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The purpose of the research is to determine main toxicological parameters in repeated intragastric administration of Altric-Extra for veterinary use to laboratory outbred rats.Materials and methods. White outbred rats were used as a test system in the study. The experiment used clinical, toxicological, biochemical and morphological research methods.Results and discussion. Altric-Extra doses of 325 and 650 mg/kg were toxic for the laboratory animals. When administered daily intragastrically to the rats in the above doses, the drug had a negative effect on the functional status of the hemopoietic organs, and excretory and digestive systems. The main target organ for this drug is the thymus. Functional disorders in the above organs and systems are irreversible as evidenced by the post-mortem examination, general blood analysis, and biochemical blood test obtained 10 days after the drug administration was completed.

Determination of the state of metabolism is an urgent problem in sports medicine. Biochemical and hematological blood parameters reflect the predominance of either anabolic or catabolic processes in metabolism, which depend on the intensity and duration of training. This study was conducted to determine the predominance of metabolic processes in 21 male rowing athletes (age, 22.55 ± 3.68 years; height, 189.62 ± 6.34 cm; and weight, 88.65 ± 8.55 kg). Monitoring of blood parameters and the level of intensity of training made it possible to establish a linear discriminant function, with which eight main blood parameters were determined for prediction of the metabolic state: creatinine (p < 0.001), uric acid (p < 0.001), urea (p < 0.001), testosterone (p < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001), albumin (p < 0.05), total calcium (p < 0.05), and total protein (p < 0.05). The reliability of the developed prediction of metabolic activity of athletes using linear discriminant functions was confirmed by a strong positive correlation (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) with the results of assessing the activity of the neuroendocrine system. The accuracy of determining the metabolic state was 91.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorella shows a wide spectrum of biological activity, in particular, it exhibits a pronounced antioxidant activity and demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiviral properties. A number of research works have been devoted to studying feed advantages of this unicellular green algae when used in the diets of livestock animals, but the possibility of including different Chlorella species in the diet of primates has not been practically studied. The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of replacing high-protein animal and vegetable feeds with Chlorella, to calculate the digestibility coefficients for the diet nutrients and the effect of algal dry and suspension forms on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in male rhesus monkeys. The data obtained during the experiment indicate that the inclusion of Chlorella in the diet both in the dry form and cell suspension improves nutrient digestibility. Thus, the digestibility of crude protein in the animals receiving algae suspension increased by 4.18% (p < 0.05), that of crude fat – by 4.70% (p < 0.01), crude fiber – by 4.14% (p < 0.05) and crude ash – by 12.32% (p < 0.001). The digestibility coefficients of crude protein in the primates receiving compound feed supplemented with Chlorella powder were higher by 6.83% (p < 0.001), those of crude fiber – by 4.78% (p < 0.05) and crude ash – by 18.93% (p < 0.001) The hematological study results indicate the absence of side effects from long-term Chlorella consumption by primates. The introduction of dry Chlorella into the diet increased blood glucose levels to the upper limit of the control values, while Chlorella suspension did not produce this effect. Thus, Chlorella can be successfully used as a component of a balanced laboratory diet for primates or as a feed additive.

A common method of modeling urolithiasis is the use of 1 and 0.75% ethylene glycol, or a combination of ethylene glycol with other lithogens, but too rapid progression of the disease and multiple organ toxicity have been reported. We developed a urolithiasis model in Sprague-Dawley rats, in which the animals received a relatively low concentration of ethylene glycol (0.5%), but for a long-term period (6 weeks) followed by animal observation during the 6-week recovery period. In urine samples, signs of the urolithiasis development were observed starting from the sixth week: the presence of ketones, decrease in diuresis and urine pH; in the blood, urea, protein, and hematocrit were elevated. However, no leukocytes were detected in the urine; in the blood, no shifts in differential leukocyte count and no elevation in ALT, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed, which indicates the absence of multiple organ failure while using 1% ethylene glycol. In addition, the animals receiving 0.5% ethylene glycol were followed up to 12 weeks in contrast to animals receiving 1% ethylene glycol (the experiment in this case was stopped during the third week for ethical reasons). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 287 patients were treated with various antiviral therapy options: group I – basic (pathogenetic and symptomatic) therapy, group II – pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, group III – pegylated interferon with ribavirin and sofosbuvir, group IV – direct-acting antivirals. Patients with chronic viral hepatitis C (CVHC) before the start of treatment showed a decrease in platelet counts, segmented neutrophils and an increase in level of lymphocytes, bilirubin content, alanine aminotransferase activity, aspartate, transferrinase (practice), with a comparison group (practically virus-free patients) The investigated integrative indicators suggest changes in the immune system of patients, in particular the prevalence of cellular immunity over the humoral link and the predominance of the autoimmune component. Patients with dual and triple PVT regimens had more pronounced changes compared to patients receiving DAAs.

