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India is an agrarian country, and 70% of the rural population is engaged in agriculture for their livelihood. Consumption of potato is being part of the daily routine for many consumers in India and world. The area, production, and productivity of potato in India has been increasing, and export of potato also has been increasing. The production of quality potato is still an issue faced by the Indian farmers due to lack of credit to purchase quality seed tubers, fertilizers, pesticides and so on. These issues are tackled through contract farming which provides the credit, fertilizer, quality seed tubers, harvesting support and technical support to the farmers. PepsiCo is one of the biggest companies involved in contract farming in India for potato production and enhances the quality of potato production for their processing unit which provides quality of product to the consumers as well as good remuneration to the farmers through contract farming. Small and marginal farmers involve in contract farming to meet the global demand. Nowadays, potato production under contract farming has been increasing but violation of the contract by the companies is also increasing. Intervention of the government is required to monitor the contract between potato farmers and companies to avoid conflicts and violations. The involvement of the government in contract farming enhances the quality of the product for the consumers as well as the quality of lifestyle for the farmers through the availability of fair remuneration for their potato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the viability of employer claims against at-will employees amid changing labor and employment law. Topics discussed include history of at-will employment, limits to the doctrine of at-will employment such as termination, breach of employment contract claims, claims against at-will employees, breach of contract action against an employee and employee compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), and unequal balance of power in employment relations.

I measure the monetary value of ex-ante bargaining costs associated with China's rural land rental market, confirming the previously unverified existence of transaction costs in this market. I demonstrate that the ex-ante bargaining costs associated with contractual formality represent the main transaction costs that hinder market progress. In a three-step theory, I model the process through which transaction costs are generated. First, uncertainty regarding ex-post contract violations caused by non-agricultural income shocks and location specificity in China's fragmented farmland results in conflicting partner preferences. Second, the compromise mechanism that facilitates efficient bargaining makes the agent facing lower compromise costs in a transaction more likely to compromise. Third, ex-ante bargaining costs are generated in inefficient bargaining when theoretically predicted agents refuse to compromise. Using a subsample of data introduced in Yang (2020), I find that ex-ante bargaining costs are 126.5 RMB and 35.4 RMB per mu per year, respectively, for renting-out agents and renting-in agents who refuse to compromise in contract negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the interactions within the intellectual property pledge financing framework involving SMBMEs, banks, and third-party intermediaries, focusing on factors that promote sustainable cooperation. Methods: The research employs an evolutionary game model to simulate and analyze strategic interactions among the stakeholders, considering bounded rationality and asymmetric information. Results: Key findings include the positive correlation between SMBMEs' reputation and timely repayment, the adverse effects of patent devaluation on cooperation, and the reasonable loan interest rates for facilitating GPPFG cooperation. The study also highlights the need for a transparent information platform and reasonable breach of contract compensation. Conclusions: The paper concludes that an efficient GPPFG mechanism is crucial for SMBMEs' financial support and green transformation. It suggests that third-party intermediaries play a significant role in risk reduction and innovation facilitation. The study acknowledges limitations and calls for future research to explore technological innovations and improve intermediary service systems for SMBMEs' sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between psychological contract breach, high-performance work systems, and employee engagement in public sector banks of Larkana, Pakistan. The study proposes that high-performance work systems can moderate the negative impact of psychological contract breach on employee engagement. The study draws upon social exchange theory and self-determination theory to frame the research questions and employs a quantitative methodology to test the hypotheses. The sample consists of 250 employees from public sector banks in Larkana, Pakistan has been taken to analyze the data. To examine the relationship between the latent variables, SPSS and smart PLS modeling have been used. The study finds that psychological contract breach has a significant negative impact on both employee engagement and high-performance work systems, while high-performance work system has a significant positive relationship with employee engagement. Overall, the study concludes that HPWS can lessen the negative effect of psychological contract breach and create a productive workplace that enhances employee engagement. The results support the hypotheses