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The fire growth rate of interior linings, furnishings, and construction materials is measured in full-scale fire tests such as the ASTM E84 Steiner Tunnel, the ISO 9705 room fire, and a passenger aircraft fuselage as the flame-spread rate, time-to-flashover, or time to incapacitation, respectively. The results are used to indicate the level of passive fire protection afforded by the combustible material or product in the test without providing any insight into the burning process. These large-scale tests require many square meters of product, are very expensive to conduct, and can exhibit poor repeatability–making them unsuitable for product development, quality control, product surveillance, or regulatory compliance. For this reason, smaller (0.01 m2) samples are tested in bench-scale fire calorimeters under controlled conditions, and these one-dimensional burning histories are correlated with the results of the two- and three-dimensional burning histories in full-scale fire tests by a variety of empirical and semi-empirical fire propagation indices, as well as analytic and computer models specific to the full-scale fire test. The approach described here defines the potential of a material to grow a fire in terms of cone calorimeter data obtained under standard conditions. The fire growth potential, λ (m2/J), is the coupled process of surface flame spread and in-depth burning that is defined as the product of ignitability (1/ E ign ) and combustibility (Δ Q /Δ E) obtained from a combustion energy diagram measured in a cone calorimeter at an external radiant energy flux q · ext (W/m2) above the critical flux for burning, q · burn . However, the potential for fire growth, λ≡ (1/ E i gn )(Δ Q /Δ E) is only realized as a hazard when the heat of combustion of the product per unit surface area, H c (J/m2), is sufficient to grow the fire. The dimensionless fire hazard of a combustible product of thickness b is therefore, Π = λ H c, while the fire hazard of the component materials is an average over the product thickness, π = Π/ b. The measurement of λ, Π, and π from combustion energy diagrams of heat release Q (J/m2) versus incident energy E (J/m2) is described, as well as a physical basis for a fire growth potential that provides simple analytic forms for λ in terms of the parameters reported in cone calorimeter tests. Experimental data from the literature show that rapid fire growth in full-scale fire tests of combustible materials occurs above a value of Π determined by the severity of the fire test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the UK uplands, prescribed burning of unenclosed heath, grass and blanket bog ('moorland') is used to support game shooting and grazing. Burning on moorland is contentious due to its impact on peat soils, hydrology and habitat condition. There is little information on spatial and temporal patterns of burning, the overlap with soil carbon and sensitive habitats and, importantly, whether these patterns are changing. This information is required to assess the sustainability of burning and the effectiveness of new legislation. We developed a method for semi‐automated detection of burning using satellite imagery – our best performing model has a balanced accuracy of 84.9%. We identified annual burn areas in Great Britain in five burning seasons from 2017/18 to 2021/22 of 8333 to 20 974 ha (average 15 250 ha year−1). Annual extent in England in 2021/22 was 73% lower than the average of the four previous seasons. Burning was identified over carbon‐rich soils (mean 5150 ha or 34% by area of all burning annually) and on steep slopes – 915 ha across the five seasons (1.3%), contravening guidance. Burning (>1 ha) was recorded in 14% of UK protected areas (PAs) and, within these, the percentage area of moorland burned varied from 2 to 31%. In England in some years, the percentage area of moorland burned inside PAs was higher than outside, while this was not the case in Scotland. Burning in sensitive alpine habitats totalled 158 ha across the five seasons. The reduction in burned area in England in 2021/22 could relate to England‐specific legislation, introduced in May 2021, to prohibit burning on deep peat in PAs. This suggests that regulation can be effective. However, the continued overlap with sensitive features suggests that burning falls short of sustainable practices. Our method will enable repeatable re‐assessment of burning extents and overlap with ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Sensitive skin is a highly prevalent problem. The objective of the study was to assess whether the tested products are effective and safe in terms of improving the symptoms of sensitive skin.A clinical randomized split‐face study was carried out on 24 healthy female subjects. Three cosmetic combinations were tested versus vehicle: product A (Solía Thermal Spring Water–TSW–from Cantabria, Spain + diatom algae–P. tricornutum–extract), product B (Solía TSW + diatom algae extract + Annona cherimola Fruit Extract) and product C (Solía TSW + diatom algae extract + Annona cherimola Fruit Extract + niacinamide). Prior to each application of the study Product (A, B, or C)/vehicle, 10% of aqueous solution of capsaicin to induce skin irritation was applied, mimicking the symptoms of sensitive skin. Stinging and burning sensations were evaluated at different time points.All three tested products A, B, and C showed to act better in calming the symptoms induced by capsaicin when compared to the vehicle.The tested products would be an interesting option for treating stinging and burning sensations in sensitive skin patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burning in a two-section channel with an abrupt enlargement of its cross section in the process of double-belt supply of different-type gaseous fuels into it at a Mach number of the fuel flow M = 2.2 and at its stagnation temperature of 1700 K was numerically investigated. For the ignition of a hydrocarbon fuel fed into the channel along its axis (the first supply belt) and for the formation of a transonic regime of burning of the fuel, it was subjected to a gasdynamic pulse action, and, after this action was terminated, for the maintenance of the burning regime, the second belt of supply of a fuel (hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel) into the channel and the side supply of an air jet into it were organized. