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The Kongquehe Sag, located in the western Lop Nur, has abundant pore subsurface brine. In order to study the source and origin, we tested and analyzed the hydrochemical composition and stable isotopes of the subsurface brine. The findings reveal that the brine exhibits a moderate to low degree of mineralization, with values ranging from 50.50 g/L to 91.14 g/L. The stable isotope compositions of unconfined and confined waters are different, with the mean values of δD being −8.00‰ and −51.75‰ and the mean values of δ18O being 10.08‰ and −6.01‰. These values are indicative of an intense evaporative environment prevalent in the Kongquehe Sag area. Furthermore, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary between 0.710642 and 0.710837, and δ34S values range from 9.2 to 10.7. These data suggest the long-term evolution of sulfur substances, predominantly through dissolution and sedimentation processes, with minimal influence from redox reactions. The data garnered from this research not only offer a novel perspective of the insights gained into the hydrochemical characteristics and the stable isotope signatures of the brines in the Kongquehe Sag area but also enriches the theoretical framework concerning the source and origin of subsurface brines, potentially informing future exploration strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To study the chemical composition and differences between male and female odor gland secretions of Plautia stali metathorax. [Method] A solid-phase microextraction device coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine and analyze the chemical composition of the metathorax odor gland secretions of the female and male insects of Plautia stali. [Result] There were a total of 38 compounds in the metathorax odor gland secretions of Plautia stali.Among them, 35 compounds were detected in the metathorax odor gland secretions of the females, and 19 compounds were detected in the metathorax odor gland secretions of the males.There were a total of 16 compounds shared between females and males, with 19 compounds only present in females and 3 compounds only present in males. [Conclusion] There are significant differences in the types of compounds in the metathorax odor gland secretions between females and males of Plautia stali. The chemical composition of the metathorax odor gland secretions in females was more complex than that in males, which may be related to the more complex physiological and ecological functions of the metathorax odor gland secretions in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative method to predict the mechanical properties of medium‐Mn steel by deep learning (DL). Based on datasets, an artificial neural network (ANN) model serves as a crucial component of DL, demonstrating a coefficient of determination of 0.996, which indicates high accuracy between experimental and predicted values. Meanwhile, the contents of Mn and C, as well as Al and intercritical annealing (IA) conditions, have higher permutation feature importance (PFI) scores, which are 22.37% and 49.22%, respectively. An ANN model predicts that the experimental steel has good mechanical properties with IA at 710 °C for 60 min, with predicted values of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TE) being 925 MPa and 45.3%, respectively. The experimental values for UTS (937 MPa) and TE (44.8%) closely correspond to the predicted results. The absolute errors between the experimental and predicted UTS and TE are 1.2% and 1.1%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of oven drying (OD) at 50±5°C, sun drying (SD), and fresh leaves (control) of seven selected herbs used in herbal preparation as herbal baths were evaluated. Herbal baths (HB) involve mixing herbs into water and boiling them or simply immersing them in the mixture during a regular bath. The herbs selected were leaves of torch ginger, greater galangal, pandan, citronella grass, henna, betel leaves, and kaffir lime leaves and fruits. The herbs were planted in a plot at the Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Physical changes such as HB herbs' colour, aroma, and chemical composition were evaluated. The hydro distillation method was used for the extraction process of HB herbs, where it produced essential oils (EO), essential water (EW), and boiling water (BW), and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a result, the OD herbs possessed brighter and more attractive colours compared to the SD method, which was dull and pale. The colour of EO was yellow, colourless for EW, and reddish for BW. Additionally, OD herbs possessed 80% and only 50% of the scent strength of the SD herbs from extracting fresh herbs. The fresh and dried HB herbs contained chemical constituents mostly from the terpene group. Herbal preparation developed using all treatments retained an appreciable amount of chemical composition studied, thus having the potential for commercial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) serve as the primary source of natural rubber. Their native habitat is characterized by warm and humid conditions, so they are particularly sensitive to low temperatures. Under such stress, latex burst can cause severe damage to rubber trees, which is due to the uniqueness of their economically productive parts. In order to establish a correlation between young and mature rubber trees and provide a novel prospective for investigating the mechanisms of latex burst and chilling resistance in rubber trees, the chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in four varieties of one-year-old rubber tree seedlings were analyzed under artificially simulated chilling stress. The latex burst characteristics were subsequently recorded. A comprehensive statistical analysis of the chilling-resistance rank was conducted using the membership function method and the combination weighting method. Meanwhile, chemical compositions and tensile properties of barks from two-year-old twigs of mature rubber trees were ascertained. A correlation analysis between chilling resistance, chemical compositions, and tensile properties was performed to identify any interrelationships among them. The results showed that the number and the total area of latex-burst positions in variety Reken628 seedlings were greater than those in other varieties, and the lowest number and total area of latex-burst positions were observed in variety RRIM600 and variety PR107, respectively. With the exception of variety GT1, nectar secretion was noted in all other varieties of rubber tree seedlings under chilling stress. The chilling resistance of the four varieties decreased in the following order: variety GT1 > variety RRIM600 > variety PR107 > variety Reken628. The chilling resistance was strongly (p < 0.001) negatively correlated with cellulose content and acid-insoluble lignin content, respectively. The total area of latex burst was significantly (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with holocellulose content and maximum load, respectively. Furthermore, this study also provides new insights into the mechanism of nectar secretion induced by low temperatures and its association with the chilling resistance of rubber trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naoxintong Capsule (NXT), a renowned traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, has been broadly applied in China for more than 30 years. Over decades, accumulating evidences have proven satisfactory efficacy and safety of NXT in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVD). Studies have been conducted unceasingly, while this growing latest knowledge of NXT has not yet been interpreted properly and summarized comprehensively. Hence, we systematically review the advancements in NXT research, from its chemical constituents, quality control, pharmacokinetics, to its profound pharmacological activities as well as its clinical applications in CCVD. Moreover, we further propose specific challenges for its future perspectives: 1) to precisely clarify bioactivities of single compound in complicated mixtures; 2) to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behaviors of NXT feature components in clinical studies, especially drug-drug interactions in CCVD patients; 3) to explore and validate its multi-target mechanisms by integrating multi-omics technologies; 4) to re-evaluate the safety and efficacy of NXT by carrying out large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials. In brief, this review aims to straighten out a paradigm for TCM modernization, which help to contribute NXT as a piece of Chinese Wisdom into the advanced intervention strategy for CCVD therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing environmental consciousness and demands of laws have encouraged researchers to develop new environment friendly materials. A large human population requires humongous amount of agricultural produce due to which there is increase in agricultural wastes. Proper use of these wastages can be utilized using the natural fibers/fillers as reinforcements in composites. The usages of these natural solid agro/food wastes have greater potential and provided better solution to replace conventional materials and plastics for domestic and household appliances. Therefore, this review summarized the potential usages and progress of naturally derived bio-fillers