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Copper Beryllium (C17200) has ideal physical and mechanical properties of high fatigue strength, thermal conductivity, and hardness, making the alloy ideal for various high-reliability applications in aerospace, producing inserts and tooling for hazardous environments. However, surface quality and productivity challenges are prominent when processing the alloy due to its properties. This study evaluates the surface quality and productivity in end-milling of Copper Beryllium by analyzing the effects of feed rate, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) flow rate, and cutting depth on surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR). The experiment was designed using the Box-Behnken design, and the samples were machined on a CNC milling machine. The results showed that the MQL flow rate was significant to surface roughness, while the cutting depth was significant to MRR. The optimum parameters were determined as a feed rate of – 60 mm/min, an MQL flow rate of – 80 ml/hr., and a cutting depth of – 0.511 mm, which yielded a surface roughness of 0.12 µm and MRR of 10.19 g/min. The study's novelty is that it considers MQL flow using vegetable oil-based cutting fluid (CF) as an input parameter in machining, offering insight into eco-friendly and cost-effective machining practices. Finally, the significance of the study lies in investigating the machinability of Cu-Be alloy material, addressing challenges related to surface quality and productivity during milling operation.

The demand for natural bioactive compounds and products that contain these compounds has increased because of the desire to live healthier. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimum parameters for getting the highest level of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant compounds (AC) out of green garlic leaves (Allium sativum L.). In this study the ethanol concentration (60--80%), application time (15--45 min.), and product/solvent (P/S) ratio (1/50-- 1/100) were selected as independent variables. As responses, TPC and AC analyses were used. The study found that 69.70% ethanol, 15 min., and 1/50 U/S ratio were the optimum conditions. Under these conditions, the experimental TPC and AC values of the extracted samples were found to be 15.18±1.4 mg GAE/g DM and 88.16±1.18%, respectively. The fact that the experimental values were very close to RSM's expected values demonstrated that the models were suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Biopharmaceutics Classification System says that simvastatin (SMV) is a Class II drug with low bioavailability (5%). This is because it dissolves slowly and is broken down a lot in the first pass. Simvastatin transdermal patches were produced as part of this study's aim to treat hyperlipidemia. The Box–Behnken design (three-factor, three-level) was selected for optimization of patches. Methodology The optimization design involved 15 runs with independent factors hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100, Eudragit L100, and polyethylene glycol 400 percentage, and dependent factors including folding endurance and in-vitro drug release. Results The results showed that the concentration of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K-100 positively impacted the patch’s folding endurance. The fact that factor C was the only scenario where the p-value was less than 0.05 and the coefficient value was higher in the in vitro drug release model means that it has a greater influence on the release of medicines. The patches were also evaluated for drug content, swelling, moisture uptake, moisture content, etc. The optimized patch shows an in vitro drug release of 55.3% in up to 24 h. In vivo antihyperlipidemic activity was evaluated in albino Wistar rats. In the standard treatment (simvastatin oral) groups, there is a decrease in cholesterol (132.76 ± 0.35) and triglyceride level (139.80 ± 76) whereas in the test formulation group or test group, there is also a decrease in cholesterol (169.65 ± 0.21 mg/dL) and triglyceride level (151.20 ± 31 mg/dL) level. Conclusion Based on in-vitro and in-vivo results it can be concluded that simvastatin patches can be an alternative to traditional therapy.

