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The essay focuses on the results of the strategy “Attrattività dei borghi storici” (Historical small centres attractiveness), funded by the Italian Ministry of Culture (MiC) within the resources allocated by the European Parliament (Next Generation Europe program) for the National Plans for Recovery and Resilience of the member states (PNRR). The essay presents the first, mainly quantitative results of the initiative which, even if the experience is still ongoing, offers the opportunity to reflect on the new tendencies in Europe towards the policies for social cohesion and social inequalities decrease. As it is well-known, these policies have the main purpose of rescuing inner territories at risk of abandonment looking at them as important reservoir of resources to be revived rather than “places to be saved”. After a general framework of the topic in the first part, the essay then analyses the results of the so-called “Bando Borghi” whose main characteristics are synthetically described in the second part of the paper. In particular, in the essay the results of the socalled “Linea B”, addressed to the small towns with less than 5000 inhabitants, are examined. The analyses is based on the quality of the project that were presented, but also on three parameters: the participation, the resources allocation, and the distribution of the selected projects in the national territory. Some final reflections about the initiatives conclude the paper.

Due to landslides, earthquakes or other natural events, there are many sites in Campania, once lived and lived, now abandoned completely or partially. In Sannio and Irpinia it was the 1980 earthquake that irreversibly determined the depopulation of many villages. Conza della Campania has been totally abandoned and rebuilt downstream in the locality "Piano delle Briglie"; today the whole hill of Conza has been transformed into an archaeological park In 2015 a series of municipalities, including Conza, agreed to signing of the Memorandum of Understanding for the Constitution of the regional network of "Abandoned Villages of Campania", which represents an attempt to "network" the cultural heritage. The regional proposal is aimed at creating a synergistic inter-institutional collaboration open to local operators and to institutional and private investors, and aimed at defining an intervention strategy that gives life to a program of development of the territories in question, through the promotion and retraining of the historical, architectural, landscape and identity heritage represented by the abandoned villages. The contribution tries to outline the possible scenarios for a recovery of this center, which museum of itself can still perform cultural function. In fact, the future of a historic center is an integral part of an idea of the future of the entire existing city, of the identity and role that is recognized in all its parts and their mutual relations and interdependencies. Il borgo-fantasma di Conza della Campania, dove il terremoto del 1980 ha cancellato mura e identità A causa di frane, terremoti o altri eventi naturali, sono molteplici i siti in Campania, un tempo vivi e vissuti, oggi abbandonati del tutto o parzialmente. Nel Sannio e in Irpinia è stato l’evento sismico del 1980 a determinare in modo irreversibile lo spopolamento di numerosi borghi. Conza della Campania è stata abbandonata e ricostruita a valle nella località “Piano delle Briglie”;. oggi tutta la collina di Conza è stata trasformata in parco archeologico. Nel 2015 una serie di comuni, tra cui Conza, hanno sottoscritto un Protocollo d’Intesa per la Costituzione della Rete regionale dei “Borghi Abbandonati della Campania”, che rappresenta un tentativo di “messa in rete” del patrimonio culturale. La proposta regionale è finalizzata alla creazione di una sinergica collaborazione interistituzionale aperta agli operatori locali e agli investitori istituzionali e privati, e indirizzata a definire una strategia di intervento che dia vita ad un programma di valorizzazione dei territori, attraverso la promozione e la riqualificazione del patrimonio storico, architettonico, paesaggistico e identitario dei borghi abbandonati. Il contributo cerca di delineare gli scenari possibili per un recupero di tale centro che quale museo di sé stesso può svolgere ancora funzione culturale. Infatti, il futuro di un centro storico è parte integrante del futuro dell’intera città esistente, dell’identità e del ruolo che si riconosce a tutte le sue parti ed alle loro reciproche relazioni e interdipendenze.