and the development of sustainable composites for practical implementations. The intention of this review article is to give a quick overview of the current situation for utilization of these agro/food wastes in the field of polymer composites. The various challenges and qualities during extraction, fabrications, and manufacturing process of these bio-fillers with composites have been also discussed. The performance of developed composites using agro/food waste derived bio-fillers has been also summarized as per their utilizations for various applications. The limitation of these extracted fillers/fibers and polymer composites have been accounted like chemical composition, water absorption, incompatibility with matrix material, limited mechanical properties with their enhancing mechanisms to overcomes these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities are known to play an important role in maintaining ecological balance and can be used as an indicator for assessing environmental pollution. Numerous studies have revealed that air pollution can alter the structure of microbial communities, which may increase health risks. Nevertheless, the relationships between microbial communities and particulate matter (PM) caused by air pollution in terms of health risk assessment are not well understood. This study aimed to validate the influences of PM chemical compositions on microbial communities and assess the associated health risks. Our results, based on similarity analysis, revealed that the stability structure of the microbial communities had a similarity greater than 73%. In addition, the altered richness and diversity of microbial communities were significantly associated with PM chemical compositions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exerted a positive influence on microbial communities in different environmental variables. Additionally, a stronger linear correlation was observed between hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and the richness of microbial communities. All estimated health risks from PM chemical compositions, calculated under different environmental variables, significantly exceeded the acceptable level by a factor of more than 49. Cr and 1,2-Dibromoethane displayed dual adverse effects of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Overall, the study provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the variability in microbial communities driven by PM, which may support the crucial role of PM chemical compositions in the risk of microorganisms in the atmospheric environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition studies of indoor particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM0.1) are lacking in the developing world, yet the attention to indoor air pollution and occupant health risks is rising. This study therefore aims to investigate the chemical compositions of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM0.1 in residential and school buildings in Vietnam during different seasons and the effects of emission sources on particle characteristics. The results show that the concentration of indoor PM2.5 in the residential house was higher than that outdoors, and the indoor-to-outdoor ratios (I/O) exceeded 1, indicating the contribution of indoor sources. The peak concentration of indoor particles was observed during the incense burning days, whereas a higher indoor organic carbon concentration may be due to cooking activities. A similar variation of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 indicates the penetration of outdoor particles. In the school building, seasonal variations in indoor PM0.1 and its chemical species were observed, suggesting outdoor sources had a significant effect. Several factors may affect I/O and the infiltration factor of PM0.1, such as indoor sources, air exchange rate, cracks in the door and window, and particle deposition rate. The reason for the I/O value slightly above 1 for PM0.1 in this study remained unclear. Further investigations are recommended to obtain knowledge regarding the penetration of particles, particularly PM0.1. The findings provide a better understanding of the chemical components of indoor particles and the effects of emission sources, which is crucial to developing management measures for indoor air quality and mitigating exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, Camellia plants are widely used to reduce atopic dermatitis and inflammation-related diseases, but their protective mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the anti-allergic dermatitis, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation effect and underlying mechanism of five Camellia species, including Camellia ptilophylla Chang, Camellia assamica Chang var. Kucha Chang, Camellia parvisepala Chang, Camellia arborescens Chang, and C. assamica M. Chang. A total of about 110 chemical compositions were detected from five Camellia teas extracts. The level of mast cell infiltration in the model mice skin was determined by HE (Hematoxylin and eosin) staining and toluidine blue staining, and the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nerve growth factor was detected by immunohistochemistry. The five Camellia tea leaf extracts have histamine-induced allergic dermatitis. Lipopolysaccharide (Lipopolysaccharide)-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7 inflammation model was found to secrete NF-κB factor, as shown by immunofluorescence, and reactive oxygen species secretion and related cytokine levels were detected. The results suggested that Camellia's five tea extracts had the ability to resist cellular oxidative stress. In addition, the results of cell inflammatory cytokines including fibronectin (FN) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) suggested that the five tea extracts of Camellia had anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, it is suggested that five Camellia teas may possess inhibitory properties against allergic reactions, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and may prove beneficial in the treatment of allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we extracted proteins from four edible insect species (Acheta domesticus, Gryllus bimaculatus, Holotrichea sp., and Gryllotalpa orientalis), then evaluated their chemical and functional properties and used the extracts to prepare seasoned rice noodles. The four insect species contained 67–69% moisture, 13–18% protein, 6–10% fat, and 4–5% ash. The insect protein concentrate (IPC) contained 73–77% protein, and had high water solubility and emulsion stability (80–88%), moderate emulsion ability (56–65%), but low water- and oil-holding capacity (19% and 8–9%, respectively). The distinctive amino acid components in the IPC were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. In order to improve the nutritional and textural qualities of seasoned rice noodles, the IPC was added at rates of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of rice flour. The results showed that the cooking weight was not significantly different from plain rice noodles; however, the 8% IPC fortified rice noodles had the highest tensile strength, whereas the lightness, yellowness, and redness decreased with an increase in insect protein content. This study demonstrates success in using 2–8% of IPC in rice noodles as a stabilizing or thickening agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The current farming systems strongly depend on chemical fertilizers (CF), which are widely applied to increase crop yield worldwide. However, although CF enhance crop yield in the short term, their excessive and long-term application can have adverse effects on environmental and human health. One of the most important goals of sustainable agriculture is substituting CF with organic manures. Organic manures can be used as a low-cost and safe alternative for CF. They contain essential nutrients for crop growth, improve soil conditions and nutrient availability, increase plant growth, and ultimately enhance yield. The application of organic manures to medicinal plants (MP) is more critical than to other plants, because organic manures not only enhance the growth and productivity of MP but also modify quality of their products. In this review, the effect of different types of organic manures on the biomass, content and chemical compositions of essential oil and antioxidant activity of various MP has been investigated. The included information was gathered from scientific databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Many of the collected studies showed that organic manures increase biomass and improve the quality of these plants. The findings of this review indicate that broiler litter (BL) and compost (C) are highly recommended as organic manures to promote biomass. Moreover, C, sheep manure, and vermicompost (VC) are suggested as the optimal organic manures for enhancing the essential oil content. Organic manures significantly changed the aroma profile of the essential oils and in many cases, they enhanced major chemical compositions. The usage of VC raised the content of the linalool of studied MP. Most of the organic manures, especially BL, VC, farmyard manure, and poultry manure increased the antioxidant activity of these plants. Hence, the utilization of organic manures can be recommended for productivity enhancement and quality improvement of MP.