The current study focuses on the preparation and optimization of lipid PLGA hybrid nanoparticles of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU-LPHNs) using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design for sustained release and enhanced in-vitro anticancer efficacy. The morphology of the developed 5-FU-LPHNs was spherical and found in the range of 155.7–316.4 nm, entrapment efficiency (80%–92%), polydispersity index (0.11–0.19) and zeta potential (−19.7 mV to −29.4 mV) depicting nano-sized and stable nanoparticles. The XRD and DSC investigations showed the absence of characteristic peaks of 5-fluorouracil in the developed formulations indicating amorphization and successful encapsulation of 5-fluorouracil in the developed LPHNs. The in-vitro release showed a biphasic release pattern with an initial burst release pursued by sustained release up to 72 h. The in-vitro cytotoxicity studies of the developed 5-FU-LPHNs were found more cytotoxic than the free drug solution in HT-29 and HCT116 cancer cell lines. In both cell lines, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 5-FU-LPHNs were approximately 2.06-fold and 1.83-fold, less than that of the 5-FU solution (p <.05). These results suggest that the developed LPHNs can be used as a potential drug delivery approach for the effective delivery of 5-fluorouracil with enhanced anticancer efficacy to colorectal tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Bioethanol, a renewable fuel derived from biomass feedstocks like agricultural residues and forestry waste, holds immense promise for sustainable energy production. Notably, sugar bagasse--a residual lignocellulosic material after sugarcane juice extraction--offers a valuable substrate due to its high sugar content. To harness its potential for bioethanol generation, optimizing parameters, such as temperature, pH, and fermentation duration. This study is geared towards the strategic enhancement of bioethanol synthesis from sugar bagasse, employing the Box Behnken experimental design using Aspergillus flavus as the biocatalyst. Employing rigorous statistical modeling and analysis, the investigation dissects the intricate interplay of temperature, pH, and fermentation duration on the bioethanol production kinetics. The outcomes underscore the optimal operational nexus that attains peak bioethanol yield: a thermal setpoint of 32.6°C, a pH milieu of 5.3, and a fermentation interval spanning 57.9 hours. The discerned synergy of these conditions culminates in an impressive bioethanol yield of 41.6 mg/L, manifesting a remarkable 56.9% escalation relative to the baseline conditions. This inquiry not only imparts nuanced insights into the precision-tuning of bioethanol synthesis from sugar bagasse through Aspergillus flavus but also furnishes a pivotal trajectory for the advancement of sustainable, environmentally conscious biofuel production." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Intravenous lipid emulsion is a critical component of parenteral nutrition. Long-term administration of such therapy lead to liver dysfunction. As the cause of liver failure can be the size of lipid emulsion droplets, their reduction can positively affect the clinical condition of patients. This study aimed to develop and optimize the preparation process of intravenous lipid emulsions with reduced droplet size compared to commercially available formulations. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize the ultrasonic emulsification. The reduction of lipid droplet size was achieved by the use of a combination of 1.2% (w/w) soy phospholipids and various concentrations of Tween 80 (2, 3, and 4% (w/w)). The other variables were sonication amplitude and time of sonication. During the optimization process, fifteen soybeans oil-based intravenous lipid emulsions were developed. All formulations were characterized by the physicochemical properties appropriate for intravenous administration, i.e., MDD ranging from 119.1 ± 0.6 nm to 177.1 ± 2.1 nm, PdI below 0,219 ± 0,009. The pH and osmolarity ranged from 6.23 ± 0.01 to 6.58 ± 0 and from 328 ± 3 to 568 ± 8 mOsm/kg, respectively. The Box Behnken methodology allowed for optimizing the preparation of intravenous lipid emulsion using ultrasonic emulsification.

Intravenous lipid emulsion is a critical component of parenteral nutrition. Long-term administration of such therapy lead to liver dysfunction. As the cause of liver failure can be the size of lipid emulsion droplets, their reduction can positively affect the clinical condition of patients. This study aimed to develop and optimize the preparation process of intravenous lipid emulsions with reduced droplet size compared to commercially available formulations. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize the ultrasonic emulsification. The reduction of lipid droplet size was achieved by the use of a combination of 1.2% (w/w) soy phospholipids and various concentrations of Tween 80 (2, 3, and 4% (w/w)). The other variables were sonication amplitude and time of sonication. During the optimization process, fifteen soybeans oil-based intravenous lipid emulsions were developed. All formulations were characterized by the physicochemical properties appropriate for intravenous administration, i.e., MDD ranging from 119.1 ± 0.6 nm to 177.1 ± 2.1 nm, PdI below 0.219 ± 0.009. The pH and osmolarity ranged from 6.23 ± 0.01 to 6.58 ± 0 and from 328 ± 3 to 568 ± 8 mOsm/kg, respectively. The Box Behnken methodology allowed for optimizing the preparation of intravenous lipid emulsion using ultrasonic emulsification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a source of xylan, lignocellulose waste such as wheat bran and aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes were employed, together with potassium nitrate as a nitrogen source, which were optimized using the Box- Behnken design to increase the production of xylooligosaccharides. The yield of xylooligosaccharides increased to 2.05- fold in the optimized medium than non-optimized medium. The produced xylooligosaccharides showed a peak at 890-900 cm-1 confirming the presence of β-glycosidic linkages when detected by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT IR). The prebiotic effect of produced xylooligosaccharides was studied on two strains named Lactococcus lactis Cl MN515342 and Lactococcus lactis Cp MN515343 isolated from curd samples. The growth of these Lactococcus strains was found to be stimulated. A log Colony Forming Unit/ml value of 7.813 and 8.146 for Cp and Cl was observed in a medium incorporated with XOS. The Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) production by Lactococcus lactis in a medium incorporated with xylooligosaccharides was detected by GCMS. The use of lignocellulosic waste for the production of xylooligosaccharides reduces the production cost. The xylooligosaccharides produced by Massilia timonae has shown promising result in stimulating the growth of Lactococcus lactis. Thus, XOS can be incorporated in curd or Yoghurt along with the Lactococcus lactis and used as synbiotic food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada Kilis ili toprak örneklerinden üreaz üretici Bacillus spp. suşları izole edilmiştir. B10 ve B11 olarak isimlendirilen suşlardan saflaştırılan intraselüler üreazın spesifik aktiviteleri 1.38±0.07 ve 1.22±0.02 µmol/min/mg’dır. B10 suşunun üreaz üretimini arttırabilmek için “Design Expert statistical software” (Design Expert 8.0.7)’in kullanıldığı Box Behnken deneme planı uygulanmıştır. Maksimum üreaz üretimi %5.00 üre, %3.00 sükroz ve %2.00 et özütü içeren besi ortamında gözlenmiş ve optimum koşullardaki en yüksek spesifik aktivite 1.498±0.05 µmol/min/mg olarak hesaplanmıştır.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their applications have attracted growing interest in both research and industry due to their appealing properties, such as excellent mechanical properties, high surface area, rich hydroxyl groups for modification, and natural properties that are 100% environmentally friendly. Cellulose nanocrystals were extracted from millet husk residue waste using a homogenized acid hydrolysis method. The effects of the process variables homogenization speed (A), acid concentration (B), and acid to cellulose ratio (C) on the yield and swelling capacity were investigated and optimized using the Box Behnken design (BBD) method in response surface methodology. The cellulose and nano-cellulose obtained were characterized using transform infrared microscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The numerical optimization analysis results showed that the maximum yield of CNCs and swelling capacity from cellulose was 93.12% and 2.81% obtained at homogenization speed, acid concentration, and acid to cellulose ratio of 7464.0 rpm, 63.40 wt%, and 18.83 wt%, respectively. ANOVA revealed that the most influential parameter in the model was homogenization speed for Yield and acid concentration for swelling capacity. The mathematical models to predict cellulose nanocrystals' yield and swelling capacity were developed with R2 of 98.9% and 97.9%, respectively. The TGA showed that the thermal stability of cellulose was higher than that of CNCs. FTIR results showed that functional groups of CNCs and cellulose were similar. SEM image of CNCs is porous and displayed narrow particle size with needle-like morphology compared to cellulose. The XRD pattern presented an increase in the intensity of CNCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) emulsifier is widely applied in the wastewater treatment industry, mining industry, paper industry, cosmetic chemistry, etc. However, optimization of input parameters in the synthesis of CPAM by using the traditional approach (i.e., changing one factor while leaving the others fixed at a particular set of conditions) would require a long time and a high cost of input materials. Onsite mass production of CPAM requires fast optimization of input parameters (i.e., stirring speed, reaction temperature and time, the amount of initiator, etc.) to minimize the production cost of specific–molecular–weight CPAM. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized CPAM using reverse emulsion copolymerization, and proposed response surface models for predicting the average molecular weight and reaction yield based on those input parameters. This study offers a time–saving tool for onsite mass production of specific–molecular–weight CPAM. Based on our response surface models, we obtained the optimal conditions for the synthesis of CPAM emulsions, which yielded medium–molecular–weight polymers and high conversion, with a reaction temperature of 60–62 °C, stirring speed of 2500–2600 rpm, and reaction time of 7 h. Quadratic models showed a good fit for predicting molecular weight (Adj.R2 = 0.9888, coefficient of variation = 2.08%) and reaction yield (Adj.R2 = 0.9982, coefficient of variation = 0.50%). The models suggested by our study would benefit the cost–minimization of CPAM mass production, where one could find optimal conditions for synthesizing different molecular weights of CPAM more quickly than via the traditional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this work, zirconia composite is machined by the unconventional Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM). Normally, the machining of zirconia is an inconvenient process due to its increased hardness and maximum machining time. The ECDM of zirconia‐silicon nitride is done by