Villages are living books in which civilizations have written their history. They are the product of community identities and, at the same time, they are “generators of belonging”. The ancient village of Precacore is located in the Park of the Aspromonte, and the particular combination of nature and human work makes this place unique. This advantageous condition is at the base of possible design opportunities. A situation that can become a source of great interest for potential design opportunities based on the main idea that Precacore could become an essential element for the construction of the cultural identity of the Park. In the processes of construction and promotion of the image of the territory of the Park the ancient village could become a strategic resource if proper strategies and policies are pursued. Among the purposes, for example, the idea to enhance talented and creative skills should be promoted, and to invent places of interaction encouraging relationships and innovation as well. The final purpose is to promote a positive perception of the site (the village and the Park) at local, national and international level, and to provide innovative services and functions to attract people and resources useful for the promotion of local development. Re_ThiNk Precacore. Idee di futuro per il borgo antico. Progetti e processi per innovare e valorizzare I borghi sono libri viventi in cui le civiltà hanno scritto la loro storia, sono il prodotto dell’identità di una comunità e al tempo stesso sono anche generatrici di appartenenza. La localizzazione del borgo antico di Precacore all’interno del Parco dell’Aspromonte, rappresenta una particolare condizione che unisce eventi naturali e invenzioni umane, è proprio questo intreccio tra natura e opere dell’uomo a rendere particolare il sito. Una condizione che può divenire motivo di grande interesse per eventuali opportunità progettuali, l’idea che il Borgo antico di Precacore possa diventare l’elemento chiave, il luogo, alla base della costruzione di un’immagine identitaria e culturale del Parco dell’Aspromonte è l’obiettivo che si persegue. I processi di costruzione e promozione dell’immagine del territorio del Parco dell’Aspromonte possono utilizzare la capacità/potenzialità del Borgo antico, di essere strumento strategico per le azioni di costruzione dell’identità culturale di un territorio più vasto, attraverso le relazioni che legano risorse culturali e intento strategico delle politiche. Si tratta, cioè, di costruire una competitività territoriale che si basa sulla messa in campo anche di assets intangibili come la capacità di attirare e trattenere professionisti talentuosi e creativi, di mettere a disposizione luoghi di interazione che favoriscano il confronto e l’innovazione, di promuovere una percezione positiva dei luoghi (il borgo e il Parco) a livello locale, nazionale e internazionale; di fornire servizi e funzioni innovative che catturino l’attenzione di futuri visitatori: flussi di persone e risorse utili alla promozione dello sviluppo locale.

The Aspromonte National Park has been established in 1994. It is a protected area which includes thirty-seven municipalities; nine of them have less than a thousand inhabitants, and eight municipalities have less then two thousand inhabitants. The first settlements date back to the first millennium B.C., when the Greeks populated this area and hand on the values of their own culture and customs such as growing cereals, olives and vines for the production of wine. Over time, natural events and human activities negatively affected the possibility of living in the villages. These events contributed to a drastic depopulation followed by a deterioration of the cultural heritage and historical memory. There was also an alteration of the traditional landscape, especially the rural ones, a loss of biodiversity, and a decrease in the places’ safety over time. In the last years, The Aspromonte National Park has been working to support tangible and intangible values. Today, it is also active in the organization of events related to experiential and outdoor tourism to support small towns in projects to enhance villages. Borghi sospesi tra presente e futuro Il Parco Nazionale dell'Aspromonte è stato istituito nel 1994. Si tratta di un’area protetta che comprende trentasette comuni, nove dei quali hanno meno di mille abitanti e otto meno di duemila. I primi insediamenti risalgono al primo millennio a.C., quando i Greci popolarono questa zona tramandando i valori della propria cultura e dei propri costumi come la coltivazione dei cereali, delle olive viti per la produzione di vino. Nel tempo, gli eventi naturali e le attività umane hanno influito negativamente sulla possibilità di vivere nei villaggi. Questi eventi hanno contribuito a un drastico spopolamento seguito da un deterioramento del patrimonio culturale e della memoria storica. C'è stata anche un'alterazione dei paesaggi tradizionali, soprattutto quelli rurali, una perdita di biodiversità e un aumento della fragilità di questi insediamenti nel tempo. Negli ultimi anni il Parco Nazionale dell'Aspromonte ha collaborato con le amministrazioni comunali e le comunità locali a sostenere valori tangibili e intangibili. Oggi è attivo anche nell’organizzazione di eventi legati al turismo esperienziale e all'aria aperta per supportare i piccoli comuni in progetti di valorizzazione dei borghi.

