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Abstract Plant-mediated synthesized materials are receiving more attention than conventional ones due to their wide availability, ease of access, simple preparation methods, environmental benign, and possess superior physicochemical properties. In this work, plant extract-mediated CuO, Bi2O3, and CuO/Bi2O3 nanocomposite samples were successfully synthesized using bamboo leaves extract as a capping agent. These materials were utilized for the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye, which served as a model organic dye pollutant. The physicochemical characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and DRS-UV-vis spectrophotometry provide insight into the crystal structure, morphology, surface functional groups, and optical properties. These analyses confirm the effective formation of CuO, Bi2O3, and CuO/Bi2O3 materials. Surprisingly, upon calcination at 450 °C for 4 h, the color of the nanocomposite changed from pale green to gray greenish, providing evidence for the formation of the CuO in CuO/Bi2O3 nanocomposite. The photocatalytic optimization parameters such as pH (4), catalyst load (35 mg), irradiation time (180 min) and concentration of RhB (10 mg L−1) dye were investigated. By coupling CuO with Bi2O3 nanoparticles resulted in an improved photocatalytic property for the degradation of RhB dye under optimal conditions. As a result, CuO/Bi2O3 nanocomposite exhibited a significantly boosted photocatalytic degradation efficiency (95.6%) compared to pure CuO (40.2%) and Bi2O3 (80.5%) photocatalysts, with good reusability. For comparison purpose, the photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye using selected photocatalyst was evaluated under dark and sunlight systems. This eco-friendly approach holds great potential for synthesis new nanocomposite with modified properties, thereby enabling the practical application of high-efficiency photocatalysts. The plausible mechanism of the electrons and holes transfer was proposed.

In terms of environmental sustainability, this study represents a significant effort to utilize agricultural waste, specifically bamboo leaves, to extract valuable materials such as high-purity SiO2NPs. The Taguchi method was used to identify optimal extraction conditions to optimize the nano-silica extraction process. Our methodology involved determining the best-applying temperature for calcination at (700, 750, 800) C°, calcination time at (2, 3, 4) hrs., and sodium hydroxide concentration at (2, 3, 4) N (NaOH). The structural properties of the obtained (SiO2NPs) were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Analytical results revealed the extracted nano-silica powder at a burned temperature (700C°) for (4 hrs.), 4N NaOH was amorphous and had a purity (94.6 %), and the particle size of extracted (SiO2NPs) was 33-45 nm. Enhancing the value of agricultural waste, this study contributes to reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal, thereby supporting sustainable development goals and the circular economy. The findings offer new opportunities for using nano-silica in different industrial applications, maintaining an environmental balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesised nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention as a rapidly expanding category of materials with diverse applications. In this context, plants are widely acknowledged as a highly favourable option for green synthesis due to their adherence to the eco-friendly pathway of NPs biosynthesis. The objective of green synthesis is to reduce the utilisation of hazardous chemicals. The utilisation of silica (SiO2) NPs, synthesised from biomass as adsorbents, has shown great potential particularly in removing toxic materials from environment. When it comes to adsorbing water pollutants, functionalized SiO2 NPs are seen as potential option. However, certain functional group onto the surface of SiO2 NPs have higher affinity towards a particular pollutant. In this work, a simple and eco-friendly synthesis method (using waste bamboo leaves) have been utilised for production of SiO2 NPs. Further, a silylating procedure was used to functionalize SiO2 NPs with amine (A-SiO2) and carboxyl groups (C–SiO2) for determining adsorption capabilities towards anionic and cationic dyes i.e., Naphthol green-B (NGB) and brilliant green (BG). The adsorption mechanism has been discussed in view of different adsorption isotherm models. According to batch investigations, the functionalized SiO2 NPs showed different behaviour for dyes depending upon nature of dyes and the functional groups. The results of the study revealed that A-SiO2 NPs were having adsorption capacity of 122.10 mg/g for anionic dye (NGB) while C–SiO2 NPs showed adsorption capacity of 114.41 mg/g for cationic dye (BG). Additionally, these NPs exhibit good recyclability up to 5 cycles of reuse. Novelty of this study is the reduced energy needs for the green synthesis of the SiO2 NPs using bamboo leaves and the effect of different functional groups on the adsorption capacity of the NPs. Overall, this study provides a sustainable, and reusable approach for effective dye removal from wastewater, addressing both environmental and economic problems.