Background In recent years, the symptoms of perimenopausal hearing loss (PMS-HL) have received widespread attention, but there is no targeted treatment. Zuoci pill has been used clinically for a hundred years, but there is no relevant research on the treatment of PMS-HL with this drug. Objective To explore the mechanism and therapeutic targets of Zuoci pill on PMS-HL through further validation of animal experiments based on the network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods The active components and action targets of Zuoci pill were obtained through TCMSP and Uniprot databases, and the protein targets of PMS-HL were obtained through GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, DrugBank, and PharmGKB databases according to the composition of Zuoci pill from inception to February 2023, the intersection was taken to screen the potential therapeutic targets of Zuoci pill for the treatment of PMS-HL, and the "drug-active ingredient-target" interaction network diagram was constructed. The protein interaction analysis function of the String database was utilized to screen core targets. The Metascape database was used for enrichment analysis of the function of the proteins and pathways. Molecular docking of the core proteins was performed using Autodock and Pymol software to determine the binding capacity between key active ingredients and core targets. The menopausal animal model was established from September 2022 to January 2023, including Sham operation group (SHAM) group, ovariectomized (OVX) group, and Zuoci pill (ZCW) group, and serum level of the key protein interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was detected and statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results There were 90 active components, 226 potential protein targets, 2 481 PMS-HL related targets, and 150 Zuoci pill and PMS-HL intersection targets for the compounds in the Zuoci pill formula. A total of 183 items for biological process, 103 items for molecular function, and 103 items for cellular components were obtained in the Gene Ontology (GO) function. The top three Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were cancer pathways, lipid and atherosclerotic lesion pathway, and receptor activation pathway for chemical carcinogenesis. Molecular docking showed that the main active ingredients of Zuoci pill in treating PMS-HL were quercetin, kaempferol, stigmasterol, β- Sitosterol, isorhamnetin, diosgenin, tetrahydrostilbene and kaempferone; the active components of Zuoci pill can bind to the core target proteins of serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), cystatinase 3 (CASP3), IL-1β, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) stably. Comparison of serum IL-1β level among the three groups of rats showed statistically significant difference (F=11.73, P

ABSTRACTCoffee processing methods have a noteworthy impact on coffee quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of coffee processing methods on raw and cup quality at Jimma, Gera and Tepi locations. Accordingly, the highest total raw quality (36.34 and 36.39%) was recorded under Tepi locations for washed and semi-washed coffee respectively followed by 35.57% for washed coffee in Jimma and 35.07% for washed coffee in Gera. However, the cup quality of dry processed coffee is significantly higher at Tepi (47.24) and Jimma (45.07) locations. But, under Gera, washed and semi-washed coffee scored the highest cup quality (45.37 and 45.07%), respectively. Highest caffeine (1.51 and 1.55 g/100 g) and lipid (14.46–15.03 g/100 g) were recorded for Tepi and Gera, respectively, which were attributed to location. In general, all processing methods can result in acceptable coffee quality, provided that carried out in accordance with expert advice.