and have theoretical, practical, and methodological implications for HRM practices in public sector banks. The study recommends that organizations prioritize maintaining psychological contracts with employees and implementing HPWS to enhance engagement. Future studies should focus on addressing the study's limitations, such as its cross-sectional design and dependence on self-report measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Internationales Handelsrecht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationales Handelsrecht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationales Handelsrecht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationales Handelsrecht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim Design Methods Results Conclusion Implications for the Profession Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To investigate the effects of psychological contract breach and psychological safety on health and well‐being outcomes among nurses.A cross‐sectional study.Data were gathered from members of the Finnish social and healthcare workers' trade union (n = 4575) in February 2023. This study focused on data from 3260 nurses. Structural equation modelling was employed to firstly explain burnout and work engagement and subsequently health and well‐being outcomes in relation to perceived psychological contract breach and psychological safety.Younger male nurses, those with lower‐level university degrees, and nurses employed in public hospitals reported experiencing more psychological contract breaches. Conversely, older nurses and those working in private organizations perceived a higher level of psychological safety. Psychological contract breaches were associated with increased burnout and reduced work engagement, while psychological safety contributed to lower burnout and higher work engagement. Moreover, burnout was linked to health problems and diminished mental well‐being, whereas increased work engagement led to fewer health problems and improved mental well‐being. The final model demonstrated excellent fit.Breaches in the psychological contract, followed by distrust, and anger significantly burden nurses, detrimentally affecting their well‐being at work. Psychologically safe working environments, consequently, improve nurses' well‐being at work and should be promoted within work teams.Nursing managers could receive training to understand the consequences of, and practices for supporting, a beneficial psychological work climate.The study examined psychological burden and resource factors at work, finding that psychological contract breaches increased burden and led to negative well‐being outcomes. In contrast, psychological safety emerged as a positive resource for health and well‐being. These results offer benefits for nurses, managers and organizations.The study was reported following the Strengthening of the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology guidelines.No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the public trust doctrine, the government holds public lands in trust for the public and cannot unreasonably restrict citizens from accessing them or otherwise breach its duties as a trustee. The public trust doctrine is often thought of as a state law doctrine. However, local governments own a significant portion of public land. Some local governments argue that the public trust doctrine does not apply to them because the state is the proper trustee under the public trust doctrine. This Comment argues that the public trust doctrine applies to local governments. State law preempts local government law on matters of statewide concern, and because the public trust doctrine is a matter of statewide concern, the public trust doctrine preempts local government action that contravenes the public trust doctrine. Similarly, as agents of the state, local governments may not take action that the public trust doctrine prohibits the state from taking. This Comment starts by discussing those principles of Local government law, and then examines Kramer v. City of Lake Oswego, a recent case in Oregon that demonstrates how one state supreme court overturned the appellate court decision that declined to apply the public trust doctrine to local governments. This Comment also surveys six jurisdictions that expressly apply the public trust doctrine to local governments. Litigants can use the courts' reasoning in these cases to expand the application of the public trust doctrine to local governments in other jurisdictions that have not yet decided the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Courts never tire of saying an insurance policy is "just a contract" and subject to ordinary rules of contract law. Contract here signals a plain language approach that strives for formal neutrality between the parties. Yet courts also frequently rely on a narrative that an insurance policy strives to be a 'just contract" with special pro-policy holder rules that reach beyond the plain language. How is insurance simultaneously "just a contract" and a 'just contract? " Prior scholarship has noted the confusion, but this Article aims to reconcile the dueling narratives. When the issue relates to scope or breadth of coverage--whether a loss is included within the bounds of the policy--strict construction gains the upper hand. But when the focus is on the suite of rights that flow from coverage--such as expanded remedies available upon an insurer breach--courts craft coverage rights which are deeper than what can be derived from the plain meaning of the policy. This distinction makes