varying the input parameters such as electrolytic concentration, voltage, and duty cycle. The measured output machined parameters are material removal rate (MRR), Overcut (OC), and Tool wear rate (TWR). In Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the Box Behnken method is used to plan the experimental design of this work. The parameter optimization is conducted using RSM. Besides, the experimented machining performances are validated using hybrid Deep Neural Network‐based Spotted Hyena optimization (DNN‐SHO) done in MATLAB platform version 2020 a. From the findings, the voltage and electrolytic concentration are identified as signified parameters for improving the ECDM performances from the RSM analysis. The obtained favorable machining performances are 0.371 mg/min of MRR, 162.2 μm of OC, and 0.26 mg/min of TWR. The predicted results from the proposed DNN‐SHO for the MRR are 0.402 mg/min, OC is 152.98 μm, and TWR is 0.21 mg/min. The proposed DNN‐SHO outcomes are in perfect agreement with the experimented values and are more superior to the RSM, DNN, and DNN‐PSO based prediction approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate contamination in water resources has become an important issue because of the environmental issue and potential risk to human health. The aim of this study is investigating the stabilization of modified bentonite nanoparticles by cationic surfactant on pumice aggregates to remove nitrate from aqueous environments. Bentonite nanoparticles were investigated by XRD, EDAX, and SEM techniques after modification by CTAB surfactant with the thermal method on the substrate of Pumice aggregate stabilization and physical and structural characteristics of the adsorbent. In this research, response surface method based on the Box-Behnken model was used for evaluation of the effects of independent variables such as pH, temperature and the amount of adsorbent on the response function and prediction of the best response value. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used for calculating the equilibrium constants and pseudo-first and second order constants. According to the results, the optimum nitrate removal efficiency was determined 63.49% based on the Box-Behnken model in pH = 5, the adsorbent concentration of 15 g/L, and temperature 35°C. As well, the nitrate removal rate was increased by increasing the amount of adsorbent and contact time unless the removal efficiency was decreased with an increase in pH and initial nitrate concentration. Isotherm surveying showed that the laboratory data had better agreement with Langmuir isotherm and the best kinetic model of adsorption was determined by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Also, the recovery efficiency in 5 cycles of absorption and desorption was observed more than 85%. This study showed that modified Pumice aggregates could be used as an effective and economical adsorbent for pollutants elimination.

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to optimize the optimum technological conditions for the simultaneous extraction of ferulic acid and ligustilide, the extraction process of ferulic acid and ligustilide from A. sinensis were optimized by ultrasonic assisted response surface. Taking the comprehensive score of ferulic acid and ligustilide content as the evaluation index and the ethanol concentration, extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio were selected as the three main factors, and the contents of ferulic acid and ligustilide in A. sinensis were determined by 1H-qNMR. Single factor screening combined with Box-Behnken central combination design test was used to optimize the parameters of extraction process. The single-factor screening results showed that a high comprehensive score was obtained under the three conditions of 80% ethanol concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio was 12 mL·g-1, or 30 min extraction duration. Based on this, the Behnken center combination design test was designed and implemented. The results showed that the influence degree of each experimental factor on the comprehensive score was the ethanol concentration, the liquid-to-solid ratio was the second, and the extraction time was the least. The best optimum extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration was 80.87%, liquid-to-solid ratio was 13.04 mL·g-1, extraction duration was 30.14 min. The verification test results were consistent with the predicted values. The quantitative resonance peaks of pyrazine, ferulic acid and ligustilide were δ 8.66 ppm, δ 6.37-6.35 ppm and δ 5.55-5.53 ppm, respectively, using DMSO-d6 as solvent and pyrazine as internal standard substance by 1H-qNMR. The precision, stability, repeatability and recovery of the method were good, and the limits of quantification and detection were low, which can meet the needs of practical analysis and testing. To sum up, the optimization method of response surface method was used to optimize the extraction process, the experimental results were accurate and reliable, good reproducibility, and suitable for the simultaneous extraction of ferulic acid and ligustilide in A. sinensis. The 1H-qNMR method had the advantages of simple operation, fast analysis speed and strong specificity, and could be used for the simultaneous determination of ferulic acid and ligustilide in A. sinensis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A statistical and a numerical modeling software are used in the present paper with the aim of finding the optimal solution. Using the Response Surface Method (RSM), Box Behnken experiment and Flux 2D software the most appropriate values of the input data are being followed in order to achieve the best responses within the heating process.