Malnutrition significantly impacts a child's growth, development, and overall survival. To address this issue beyond the age of six months, this study developed three distinct dietary supplements to complement breast milk for early-age children. Comprehensive multivariate assessments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality and safety of these infant diets, employing established standard methods. The findings revealed that the diets exhibited carbohydrate and protein contents ranging from 2.84 to 32.48% and 40.66 to 63.23%, respectively. Importantly, the diets contained low levels of tannins, phytate, and oxalate. Notably, the high corn diet exhibited significantly higher mineral elements, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in bulk density and swelling capacity, but the medium corn diet displayed higher water absorption capacity and least gelation (p < 0.05). These diets were found to contain essential amino acid and vitamin requirements, conforming to FAO/WHO reference values. The sensory analysis yielded ratings within acceptable limits using a 9-point hedonic scale. Moreover, microbial load assessments complied with international microbiological standards (≤105 cfu/ml). These cost-effective and nutritionally sound dietary options present a pragmatic solution to addressing nutritional challenges faced by infants and children in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-one compounds were isolated and elucidated from the roots of Rhodiola rosea L. , including two new compounds (1–2), along with nineteen known compounds (3 - 21), compounds 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 21 were isolated for the first time from Plants of the Sedum family and compounds 14 , 20 were separated for the first time from the genus Sedum. In the present study, the structures of the compounds were investigated by NMR spectroscopy by comparing the data with those reported in the literature. Moreover, all isolates were tested for their neuroprotective activities aga BV NM. C, inst CoCl 2 -induced injury in PC12 cells. As a result, compound 7 showed better neuroprotective effects with cell viability (56.56 ± 1.2)% at 20 μ M. [Display omitted] • A new phenolic compound and an aliphatic chain compound were isolated from Rhodiola rosea L. • Seven compounds were isolated from Plants of the Sedum family for the first time. • Two compounds were isolated from the genus Sedum for the first time. • Compound 7 (Mallonanosid A) had better neuroprotective effects with cell viability of (56.56 ± 1.2) % at 20 μ M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz (Brassicaceae) is widely distributed and plentiful in China and has been widely used for its application in ornamental, oil, ecology, foraging, and food. Recent studies have revealed that the main components of Orychophragmus violaceus include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as antioxidation, antiradiation, antitumor, hepatic protection, antiferroptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. In this paper, the nutritional value, chemical compositions, pharmacological activity, and application value of Orychophragmus violaceus are summarized by referring to the relevant domestic and international literature to provide a reference for further research, development, and utilization of Orychophragmus violaceus in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jet fuels are complex mixtures composed of many individual compounds that influence crucial chemical and physical properties. Approximately over the last 20 years, mass spectrometry studies provided important and extensive qualitative and quantitative information of the compounds that make up jet fuels. This review presents these main findings, evaluates the analytical methods utilized, and summarizes the hydrocarbons, nitrogen‐, oxygen‐ and sulfur‐containing compounds characterized in the jet fuels. Potential areas where mass spectrometry may play important roles in the future will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native mudskipper (Apocryptes bato) is a freshwater fish species found in the riverine coastal area of Bangladesh. However, nutritional compositions of this fish are still unknown. Thus, as pioneer report, the study aims to determine the chemical compositions, minerals content, amino acids and fatty acids profiles of male and female native mudskipper collected from the Payra River in Bangladesh. The results revealed that female mudskipper had significantly (p

Our study aimed to test the promoting effect of chitosan at rates100, 300 and 500 mg l-1 and humic acid at rates 100, 500 and 700 mg l-1 as a foliar application on Gomphrena globosa L. plus control plants sprayed with distilled water during 2022 and 2023 seasons. The obtained results cleared that the plants that received foliar application of chitosan at 300 mg l-1 showed the highest plant height value, Number of leaves, number of branches per, root length, shoot and root (fresh and dry weights). Moreover, the application of humic acid at a rate of 700 mg l-1 raised all the flowering traits including number of inflorescence, inflorescence diameter, inflorescence length, and inflorescences (fresh and dry weights). Furthermore, it was found that the most of chemical compositions including photosynthetic pigments, total sugars, flavonoids content in leaves, and betalain in inflorescences were increased in plants treated with chitosan 300 mg l-1 except total phenols content in leaves which showed the highest values in plants sprayed with humic acid at 700 mg l-1.

The Kongquehe Sag, located in the western Lop Nur, has abundant pore subsurface brine. In order to study the source and origin, we tested and analyzed the hydrochemical composition and stable isotopes of the subsurface brine. The findings reveal that the brine exhibits a moderate to low degree of mineralization, with values ranging from 50.50 g/L to 91.14 g/L. The stable isotope compositions of unconfined and confined waters are different, with the mean values of δD being −8.00‰ and −51.75‰ and the mean values of δ18O being 10.08‰ and −6.01‰. These values are indicative of an intense evaporative environment prevalent in the Kongquehe Sag area. Furthermore, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios vary between 0.710642 and 0.710837, and δ34S values range from 9.2 to 10.7. These data suggest the long-term evolution of sulfur substances, predominantly through dissolution and sedimentation processes, with minimal influence from redox reactions. The data garnered from this research not only offer a novel perspective of the insights gained into the hydrochemical characteristics and the stable isotope signatures of the brines in the Kongquehe Sag area but also enriches the theoretical framework concerning the source and origin of subsurface brines, potentially informing future exploration strategies.