sense considering the degree of uncertainty posed in each setting. Broadening a policy to risks beyond its coverage base threatens to upend the match between risks and premiums. By contrast, the cost of deeper insurance is derivative of risks already assumed by the policy and thus more predictable to the insurer. This analysis gives courts a framework to understand when they should treat insurance law differently from contract law. Furthermore, because plain language exerts a strong pull over the entire landscape of contract law, clearly presenting counterexamples and their rationale should prevent courts from importing plain language concepts into areas of insurance law that are anchored on competing normative foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the phenomenon of diffusion of group decision making formed by the emergence of decision-making behaviors of governance agents in public crisis governance systems, this research uses a complex network evolutionary game approach, considers BA scale-free networks as network vectors of public crisis governance systems, and develops a diffusion model of collaborative governance decision making behaviors. Simulation experiments are also conducted to show the macro-level impact of micro-subjects' decision-making behavior on group "Emergence-Diffusion". The results of this study show that the cost of collaborative governance has the most significant effect on the depth and breadth of the spread of collaborative behavior in governance networks. The size of the network determines the speed of network diffusion. The smaller the network size, the more sensitive it is to the spillover benefits of collaborative governance, and the larger the network size, the more sensitive it is to the penalties of non-compliance. The findings of the study have implications for the collaborative behavior of multiple agents in public crisis governance. The main findings are that (1) in order to ensure the stability of the collaborative governance system, decision making options should be selected according to the size of the network. (2) A reasonable penalty mechanism for breach of contract should be set up to avoid the phenomenon of "free-riding" in collaborative governance. (3) Reasonable allocation of collaboration benefits and maintenance of cooperative relationships between nodes in the neighborhood. (4) External regulators should ensure that information in the network is disseminated without barriers and reduce the phenomenon of information asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of platform-issued "quick-seller" certificates (indicating sellers with faster dispatch than others) on buyers' postpurchase behavior. Drawing upon the theoretical lens of psychological contract violation (PCV), we hypothesize the effects of quick-seller certificates on order cancelations, as well as the subsequent impacts of cancelations associated with the quick-seller certificates on buyers' future purchase frequency and search behavior. Using a comprehensive transaction dataset, the study reveals that quick-seller certificates increase the likelihood of cancelation of an order. Furthermore, we also find that an order cancelation from a certified quick seller results in decreased purchase frequency and a higher incidence of product comparisons through search engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Opuntia Brava is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Pedagogicas de Las Tunas, Centro de Documentacion e Informacion Pedagogica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This theoretical paper investigates the role of innovative leadership in enhancing leader-member exchange (LMX) and mitigating psychological contract breach (PCB). The focus is on how innovation in leadership strengthens the quality of relationships between leaders and employees, subsequently impacting employee behavior positively. The characteristics of innovative leadership are examined to elucidate its potential in fostering trust, commitment, and mutual respect within organizations. Furthermore, this paper addresses how improved LMX through innovative leadership influences employees' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), leading to enhanced overall organizational performance. By exploring the dynamics between innovative leadership, LMX, and PCB, the paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which innovative leadership can prevent PCB and improve LMX. This analysis offers valuable insights for both scholars and practitioners in the fields of organizational behavior and leadership, highlighting practical implications for fostering a positive organizational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the employment relationship, the achievement of an objective fixed by the employer may be relevant in terms of verifying the fulfillment of the employment obligation. The difference between the results expected and those achieved is considered a sign of negligence. If the discrepancy is relevant, this constitutes a significant contractual breach, which may lead to a justified subjective reason dismissal (defined as “poor performance dismissal”). This interpretation becomes particularly meaningful with regard to law no. 81/2017 allowing the stipulation in the agile work agreement of forms of organisation by stages, cycles, and objectives. Paying particular attention to the jurisprudence on dismissal for poor performance, the contribution examines what role the setting of objectives in the agile work agreement plays and what consequences may arise if these objectives are not met.