The adsorptive removal of Methylene Blue by a novel bio char namely Cassava Rind Carbon was studied in a batch system. Moreover, several experiments were performed to optimize operating conditions of the adsorption process. Thermo gravimetric analysis investigates the thermal behaviour of the raw material. The surface functional groups were identified with Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy. The carbon surface was also characterised by BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and zero charge point of pH. Among the three kinetic models used to calculate the adsorption rate constants, the pseudo-second order was the most accurate. The experimental isotherms were analysed and Redlich-Peterson's model provided the best fit. The maximum capacity according to Langmuir model was 565 mg g−1 at 25 °C. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption is endothermic, physical and random. The temperature, the mass of adsorbent and the concentration of dye were the three factors optimized in a Box Behnken Response Surface Methodology, with an optimal amount of adsorbed MB of 771 mg g−1.

Understanding tendon mechanobiology is important for gaining insight into the development of tendon pathology and subsequent repair processes. The aim of this study was to investigate how experimentally observed mechanobiological adaptation of rat Achilles tendons translate to changes in constitutive mechanical properties and biomechanical behavior. In addition, we assessed the ability of the model to simulate tendon creep and stress-relaxation. A three dimensional finite element framework of rat Achilles tendon was implemented with a fibre-reinforced poro-visco-hyper-elastic constitutive model. Stress-relaxation and creep data from Achilles tendons of Sprague Dawley rats that had been subjected to both daily loading and a period of reduced loading were used to determine the constitutive properties of the tendons. Our results showed that the constitutive model captures creep and stress-relaxation data from rat Achilles tendons for both loaded and unloaded tendons with good accuracy (normalized root mean square error between model and experimental data were 0.010–0.027). Only when the model parameters were fitted to data from both mechanical tests simultaneously, were we able to also capture similar increase in elastic energy (increased stiffness) and decreased viscoelasticity in response to unloading, as was reported experimentally. Our study is the first to show that experimentally observed mechanobiological changes in tendon biomechanics, such as stiffness and viscoelasticity, can be designated to mechanical quantities in a constitutive model. Further investigation in this direction has potential to discriminate tissue components responsible for specific biomechanical response, and enable targeted treatment strategies for tendon health. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft wheat flour is the most important raw material in the production of cookies. But, celiac patients, because of their gluten intolerance, should not consume gluten containing cookies made from wheat flour. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to form a suitable gluten-free cookie formulation (GFCF) with corn starch, corn flour, rice flour and potato starch. Ratios of these ingredients in formulation were determined by the response surface methodology. Before the construction of the GFCF experimental design, the lower and upper limits of the independent variables to be used in the formulation were determined as 5-20%, 0-50% and 0-30% for corn flour, rice flour and corn starch, respectively. In the GFCF, the proportions were completed to 100% with potato starch. By using these values, the GFCF experimental design was established by the response surface methodology according to Box Behnken method. General acceptability, textural hardness, color difference (delta E) and spread ratio values were selected as dependent variables. According to the data obtained from this optimization study; a mixture of 7% corn starch, 8% corn flour, 40% rice flour and 45% potato starch was the best to produce gluten-free cookies with acceptable quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the recovery of punicalagin from pomegranate peel, extraction of punicalagin (α + β) was studied using aqueous two-phase system. Box Behnken design of response surface methodology was used as a tool to study the effect of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) concentration, PEG molecular weight, salt concentration, solute amount and pH on the extraction yield of punicalagin. The optimal conditions were found to be 18% (w/v) PEG concentration, 8000 PEG molecular weight, 16% (w/v) salt concentration, 0.5 g solute amount and 6 pH. Under these conditions, experimental yield and predicted yield was found to be 43% and 48%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting macrophages is a promising strategy for improved therapy of intracellular infections as macrophages exhibit rapid phagocytosis of particles >200 nm. Entrapment of Curcumin (CUR) in nanocarriers could provide bioenhancement and macrophage targeting. We present a simple and facile in situ nanoprecipitation approach for instantaneous and on‐site generation of curcumin nanoparticles (ISCurNP). ISCurNP optimised by Box‐Behnken design exhibited average size of 208.25 ± 7.55 nm and entrapment efficiency of 