Parboiling influences chemical compositions in rice grains. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the change in chemical content, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of landrace rice genotypes under parboiling conditions and to identify the genotypes suitable for production of parboiled rice. Landrace rice varieties used in this study consisted of Glam Feang, Glam Tonkeaw, Kawgum, Glam Luem Phua, Medmakham, Deang Sakonnakhon, Sang Yod, Kawniewd-eang, Mali Deang, KDML105 and RD6. Parboiling reduced fiber content, total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity in rice grains. Fiber contents were 1.46% in brown rice (unpolished rice) and 1.40% in parboiled rice (24 h of soaking and 48 h of incubation). Total phenolic contents were 205.67 mg/100 g seed in brown rice and 35.34 mg/100 g seed in parboiled rice. Antioxidant capacity (DPPH) reduced from 68.45% in brown rice to 26.23% in parboiled rice. Ash content and protein content were not significantly affected by the parboiling process. Medmakham cv. had the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in brown rice and parboiled rice. Gum Leamphea cv. and Medmakham cv. were the best genotypes for ash content, protein content, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) in brown rice and parboiled rice. Glam Feang cv. had the highest protein contents in brown rice and parboiled rice although it had low total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Cluster analysis further showed variation among genotypes, revealing distinct groupings in brown rice and parboiled rice based on chemical properties, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This research significantly contributes to a better understanding on how parboiling affects rice compositions and nutritional values. It emphasizes the importance of nuanced comprehension of how different rice varieties respond to parboiling, aiding informed decisions in rice processing and selection to meet specific nutritional needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple tea, renowned for its anthocyanin content and distinctive purple hue, has gained prominence. The anthocyanin content in purple tea can exceed three times that of traditional green-leaf tea. Purple tea harbors various anthocyanins, implicating intricate pathways of biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation. Concurrently, owing to its distinctive chemical composition, the processing of purple tea may be constrained, potentially influencing the sensory attributes and flavor profile of the tea. The richness of anthocyanins in purple tea has yielded potential health benefits, including antioxidative and anti-cancer properties, rendering purple tea a sought-after commodity in the tea market. However, current research on purple tea remains incomplete, including indistinct networks of anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms, incomplete chemical characterization, and a need for comprehensive investigations into its biological activities. The limited research foundation has greatly reduced the popularity and consumption of purple tea. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins, as well as the chemical compositions, processing, and health benefits of purple tea. This review will provide the groundwork for future efforts in the selection and innovation of purple tea germplasm, purple tea processing, and the expansion of the market for purple tea consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problematic soils, such as expansive clay-rich soils, need geological and geotechnical assessments before commencing any construction project. The mineralogical composition of the soil plays a crucial role in determining its physical and chemical behavior, ultimately affecting its stability and susceptibility to erosion. This study analyzed the variability of chemical, mineralogical, and morphological attributes of five soils of the Guabirotuba formation. Samples in different areas of Curitiba and the metropolitan region were collected. Chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), mineralogical composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were determined. The results showed that the five soils have a similar chemical composition, with silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide being the main constituents. The mineralogical composition varied in all analyzed soils. However, they belong to the same geological formation, and certain conditions, such as weathering, pressure, cation exchange, and climate, may differ in their mineralogy. Four of the five soils analyzed showed low expansion capacity due to kaolinite, characterized by low swelling potential and water adsorption capacity. On the other hand, one of the soils presented expansive potential because it did not have the presence of kaolinite in its mineralogical composition. Finally, the variability of soil characteristics changes from one place to another. Although they have similar chemical compositions, the cation exchange and mineralogical composition contribute to the development of several behaviors that can be useful for decision-making about the destination of said soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylopia L. is the second largest genus of the Annonaceae family, whose species have long been used as traditional medicine and spice. The chemical constituents obtained from the essential oils (EOs) of certain members of this genus were found to mainly contain relatively equal amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes etc. In addition, The EOs isolated from the Xylopia members have been reported to possess various biological properties. This review was thus aimed to provide an overview of information related to the phytochemical composition and pharmaceutical properties of the EOs isolated from various plant parts of Xylopia plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the chemical composition and content of volatile oil in the seeds and leaves of different provenances of Cryptocarya concinna, and to provide theoretical basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of C. concinna. [Method] The volatile oil was extracted from the seeds and leaves of 8 provenances [Jinxiu(JX), Yongfu(YF), Longsbeng (LS), Shangsi (SSl and SS2), Guiping (GP), Longan (LA) and Wuming (WM)] by Soxblet extraction method. The oil content of the seeds was determined. The fatty acid composition of the volatile oil in the seeds was determined by gas chromatography( GC). The chemical composition of the volatile oil in the leaves was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and comparative analysis of chemical constituents of volatile oil from different provenances of C. concinna was conducted. [Result] The average oil content of the seeds from 8 provenances was 1. 70% -4. 67%, and the volatile oil extraction rate of the seeds from YF provenance was the highest. Nine types of fatty acids were detected in the volatile oil of its seeds, all of which were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, with a content of 76. 45 % - 81. 15 %. A total of 89 chemical components were identified from the volatile oil of the leaves of 8 provenances, including 20 alcohols, 2 phenols, 1 aldehyde, 11 ketones,8 alkanes, 24 olefins, 19 esters and 4 other types. There were differences in the composition and content of volatile oil compounds in leaves of different provenances. Among them, the relative content of stigmastan-3, 5-diene was the highest in the volatile oil of SSl, GP and LA provenances, reaching 39. 31 %, 32. 61 % and 45. 01 %, respectively. The relative content of (-) -spathulenol was the highest in the volatile oil of YF, LS and WM provenances, which was 23. 98%, 18. 70% and 16. 59%, respectively. The relative content of-y-sitosterol in the volatile oil of SS2 provenance leaves was the highest, which was 23. 45%. The relative content of 16-hentriacontanone was the highest in the volatile oil of JX provenance leaves, which was 30. 91 %. Each provenance had its own unique chemical composition. [Conclusion] The extraction rate of volatile oil from the seeds of C. concinna from YF provenance was the highest; The content of unsaturated fatty acids in the volatile oil of 8 provenances was higher than that of saturated fatty acids. The volatile oils of the leaves of different provenances of C. concinna contained a variety of common chemical components and unique components, but the contents were different. Therefore, in the development of perfume industry, daily chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry and health care products, the appropriate provenances of C. concinna can be selected according to different oil characteristics and chemical composition contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee quality is a complex attribute influenced by a variety of factors, including postharvest processing methods. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of coffee processing methods on coffee quality (raw, cup, and biochemical makeup) in Jimma, which represents the midland areas. Coffee samples were collected for Jimma agricultural research center and processed with three methods (washed, Semi-washed and dry process). The result indicated that washed coffee beans scored significantly the highest color (13.43) and odor [10] score than the other processing methods. The statistically best raw quality score (35.57 %) was therefore reported for washed coffee in Jimma. Cup quality attributes however were not significantly affected by processing methods. Among chemical composition studied, lipid was significantly affected by processing methods and highest lipid 13.74 and 13.17 g/100g was reported for semi-washed and washed coffee beans respectively. Generally, washed and semi-washed coffee were preferable in terms of bean color and odor quality. Correlations were found among cup quality attributes and chemical compositions. However, further research into the accessibility and economics of coffee processing methods in the area is necessary.