We address how to ethically evaluate workplace practices when workplace behavioral norms conflict with employees' attitudes toward those norms, which, according to research on psychological contract violations, regularly occurs. Drawing on Scanlonian contractualism, we introduce the intersubjective reflection process (IR process). The IR process ethically evaluates workplace practices according to whether parties to a workplace practice have intersubjectively valid grounds to veto the practice. We present normative and empirical justification for this process and apply the IR process to accounts of workplace moral dilemmas. We end by identifying future directions for research related to the IR process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-conformity of goods is the crucial matter in many cases on sale of goods. Usually, it is not difficult to determine conformity in the legal sense, when the parties have made express statements on that issue in the contract. Factual con- formity, by contrast, depends on the actual properties of the delivered goods. For the commercial buyer who typically plans to resell the goods, the actual conformity is a matter of practical importance. Conformity in a legal sense is more important in cases when the buyer wants to use the goods himself for an intended purpose. The main objective of this article is to draw attention to the importance of specifying accurately the purpose for which the goods are being bought; the grade of quality or relevant standard as a pre-emptive measure for limiting the risk of receiving non-conforming goods in legal terms. The second purpose of this article is to compare the rules on conformity to see how they tackle the issue of allocating the risk for lack of non-conformity, and what the buyer can do to minimalize his risks. The article will start with an overview of English sales law, which has long served as the de facto international sales law for sales transactions. It then scrutinises the rules on conformity under the Convention on Contracts for International Sales of Goods (CISG). Finally, it compares all the relevant rules with Polish law.

The risks of contracts are increasing nowadays. The reasons for this are increasing economic and social uncertainties. The role of important contract law principles, such as vis maior, pacta sunt servanda, or clausula rebus sic stantibus, has changed. Judicial practice must also follow this. It is an important requirement that the parties properly assess their ability to perform when concluding the contract, and price the risks well. Institutions that ratify and insure contracts are important means of mitigating contract risks. The protection of the deposit, the penalty, the surety, the protection of the balance of the contracts, and the possibility of challenging the contract in the event of a value imbalance. In case of unfair general terms and conditions, the possibility of referring to their nullity.

The subject of the contract is the service which shall be performed by the debtor for the creditor. The meaning of the terms “shall” and “may require” is rather complex. The service is the true framework institution of the law of obligations (contract law), just as possession is of the rights in rem. The service measures what the debtor is required to provide. And not only the what, when, how much, and where will depend on the proper interpretation of the content and subject matter. The scope also determines the final limit of the effort that can be required of the debtor. In more than one respect, the correct filling in of the content requires serious scientific attention.

Gujarat is known for its French fries potatoes in India. This state is number one in potato productivity. It provides an amicable business environment for producers and processors for contract farming. To understand potato production practices, 180 contract farmers were studied in different villages of northern Gujarat after doing multistage sampling from districts to Talukas and then villages. Data were analysed through frequencies, percentages, and Garrett ranking techniques. It was found that potato contract farming was more centric towards larger producers although processors screened out their preferred producers on the basis of a number of parameters, like land holding capacity, business sense, youthfulness, and positive attitude. Potato contract farming in the state was more informal than formal. The processors provided seed and in time consultancy support to the producers. Higher input cost was the major reason for breaching the contract. Any conflict in this direction was solved through a participatory approach. Ultimately, lack of labour and credit issues made contract farming challenging for the producers that need to be nullified by the processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sibling cannot claim compensation for non-material damages from a treatment contract between the mother and the doctor. The Higher Regional Court has ruled that a breach of contract only makes the contracting party liable for damages. The scope of protection of a medical treatment contract for prenatal diagnostics is to be interpreted narrowly and does not include the alleged non-material damages of the sibling. The Supreme Court (OGH) has also made a decision regarding the assertion of claims based on "wrongful birth" and "wrongful conception". Various aspects of liability and claims for damages are being discussed. [Extracted from the article]