90.16 ± 1.17%. Differential scanning calorimetry and X‐Ray diffraction confirmed amorphization of CUR in ISCurNP. Sustained release was observed over 72 hr in vitro at lysosomal pH 4.5. Rapid and high uptake in RAW 264.7 macrophages was confirmed by flow cytometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Confocal microscopy established localisation of ISCurNP in lysosomal compartment. The facile in situ nanoprecipitation method provides simple, scalable technology to enable macrophage targeted delivery of CUR, with great promise for improved therapy of intracellular infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Flux 2D software has been used. It has been coupled with an experimental design method, in order to model the induction heating in volume of a half-finished product, neglecting end effects.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan proses Fenton dalam menurunkan kadar chemical oxygen demand (COD) dan kadar total suspended solid (TSS) dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS) dan menentukan kondisi optimum dari parameter yang digunakan dengan Response Surface Methodology menurut Box- Behnken design. Sampel diambil pada keluaran pertama kolam anaerobik ketiga dari instalasi pengolahan limbah cair kelapa sawit yang mengandung nilai COD berkisar antara 8.000 hingga 12.000 ppm. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian pada berbagai pH, konsentrasi FeSO4.7H2O dan konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan proses AOP dengan metode Fenton dapat menurunkan konsentrasi COD dan TSS masing-masing adalah 70,7704% dan 88,3897% pada konsentrasi FeSO4.7H2O 3703,52 ppm, konsentrasi H2O2 5586,43 ppm, dan pH 3.

Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) are emerging platforms for drug delivery applications. In the present study, methotrexate loaded LPHNPs consisted of PLGA and Lipoid S100 were fabricated by employing a single-step modified nanoprecipitation method combined with self-assembly. A three factor, three level Box Behnken design using Design-Expert ® software was employed to access the influence of three independent variables on the particle size, drug entrapment and percent drug release. The optimized formulation was selected through numeric optimization approach. The results were supported with the ANOVA analysis, regression equations and response surface plots. Transmission electron microscope images indicated the nanosized and spherical shape of the LPHNPs with fair size distribution. The nanoparticles ranged from 176 to 308 nm, which increased with increased polymer concentration. The increase in polymer and lipid concentration also increased the drug entrapment efficiency. The in vitro drug release was in range 70.34–91.95% and the release mechanism follow the Higuchi model (R 2 = 0.9888) and Fickian diffusion ( n < 0.5). The in vitro cytotoxicity assay and confocal microscopy of the optimized formulation demonstrate the good safety and better internalization of the LPHNPs. The cell antiproliferation showed the spatial and controlled action of the nanoformulation as compared to the plain drug solution. The results suggest that LPHNPs can be a promising delivery system envisioned to safe, stable and potentially controlled delivery of methotrexate to the cancer cells to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] A QbD-DM3 strategy was used to design ketoprofen (KTF) optimized liquid (L -SNEDDS) and solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SNEDDS). Principal component analysis was used to identify the optimized L -SNEDDS containing Capmul® MCM NF, 10 % w/w; Kolliphor® ELP, 60 % w/w; and propylene glycol, 30 % w/w. The S-SNEDDS was manufactured by spray-drying a feed dispersion prepared by dissolving the optimized KTF-loaded L -SNEDDS in an ethanol-Aerosil® 200 dispersion. A Box Behnken design was employed to evaluate the effect of drug concentration (DC), Aerosil® 200 concentration (AC) and feed rate (FR) on maximizing percent yield (PY) and loading efficiency (LE). The optimal levels of DC, AC, and FR were 19.9 % w/w, 30.0 % w/w, and 15.0 %, respectively. The optimized S-SNEDDS was amorphous, and its dissolution showed a 2.37-fold increase in drug release compared to KTF in 0.1 HCl. An optimized independent spray-dried S-SNEDDS verification batch showed that the predicted and observed PY and LE were 70.49 % and 92.49 %, and 70.02 % and 91.27 %, respectively. The optimized L -SNEDDS and S-SNEDDS also met their quality target product profile criteria for globule size <100 nm, polydispersity index < 0.400, emulsification time < 30 s, and KTF L -SNEDDS solubility 100-fold greater than its water solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study relates to machining of toughly-machined metal materials specifically turning of the Inconel 625. There had been planned an experiment to find out the impact of setting the individual parameters of machining(cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut)onto the quality of machined surface. Such experiment was the type of 'box behnken'and contained 15 rounds. Following was the evaluation of the machined surface quality and their topography thanks to 3D profilometer Taylor Hobson Talysurf CCI Lite, based on which there were created 3D colour filtered pictures of the surface of the samples. Morphology of the surfaces was investigated by electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Magnetic