature and ease of transmission through the bacterial cell wall. In this study, nanoparticles containing cinnamon oil (CO-SLN) were prepared by dual emulsion method and evaluated in terms of particle size, shape, entrapment efficiency (EE), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), oil release kinetics, and cell compatibility. The antibacterial activity of CO-SLN and CO against 10 drug-resistant E. coli strains was investigated. The anti-biofilm activity of CO-SLN on the selected pathogen was also investigated. Nanoparticles with an average size of 337.6 nm, and zeta potential of -26.6 mV were fabricated and their round shape was confirmed by TEM images. The antibacterial effects of CO-SLN and CO were reported with MIC Value of 60–75 µg/mL and 155–165 µg/mL and MBC value of 220–235 µg/ml and 540–560 µg/ml, respectively. On the other hand, CO-SLN with 1/2 MIC concentration had the greatest inhibition of biofilm formation in 24 h of incubation (55.25%). The data presented indicate that the MIC of CO-SLN has significantly reduced and it seems that SLN has facilitated and promoted CO transmission through the cell membrane.

Functional foods, drug delivery systems, and cosmetics are the main areas of application for multiphase systems, where the use of naturally derived compounds is preferred. Hence, this study aimed to assess the possibility of using natural surfactants and saponin-rich extracts to produce emulsions containing antibacterial and antioxidant cinnamon and clove essential oils (EOs). The analyses of nanoparticles using dynamic light scattering showed that the addition of plant extracts to solutions allows one to obtain stable emulsions and decreased zeta potential (< −40 mV) and droplet size (

With the aim to establish a novel nano-formulation with a high nematocidal activity and safety for human as well as the ecosystem, in this work, lipid based nanoemulsions (LNs) co-encapsulating chili oil, cinnamon oil and neem oil (NaTri) was prepared by a combined method of homogenization and sonication. The mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential of the prepared NaTri was 156.7 nm, 0.193 and −36.8 mV, respectively. NaTri showed a fast penetration into nematodes as well as plant roots, and it did not show any phytotoxicity. The presence of chili oil has showed a synergistic effect with cinnamon oil and neem oil resulting in a high nematocidal activity of NaTri. Particularly, its in vitro nematocidal activity at a 300 times dilution was 82.3%, while its ex vitro nematocidal activity at a 300 times dilution was more than 75% for the sprinkler irrigation and 91.3% for the drip irrigation. This novel nano-formulation shows great potential of wide application in sustainable horticulture to protect plants from the adverse effects of nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main method of spreading diseases and germs is through the hands. In addition to being crucial for food preparation and serving, hand washing is also necessary in households, daycare facilities and healthcare settings. In this pursuit, the present was aimed to develop and test an essential oil-rich herbal hand wash gel, in order to demonstrate a superior antibacterial and antimicrobial activity. The study was done to develop and assess the herbal gel for hand wash with cinnamon and sandalwood oil. The hand wash gels antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated using streak plate methods, and the outcomes were compared to antibacterial standards in the market. Further testing of the hand wash gel's effectiveness was accomplished using volunteers. The findings of the current study recommend and support the use of herbs for formulations to improve their efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was assumed that the addition of a phytobiotic preparation containing cinnamon oil and citric acid to water, at a properly selected dose and time of application, could reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders of the nervous tissue leading to neurodegenerative lesions. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of selected doses of the phytobiotic administered over different periods of time on the level of parameters indicating the occurrence of neurodegenerative changes in selected tissues of broiler chickens. All doses of the phytobiotic reduced the formation of ß-amyloid deposits both after its continuous administration and during selected rearing periods. The levels of neurometabolism indicators were analysed to assess the effect of the phytobiotic containing cinnamon oil. The addition of the highest and medium doses of the phytobiotic (0.25 and 0.1 ml/l) resulted in a beneficial increase in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), as well as a decrease in the concentration of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and cholesterol levels, especially during continuous application of the cinnamon preparation. The highest dose of phytobiotic (0.25 ml/l) also favourably reduced glycosylated acetylcholinesterase (GAChE) and Tau protein levels, and the strongest effect was obtained during continuous application of the cinnamon oil formulation. The strongest neuroprotective effect was obtained using a phytobiotic containing cinnamon oil and citric acid at a dose of 0.25 ml/l water for 42 days of rearing broiler chickens, manifested as a reduction in the formation of toxic amyloid-ß, phosphorylated Tau protein and GAChE, as well as increased levels of LRP1 and AChE proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was chemically modified to take advantage of the functional groups of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) by two different proposed methods. The first one consisted basically in an impregnation (M1) and the second one by the addition of Tween 80 (M2). These particles were added to the polymeric matrix of PLA (polylactic acid), therefore were evaluated their chemical, mechanical and physical properties on particles and films. Inhibition to the free radical DPPH of 63.43% and 45.24% was obtained by the method 1 and 2, respectively, in order to confirm the antioxidant capability of modified particles. The effects of the modified particles on the polymer matrix indicated that the water vapor permeability was reduced, as well as the dissipation energy, furthermore solubility, contact angle and tensile strength and the elongation percentage were increased, getting as result more flexible films, nevertheless did not significantly modify the PLA structure and thickness of them. The films morphology through SEM showed that the modified particles were dispersed homogeneous without cracks or fissures. The analysis through of AFM indicated that the microstructure of the PLA surface was significantly affected when the particles were added. These results suggest that TiO2 and CEO can be used for the fabrication of active packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla leaf oil (PLO) is a global premium vegetable oil with abundant nutrients and substantial economic value, rendering it susceptible to potential adulteration by unscrupulous entrepreneurs. The addition of cinnamon oil (CO) is one of the main adulteration avenues for illegal PLOs. In this study, new and real-time ambient mass spectrometric methods were developed to detect CO adulteration in PLO. First, atmospheric solids analysis probe tandem mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis was employed to differentiate between authentic and adulterated PLO. Then, a spectral library was established for the instantaneous matching of cinnamaldehyde in the samples. Finally, the results were verified using the SRM mode of ASAP-MS/MS. Within 3 min, the three methods successfully identified CO adulteration in PLO at concentrations as low as 5% v/v with 100% accuracy. The proposed strategy was successfully applied to the fraud detection of CO in PLO. • Detect CO-adulterated PLO by Radian ASAP with pattern recognition and library matching. • First time ASAP-MS/MS was used for accuracy verification. • As low as 5% cinnamon oil adulteration in perilla leaf oil could be detected. • Three ASAP methods were validated against each other with consistent results. • High specificity and reliability were achieved by the new assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]