Māori and the Crown are designing frameworks to address the Crown's breaches of its guarantee under Te Tiriti o Waitangi 1840 to allow Māori to exercise tino rangatiratanga (chiefly authority) over their taonga (tangible and intangible treasures), including mātauranga Māori (the body of knowledge originating from Māori ancestors, including the Māori worldview and cultural practices). This article argues that the substantive framework to address the Treaty breaches asserted in the Wai 262 claim should enable Māori and the Crown to reconcile on those breaches. The article also recommends that Māori and the Crown design the substantive framework in a reconciliatory procedural framework in which Māori and the Crown prioritise a renewed treaty relationship. It uses a Tullyesque approach to reconciliation to provide guidance for the design of such a procedural framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The verification of model transformations is important for realizing robust model-driven engineering technologies and quality-assured automation. Many approaches for checking properties of model transformations have been proposed. Most of them have focused on the effective and efficient detection of property violations by contract checking. However, there remains the fault localization step between identifying a failing contract for a transformation based on verification feedback and precisely identifying the faulty rules. While there exist fault localization approaches in the model transformation verification literature, these require the creation and maintenance of test cases, which imposes an additional burden on the developer. In this paper, we combine transformation verification based on symbolic execution with spectrum-based fault localization techniques for identifying the faulty rules in DSLTrans model transformations. This fault localization approach operates on the path condition output of symbolic transformation checkers instead of requiring a set of test input models. In particular, we introduce a workflow for running the symbolic execution of a model transformation, evaluating the defined contracts for satisfaction, and computing different measures for tracking the faulty rules. We evaluate the effectiveness of spectrum-based analysis techniques for tracking faulty rules and compare our approach to previous works. We evaluate our technique by introducing known mutations into five model transformations. Our results show that the best spectrum-based analysis techniques allow for effective fault localization, showing an average EXAM score below 0.30 (less than 30% of the transformation needs to be inspected). These techniques are also able to locate the faulty rule in the top-three ranked rules in 70% of all cases. The impact of the model transformation, the type of mutation and the type of contract on the results is discussed. Finally, we also investigate the cases where the technique does not work properly, including discussion of a potential pre-check to estimate the prospects of the technique for a certain transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of AIS: Ars Iuris Salmanticensis is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cybersecurity breaches pose a substantial concern in the digital era. We investigate how customers respond to multiple unexpected data breaches of their information in India. Difference-in-differences estimates show that digital payments declined by 9% relative to cash payments immediately after an unexpected data breach in a food delivery platform, but the gap disappeared three months later. Customer entry and exit also exhibit weak, short-lived changes. Additional analyses on bank and online grocery data breaches uncover even weaker effects of data breaches. Our findings imply that the perceived benefits of convenience outweigh the costs of payment security risks. This paper was accepted by David Sraer, finance. Funding: This work was supported by the MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences [Project 20YJC790183], National University of Singapore [Start-Up Grant A-0003870-00-00], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72150004], and the National Nature Science Foundation of China [Grant 72203112]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.01335. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do violations of contractual representations and warranties ("R&Ws") merely shift risk by giving rise to contract-breach damages, or can they also give rise to fraud claims? This question is at the heart of numerous lawsuits, including billions of dollars of securitization-related litigation. Many agreements governing the issuance of securities in these transactions limit R&W breach claims to a sole contractual remedy--curing the violation or repurchasing nonconforming loans that caused the violation. Although parties making the R&Ws argue that this sole remedy should adequately shift risk, investor plaintiffs contend that it insufficiently shifts the risk if the violations are extensive. Plaintiffs also argue that extensive R&W violations should constitute fraud, and that in the presence of fraud, their remedies should not be limited. This Article seeks to resolve these issues and provide a more systematic framework for analyzing R&W breaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Colombia, coffee futures contracts represent essential financial agreements that allow producers and buyers to establish prices, quality, and conditions for future transactions in the coffee market. Despite the evident benefits of stability and predictability, this practice faces significant sustainability challenges that threaten its long-term viability. One of the reasons is the significant lack of transparency in the supply chain. Farmers, affected by abrupt price fluctuations and adverse weather conditions such as the El Niño phenomenon, experience an increase in market prices, leading to the non-delivery of the final product, and contract breaches as they find better prices in the local market. In this context, smart contracts emerge as a promising technological solution to address these problems. These contracts enable the verification of each step in the process, from harvest to final sale, within a blockchain. Therefore, this research designs a smart contract managed through a platform called SmartBeanFutures, which records the clauses of futures contracts using the IERC721 framework, allowing the generation of a unique and non-repeatable asset. It aims to sell, promote, and manage coffee sale prices during the agreement's signing, creating a transparent environment for chain actors. This proposal undergoes evaluation in a test environment, providing farmers access to the designed platform. Following the validation of the proposal, it was identified that over 74% would use this type of contract in their agricultural