In this contribution, the term extinct medieval boroughs applies to: 1) boroughs of medieval origin which lost their borough status; and 2) boroughs which not only lost their status but (almost) physically disappeared. The reasons for this were economic in nature, with political circumstances also playing a more or less important role. All of the discussed boroughs were located in the southern part of what is today Slovenian territory, in the Duchy of Carniola (Slow. Kranjska), which in the Early Modern Period was generally characterised by strong dynamics in the emergence and extinction of boroughs. In this period, between the 16th and 18th centuries, the borough functions and the title of 'borough' gradually ceased to exist in four boroughs of medieval origin: Svibno, Senožeče, Šentvid pri Stični and Trebnje. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight how the simultaneous presence in the same area of a disastrous earthquake and the drying up of a lake have changed the landscape and toponymy. While the place names were changed or moved after the earthquake, the drying up of the lake resulted in a change in the landscape with the creation of new place names. Furthermore, a new economy was developed. From a methodological point of view, the transformations of the landscape have a few international comparisons. We can only consider the changes in the landscape of the exhausted lignite mines between Cologne and Aachen. Today an artificial lake has changed the landscape in a comfortable Erohlungszone, "recovery area". Italy is often shaken by natural disasters, and affected by the need to reclaim wet areas subject to hydrogeological and sanitary fragility. In this study we will focus on an area of central Italy, modified by the drying up of a lake basin and subsequently destroyed by a catastrophic earthquake. The events described occurred between the 19th and the 20th century. An adequate comparison with the current situation has been able to regain possession of a vast territory even under the toponymic aspect. We are considering the region called Marsica. Its population, settled in the villages around the lake, was, until 1870, very segregated and with a predominantly pastoral economy, although integrated by the supply of fish products. The disappearance of the lake made it possible to have about 165 square kilometers - the third largest Italian lake - of excellent agricultural land, mainly used for the cultivation of wheat, potatoes and beets. This reclamation intervention also allowed to implement the demographic load. The demographic increase was due to the immigration of settlers from other regions, which favored a notable development of some cities, such as Avezzano and Pescina, and the creation of completely new settlements such as San Benedetto dei Marsi. This situation changed by the earthquake of 13 January 1915, which had its epicenter here. The effects were disastrous. Avezzano with 11,208 inhabitants in 1911 had about 96 percent of the dead, Collarmele, S. Benedetto, Paterno, Gioia dei Marsi, Lecce in the Marsi, S. Pelino and other villages were almost razed to the ground. Almost all the others more or less affected. The intense reconstruction work hindered not only from bureaucratic delays, but also from the serious damage caused by the Anglo-American air bombardments and the violent Nazi-fascist reprisals, was resumed with force only at the end of the Second World War, so much so that Avezzano now has (2022) 40,808 inhab. and many other towns, rebuilt from scratch further downstream such as Lecce (1541 inhabitants.), Gioia (1710), Collarmele (818 inhabitants), etc., benefit from the Fucino basin, which has become a thriving agricultural and industrial center, with various also reflected on the toponymy of the area, hitherto submerged by the waters and therefore completely devoid of any indication of the places. Unfortunately, only with the agrarian reform of 1952 was aimed at the hydraulic-agrarian arrangement and urban planning in addition to the post-earthquake reconstruction. The project, which began in 1952, involved the transformation of the land in Carruscino and the construction of the Laborer Village near Avezzano. From 1954 to 1956 the population of the plain increased by building other settlements. We should quote as an example the residential village near Trasacco, the completion of Borgo Ottomila and Borgo Strada 14 in the municipality of Celano, Borgo Incile, Borgo Via Nuova and Borgo Strada 10 and 40 del Fucino in the municipality of Avezzano, the rural village of Luco dei Marsi. At the beginning of the 60s a Borgo is added, now integrated in Ortucchio, where 27 families are housed that still lived in the shacks built after the earthquake of 1915. In this area the Telespazio Space Center which is fundamental for telecommunications worldwide has been located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]