Bast fibers are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the bast of various plant families. They are finding use in textile applications and are widely used as reinforcements for green composites, as bast fibers are perceived as “sustainable”. There is a growing demand for bast fibers across the world due to their renewable and biodegradable nature. The bast fibers are mainly composed of cellulose, which potentially considers the growing techniques, harvesting and extraction processes of bast fibers most used to produce fibers with appropriate quality to apply in the daily lives of modern men and women in contemporary society. This review paper looks at many aspects of natural fibers, with a focus on plant bast fibers, including their impact on prehistoric and historical society. This review shows that bast fibers are competitive compared to man-made fibers in many applications, but variability in mechanical properties and low tenacity may limit their use in high-strengthh composites and extend to, particularly in aerospace, automotive, packaging, building industries, insulation, E-composites (Eco composites), geotextiles and many other applications are currently being explored. Considering, important characteristics of bast fibers include physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This makes bast fibers one of the most important classes of plant fibers to use as reinforcing agents in thermosetting/thermoplastic polymer matrices. And the effect of bast fibers as reinforcement in the properties of ECO-composites, GREEN-composites, BIO-composites, lightweight composites. Bast fibers play an important role in sustainability, the preservation of the health of the environment, the well-being of the next generation, and even the daily lives of men and women in the contemporary world.

There is a growing demand for the consumption of medicinal mushrooms and their products. Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps militaris are two important medicinal mushrooms with significant pharmacological activities. In this study, we aim to develop a preparation of the extracts of these two mushrooms, and investigate its composition, antioxidant activities, and protective effects against oxidative damage. Liquid chromatography equipped with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) was employed to analyze the chemical profiles of the mixture. A total of 94 compounds were identified as belonging to phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and nucleosides. In addition, HPLC-DAD was used to quantify major compounds. Ferulic and cinnamic acids were predominant in the phenolic acid groups, with corresponding concentrations of 0.41 and 0.29 mg/g. The concentration of ganoderic acid A was 0.08 mg/g, and the contents of adenosine and cordycepin were 0.53 and 0.14 mg/g, respectively. The mixture could scavenge free radicals and reduce ferric ions in vitro. The preparation also showed nontoxic but proliferative effects on human fibroblast cells. In addition, it could protect fibroblasts against oxidative stress, reducing 21–22% of cell death in the presence of H2O2. These findings provide more information on the applications of medicinal mushrooms in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Mungbean seeds [Vigna radiata (L.)] are easily damaged by insects during storage, and essential oils (EOs) have proved effective for controlling insect infestation. This research study assessed the bioactivity of EO from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The chemical composition of EO was analysed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). All experiments were conducted following a completely randomised design (CRD) with four replications of the residual contact and seed dressing bioassays. Results indicated that J. sambac EO contained 35 compounds (97.587%), with the main component 3-hexen-1-ol benzoate. Residual contact toxicity LC50 values of this EO on adult C. maculatus at 24, 48, and 72 h were 5.01, 4.00, and 3.13 µL/mL, respectively. J. sambac EO at 8 µL/L showed the highest residual contact efficacy against C. maculatus, killing up to 100% in 72 hours. The highest concentration of J. sambac EO (1 mL/kg) gave optimal protection against C. maculatus within 4 and 5 days with 100% mortality. This concentration showed 100% inhibition of adult F1 progeny emergence, with no seed damage and weight loss of V. radiata L. after 30 days of exposure, and not significantly different from 0.8 mL/kg. Results indicated that J. sambac EO effectively prevented C. maculatus infestation and it could be used as an alternative to commercial chemical insecticides.

Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) serve as the primary source of natural rubber. Their native habitat is characterized by warm and humid conditions, so they are particularly sensitive to low temperatures. Under such stress, latex burst can cause severe damage to rubber trees, which is due to the uniqueness of their economically productive parts. In order to establish a correlation between young and mature rubber trees and provide a novel prospective for investigating the mechanisms of latex burst and chilling resistance in rubber trees, the chlorophyll contents, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in four varieties of one-year-old rubber tree seedlings were analyzed under artificially simulated chilling stress. The latex burst characteristics were subsequently recorded. A comprehensive statistical analysis of the chilling-resistance rank was conducted using the membership function method and the combination weighting method. Meanwhile, chemical compositions and tensile properties of barks from two-year-old twigs of mature rubber trees were ascertained. A correlation analysis between chilling resistance, chemical compositions, and tensile properties was performed to identify any interrelationships among them. The results showed that the number and the total area of latex-burst positions in variety Reken628 seedlings were greater than those in other varieties, and the lowest number and total area of latex-burst positions were observed in variety RRIM600 and variety PR107, respectively. With the exception of variety GT1, nectar secretion was noted in all other varieties of rubber tree seedlings under chilling stress. The chilling resistance of the four varieties decreased in the following order: variety GT1 > variety RRIM600 > variety PR107 > variety Reken628. The chilling resistance was strongly (p < 0.001) negatively correlated with cellulose content and acid-insoluble lignin content, respectively. The total area of latex burst was significantly (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with holocellulose content and maximum load, respectively. Furthermore, this study also provides new insights into the mechanism of nectar secretion induced by low temperatures and its association with the chilling resistance of rubber trees.

Microbial communities are known to play an important role in maintaining ecological balance and can be used as an indicator for assessing environmental pollution. Numerous studies have revealed that air pollution can alter the structure of microbial communities, which may increase health risks. Nevertheless, the relationships between microbial communities and particulate matter (PM) caused by air pollution in terms of health risk assessment are not well understood. This study aimed to validate the influences of PM chemical compositions on microbial communities and assess the associated health risks. Our results, based on similarity analysis, revealed that the stability structure of the microbial communities had a similarity greater than 73%. In addition, the altered richness and diversity of microbial communities were significantly associated with PM chemical compositions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exerted a positive influence on microbial communities in different environmental variables. Additionally, a stronger linear correlation was observed between hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and the richness of microbial communities. All estimated health risks from PM chemical compositions, calculated under different environmental variables, significantly exceeded the acceptable level by a factor of more than 49. Cr and 1,2-Dibromoethane displayed dual adverse effects of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Overall, the study provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the variability in microbial communities driven by PM, which may support the crucial role of PM chemical compositions in the risk of microorganisms in the atmospheric environment.