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved with the use of the k–ε model of turbulence. The burning of a fuel in the channel was simulated by gross reactions. It was established that the use of hydrogen as a fuel in the second supply belt makes it possible to maintain the transonic burning regime in the channel. In this case, the side air jet breaks the shock-wave formation in the second section of the channel and, in so doing, provides a high-velocity homogeneous fuel flow in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the UK uplands, prescribed burning of unenclosed heath, grass and blanket bog (‘moorland’) is used to support game shooting and grazing. Burning on moorland is contentious due to its impact on peat soils, hydrology and habitat condition. There is little information on spatial and temporal patterns of burning, the overlap with soil carbon and sensitive habitats and, importantly, whether these patterns are changing. This information is required to assess the sustainability of burning and the effectiveness of new legislation. We developed a method for semi‐automated detection of burning using satellite imagery – our best performing model has a balanced accuracy of 84.9%. We identified annual burn areas in Great Britain in five burning seasons from 2017/18 to 2021/22 of 8333 to 20 974 ha (average 15 250 ha year−1). Annual extent in England in 2021/22 was 73% lower than the average of the four previous seasons. Burning was identified over carbon‐rich soils (mean 5150 ha or 34% by area of all burning annually) and on steep slopes – 915 ha across the five seasons (1.3%), contravening guidance. Burning (>1 ha) was recorded in 14% of UK protected areas (PAs) and, within these, the percentage area of moorland burned varied from 2 to 31%. In England in some years, the percentage area of moorland burned inside PAs was higher than outside, while this was not the case in Scotland. Burning in sensitive alpine habitats totalled 158 ha across the five seasons. The reduction in burned area in England in 2021/22 could relate to England‐specific legislation, introduced in May 2021, to prohibit burning on deep peat in PAs. This suggests that regulation can be effective. However, the continued overlap with sensitive features suggests that burning falls short of sustainable practices. Our method will enable repeatable re‐assessment of burning extents and overlap with ecosystem services.

Four events that took place in the medieval Islamic West (al-Andalus and North Africa west of Egypt, second/ninth–eighth/fifteenth centuries) illustrate how rulers intentionally drew clear boundaries between individuals and between groups in ways that were sometimes striking. The first case has to do with the ruler's body, the second with the way horses were mounted in the army, and the third and fourth – less surprisingly – with clothing and naming. The rulers who strove to make boundaries clear in such cases were the ethnically Arab Cordoban Umayyads (138/756–422/1031) and the ethnically Berber Almohad/Muʾminid caliphs (524/1130–668/1269). The aim of this article is to analyse what the contexts behind the rulers' actions, the groups affected by their decisions and the boundaries they erected reveal about their concerns and anxieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ignition of the normal layer-by-layer burning (LB) and its transition to the convective burning (CB) regime in mixtures of ammonium nitrate (AN) with bulk density aluminum are studied. Experiments in a constant-volume bomb with pressure registration are carried out. The porosity of the samples is 0.55–0.59, the particle size of the AN varies from 20–40 to 250–630 µm, and the aluminum content varies from 8 to 47 wt %. Two brands of aluminum were used: ASD-4 and PAP-2. It is shown that the mixtures are capable of being ignited when the igniter pressure is close to or above the critical (minimum) value. The values of the critical pressure of the igniter, the pressure, and the time at which LB and CB occurs for mixtures with different particle sizes of AN and aluminum and different concentrations are measured. The replacement of aluminum ASD-4 with PAP‑2 leads to a significant (by an order of magnitude or even more) decrease in the values of critical pressure and pressures at which LB and CB begins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major complications in the palaeopathological analysis of burnt human remains include distinguishing whether bone was fresh or dry at the time of burning, and whether trauma/damage was inflicted 'perimortem' or postmortem. Some prehistoric societies are suggested to have defleshed human remains prior to cremation, mostly classified based on the lack of warping and thumbnail fractures. The distinction between perimortem and postmortem sharp force trauma (SFT) characteristics has rarely been investigated on burnt bones. This study investigates whether these features are distinguishable on burnt bone, as well as assessing the rate of cutmark survival, and the presence of heat-induced fractures in relation to the bone's pre-burnt collagen content. Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) tibiae were left to decay in a field for 14, 34, 91, 180, and 365 days in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK. Prior to burning, bones were inflicted with SFT by a non-serrated and partially serrated knife and a flint blade (N = 15/bone). Fleshed bones with cutmarks and bones without trauma served as controls. Cutmark survival, features, and heat-induced fractures were recorded on the burnt bones and compared with the collagen extracted from unburnt bones at the abovementioned time intervals. Statistical analysis included linear regression and MANOVA. Heat-induced fractures did not depend on the limited collagen loss during the 1-year postmortem inverval (PMI) prior to burning. There was a loss (mean 18.4%) of identifiable cutmarks after burning. Significant alterations in the cutmark characteristics appeared after 6 months of exposure in burnt bones, marked by the increase in postmortem features, which can inform on the pre-burning PMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Burning & chopping in harvest and dextran deterioration in cane variety Co 6806. • Deterioration due to adverse conditions, burning & chopping increase the risk. • Lowest deterioration risk if time from harvest to processing is ≤ 4 days. • Quality indices polarization and Australian commercial cane sugar correlated. • Of the indices, juice-dextran