This paper describes a device known as a Single-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) that was used to generate bioelectricity from plant waste containing lignocellulosic components, such as bamboo leaves, rice husk and coconut waste, with various anodic chamber substrate compositions. The maximum power density among all assembled SMFCs was determined to be 231.18 μW/m2, generated by coconut waste. This model's bioelectricity production was enhanced by adding organic compost to the anodic chamber, which acts as a catalyst in the system. The maximum power density of 788.58 µW/m2 was attained using a high proportion of coconut waste (CW) and organic compost. These results show that the higher percentage of lignin in CW improved the bioelectricity of SMFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differences in the response of the leaves of different bamboo types to sudden snowfalls in winter were analyzed in order to provide scientific references for the introduction and cultivation of cold-resistant bamboo species and to provide new theoretical information on bamboo afforestation and disaster reduction. A total of nine bamboo species were selected to analyze the physiological and chemical changes in the leaves caused by a sudden snowfall. The results showed that sudden snowfall in winter led to a decrease in the moisture, soluble sugar, and starch contents in the leaves of all of the bamboo species analyzed, but there were increases in the contents of proline, MDA, and H2O2 and in the ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG. Both the enzymatic activities (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, DHAR, GPX, and GR) and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents (AsA and GSH) were increased after the snowfall, which indicated that the sudden snowfall caused an increase in the antioxidant abilities in the leaves of all bamboo species analyzed. Different bamboo species adopted different strategies for resisting the freezing damage caused by the sudden snowfall. The prevention and mitigation of snow disasters in winter can be scientifically carried out in bamboo forests according to their tolerance abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract [Figure: see text]In this study, the chemical and nutritional characteristics of the leaves of Bambusa balcooa and Oxytenanthera abyssinica bamboos, and the straws of AGRA and Amankwatia rice varieties were evaluated using three analytical methods; proximate analysis, detergent fiber analysis and in vitro gas production. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model procedures in Minitab Statistical Software at a 5% significant level. Results showed that the leaves of B. balcooa had the highest (P

During the dry and rainy seasons of the Northeastern Zone of Peru, a chemical characterization of five species of bamboo prevalent in the area (Guadua lynnclarkiae, G. takahashiae, Bambusa vulgaris, G. weberbaueri, and Dendrocalamus asper) was conducted. Then, the effect of supplementing bamboo leaves (0, 20, and 40% inclusion of D. asper) on the intake and live weight gain of 18 Gyr × Holstein heifers was evaluated for 28 days. Among the species evaluated, D. asper has the greatest crude protein (CP) concentration (158–166 g/kg Dry matter- DM), post-ruminal CP supply (127 g/kg DM), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (444–456 g/kg DM) but similar concentrations of crude ash (124 g/kg DM), calcium (2.4–2.8 mg/g), phosphorus (0.7–2.1 mg/g), protein fractions A, B1, B2, B3, C (45, 5, 35, 56, and 17g/kg DM, respectively), rumen-undegraded CP (31% CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 685g/kg DM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF, 357 g/kg DM) than the other species evaluated. Dry matter intake was higher in the control treatment and in the 20% bamboo leaf inclusion treatment than in the 40% bamboo inclusion treatment. Intake of CP and NDF decreased with the increase in bamboo inclusion. Despite the differences in DM, CP, and NDF intake, the live weight gain remained similar across treatments. However, there was a greater feed conversion in the 20% bamboo leaf inclusion treatment. During the dry season, bamboo leaves can be used as an alternative supplement at a maximum inclusion of 20% without affecting the live weight gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo has great economic values and is used extensively in many industries, and their natural distribution range was divided into 12 zones in China according to the temperature of their geographical distribution in previous works. Different bamboo species had significantly different abilities in low-temperature tolerance, which need to be considered carefully during ex-situ introduction. In this paper, we observed and evaluated the