filter media developed by a sandwich structure of nonwoven sheet and PVDF/Fe 3 O 4. • A external magnet of 500 mT is placed to induce superparamagnetism. • High filtration efficiency of 99.99% achieved at particles in the range of 0.1 −1µm. • Filtration efficiency of 99.98% achieved at 0.3 µm, i.e., at MPPS. Air filtration techniques have been widely reported to remove the airborne particles present in the environment. Airborne particles include metal oxide particles which can cause severe damage to the human lungs. The present study aims to develop an air filter to remove metal oxide particles produced in industrial plants. Electrospinning is a technique renowned for producing polymer nanofibres at micro and nanoscale levels. In the present research, we fabricated electrospun nanofibres incorporated with Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) to attract metal oxide particles. PVDF and Fe 3 O 4 MNPs with varying concentrations (7.5 wt%, 10 wt% and 12.5 wt%) were electrospun and sandwiched between polypropylene nonwoven sheets proposed to act as a barrier textile. Box Behnken's experimental design was approached with different parameters wherein 15 different combinations are produced. The prepared electrospun structures were subjected to various physical and structural characterizations. To magnetize the nanoparticles present in the filter an external magnetic field such as a permanent magnet was placed. The thickness, surface area, porosity, air permeability, and filtration efficiency were measured. The magnetic nanoparticle filter produced the highest efficiency of 99.996% (0.1 µm to 1 µm), whereas the 99.98% was at 0.3 µm. This work suggests that the prepared magnetic nanoparticle filter works as a barrier textile to efficiently remove hazardous metal oxide particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption capacity of a neglected adsorbent, Ageratum conyzoides leaf powder (ACLP), was investigated in this study for effluent dye removal. The adsorbent was characterized using FESEM, FTIR, BET, XRF, XRD and EDX. The combined effects of three independent variables (pH, dye concentration and adsorbent concentration) were evaluated in a batch study through Box Behnken model of the response surface methodology (RSM) for experimental design, analysis and process optimization. Dye removal efficiency was monitored at a predetermined contact time of 20 min. Adsorption kinetics was examined by first and second order rate models, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models, while equilibrium study was examined by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. At optimum conditions of pH 4 and adsorbent concentration of 0.06 g, dye removal efficiency exceeded 90% and was successfully optimized by RSM. Adsorption kinetics was described by pseudo second order kinetic model while equilibrium study was represented by Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 192.4 mg/g. Preconcentration of MB onto ACLP was investigated and a factor of 108.3 was obtained. ACLP was regenerated and could be reused for a minimum of 20 cycles. Thermodynamic studies show that adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The results illustrate that Ageratum conyzoides leaf powder could be effectively utilized for effluent dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrostatic filter media were developed by incorporating various concentrations of Carbon Black (8, 10 and 12 wt%) on Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) through electrospinning. The prepared nanofibers were characterized for their morphology, phase transformation, wettability, thermal and predominantly electrostatic properties. Three filtration efficiency parameters such as concentration of CB (wt%), electrospinning time (hr) and areal density of substrate (GSM) were fed in Box Behnken design to obtain 15 experimental STATs. The experiments were performed with NaCl solution as the aerosols in the range of 0.1–1 μm and filtration efficiency as the response. Further, other filter media properties such as pore size, air permeability, pressure drop and thickness are investigated. STAT 12 resulted in the highest filtration efficiency of 99.99% with 12 wt% of CB, 3 h of electrospinning time and 60 GSM of substrate. The prepared filter also shows a maximum filtration efficiency of 99.98% at the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), 0.3 μm. The present research thus opens a pathway for hybrid mechanisms of separation improving filtration efficiency in addition to pre-existing mechanisms. [Display omitted] • Electret filter composed of a sandwich structure with PVDF/CB nanofibers between substrate. • Phase transformation induced by electrospinning and CB addition. • High β phase content of 86.15% and piezoelectric coefficient of 69.1 pC/Pa. • A high filtration efficiency of 99.98% at the MPPS (0.3 μm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare two approaches for building a statistical proxy model (metamodel) for CO 2 geologic sequestration from the results of full-physics compositional simulations. The first approach involves a classical Box-Behnken experimental design with a quadratic polynomial response surface. The second approach used a space-filling maxmin Latin Hypercube sampling design with the choice of four different meta-modeling techniques: quadratic polynomial, kriging, multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and