formation became a risk, if the pH dropped below 6.4. The effects of harvesting conditions on dextran deterioration, and indices indicating dextran in the juice were aimed to be studied for the sugarcane variety Co 6806. Therefore, sugarcane was harvested manually after plantation and two ratoons, before and after burning as well as with and without stalk chopping. Dextran formation in juice was measured 1 to 5 days after harvest, and correlated with pH, viscosity, Brix, colour, polarization, apparent purity and Australian commercial cane sugar (CCS). Harvesting methods alone did not explain cane deterioration, but it may be due to a combination of adverse cultivation, maturation, harvesting, environment and weather conditions. Still, burning and chopping may increase the risk of deterioration, and the maximum time from harvest to processing should not exceed 4 days. Increasing viscosity (R = 614, p <0.001), and decreasing pH to 6.1–6.4 (R = 0.807, p <0.001) correlated with dextran up to 893 ppm in Brix, while colour and Brix (total soluble solids) did not change, indicating dextran precipitation. Polarization correlated with CCS (R = 0.968, p <0.001). Among these indices, pH and CCS calculated from polarization were the best in predicting elevated dextran concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the historical occurrence of wetland ecosystems in Greece by using recurring Phragmites australis (common reed) burnings as an indicator. Phragmites australis, a plant closely associated with wetlands, provides excellent insights into wetland distribution. We establish a substantial association between reed fires and historical wetland existence in Greece using geographical and statistical analysis, with these fires exhibiting remarkable constancy across time. Using Corine land-cover (CLC) data, we extend our analysis into land-use dynamics, demonstrating that places with the highest reed-bed-fire rates were originally wetlands, particularly those converted into permanent irrigated land and areas with complex agriculture patterns. We find spatial commonalities between reed fires and past wetland existence by analyzing fire occurrence across three main categories: reed fires, agricultural land fires, and grassland fires. Historical records of wetland conversion into agricultural land (or land reclamation works) in locations such as Yianitsa and Kopaida give context to our findings. Visualizations confirm the clustering of reed fires around these converted agricultural regions. In summary, our study offers a unique indicator based on Phragmites australis burnings that can be used to identify previous wetland-type ecosystems, with Mediterranean-wide implications. Despite data constraints, this study adds to the conversation about wetland preservation and sustainable land-use management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the physical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber are very different, the fiber volume fraction in carbon/glass hybrid fiber composites cannot be tested by burning method or digestion method, respectively. Furthermore, these methods partially consume the fiber, especially for carbon fibers. To investigate the fiber volume fraction in carbon/glass hybrid fiber composites correctly, the test method is put forward. The burning method and the digestion method were combined to calculate the volume fraction of carbon fiber and glass fiber, respectively. The results show that the relative error between the measured value and the theoretical value is very small. The result of the present work implies that the feasibility and accuracy of this method through experimental verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large city-scale coal-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants are one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. The motivation is to find a way to decrease the contributions in the most feasible way possible. The importance of this study is that it presents a methodology for comparing scenarios from both environmental and economic points of view. The scenarios aim to enhance the environmental performance of combustion flue gas-treatment units. The scenarios include installing an advanced electrostatic precipitator (ESP), a hybrid system comprising ESP and a bag filter, a combined cyclone and baghouse filter, a hybrid baghouse filter with novel electrostatic tissue, a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) scrubber, a WFGD with (NH4)2SO4 technology, and fuel conversion (incl. biomass). Each of the scenarios is evaluated according to (a) primary energy consumption, (b) capital (CapEx) and operational (OpEx) costs, and (c) the obtained environmental effect (decreasing emissions of particulate matter (PM), CO2, SO2, and NOx). Adopting biomass waste decreases CO2 emissions by 50%. PM from the coal-fired boiler with particle filtration is lower compared to biomass but is two times higher than that from natural gas. Using advanced filters for a CHP plant decreases total emissions and PM by 2100–2800%. The largest effect on air quality is achieved by filtration and WFGD, with emissions decreasing by 43%. Primary energy consumption is maximal in fuel conversion and ESP scenarios. The conversion to limestone-based WFGD or the installation of a hybrid filter separately are the most viable options, totaling EUR 14.2 billion of CapEx. However, combining several technologies is essential to increase the quality of flue gas treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the diagnostic value of salivary pepsin tests for detecting laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in patients with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Methods: Patients with BMS and asymptomatic individuals were consecutively recruited from September 2018 to June 2023. Patients underwent hypopharyngeal-esophageal impedance pH-monitoring (HEMII-pH) and saliva collections to measure pepsin. Stomatology evaluation was carried out to exclude other causes of BMS. Oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal signs and symptoms were evaluated with Reflux Sign Assessment (RSA) and Reflux Symptom Score (RSS). Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values of pepsin test were calculated considering the highest values of pepsin tests at ≥ 16, ≥ 36, and ≥ 100 ng/mL cutoffs. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was evaluated. Results: Forty-nine patients with both BMS and LPR at the HEMII-pH and 21 asymptomatic individuals were recruited. Pepsin test was 83.7%, 79.6%, and 71.4% sensitive at cutoffs ≥ 16, ≥ 36, and ≥ 100 ng/mL, respectively. The ROC analysis reported that a threshold of ≥ 21.5 ng/mL was associated with sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 81.6%, 81.0%, 90.1% and 65.4%, respectively. The severity score of burning mouth symptom was significantly associated with the saliva pepsin concentration (rs = 0.263; p = 0.029) and the oral RSA (rs = 0.474; p = 0.007). Conclusion: Pepsin test is a valuable diagnostic approach for detecting LPR in patients with BMS. Patients with high level of saliva pepsin reported more severe burning mouth symptoms. Future studies are needed to confirm the role of LPR in the primary BMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Safety & Security Sciences Review / Biztonságtudományi Szemle is the property of Obuda University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study delved into the combustion properties of combined glulam bonded using polyurethane (PUR) and resorcinol-phenol-formaldehyde (RPF) adhesives. The experiment involved three distinct wood species, namely, spruce, alder, and beech, which were combined in homogeneous, non-homogeneous symmetrical, and non-homogeneous asymmetrical arrangements. These species were selected to represent a spectrum, namely, softwood (spruce), low-density hardwood (alder), and high-density hardwood (beech). The varying combinations of wood species illustrate potential compositions within structural elements, aiming to optimize mechanical bending resistance. Various parameters were measured during combustion, namely, the heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (pHRR), mass loss rate (MLR), average rate of heat emission (ARHE), peak average rate of heat emission (MARHE), time to ignition (TTI), and effective heat of combustion (EHC). The findings indicate that incorporating beech wood into the composite glulam resulted in an increase in heat release, significantly altering the burning characteristics, which was particularly evident at the second peak. Conversely, the use of spruce wood exhibited the lowest heat release rate. Alder wood, when subjected to heat flux at the glued joint, displayed the highest heat emission, aligning with the results for EHC and MARHE. This observation suggests that wood species prone to early thermal decomposition emit more heat within a shorter duration. The time to ignition (TTI) was consistent, occurring between the first and second minute across all tested wood species and combinations. Notably, when subjected to heat flux, the glulam samples bonded with PUR adhesive experienced complete delamination of the initial two glued joints, whereas those bonded with RPF adhesive exhibited only partial delamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of forest fires in Ecuador for the 2001-2020 period. MODIS satellite images (product MCD64A1v 6.0) were used to analyze burning areas on a national scale. This information was combined with maps of geographic regions, protected areas, and vegetation cover types in order to obtain historical statistics for the studied period. The results show that (a) there is a total cumulative burned area of is 7297.5 km2, i.e., 2.9% of the territory (Litoral was the most affected region); (b) the largest burning area corresponds to agricultural lands, with 440 772 ha; (c) from 2010 on, high burning values were detected in the Litoral and Andes regions, with 2016 being the year of highest incidence; and (d) 4.9% of the total burned areas identified are in protected areas. These findings provide information that contributes to the construction of comprehensive public policies for fire management in Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large fire of 233 ha in Huascarán National Park in Peru provided an opportunity to compare plant and bird responses in burned and nearby unburned zones of the puna. Heights and live diameters of flagship Puya raimondii rosettes (assigned to four broad developmental phases), plant communities (66 species in 24 families and nine growth forms) and bird communities (77 species in six trophic guilds) were monitored after the fire. Although no mortality was observed, Puya raimondii plants were affected by the fire, losing approximately 60% of their photosynthetic area across all developmental phases, but recovered quickly during the first two years after fire. The comparison of Puya rosette recovery after fire was complicated by the changes in live rosette diameter for unburned plants, which showed plasticity of photosynthetic area linked to seasonal and annual fluctuations in precipitation in this relatively dry environment (decreased by 26% for mature adult plants over the study period). Fire caused an immediate change in the density, biomass and composition of vegetation. Although the species present remained similar, their abundances changed significantly immediately after the fire, with notable reductions in dominant tussock grasses. This provided opportunities for other plants, resulting in higher post-fire diversity of plant species, genera, families and growth forms. In turn, the changes in vegetation after fire affected the composition of birds according to their trophic guild. Granivores largely disappeared, generalists were mostly unaffected, and other guilds showed a more complex response. As the vegetation recovered, most displaced birds returned within approximately one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the problem of fire safety in habitable space structures. The flame propagation over thermally destructing material is studied theoretically within the framework of the assumptions of the boundary layer theory and the presence of a diffusion flame. The solution is developed based on the concept of thermally thin fuel layer. Flame propagation velocity over structured material, on which different widths ribs are attached, in an opposed flow is determined analytically. PMMA sample of 10 mm thickness, on which ribs of widths 1–10 mm are attached in the direction of flow, is considered as an example. The analytical solution is compared with experimental data. • Flame propagation velocity over structured material in an opposed flow is determined analytically. • The flame propagation velocity decreases with an increase in the width of the rib. • Slowing down the blower speed can help reduce the speed of flame propagation and the intensity of combustion. • The ribs create more favorable conditions for flame propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of fire on above‐ground biomass has significant consequences on soil carbon (C) dynamics, which is essential in predicting the global C budget during the Anthropocene. However, there is considerable spatiotemporal variability in the directions and magnitudes of fire effects on soil respiration, and the drivers associated with these effects are not well understood.Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis of 1327 individual observations from 170 studies to determine the extent to which fire influenced soil total respiration (Rs), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra).We found fires reduced Rs, Rh and Ra, with an average effect of −11.0%, −17.5% and −40.6%, compared with unburnt sites. Specifically, wildfires significantly reduced Rs and Rh (−20.4% and −25.0%, respectively), and prescribed fire significantly decreased Ra (−74.8%). The influences of fire on Rs and its components were moderated by fire severity, season, type, climate zones and biomes. After several years from the time of the fire, the negative effects of fire on Rs diminished and then recovered to a state not significantly different from unburnt sites; Rh exhibited a similar but decayed temporal response. Similarly, the negative effects on Ra disappeared after 3 years following the latest fire. The magnitude of the effect on Rs was strongly associated with soil temperature, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen (N) content and N‐acquiring enzyme activity. In contrast, the magnitude of the effect on Rh significantly changed with pH, bulk density, texture, soil C and nutrient contents, and C‐acquiring enzyme activity.Our findings advance the understanding of the inhibition and associated mechanisms of fire on Rs and its components, highlighting the need for new research efforts to predict the spatial‐temporal shifts in underground C‐cycling induced by fire. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeological pottery extracted from Tell Rawd Iskander in Ismailia is dated back to the New Kingdom. Different examinations and analyses were conducted, such as stereomicroscope examination, polarized microscope, microbiological examination, scanning electron microscope equipped with X-ray energy dispersion unit (SEM / EDX), and X-ray diffraction. The research identified a technological process proving that the clay used in archaeological pottery was Nile clay. Tempers were sand, pottery powder, limestone powder "calcite, dolomite", and burnt straw. The forming technique was the potter wheel technique. Surface treatment is a slip layer and red wash. The burning atmosphere inside the kiln was oxidizing for the first and second pottery objects, and it was reduced for the third pottery shard. The pottery texture was fine to coarse fabric. Furthermore, the research paper proved that pottery artifacts were subjected to various damage processes resulting from different environmental factors. Most damage manifestations were surface deformation by soil sediments, iron stains, soot, and fungal growth. Pottery objects also suffered from crystallization of salts "chlorides, sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates", cracking, fracture, weakness, gaps, peeling, separation of grains, and breaking. The archaeological pottery in Tell Rawd Iskander in Ismailia was treated. Hairbrushes removed free fragile sediments. Various metal scalpels cleaned firmly attached sediments. Furthermore, clay deposits were removed by a mixture of distilled water, acetone, and ethyl alcohol in a ratio of 1:1:1. EDTA cleaned lime deposits, whereas mora poultice extracted carbonate and gypsum salts. Fungal infections were treated by nano silver oxide (0.5 %). Strengthening archaeological pottery was carried out using nano-silica (0.5%); it was applied by the spraying method. Paralloid B 82 (50%) was used in assembling pottery shards. Replacement was conducted by a mixture of micro-ballon and pottery powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the production and role of engobed bricks in the construction industry in view of the global trend towards resource and energy conservation. Standard methods for determining properties, as well as X-ray fluorescence, dilatometry, thermal and petrographic analyses, were used in the study. It has been established that for samples of ceramic bricks fired at 950-1000°C, the application of an engobic layer reduces the water absorption of the front surface from 14.5-1.2% to 6-2% and masks the undesirable colour. This makes it possible to use cheaper raw materials for brick production. The thermal conductivity of engobe bricks decreases from 0.48 to 0.43 W/(m·K), which opens up broad prospects for further development of energy-efficient coatings. An engobe was found to be optimal when produced with the following set of properties, wt.%: refractory clay – 65; quartz sand – 10; container glass – 25.

In this work, two methods for creating carbon nanoparticles from oil waste or by products, which accumulate on pipes and Furnaces walls and reduce equipment efficiency and service life (that can hinder the production process, accordingly it is removed weekly) — are compared. These waste products or by products result from the incomplete burning of hydrocarbon compounds during crude oil refining to produce petroleum products. The raw materials had been gathered from two places from Al-Dura refinery, sieving, burned in furnace of atmosphere that was both vacuumed and inert, crushed by mortar and washed by solvent, washing by distilled water, drying then reduced to nanoparticle size using direct crushing (sonication by probe) and indirect ultrasonic (bath sonication) processes. The samples were examined using the relevant procedures, such as EDX and SEM, as well as tests following crushing and burning. Zeta potential and particle size analysis were two additional tests conduct on the final products. The results showed that after burning, the proportion of carbon increased from 28.49, 36.30 to 91.59, and 94.47 % sequentially. Also, the direct ultrasonic method is superior to the indirect method for manufacturing carbon nanoparticles, which required less time and able to produce nanoparticles with average granular sizes about 37 nm and 86.6 nm for the first and second samples, respectively. Zeta potential data proved the resulting Nano carbon particles are quite stable.