low-temperature damage of 19 bamboo species in winter, and measured the physiological changes of bamboo leaves. A total of 3060 leaf samples were obtained from 102 core collections in 34 bamboo species from the 5 regions of Chinese mainland for anatomical comparison, in order to screen out the key anatomical indicators related to their low-temperature tolerance and to establish a mathematical prediction model for bamboo introduction. The results showed that the low-temperature resistance of clustered bamboos was generally lower than that of the scattered bamboos. The decreased temperature led to the constant decrease of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, but the increase of soluble sugar content in all bamboo species. There was no dormancy for all bamboo species in winter. The temperate bamboos showed lower photosynthesis as compared to tropical bamboos in winter. The leaf shape of bamboos was closely related to their distribution. A total of 13 leaf indicators were screened and more suitable to estimate the low-temperature tolerant abilities of bamboos and to predict their distribution. The MNLR (multiple nonlinear regression) mathematical model showed the highest fitting degree and the optimal prediction ability in the potential northernmost introduction range of bamboos. This study lay a foundation for bamboo introduction, and could also reduce the economic losses caused by the wrong introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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IntroductionThe selection of appropriate plant species, particularly those tailored to supplement ruminants raised under agrosilvopastoral systems, remains a persistent challenge.ObjectiveIn a 30-day study, the feed intake, growth performance, and manure characteristics of West African dwarf (WAD) goats fed bamboo leaf supplement were evaluated. Materials and methodsA total of 30 animals with an average weight of 9.9 ± 0.21 kg were divided into a control group, and four bamboo-supplemented groups, following a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design. Each group had six animal replicates and received the following dietary treatments: T1 (control) – 400g of basal diet composed of 60% Megathyrsus maximus and 40% Bridelia ferruginea leaves per day; T2—basal diet composed of the T1 diet supplemented with 400 g of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro leaves per day; T3—basal diet composed of the T1 diet supplemented with 400 g of Bambusa balcooa (Beema) leaves per day; T4—basal diet composed of the T1 diet supplemented with 600 g of O. abyssinica (A. Rich.) leaves per day; and T5—basal diet composed of the T1 diet supplemented with 600 g of B. balcooa leaves per day. The data were analyzed using generalized linear model procedures in Minitab Statistical Software at a 5% significance level. ResultsThe results showed varied (p < 0.05) dry matter compositions spanning from 894.3 to 910 g/kg with the highest contents of crude protein (194 g/kg), nitrogen (31 g/kg), crude fibre (302 g/kg), ash (156 g/kg), acid detergent fibre (429 g/kg), and acid detergent lignin (3.6 g/kg) recorded for B. ferruginea. The leaves of Bambusa balcooa contained the highest neutral detergent fibre (481 g/kg) while M. maximus had the highest organic matter content (911 g/kg). Significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) was observed between the supplement type and the supplementation level, impacting various parameters including feed intake ranging from 398 g (T1) to 469 g (T3) per day, weight gain from 27 g (T1) to 72 g (T2) per day, feed conversion efficiency from 6% (T1) to 15% (T2), manure output from 241 g (T2) to 260 g (T5) per day, carbon- nitrogen (C: N) ratio from 9 (T2) to 20 (T5), faecal acidity levels from 4 (T1) to 5 (T4). Comparatively, higher daily dry matter intake was recorded for the animal groups fed the B. balcooa supplement than their counterparts fed the O. abyssinica supplement. However, the O. abyssinica supplemented groups were more efficient in converting feed to body weight, with feed conversion efficiency approximately 9% higher than the B. balcooa-supplemented groups. Furthermore, in general, the animal groups that received a daily supplement of 400 g gave higher feed efficiency, with performance approximately 3.2% higher compared to the groups receiving 600 g. Likewise, these groups displayed higher faecal N output while concurrently achieving a reduced C: N ratio, indicative of enhanced nutrient utilization and potential environmental benefits. ConclusionTo conclude, integrating 400 grams of bamboo leaves into animal diet can enhance basal diet consumption, accelerate animal growth, and yield manure akin to chemical fertilizers, making it a valuable strategy for bamboo-integrated agro-silvopastoral systems practitioners.