additivity and variance stabilization (AVAS). Simulations results for CO 2 injection into a reservoir-caprock system with 9 design variables (and 97 samples) were used to generate the data for developing the proxy models. The fitted models were validated with an independent data set for three different performance metrics: total storage efficiency, CO 2 plume radius and average reservoir pressure. The Box-Behnken–quadratic polynomial metamodel performed the best, followed closely by the maximin LHS–kriging metamodel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Effect of alkaline metal salts on the solvent extraction of platinum from leached spent dehydrogenation catalysts (Pt/Al2O3) in aqua-regia by the Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) has been investigated. Best salting out effect was achieved using KCl as the additive salt in which process upto 90% of Platinum extraction achieved. Response Surface methodology utilized in order to design the experiments, model the extraction process for platinum and aluminum as well as; optimize the whole process. It was shown that solvent extraction of platinum by TOPO was kinetically fast and the needed equilibrium time for it was less than 30seconds. In the present study, proposed models for platinum and aluminum extractions were reported and optimum conditions determined which led to the highest separation factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Experimental design strategies most often involve an initial choice of a classic factorial or response surface design and adapt that design to meet restrictions or unique requirements of the system under study. One such experience is described here, in which the objective was to develop an efficient experimental design strategy that would facilitate building second-order response models with excellent prediction capabilities. In development, careful consideration was paid to the desirable properties of response surface designs. Once developed, the proposed design was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to prove the concept, a pilot implementation of the design carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the response models, and a set of validation runs enacted to look for potential weaknesses in the approach. The purpose of the exercise was to develop a procedure to efficiently and effectively calibrate strain-gauge balances to be used in wind tunnel testing. The current calibration testing procedure is based on a time-intensive one-factor-at-a-time method. In this study, response surface methods were used to reduce the number of calibration runs required during the labor-intensive heavy load calibration, to leverage the prediction capabilities of response surface designs, and to provide an estimate of uncertainty for the calibration models. Results of the three-phased approach for design evaluation are presented. The new calibration process will require significantly fewer tests to achieve the same or improved levels of precision in balance calibration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be achieved by reduction silver nitrate. Metabolites from plant can be utilized as reductor to facilitate the synthesis of AgNPs. Anthocyanin is one of the metabolites which is reported as bioreductor of synthesis AgNPs. Clitoria ternatea plant extract has been also reported as bioreductor of synthesis AgNPs. Objectives: This present work describes the optimization of biosynthesis of AgNPs mediated by ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea petal flower using Box Behnken design. Material and Methods: The experimental design consists of the concentration of ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea petal flower (X1, %), time of sonication (X2, minute) and pulser rate of sonication (X3, %) as independent variables while particles size (Y1, nm) and polydispersity index (PI) (Y2, none) as dependent variables or response variables. Experimental data (X, Y) were analyzed with ANOVA to produce polynomial regression model of responses. Results: Significant models of 2 responses (p<0.05) were resulted, following reduced quadratic and reduced linear model for particles size and polydispersity index responses, respectively. The optimized formulation of biosynthesis also resulted a nanosilver with good characteristic (particles size of 73,56 nm and PI value of 0.355). Conclusion: Box Behnken design can be employed to optimize biosynthesis of nanosilver mediated by ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea petal flower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In a previous paper (part I), new strategy was used for raising antibodies against hapten (<300 Da) and the quantification of these hapten by ELISA using derivatization by chloroethyl nitrosourea (CENU). After raising antibodies against histamine, they were characterized and used for ELISA measurements. Optimal detection conditions were determined for the histamine quantification by ELISA method. The present study investigates the derivatization step of the histamine by chloroethylnitrosourea (CENU). Five factors (2 qualitative: nature of the solvent and nature of the antibodies and 3 quantitative: pH, % of solvent and time of derivatization) have been considered. Optimal reaction conditions were established by calculation of a validated model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]