Background: Scorpion sting is one of the medical health problems in tropical and subtropical regions of Iran. This study deals with the frequency of complications of scorpion sting, in patients referred to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman.Methods: This retrospective descriptive-analytical study was performed using the census sampling method of patients, who referred to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman following scorpion sting. The statistical population included all patients from 2016 to 2018. After collecting and extracting the data, the results were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: A total of 111 stings were reported, 61 females (55%) and 49 males (45%). Local signs included pain (55), swelling (15.3), erythema (21.6), skin ecchymosis (18.9), tenderness (10.8), and bleeding (1.8%). Systemic symptoms included nausea and vomiting (9), pain (1.8), numbness and paresthesia (3.6), weakness (9) and (86.5) without systemic symptoms. The average number of hospitalization days was 1.77.Conclusion: Clinical manifestations of patients show that species belonging to two families, Buthidae and Hemiscorpidae, are the cause of stings in this province. Stings has been more common in women and in the age group of 21 to 40 years old and more in July. Due to different species with neurotoxic and hemotoxic poison, the development of treatment protocols by trained physicians, who are familiar with clinical manifestations of these arthropods, are essential.

The research aims to identify features of the industry and assess the pottery damage through various examinations and analyses, such as examination by polarised microscope (PLM), examination by Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray unit "SEM-EDX", analysis by X-ray diffraction powder XRD, and thermal analysis TGA. Archaeometric features of archaeological pottery were identified. The used clay is Nile Clay; the additives are sand, limestone powder, pottery powder (grog), and straw. The moulding technique is the hand and potter wheel technique. The surface treatment is a red wash and slip layer. The burning atmosphere is oxidising for the first and second pottery pieces and reducing for the third and fourth pottery pieces. The burning temperature is about 816°C for the first sample, 887°C for the second sample, 706°C for the third sample, and 651°C for the fourth sample. The texture is medium to coarse fabric for the first sample; the second sample fabric is fine; and the third and fourth samples have a coarse texture. The research proved that the pottery objects suffer from some different damage aspects such as fracture, loss of some parts, lack of strength, weakness, cracking, soil sediments, soot spots and black core, and salt crystallisation (chloride, sulphate, carbonate, and phosphate salts). The research proved the use of a mixture of distilled water, acetone, and ethyl alcohol at a ratio of 1:1:1, respectively, for removing clay soil deposits. EDTA is used to remove lime deposits. Nano-silica at a concentration of 0.5% is used to strengthen archaeological pottery by spraying. Paralloid B 82 dissolved in trichloroethylene at a concentration of 50% in assembling the pottery sherds; it is preferable to display it in the museum at a temperature of 20°C and a relative humidity of 55:60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires have environmental, economic, and social impacts, and can shape the landscape and benefit ecosystems such as the Cerrado. This study evaluated the diversity, similarity, and floristic and structural differences of woody savanna and forest formations of the Cerrado, when affected and not affected by fire. Twenty-eight 25–400 m2 plots were randomly allocated and divided into Burnt Cerrado and Unburnt Cerrado, Burnt Forest, and Unburnt Forest, and divided into three levels of inclusion according to diameter class (smaller than 2 cm, 2–5 cm and larger than 5 cm). Species were identified, DBH and height measured, and phytosociological parameters such as volume, diversity, and floristic similarity evaluated. Burnt Cerrado had lower diversity, density, and dominance at all inclusion levels compared to the Unburnt Cerrado, and showed similarities between treatments at the inclusion levels. Burnt Forest had smaller differences in diversity, density, and dominance than Unburnt Forest. Forest formation was similar at level 1 of inclusion and in the total area. However, it was dissimilar at lower levels. The lower density and diversity of species at the lowest levels of inclusion was associated with mortality from fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seriphium plumosum L. is an indigenous unpalatable shrub that occurs in fire-prone semi-arid South African grassland areas, yet research proposes the use of fire to control its encroachment of rangelands. This study investigated the interaction effects of burning and soil depth on components of soil fertility. Soil samples were collected from the surface (<10 cm) and subsurface (>10 ≤ 20 cm) soil, before and after burning in randomly selected paired subplots (25 m × 25 m), with six replicates. Data was analysed as a randomised complete block design, with repeated measures (before and after burning) in a 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) using generalised linear model (GLM) procedures. Components of soil fertility measured (K, Ca, Mg, Org C, P, pH and TN) showed a significant decrease with increasing soil depth both before and after burning, except for K and P, which were significantly higher in surface soils after burning. The results showed that the response of soil nutrients to fire depends on the temperature tolerance threshold of individual soil nutrient elements. Increasing surface soil available K and P concentrations after burning may improve the conditions for S. plumosum encroachment, with implications for similar environments and species worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal trauma is a complex disease with local and general manifestations affecting the whole organism. In parallel with the general changes, complications occur in the affected wound