Fallen bamboo leaves (Bambusa bambos), hereinafter BL have been designed to be transformed into an efficient and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from wastewater with up to 95% scavenging ability. BL have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and zero point charge (pHzpc). The maximum adsorption capacity is 30 mg/g at pH 10. Physico-chemical parameters have been investigated concerning pH, contact time, initial concentration, and coexistent ions. Pseudo-second-order kinetics is followed best (R2 =0.999) signifying a chemisorption pathway. Besides, intra-particle diffusion plays a governing role in the film diffusion of crystal violet into the core of the adsorbent. Langmuir isotherm model fits best (R2=0.972) suggesting a uniform, monolayer, and homogeneous adsorption. Regeneration was successful with methanol (65%) and reusability was tested for three cycles and was found to retain activity up to 80%. Analysis of CV containing industrial effluent suggests that a 36.8% reduction is possible with BL. The effect of co-existent ions suggests little influence on the adsorption. Compared to other contemporary and relevant adsorbents, it can be concluded that BL can be exercised for the sustainable decontamination of CV-containing wastewater. Bambusa bambos, the giant thorny bamboo is an abundantly available plant throughout the year, has been successfully exercised using its fallen leaves to scavenge crystal violet, a cationic dye from water and wastewater. Up to 95% adsorption was noticed at ambient conditions, which when further extrapolated for industrial effluent analysis, shows a remarkable 36.8% decontamination/cycle. With an adsorption capacity of 30 mg/g, it enjoys an edge over contemporary phytosorbents. The process is free from any chemical treatment, green in nature, and sustainable. Abundant availability and economic viability allow an impactful application of fallen bamboo leaves for water and wastewater treatment in a lab-to-land sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are major active small-molecule compounds in bamboo leaves, which can be easily obtained from the bamboo leaves extraction residues (BLER) after the polysaccharides extraction. Six macroporous resins with different properties were screened to prepare and enrich isoorientin (IOR), orientin (OR), vitexin (VI), and isovitexin (IVI) from BLER, and the XAD-7HP resin with the best adsorption and desorption performance was selected for further evaluation. Based on the static adsorption experiments, the experimental results showed that the adsorption isotherm fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, and the adsorption process was better explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. After the dynamic trial of resin column chromatography, 20 bed volume (BV) of upload sample and 60% ethanol as eluting solvent was used in a lab scale-up separation, and the results demonstrated that the content of four flavonoids could be increased by 4.5-fold, with recoveries between 72.86 and 88.21%. In addition, chlorogenic acid (CA) with purity of 95.1% was obtained in water-eluted parts during dynamic resin separation and further purified by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). In conclusion, this rapid and efficient method can provide a reference to utilize BLER to produce high-value-added food and pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo leaves are a resource of cellulose fibers that can be further developed into value-added products. In this research, cellulose nanofibers were obtained from Tinwa bamboo leaves, and then chemically modified with (i) hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) and (ii) perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS). The modified nanofibers were then used as a hydrophobic biopolymer coating on paper, as an alternative to commonly used fossil-based coatings. Hydrophobicity in terms of surface and bulk properties of the coated paperboards was investigated. The results showed that the hydrophobic coatings obtained provided a high contact angle up to 141° and a decrease of water penetration speed during immersion up to 94% when using ultrasonic technique. The coated paperboards exhibited color difference values compared with an uncoated paperboard in the range of 0.4 to

BackgroundSustainable animal feeding is essential for reducing poverty among Ghanaian smallholder livestock farmers. However, seasonality has a severe impact on the availability and quality of conventional animal feedstuffs, necessitating alternate feed sources.ObjectiveThis study evaluated and compared the nutritional characteristics of the leaves of three bamboo species namely; Bambusa balcooa (Beema), Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro and Bambusa vulgaris; and three conventional types of grass, namely; Cenchrus purpureus, Megathyrsus maximus, and Brachiaria decumbens.Materials and methodsThe plant biomasses were subjected to the standard analytical procedures of proximate and detergent fiber systems to highlight their dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Other nutritional characteristics were estimated using the chemical compositions.Statistical analysisData was analyzed using Generalized Linear Model procedures in Minitab Statistical Software at a 5% significant level.ResultsResults showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher DM (~918 g/kgDM), CP (~153 g/kgDM), and EE (~153 g/kgDM) in B. vulgaris leaves. O. abyssinica leaves had the maximum ash (~139 g/kgDM) while those of M. maximus had the highest carbohydrate (~709 g/kgDM) and CF (~492 g/kgDM). Compared to the grasses, the bamboo had a higher pool of DM (~910 vs. 836 g/kgDM), CP (~133 vs. 75 g/kgDM), EE (~137 vs. 82 g/kgDM), ash (~134 vs. 89 g/kgDM), hemicellulose (~79 vs. 28 g/kgDM), dry matter intake (~25 vs. 24%), digestible dry matter (~58 vs. 53%), and relative feed value (~111 vs. 105). In contrast, the grasses had higher mean ADF (~461 vs. 402 g/kgDM), cellulose (~417 vs. 397 g/kgDM), and ADL (~5 vs. 0.4 g/kgDM).ConclusionThe study suggests that bamboo leaves could have high nutritional characteristics to supplement or even replace conventional grasses and other crop residues in the diets of ruminants, especially during the dry season.

