Search

The axial and radial thermal responses of a cast-in-place energy pile, 10 m long and 0.6 m in diameter, installed in unsaturated sand under a six storey building are examined during a heating–cooling cycle. The instrumentation in the pile was configured to compare radial and axial thermal responses at the same elevations and to evaluate the temperature and axial thermal stress distribution across the cross-sectional area of the pile. The magnitudes of the axial thermal strains were more constrained than the radial thermal strains at all depths, leading to the development of axial and radial thermal stresses of up to –4.5 and –0.015 MPa, respectively, for a change in average pile temperature of 24.1 °C. The magnitudes of the radial thermal stresses with changes in pile temperature were significantly lower than the axial thermal stresses at all depths of the pile, indicating that the radial thermal expansion had negligible effects on the development of axial thermal strains and stresses. The temperature distribution over the cross section of the pile showed low variations at all depths, indicating that it would be justified to consider a uniform temperature distribution at least in piles of similar dimensions and with even heat exchanger layouts.

Copyright of Builder (1896-0642) is the property of PWB MEDIA Zdzieblowski sp.j. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In metropolitan areas, the static load of high-rise buildings may result in uneven settlement, which seriously threatens residents’ living safety. Studying the response relationship between the additional stress of high-rise buildings and foundation settlement plays an important role in ensuring the safe development of metropolitan cities. Firstly, based on Persistent Scatterers Interferometric Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) technology, we used 68 descending TerraSAR-X images to obtain the surface settlement in the study area from April 2010 to October 2018, which were validated with leveling benchmark monitoring results. Secondly, we calculated the additional stress of the building loads to quantify its effect on the uneven settlement in the Central Business District (CBD) of Beijing. Finally, two sets of characteristic points were selected to analyze the response relationships between foundation settlement and additional stress generated by building loads. The findings show: (1) The surface settlement rate varied from −145.2 to 24 mm/year in the Beijing Plain. The InSAR results agree well with the monitoring results derived from the leveling benchmark; the Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.98 and 0.95 in 2011–2013 and 2015–2016, respectively. (2) The stress results show that the depth of the influence of the static load of high-rise buildings was 74.9 m underground in the CBD. (3) The spatial distribution pattern of the additional stress is consistent with the foundation settlement. A characteristic point with greater additional stress in the same group has a higher foundation settlement rate. This relationship has also been found between the uneven foundation settlement and additional stress gradients. These findings provide scientific support for mitigating economic losses due to foundation settlement caused by additional stresses derived from building loads.

Since 1892, the electrical engineering scientific community has been seeking a power theory for interpreting the power flow within electric networks under non-sinusoidal conditions. Although many power theories have been proposed regarding non-sinusoidal operation, an adequate solution is yet to be found. Using the framework based on complex algebra in non-sinusoidal circuit analysis (frequency domain), the verification of the energy conservation law is only possible in sinusoidal situations. In this case, reactive energy turns out to be proportional to the energy difference between the average electric and magnetic energies stored in the loads and its cancellation is mathematically trivial. However, in industrial architecture, apparent power definition of electric loads (non-sinusoidal conditions) is inconsistent with the energy conservation law. Up until now, in the classical complex algebra approach, this goal is only valid in the case of purely resistive loads. Thus, in this paper, a new circuit analysis approach using geometric algebra is used to develop the most general proof of energy conservation in industrial building loads. In terms of geometric objects, this powerful tool calculates the voltage, current, and apparent power in electrical systems in non-sinusoidal, linear/nonlinear situations. In contrast to the traditional method developed by Steinmetz, the suggested powerful tool extends the concept of phasor to multivector-phasors and is performed in a new Generalized Complex Geometric Algebra structure (CGn), where Gn is the Clifford algebra in n-dimensional real space and C is the complex vector space. To conclude, a numerical example illustrates the clear advantages of the approach suggested in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1892, the electrical engineering scientific community has been seeking a power theory for interpreting the power flow within electric networks under non-sinusoidal conditions. Although many power theories have been proposed regarding non-sinusoidal operation, an adequate solution is yet to be found. Using the framework based on complex algebra in non-sinusoidal circuit analysis (frequency domain), the verification of the energy conservation law is only possible in sinusoidal situations. In this case, reactive energy turns out to be proportional to the energy difference between the average electric and magnetic energies stored in the loads and its cancellation is mathematically trivial. However, in industrial architecture, apparent power definition of electric loads (non-sinusoidal conditions) is inconsistent with the energy conservation law. Up until now, in the classical complex algebra approach, this goal is only valid in the case of purely resistive loads. Thus, in this paper, a new circuit analysis approach using geometric algebra is used to develop the most general proof of energy conservation in industrial building loads. In terms of geometric objects, this powerful tool calculates the voltage, current, and apparent power in electrical systems in non-sinusoidal, linear/nonlinear situations. In contrast to the traditional method developed by Steinmetz, the suggested powerful tool extends the concept of phasor to multivector-phasors and is performed in a new Generalized Complex Geometric Algebra structure (CGn), where Gn is the Clifford algebra in n-dimensional real space and C is the complex vector space. To conclude, a numerical example illustrates the clear advantages of the approach suggested in this paper.

In metropolitan areas, the static load of high-rise buildings may result in uneven settlement, which seriously threatens residents' living safety. Studying the response relationship between the additional stress of high-rise buildings and foundation settlement plays an important role in ensuring the safe development of metropolitan cities. Firstly, based on Persistent Scatterers Interferometric Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) technology, we used 68 descending TerraSAR-X images to obtain the surface settlement in the study area from April 2010 to October 2018, which were validated with leveling benchmark monitoring results. Secondly, we calculated the additional stress of the building loads to quantify its effect on the uneven settlement in the Central Business District (CBD) of Beijing. Finally, two sets of characteristic points were selected to analyze the response relationships between foundation settlement and additional stress generated by building loads. The findings show: (1) The surface settlement rate varied from −145.2 to 24 mm/year in the Beijing Plain. The InSAR results agree well with the monitoring results derived from the leveling benchmark; the Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.98 and 0.95 in 2011–2013 and 2015–2016, respectively. (2) The stress results show that the depth of the influence of the static load of high-rise buildings was 74.9 m underground in the CBD. (3) The spatial distribution pattern of the additional stress is consistent with the foundation settlement. A characteristic point with greater additional stress in the same group has a higher foundation settlement rate. This relationship has also been found between the uneven foundation settlement and additional stress gradients. These findings provide scientific support for mitigating economic losses due to foundation settlement caused by additional stresses derived from building loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]