surfaces based on general biological regularities. In the healing process of burns, nursing care is an essential element of the overall healing and diagnostic activity. According to a number of researchers, nurses caring for burn patients should undergo additional training [3], [4], [5] and the formal education of students in the specialty should allow for a wider scope of knowledge in this field [6]. The aim of this study is to establish the need and attitude for training of students in the specialty "Nurse" to provide medical care to victims with burns. Material and methods. The study used documentary method, sociological (questionnaire) method, comparative and graphical analysis. The study was conducted in the period February - March 2023 among 167 students who underwent clinical practice in surgical departments. Results and discussion. A significant share of students (70.05%) did not observe a clinical case of a burn patient, 44.91% of them had practical knowledge of wound surface dressings, and 61.68% needed additional training on the topic. Conclusion. Graduate students must have knowledge of medical care in case of burning, regardless of their choice of workplace – hospital care or health offices of nurseries, kindergartens or schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is an important agent of tree cavity creation and loss in some forest ecosystems. Even though cavity‐bearing trees may be replaced over decades post fire, cavity‐nesting animals depend on uninterrupted access to suitable nesting sites. Balancing the impacts of fire on the availability and recruitment of suitable tree cavities for wildlife is important. We studied fire effects on trees with suitable nests for Critically Endangered Orange‐bellied Parrots Neophema chrysogaster to evaluate how to optimize suitable cavity availability both now and into the future. We used field surveys to quantify the age‐class distribution of trees across the species' historical range, and climbed them to reveal that only 16% of Smithton peppermints Eucalyptus nitida supported a potentially suitable nest cavity. We incorporated this information into a simulation that explored the impacts of fire on the occurrence of nest trees over a century under different fire regimes. We predicted that more frequent and severe fires resulted in lower probabilities of persistence of nesting sites for Orange‐bellied Parrots. Management of the foraging habitat of Orange‐bellied Parrots requires regular burning of moorlands adjacent to the forests where they nest. Our simulations show that preventing regular burning of these forests is important to maximize the probability of persistence of nesting habitat for Orange‐bellied Parrots. We show that by incorporating field data on the true availability of habitat, it is possible to simulate the uncertain impacts of fire on future perpetuation of suitable nesting cavities for wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Crimen: Journal for Criminal Justice is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent times, the area burned by wildfires in the Atlantic Rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot, has increased and its occurrence may threaten this biome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of three fire risk indices for a historical time series in Vale do Paraíba Paulista, southeast Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. Daily meteorological data from automatic weather stations and hotspots records from INPE fire monitoring program were used to validate the formulas. Three fire risk indices were calculated: Angstron, Monte Alegre Formula (MAF) and Telecyn. We expected that we would find an increase in fire risk in recent years in the region, which we found for some municipalities, and that burning risk would be higher in dry months, which we showed. Moreover, we argued that protected areas surrounding higher fire risk sites are being threatened, especially near São Luiz do Paraitinga and Taubaté. Lastly, considering the higher probability in detecting fire risk in higher classes, Angstron was the most adequate for Campos do Jordão and MAF for Sao Luiz do Paraitinga, Taubaté and Cachoeira Paulista.

Wood is a combustible material. Not all types of wood, however, react to ignition and burning the same way. This can vary significantly depending on the type of wood, because the physical structure (morphology), density, as well as chemical composition of the wood can significantly affect its fire behavior. In this study, eight different types of tree species, four from the northern temperate zone and four from the tropical zone, were studied to determine their fire behavior. The results show different behaviors in all the species studied. It was found that although there is some correlation between density and positive fire behavior, these factors are not always determining.

The current-voltage characteristics of a thin long platinum wire in air with acetone or ethanol small admixtures were obtained. Using the quadratic dependence of platinum resistance on temperature, the temperature-current dependences for the wire were calculated. At concentrations of combustible gas vapors above a certain value, these dependences show a hysteresis character. Using the assumption of acetone and ethanol complete oxidation on platinum, as a catalyst, and the first order of the oxidation reaction, temperature-current dependences was analysised. The temperature difference between the high and low-temperature stationary regimes of catalytic oxidation on the wire makes it possible to estimate the admixture concentration. As a result, the experimental dependence of the critical current value by catalytic ignition and extinction gas mixture on platinum on the admixture concentration was constructed. With its analytical description, it is possible to fairly accurately estimate the apparent values ​​of the activation energy and the pre-exponential multiplier for the oxidation reaction in a wide temperature range. A method of determining the kinetic parameters for the oxidation reaction based on the experimentally found parameters of degeneracy critical conditions is proposed.