Bamboo is regarded as one of the essential non-timber forest goods globally. Bamboo comes under the category of rapidly shooting up plants. It has a fast-growing rate. Bamboo and its parts are well-known for their multiple industrial uses, but a few decades of research have recognized their importance in various fields of science. The main aim of our study is on bamboo leaves due to their readily availabilty with the cost-effectiveness and act as sustainable feedstock in the pharmaceutical, food, and agriculture sectors. Furthermore, bamboo leaves have inherent potential sources like phytochemicals, polyphenols, nano-particles, etc. These bioactive components from the bamboo leaves play several roles as anti-oxidants, anti-carcinogens, anti-angiogenesis, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, etc., in various scientific fields. Various bamboo species like Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, Phyllostachys aurea, Bambusa arundinaceae, Dendrocalamus strictus(Roxb.), Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Pubescens,Phyllostachys pubescens. Gramineae etc. have been successfully used as a source for Tricin, silver nanoparticles etc. Therefore, bamboo leaves exhibit different combinations of characters. Although attention to studying bamboo leaves has increased, synergistic research is still limited. This shows that bamboo leaves and their beneficial properties can be enhanced for more innovative discoveries in the future. This paper gives an overview of the importance of bamboo leaves in the pharmaceutical, food, and agriculture sectors. Highlights Bamboo is regarded as a potential bioresource and has many bioactive components. The bioactive components such as anti-oxidants, anti-carcinogens, anti-angiogenesis, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, etc. can be utilized effectively from bamboo leaves Bamboo leaves exhibit different combinations of characteristics and can be utilized in pharmaceutical, food, and agriculture sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic potential of bamboos has acquired global attention. Nonetheless, the biological activities of the plants are rarely considered due to limited available references in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, the drying technique could significantly affect the retention and degradation of nutrients in bamboos. Consequently, the current study investigated five drying methods, namely, sun, shade, microwave, oven, and freeze-drying, of the leaves of six bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Dinochloa sublaevigata, Gigantochloa levis, and Schizostachyum brachycladum. The infused bamboo leaves extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, whereas their toxicities were evaluated through the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The chemical constituents of the samples were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The freeze-drying method exhibited the highest phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity yield, excluding the B. vulgaris sample, in which the microwave-dried sample recorded the most antioxidant and phytochemical levels. The TPC and TFC results were within the 2.69 ± 0.01–12.59 ± 0.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 0.77 ± 0.01–2.12 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g ranges, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) were 2.92 ± 0.01–4.73 ± 0.02 and 1.89–0.01 to 3.47 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high radical scavenging activities. The FRAP values differed significantly between the drying methods, within the 6.40 ± 0.12–36.65 ± 0.09 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g range. The phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities exhibited a moderate correlation, revealing that the TPC and TFC were slightly responsible for the antioxidant activities. The toxicity assessment of the bamboo extracts in the current study demonstrated no toxicity against the BSLA based on the LC50 (lethal concentration 50) analysis at >1000 µg/mL. LC-MS analysis showed that alkaloid and pharmaceutical compounds influence antioxidant activities, as found in previous studies. The acquired information might aid in the development of bamboo leaves as functional food items, such as bamboo tea. They could also be investigated for their medicinal ingredients that can be used in the discovery of potential drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines an alternative method for extracting silica from natural waste such as bamboo leaves (BL) via thermal combustion, followed by acid treatment and alkaline extraction. The physico‐chemical properties of extracted silica were studied by comprehensive characterization tools. FESEM revealed that extracted silica is highly porous and interconnected. EDX, XRD