processes, highlighting that implementing this technology contributes to eliminating intermediaries in the chain and gives farmers more control over their participation in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Jurisprudence is the property of Jurnal Jurisprudence and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between teachers' psychological contract violation, work alienation, and counterproductive work behavior. This quantitative research included 476 teachers working in public and private secondary schools in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). The research findings revealed that teachers' perceptions of psychological contract violation and job alienation levels were found to be low. Teachers' perceptions of psychological contract violation and their level of work alienation did not differ according to gender and educational status. There is a significant difference according to the school type, seniority, and working time at school. Teachers had low levels of counterproductive work behavior. The psychological contract had a significant and positive effect on work alienation but did not have a significant effect on counterproductive work behaviors. Lastly, school type was not found to be a significant mediator variable. Even low levels of psychological contract breach among teachers can be problematic if not fully addressed. School administrators should communicate openly with teachers and make realistic promises, particularly in private schools. Efforts should be made to strengthen teachers' psychological contracts and support their professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reception studies in audiovisual translation seek to explore how translation choices affect the audience's comprehension, emotional engagement, enjoyment, and overall viewing experience of audiovisual materials. This study focuses on the subtitling product and analyzes the acceptability of swear words translated through different stimuli: subtitles with softened, maintained, and intensified swearing, along with standard Netflix subtitles (control). Employing a multi-method approach, the study collected data through a survey, using questionnaires with a Likert scale and interviews, following the user-centered translation model to understand how participants receive and perceive swear words in subtitling. The results indicate that the control group had the highest acceptability of the participants, while the group with softened swear words presented the lowest acceptability rate. The analysis shows that participants across all groups reported that discomfort does not arise from reading the swear word in the subtitle but from perceiving a deliberate change in its offensive load—usually softened. The findings demonstrate that this change can lead to a breach of the contract of illusion in subtitling, as participants are exposed to the original dialogue and the translated subtitle simultaneously. In conclusion, when perceived, the change in the offensive load can redirect the viewer's focus from the video to the subtitles, negatively affecting the enjoyment of the audiovisual experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the payment of fossil fuel subsidies made in Nigeria on petrol, with an analysis of the laws governing its payments. It explores the reasons for the removal of the petrol subsidy and examines the merits advocated by proponents of its elimination. Additionally, it investigates the diverse pricing methods employed for petroleum products. Employing a doctrinal legal research methodology, the article relies on the existing primary and secondary sources of laws to provide insights for the reforms. The study concludes with recommendations such as the implementation of a mixed economic system, reinforcement of trade laws, consumer protection and competition laws, improvement of transparency and accountability, promotion of investments in local refineries, adoption of cleaner alternative energy sources such as renewable energy sources by adopting the global energy transition agenda, and provision of palliatives. The findings unravel the complexities surrounding petrol subsidy payments which have occasioned corruption, rent-seeking activities and insufficient utilization of clean sources of energy. A significant gap exists in Nigeria's energy sector compared to the selected case study countries. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. The recommendations promote transparency, and accountability and will facilitate the necessary reforms for sustainable downstream petroleum industry and global energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agreements exchanging sex for money and those involving marijuana may encounter illegality defenses in court. Granting a legal remedy for breach of an agreement that exchanges seriously illegal consideration would lower the court's public standing and endanger its legitimacy. On the other hand, the spectacle of a buyer claiming its own illegality to escape paying its seller troubles courts. Lord Mansfield stated the illegality defense in Holman v. Johnson: "No Court will lend its aid to a man who founds his cause of action upon an immoral or an illegal act." Yet he rejected the illegality defense in that case on the ground that the plaintiff's contract to sell tea that the buyer planned to smuggle into England was complete before the crime occurred. Difficult illegality decisions arise when the illegality is not serious, as in this Article's sex and marijuana topics. This Article rejects fixed rules for illegality disputes and favors judicial discretion guided through standards. The standards include the seriousness of the illegality and preventing unjust enrichment leading to restitution. Applying the standards to the Article's first example leads to potential recovery for an unpaid sex worker. The Article also approves recovery of contractual damages for many marijuana transactions that are illegal under federal law but legal under state law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the impact of psychological contract breaches and organizational factors on fraud disclosure in the banking system. The statistical population