Distiller's grains (DGs) are solid mixtures that remain after the production of alcoholic beverages. A large amount of DGs is produced each year during the brewing process. Currently, they are mostly used as a feedstock or substrate in the feed industry. However, the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of DGs is a major constraint on their further development and application for high-value-added usages. Some studies were published on the bioactive constituents of DGs in several different types of journals. Data were therefore collated to provide a comprehensive overview of these natural products. DGs are rich in phenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, in addition to general lipid and protein constituents. These compounds and their related extracts possess diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycaemic effects. We hope that this review will provide research incentives for the further development and utilisation of DGs to develop high-value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional processing of Dendrobium officinale (DO) is performed in five necessary processing steps: processing fresh strips, drying at 85 °C, curling, molding, and drying at 35 °C (Fengdou). The antioxidant activity of DO is increased after it is processed into Fengdou. To comprehensively analyze the changes in the functional components, a plant-wide target metabolomics approach was employed. In total, 739 differential chemical components were identified in five processing treatments, mainly highlighting differences in the levels of phenolic acids, flavonoids, lipids, and amino acids and their derivatives, and the glycosylation of aglycone resulted in the upregulation of flavonoid glycoside levels. Temperature is a key factor in DO processing during production. In addition, the enrichment of specific differential chemical components was found mainly in five different metabolic pathways: glucosinolate biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and ubiquinone and other terpene quinone biosynthesis. A correlation analysis clarified that total phenols and flavonoids show a significant positive correlation with antioxidant capacity. This study provides new insights into the influence of the processing processes on DO quality, which may provide guidance for the high-quality production of DO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean seeds [Vigna radiata (L.)] are easily damaged by insects during storage, and essential oils (EOs) have proved effective for controlling insect infestation. This research study assessed the bioactivity of EO from Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The chemical composition of EO was analysed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). All experiments were conducted following a completely randomised design (CRD) with four replications of the residual contact and seed dressing bioassays. Results indicated that J. sambac EO contained 35 compounds (97.587%), with the main component 3-hexen-1-ol benzoate. Residual contact toxicity LC50 values of this EO on adult C. maculatus at 24, 48, and 72 h were 5.01, 4.00, and 3.13 µL/mL, respectively. J. sambac EO at 8 µL/L showed the highest residual contact efficacy against C. maculatus, killing up to 100% in 72 hours. The highest concentration of J. sambac EO (1 mL/kg) gave optimal protection against C. maculatus within 4 and 5 days with 100% mortality. This concentration showed 100% inhibition of adult F1 progeny emergence, with no seed damage and weight loss of V. radiata L. after 30 days of exposure, and not significantly different from 0.8 mL/kg. Results indicated that J. sambac EO effectively prevented C. maculatus infestation and it could be used as an alternative to commercial chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chroogomphus rutilus is an edible mushroom that has been an important food source since ancient times. It is increasingly sought after for its unique flavor and medicinal value. It is one of the most important wild mushrooms for its medicinal and economic value. C. rutilus contains a variety of active ingredients such as vitamins, proteins, minerals, polysaccharides, and phenolics. C. rutilus and its active compounds have significant anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, gastroprotective, hypolipemic, and neuronal protective properties. This paper summarizes the fungal chemical compositions and health-promoting effects of C. rutilus by collecting the literature on the role of C. rutilus through its active ingredients from websites such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Current research on C. rutilus is limited to the cellular and animal levels, and further clinical trials are needed to conduct and provide theoretical support for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With population and economic development increasing worldwide, the public is increasingly concerned with the health benefits and nutritional properties of vegetable oils (VOs). In this review, the chemical composition and health-promoting benefits of 39 kinds of VOs were selected and summarized using Web of Science TM as the main bibliographic databases. The characteristic chemical compositions were analyzed from fatty acid composition, tocols, phytosterols, squalene, carotenoids, phenolics, and phospholipids. Health benefits including antioxidant activity, prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, diabetes treatment, and kidney and liver protection were examined according to the key components in representative VOs. Every type of vegetable oil has shown its own unique chemical composition with significant variation in each key component and thereby illustrated their own specific advantages and health effects. Therefore, different types of VOs can be selected to meet individual needs accordingly. For example, to prevent CVD, more unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols should be supplied by consuming pomegranate seed oil, flaxseed oil, or rice bran oil, while coconut oil or perilla seed oil have higher contents of total phenolics and might be better choices for diabetics. Several oils such as olive oil, corn oil, cress oil, and rice bran oil were recommended for their abundant nutritional ingredients, but the intake of only one type of vegetable oil might have drawbacks. This review increases the comprehensive understanding of the correlation between health effects and the characteristic composition of VOs, and provides future trends towards their utilization for the general public's nutrition, balanced diet, and as a reference for disease prevention. Nevertheless, some VOs are in the early stages of research and lack enough reliable data and long-term or large consumption information of the effect on the human body, therefore further investigations will be needed for their health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzhuan brick tea, a distinctive dark tea fermented by microorganisms, is a traditional beverage in China throughout history. Recently, it has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique quality characteristics and potential health benefits. The aim of this study was to establish a method for the quality control of Fuzhuan brick tea for stable production. Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify Fuzhuan brick tea, and the major components were chosen for further quantitative analysis. Subsequently, a quantification method was developed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry, and its reliability was verified through methodological validation. Finally, a total of 30 compounds were identified, including catechins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids. The established method was reliable for methodological validation and was applied to the quantitative analysis of Fuzhuan brick tea. This study provides a fundamental basis for the quality control and further studies on the component analysis of Fuzhuan brick tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz (Brassicaceae) is widely distributed and plentiful in China and has been widely used for its application in ornamental, oil, ecology, foraging, and food. Recent studies have revealed that the main components of Orychophragmus violaceus include flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as antioxidation, antiradiation, antitumor, hepatic protection, antiferroptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial. In this paper, the nutritional value, chemical compositions, pharmacological activity, and application value of Orychophragmus violaceus are summarized by referring to the relevant domestic and international literature to provide a reference for further research, development, and utilization of Orychophragmus violaceus in the future.