and FTIR study confirmed the purity, amorphous nature and functional groups of extracted silica. The major interest of this paper was to functionalize extracted silica with alginate and to optimize the parameters such as pH (at 5), and equilibrium time (60 min) for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data was fitted well in the pseudo‐second order model and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 54.35 mg/g. The favorability of the Langmuir isotherm suggested that the adsorption system was dominated by the monolayer adsorption process with uniform adsorption sites present on the surface. The morphological changes due to MB adsorption on prepared composites were authenticated by FTIR and DFT calculations. Therefore, the present investigation emphasizes the suitability of silica extraction from bamboo leaves waste over chemical precursors to synthesize adsorption composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we exploited an efficient method to release hemicellulosic polysaccharides (BLHP) from bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) leaves assisted by a small amount of phosphotungstic acid. Structural unit analysis proved that BLHP-A1 and BLHP-B1 samples possessed abundant low-branch chains in →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→ skeleton mainly consisting of Xylp, Manp, Glcp, Galp, and Araf residues. According to the results of the antioxidant activity assays in vitro, both of the two fractions demonstrated the activity for scavenging DPPH⋅ and ABTS+ radicals and exhibited relatively a high reducing ability compared to the recently reported polysaccharides. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of purified polysaccharides were evaluated against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in HepG2 cells. BLHP-B1 showed more activity for preventing damages from H2O2 in HepG2 cells by improving the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreasing the production of MDA as well as suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. This study implied that BLHP could demonstrate its attenuation ability for oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.

Due to their abundant macro and micronutrients, some leaves hold a lot of promise as potential forage plants for livestock. However, a major limitation is the high content of anti-nutritional factors that combine with nutrients and reduce their bioavailability. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the effect of processing on the chemical and nutrient composition of bamboo leaves. The leaves were subjected to four different physical processing methods; T1 (control, air drying), T2 (fermenting in an airtight bag for five days), T3 (soaking in ordinary water for 24 h), and T4 (soaking in warm water at 50 oC for 20 min). Fresh samples of the leaf were also analyzed on a wet basis (T5). Samples from respective treatment groups were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral constituents, anti-nutritional factors, vitamin C, flavonoids and antioxidant activities following standard procedures. The values obtained were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance using the generalized linear model of SAS. Although there was no significant effect of processing on ether extract and crude fiber, the crude protein content was significantly higher (P=0.05) for T3 and T4. The ash content was lowest (P=0.05) in T3 compared to other treatment groups. The fiber fractions (acid detergent lignin, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and cellulose) were highest (P=0.05) in T1 than other treatment groups. T1 had the lowest (P=0.05) for phosphorous and potassium. However, T2, T3 and T4 had similar (P>0.05) phosphorous and sodium compositions. The processing effect was not significant (P>0.05) on vitamin C, alkaloids, saponins, and tannin. However, the phytate was highest (P=0.05) in T1. The physical processing of bamboo leaves lowers the antinutrient appreciably without adversely affecting the proximate composition. Further, the high nutrient composition of bamboo leaves, irrespective of processing methods, attests to its potential as an important forage plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Mode-Cloning (MC) for the rapid assessment of the nutritional quality of bamboo leaves, the primary diet of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (Ailurus fulgens). To test the NIR-MC approach, we evaluated three species of bamboo (Phyllostachys bissetii, Phyllostachys rubromarginata, Phyllostachys aureosulcata). Mode-Cloning incorporated a Slope and Bias Correction (SBC) transform to crude protein prediction models built with NIR spectra taken from Fine–Ground leaves (master mode). The modified models were then applied to spectra from leaves in the satellite minimal