This study explores the historical occurrence of wetland ecosystems in Greece by using recurring Phragmites australis (common reed) burnings as an indicator. Phragmites australis, a plant closely associated with wetlands, provides excellent insights into wetland distribution. We establish a substantial association between reed fires and historical wetland existence in Greece using geographical and statistical analysis, with these fires exhibiting remarkable constancy across time. Using Corine land-cover (CLC) data, we extend our analysis into land-use dynamics, demonstrating that places with the highest reed-bed-fire rates were originally wetlands, particularly those converted into permanent irrigated land and areas with complex agriculture patterns. We find spatial commonalities between reed fires and past wetland existence by analyzing fire occurrence across three main categories: reed fires, agricultural land fires, and grassland fires. Historical records of wetland conversion into agricultural land (or land reclamation works) in locations such as Yianitsa and Kopaida give context to our findings. Visualizations confirm the clustering of reed fires around these converted agricultural regions. In summary, our study offers a unique indicator based on Phragmites australis burnings that can be used to identify previous wetland-type ecosystems, with Mediterranean-wide implications. Despite data constraints, this study adds to the conversation about wetland preservation and sustainable land-use management.

Objective: To correlate the symptoms of dry eye with young adult riders. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Al-Tibri Medical College, Isra University, Karachi. Period: December 2020 to November 2021. Material & Methods: 60 young riders with dry eyes between the age of 21-30 years were included in the study and their duration of years in riding bike, duration of riding bike a day, and lastly the symptoms were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 and the correlation was assessed using Pearson’s correlation. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The mean age of the riders were 25.46 ± 0.12. 70% of the riders were riding for more than 5 years, 23.3% riders were riding for more than 2 years, while only 6.7% were riding for less than 2 years. 36.1% riders rode for >8 hours/day, 26.7% for >6 hours/day, 21.7% for >4 hours/day, and 15% for 2 hours/day. Symptoms of dryness, burning, itching, crusting, blurring, and redness all showed significant difference with the duration of years as a rider as well as the number of hours the rider rode during the day. Conclusion: Dry eye symptoms significantly correlate with young adult riders and the appropriate intervention is required to treat it accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scorpion sting is one of the medical health problems in tropical and subtropical regions of Iran. This study deals with the frequency of complications of scorpion sting, in patients referred to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman. Methods: This retrospective descriptive-analytical study was performed using the census sampling method of patients, who referred to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman following scorpion sting. The statistical population included all patients from 2016 to 2018. After collecting and extracting the data, the results were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: A total of 111 stings were reported, 61 females (55%) and 49 males (45%). Local signs included pain (55), swelling (15.3), erythema (21.6), skin ecchymosis (18.9), tenderness (10.8), and bleeding (1.8%). Systemic symptoms included nausea and vomiting (9), pain (1.8), numbness and paresthesia (3.6), weakness (9) and (86.5) without systemic symptoms. The average number of hospitalization days was 1.77. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations of patients show that species belonging to two families, Buthidae and Hemiscorpidae, are the cause of stings in this province. Stings has been more common in women and in the age group of 21 to 40 years old and more in July. Due to different species with neurotoxic and hemotoxic poison, the development of treatment protocols by trained physicians, who are familiar with clinical manifestations of these arthropods, are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article focuses on pressed biofuel preparation from invasive herbaceous plants, and the quality indicators and properties were analyzed and determined. Two invasive herbaceous plants were chosen for this research: giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) and Sosnowsky's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi). For a control, pine wood biomass was utilized. After harvesting and drying, plant biomass was chopped and milled and later pressed into cylindrical pellets and briquettes. The research results for the pellets' and briquettes' physical and elemental properties showed that the density of the pellets (moisture 5–8%) reached 1145.60–1227.47 kg m−3, and the average density of the briquettes reached 615.60–867.31 kg m−3. The determined critical compressive strength of the pellets ranged from 420 N to 676 N, and the briquettes disintegrated under a significantly greater critical force of 783 N to 1219 N. The variation in pellet compressive strength with changes in their moisture content was also investigated. The determined lower caloric value of the pellets varied from 15.9 MJ kg−1 to 18.6 MJ kg−1. Harmful gas emissions during burning of the tested biofuel pellets were also evaluated and determined, and they were sufficiently low and did not exceed the permissible values. Finally, it can be stated that all of the pressed biofuels produced from invasive herbaceous plants met the most important requirements for the quality of pressed solid biofuel and can be used for burning in special boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is the most available energy resource and its consumption increases every year. Coal reserves, unlike oil and gas, are large. But not infinite. Therefore, there is already a question of creating technologies that would allow reducing the consumption of coal while preserving, and if possible, increasing the amount of energy obtained when burning it. For this, it is proposed to use the directed action of an artificially created low-temperature plasma with an ordered movement of "slow" electrons. A dielectric barrier discharge was used as a source of "slow" electrons. The use of an electrono-catalytic method of intensifying the combustion process of solid fuel allows to increase the output of volatile compounds with a heat of combustion higher than the heat of combustion of compounds, weakens bonds in the crystalline structure of the coke residue and increases the degree of fuel combustion. This makes it possible to reduce coal consumption by up to 20 % with electricity consumption of 25-30 W⋅h per 1 kg of coal and increase the formation of volatile compounds for anthracite to 13.42 %, for gas coal to 24.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Tamaddun is the property of University of Malaya, Department of Islamic History & Civilization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Building the way - Revista do Curso de Letras da UEG/Itapuranga is the property of Universidade Estadual de Goias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)