Selenium derivatives have a multifaceted effect on blood biochemical parameters of various animal species. An increase in total protein and its fractions and a decrease in hepatic tension were noticed in the experiment. This showed the active role of selenium in the modulation of the biochemical response of the body to its introduction from the outside. The manifestation of the properties of the inorganic, organic and chelated forms of the microelement was tested on various types of mammals. It was of the same type, although in varying degrees, in rats, piglets and sows, calves and dairy cows. Selenopyran, an organic compound, had a more notable effect compared to an inorganic preparation and microelement-containing yeast. This phenomenon must be taken into account when growing a healthy animal under conditions of selenium deficiency in the biogeochemical provinces of the territory of Belarus and the western part of Russia. Thus, selenium preparations should take their place both in the process of growing a healthy productive animal, and in the practice of modern therapeutic veterinary medicine.

Biomarkers (various laboratory biochemical markers), such as natriuretic peptides (NP), soluble ST2 receptor, copeptin, galectin-3, are widely studied in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The European Society of Cardiology recommends the determination of blood NP level in suspicion of HF and its use as one of the mandatory diagnostic criteria for CHF with preserved and mid-range ejection fraction. Dynamics of NP concentration may be predictor of the effectiveness of the therapy and the necessity of the titration of the dose of HF drugs. Neprilyzin destroys NP, but does not destroy their precursors, including NT-proBNP. Therefore, it is necessary to use NT-proBNP as a marker of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis when using neprilysine inhibitors (sacubitril). ST2 is a protein receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33). The transmembrane ST2 (ST2L) binds to IL-33 and forms the IL-33/ST2L complex, which has a cardioprotective effect, prevents the development of myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis. The soluble ST2 receptor (sST2) is a “trap” for IL-33 and neutralizes the protective effects of the IL-33/ST2L complex, which leads to hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium, dilatation of the chambers and reduction of the contractility of the heart. It can be considered as a marker of unfavorable prognosis in heart failure, but it is not specific. Copeptin is a part of the arginine-vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, precursor which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CHF. Since arginine-vasopressin has a short half-life and is unstable outside the body, copeptin is being actively investigated. Its level increases during the CHF decompensation and relates with the functional class of CHF. A combined measurement of the concentration of copeptin and NP may improve the risk stratification in CHF patients. Galectin-3 is a peptide that stimulates the activation of fibroblasts and the development of fibrosis. It increases in CHF patients and is associated with the severity of the condition, systolic and diastolic LV dysfunction and prognosis. Currently, NP are the best biomarkers that can and should be used in routine clinical practice. To prove the need for widespread use of other biomarkers, additional research is needed.

Objective: The comparative study of nutrition index in healthy persons and TB patients, residents of different regions of Tajikistan and determination of the relationship between the degree of protein-energy insufficiency of the body and the transition of latent tuberculosis into an active form of the disease. Methods: Under surveillance were 390 healthy persons and 200 patients with active tuberculosis, residents of different regions of Tajikistan. Comparable groups by sex, age characteristics and geography of places of residence were quite representative. All observed healthy subjects were put a tuberculin sample intradermally with 2 TE of the drug "TUBERCULIN PPD" according to a standard procedure. The diagnosis of tuberculosis made based on clinical and radiological data, as well as the results of sputum microscopy and its study on the GeneXpertRIF apparatus. All observed persons (healthy and sick with tuberculosis) were subjected to biochemical blood tests and trophological status calculations using standard formulas. Results: A tuberculin sample showed that of the 390 observed persons, 260 (66.7%) had a negative response, while the remaining 130 (33.3%) had a different reaction to a different degree. The nutrition status only 17.7% of healthy individuals corresponded to the graduation of light undernourishment whereas among sick patients with tuberculosis the insufficiency of food revealed 77.0% of cases, including 43.5% – light, 27.0% – medium and in 6.5% – a serious degree. Examining of the presence of infection with MTB and malnutrition status among the survey revealed that of 69 people with mild malnutrition in 41 (10.5%), the results of the tuberculin sample were positive. Conclusion: Infection of MTB according to the tuberculin sample is detected in one third of adults used by the studied persons. Individuals with a combination of malnutrition and positive tuberculin test results are at risk for developing tuberculosis, and they should conduct a course of chemoprophylaxis and improve the quality of nutrition. The majority of tuberculosis patients showed malnutrition, which testifies the importance of this starting mechanism of transition from a latent to an active form of the disease.

Gastrointestinal tract diseases in dogs retain a leading position among other pathologies. At the same time, gastrointestinal parasites are among the most common pathogenic agents in dogs around the world and make a significant contribution to the development of severe gastroenteritis. Giardia sp. is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in many animal species around the world. Proven participation of Giardia sp. in the development of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, leading to malabsorption and developmental delay in young animals, and, as a result, a decrease in resistance and an increase in susceptibility to reinvasion by giardia and various infections. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the pathogenetic features of the effect of protozoa on the mucous membrane of the small intestine of dogs for the development and improvement of therapeutic regimens. In our work, the therapy of giardiasis in domestic dogs with Drontal plus reinvasion for 6 months was not observed. When treating dogs with giardiasis and cystoisosporosis, the main antiprotozoal drug (Drontal for giardiasis or Stop-Coccid for cystoisosporosis) + antibiotic Cobactan + Probiotic Pro-Colin + vitamin B complex (Milgamma), the dogs were restored 100% on the 30th day after the end of treatment. During long-term follow-up of patients with clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal tract malfunction (a change in the consistency of feces towards softening, refusal to feed, and vomiting) with the use of a prebiotic was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]