processing modes (Course–Ground, Dry–Whole, and Fresh–Whole). The NIR-MC using the SBC yielded a residual prediction deviation (RPD) = 2.73 and 1.84 for Course–Ground and Dry–Whole sample modes, respectively, indicating a good quantitative prediction of crude protein for minimally processed samples that could be easily acquired under field conditions using a portable drier and grinder. The NIR-MC approach also improved the model of crude protein for spectra collected from Fresh–Whole bamboo leaves in the field. Thus, NIR-MC has the potential to provide a real-time prediction of the macronutrient distribution in bamboo in situ, which affects the foraging behavior and dispersion of giant and red pandas in their natural habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitria Cita Dirna,1 Istie Rahayu,1 Akhiruddin Maddu,2 Wayan Darmawan,1 Dodi Nandika,1 Esti Prihatini1 1Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia; 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Istie Rahayu Email istiesr@apps.ipb.ac.idIntroductions: Ultrasonication can be used to synthesize nanosilica from silica derived from betung bamboo sticks and leaves. This study aimed to synthesize nanosilica from betung bamboo sticks and leaves by the use of ultrasonication and to characterize the nanosilica produced.Methods: The main materials used in this study were bamboo sticks and leaves. Betung bamboo sticks and leaves were sun-dried and then burned separately without adding fuel to produce charcoal. Then the produced charcoal was burned at a temperature of 700°C for 6 hours in a furnace to produce ash. Silica was extracted from furnace ash using reflux methods. The production of nanosilica from the silica derived from the betung bamboo sticks and leaves was carried out using ultrasonication.Results: The yield of silica from sticks and leaves was based on ash dry weight 45.73% and 79.93%, respectively. The nanosilica derived from betung bamboo sticks had a particle size in the range of 169.87– 1479.50 nm, with an average size of 502.35 nm and a particle dispersion index value of 0.1420. Nanosilica derived from betung bamboo leaves had a particle size in the range of 234.49– 851.36 nm, with an average size of 472.67 nm and a particle dispersion index value of 0.0670. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that silica from betung bamboo sticks and leaves still agglomerated. The particle size of silica could minimize through ultrasonication to synthesize nanosilica.Discussions: X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of nanosilica differed from that of silica, and it appeared to be semicrystalline. The ultrasonication method for the synthesis of nanosilica derived from betung bamboo sticks and leaves ash can produce nanosilica that has a semicrystalline phase. The use of surfactants in the process can make the size of the nanosilica particles more uniform and reduce the size of the nanoparticles produced.Keywords: betung bamboo, bamboo sticks, bamboo leaves, nanosilica, ultrasonication

Abstract Sensitivity to bitter tastes provides animals with an important means of interacting with their environment and thus, influences their dietary preferences. Genetic variants encoding functionally distinct receptor types contribute to variation in bitter taste sensitivity. Our previous study showed that two nonsynonymous sites, A52V and Q296H, in the TAS2R20 gene are directionally selected in giant pandas from the Qinling Mountains, which are speculated to be the causative base‐pair changes of Qinling pandas for the higher preference for bamboo leaves in comparison with other pandas. Here, we used functional expression in engineered cells to identify agonists of pTAS2R20 (i.e., giant panda's TAS2R20) and interrogated the differences in perception in the in vitro responses of pTAS2R20 variants to the agonists. Our results show that pTAS2R20 is specifically activated by quercitrin and that pTAS2R20 variants exhibit differences in the sensitivity of their response to the agonist. Compared with pTAS2R20 in pandas from other areas, the receptor variant with A52V and Q296H, which is most commonly found in Qinling pandas, confers a significantly decreased sensitivity to quercitrin. We subsequently quantified the quercitrin content of the leaves of bamboo distributed in the Qinling Mountains, which was found to be significantly higher than that of the leaves of bamboo from panda habitats in other areas. Our results suggest that the decreased sensitivity to quercitrin in Qinling pandas results in higher‐quercitrin‐containing bamboo leaves to be tasting less bitter to them and thus, influences their dietary preference. This study illustrates the genetic adaptation of Qinling pandas to their environments and provides a fine example of the functional effects of directional selection in the giant panda.