includes all the employees and internal auditors in the banks listed on the stock exchange in 2022. The data is collected using a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS v.3 Software propose and test eight hypotheses. Results showed a significant negative relationship between interpersonal effect, employee transactional relationship, financial system instability, deficient organizational changes, and unethical organizational morality with fraud disclosure. However, results showed no significant relationship between past disclosure responses and fraud disclosure tendency. The mentioned organizational factors affect fraud disclosure via the mediating role of psychological contracts. The last hypothesis showed that employees tend to disclose fraud to their supervisors rather than to the fraudster and internal auditors. This article is an innovative study because it is the first research addressing psychological contracts' effects in the accounting and auditing field. Our results and findings by investigating the negative impact of psychological contract breach on the tendency to disclose fraud contribute to audit literature, fraud diamond, and fraud disclosure. Psychological contract breach might affect the "opportunity" element in the fraud diamond by not whistleblowing fraud. Management relies on their employees as an internal control against fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Crítica de Relaciones de Trabajo, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Data has become highly valuable in the era of digitalisation and is the main target of cybercriminals. Cybercriminals steal data by exploiting system vulnerabilities. The rise of catastrophic data breach incidents affects business operations, reputation and legal standing, leading to business disruptions, financial loss and reputation damage. These incidents have raised data security concerns. The frequent incident is partly due to insufficient security measures in place. This article employs doctrinal research focusing on legal principles based on legislation to analyse Malaysia's legal framework for protecting personal data in Malaysia and a comparison with other jurisdictions, i.e. the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Singapore Personal Data Protection Act 2012 and the China Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL). The findings show that Malaysia's data protection laws fall short of the international norm in some areas. This article suggests that Malaysian policymakers may amend the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 to align with international data protection standards to strengthen data security measures in preventive, detective and responsive data breaches. Consequently, this article provides an analysis of data protection laws in Malaysia and compares them with other advanced jurisdictions. It offers valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities involved in safeguarding personal data, the legal framework, and organisational strategies related to data privacy and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illinois courts have shifted their interpretation of commercial general liability (CGL) policies to align with the majority of jurisdictions. In a recent case, the Illinois Supreme Court held that "property damage" caused by an "occurrence" should be defined by the language of the CGL policy, rather than previous court interpretations. This decision brings Illinois in line with the national trend of rejecting judicially created limitations on coverage. In another case, a federal district court in Colorado refused to exclude expert testimony that utilized the total cost method of damage calculation, highlighting the court's disfavor of dispositive motions. Finally, the Supreme Court of Nebraska reinforced the protections provided under the Nebraska Construction Lien Act, ruling that a contractor or materialman's right to attach a lien to a property is not extinguished when the property is transferred to a third party. [Extracted from the article]

The transfer of fiduciary collateral objects by debtors without creditor approval is increasingly common due to the weakening economic conditions of debtors. This study aims to examine the legal protection for creditors holding fiduciary collateral against the transfer of collateral objects by debtors. The research method used is socio-legal research. The study finds a misalignment between existing laws and these legal events, leading to sanctions and criminal threats for debtors in breach. Creditors have the right to file lawsuits in the District Court against debtors for actions detrimental to the creditors. The study concludes that legal protection for creditors in fiduciary collateral transfer cases by debtors needs enhancement, both through regulatory improvements and by increasing the capacity of law enforcement to handle such cases.

Loans or credit are a commonly used financing model for new and existing businesses. The amount of credit granted is determined by the collateralized assets. However, problems often arise when the property used as collateral turns out to be valued below expectations. This occurs because property buyers become victims of price markup crimes. This study focuses on defining the boundaries of this crime in cases of price markup and the legal protections that can be provided to victims of property price markup. Consequently, the general public can avoid the risks of falling victim to such fraudulent schemes. This study delves into the intricacies of price markup crimes, aiming to delineate clear boundaries and legal protections for victims. By shedding light on these issues, we aim to empower the general public with knowledge to recognize and mitigate the risks associated with fraudulent schemes. Through a comprehensive understanding of the legal framework surrounding property price markups, individuals can make informed decisions and safeguard themselves against potential exploitation in property transactions. Ultimately, this research endeavors to foster transparency and accountability in the property market, fostering a fair and equitable environment for all stakeholders involved