Aromatic and medicinal plants in ecosystems are subject to various climatic disturbances that impact their morphological and physiological processes. Although plants have mechanisms to adapt to their climatic conditions, such as periods of drought and lack of precipitation, their metabolism is still affected. This study aimed to predict and evaluate the behavior of Salvia officinalis under climatic disturbances. Over a period of 4 years in a controlled environment, three treatments were applied to the plant: Treatment 1 with normal monthly average temperature and precipitation in the first year; Treatment 2 with a temperature increase of 5°C and a 50% reduction in water supply in the second year; and Treatment 3 with a temperature increase of 10°C and a 75% reduction in water supply in the fourth year. The results show that the percentage of primary metabolites, including nutritional values, changed with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Treatment 1 had 7.13% protein, 6.21% carbohydrate, 1.35% lipid, and 4% dietary fiber, while Treatment 2 had 7.05% protein, 5.12% carbohydrate, 1.01% lipid, and 3.01% dietary fiber, and Treatment 3 had 6.86% protein, 3.02% carbohydrate, 0.52% lipid, and 2.34% dietary fiber. The mineral composition of the plant also changed with each treatment, with Mg decreasing from 10.02 to 8.55 to 0.05%, Fe decreasing from 8.18 to 8 to 7.62%, K decreasing from 5.55 to 5.05 to 4.02%, Mn decreasing from 5.54 to 5.11 to 3.48%, Ca decreasing from 4.65 to 2.75 to 1.23%, and P decreasing from 3.37 to 3.05 to 2.25%. Regarding secondary metabolites, the percentage of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, and essential oil yield changed as well. Treatment 2 showed an increase in secondary metabolites, while Treatment 3 showed a decrease. Alkaloids increased from 9.56 to 13.68 to 11.3%, flavonoids increased from 7.53 to 13.48 to 10.49%, saponins increased from 5.23 to 7.44 to 6%, coumarins increased from 3.35 to 4.85 to 3.99%, tannins increased from 2.26 to 3.22 to 2.62%, and essential oil yield increased from 0.53 to 0.80 to 0.62%. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the major compounds of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis, such as α-thujone, manool, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, 1,8-cineol, and camphor, were also modified by temperature and water stress.

In order to investigate the effect of extraction methods, including cold pressing method, soxhlet method and aqueous enzymatic method, on the quality of walnut oil, and explore the key chemical components affecting the antioxidant activity of walnut oil. The physicochemical properties, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of the walnut oils extracted by the extraction methods mentioned above were determined. In addition, the antioxidant evaluation model of walnut oil was established through multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the key chemical components, affecting the antioxidant activity of walnut oil. The results showed that the three extraction methods had little effect on the content and compositions of fatty acids and glycerides in walnut oil, but had great influences on the contents of total phenols and flavonoids, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of the oils. According to the antioxidant evaluation model of walnut oil, linoleic acid and total phenols were the key chemical components affecting the antioxidant activity of walnut oil. In conclusion, among the three extraction methods, the quality of walnut oil extracted by cold pressing method is the best, followed by that obtained by aqueous enzyme method. However, the yield of walnut oil extracted by aqueous enzyme method was higher than that by cold pressing method. More importantly, aqueous enzyme method can simultaneously produce bioactive peptides during the process of oil extraction, so it is a extraction method with great potential for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trapiche-like quartz, which is scarcely reported, has a unique texture with a core, six arms, and quartz growth sectors. This study is based on six trapiche-like quartz from the Dongwuqi area, Inner Mongolia, China. Many experiments have been carried out to investigate the basic gemological characteristics, crystal structures, and chemical compositions. Magnification observation has demonstrated that the texture is due to the distribution of white-colored chalcedony in growth sectors. Spherical and black inclusions have been identified as iron oxides by Raman spectra and EPMA. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS data have shown that the samples were grown in an acidic environment with an average medium-high temperature of 325 °C. Combined with the crystal growth theories and infrared experiments, we propose that the trapiche-like texture is the result of dislocation glide, which is caused by the existence of water and changes in temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danyikangtai powder has a definite therapeutic effect on pancreatitis. However, the internal mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this experiment is to quickly identify the blood components of danyikangtai powder and evaluate its efficacy. 25 blood components were identified by comparing the components with the same mass spectrometry information from in vivo and in vitro samples. The AR42J cells of the pancreatitis model were treated with drug-containing plasma, and the drug efficacy was evaluated by investigating the amylase release rate. This study provides a scientific reference for its pharmacological research and rational clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario, the paperboard industries are experimenting the reinforcement of their products with various natural fibers. Based on affordability, low weight, biodegradability and recyclability, natural fiber-reinforced composites have attracted the attention of industrial researchers. In the present work, investigations have been carried out to find the suitability of the Passiflora foetida fiber for paper board industry. The physico-mechanical and chemical compositions in the fiber are analyzed with the help of standard methods. The average density and diameter of the fibers were 1.22 g/cm3 and 98.48 ± 5.65 µm, respectively. The fibers showed a tensile strength of 0.32 ± 0.21 MPa, Young's modulus of 19.42 MPa and strain-to-failure of 2.05 ± 0.18%. The maximum peak of depolymerization is obtained at 361.7℃ in DTG curve. These properties make the Passiflora foetida fibers suitable for replacing the existing fiber in the paperboard composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]