Silicon is considered as the most promising candidate for anodes of next generation lithium-ion batteries owing to its natural abundance and low Li-uptake potential. Building a macroporous structure would alleviate the volume variation and particle fracture of silicon anodes during cycling. However, the common approaches to fabricate macroporous silicon are complex, costly, and high energy-consuming. Herein, bamboo leaves are used as a sustainable and abundant resource to produce macroporous silicon via a scalable magnesiothermic reduction method. The obtained silicon inherits the natural interconnected network from the BLs and the mesopores from the BL-derived silica are engineered into macropores by selective etching after magnesiothermic reduction. These unique structural advantages lead to superior electrochemical performance with efficient electron/ion transport and cycling stability. The macroporous Si@C composite anodes deliver a high capacity of 1,247.7 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 with a remarkable capacity retention of 98.8% and average Coulombic efficiency as high as 99.52% for the same cycle period. Furthermore, the rate capabilities of the Si@C composites are enhanced by conformal carbon coating, which enables the anode to deliver a capacity of 538.2 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 4.0 A g−1 after 1,000 deep cycles. Morphology characterization verifies the structural integrity of the macroporous Si@C composite anodes. This work demonstrated herein provides a simple, economical, and scalable route for the industrial production of macroporous Si anode materials utilizing BLs as a sustainable source for high-performance LIBs.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used as energy storage in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, graphite anode has low specific capacity and safety risks because of low operating voltage versus lithium metal which leads to battery explosion. Hence, porous siliconcarbon/nitrogen-doped graphene (Si-C/NG) composites are good candidate anode materials for the next generation LIBs. The Si-C can be derived from bamboo leaves through a calcination process and followed by magnesiothermic reduction with the various ratio of magnesium powder. To solve the low conductivity of Si-C, nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) was added by sonication to form porous Si-C/NG composites. In this report, the NG was confirmed to have graphene structure and the nitrogen content of 8.30% by Raman and XPS techniques, respectively. The phase formation of Si-C/NG was identified by XRD along with SAED patterns, which corresponded to silicon, carbon, and silicon carbide. SEM and TEM images showed the agglomeration of porous structure Si-C which was obtained together with the wrinkled paper-liked structure of NG. These composites were prepared as electrodes to study electrochemical properties including cycling stability and rate performance. Interestingly, the highest specific capacity around 500 mAhg-1 at 100 mAg-1 after 30 cycles was observed in the Si-C/NG-Mg0.3 electrode which was higher than commercial graphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the optimization of bamboo leaves as a source of silica for use in ceramics. Box Benhken design was used to study the interactions of three (3) variables namely: Temperature 400-700°C, Time: 2-7 h and Amount of bamboo leaves (BL) :2-6g. Optimal process level obtained was validated by confirmatory experiment. The silica obtained was characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The result of the Box Benhken design generated 17 experimental runs. The optimal level observed were: Temperature: 600°C, Time: 4.50h; and BL: 5g. The result via the lowest Loss of Ignition and silica from the validated experiment were analysed using XRD and SEM. The result of the XRD showed a highly reactive amorphous nano silica was observed from the optimal process levels with high Specific surface area (915.33 m2/g BET). Furthermore, result gotten from SEM showed agglomerated colloidal spheres of nano silica. It was observed that optimizing bamboo leaves is a viable process for converting a waste into a highly reactive silica for manufacture of ceramics.

This study describes a promising strategy coupled heteropolyacids and enzyme to saccharification of raw bamboo leaves biomass. High yield of saccharides is scalable using this coupling technology. The phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and xylanase are adopted in this catalytic system and performed to produce xylose and polysaccharides with potential high activity. 317.7 mg/g of total monosaccharides and 170.0 mg/g polysaccharides (48.7% yield of total saccharides) are achieved by H3PW12O40 under 150 °C for 2.0 h successively coupled 200 μL xylanase digesting for 7.0 h. The coupling strategy of heteropolyacids and enzyme could promote respective advantages because Brønsted acid sites in PTA could regularly degrade the hemicellulose and cellulose to generate smaller molecules and successively expose more reactive sites to enzymes. DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging activities and reducing power investigations further prove the polysaccharides exhibit strong antioxidant activity compared to the concentrated vitamin C. This method may aid in fast production of monosaccharides and bio-active polysaccharides for both of healthy medicine and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitivity to bitter tastes provides animals with an important means of interacting with their environment and thus, influences their dietary preferences. Genetic variants encoding functionally distinct receptor types contribute to variation in bitter taste sensitivity. Our previous study showed that two nonsynonymous sites, A52V and Q296H, in the TAS2R20 gene are directionally selected in giant pandas from the Qinling Mountains, which are speculated to be the causative base‐pair changes of Qinling pandas for the higher preference for bamboo leaves in comparison with other pandas. Here, we used functional expression in engineered cells to identify agonists of pTAS2R20 (i.e., giant panda's TAS2R20) and interrogated the differences in perception in the in vitro responses of pTAS2R20 variants to the agonists. Our results show that pTAS2R20 is specifically activated by quercitrin and that pTAS2R20 variants exhibit differences in the sensitivity of their response to the agonist. Compared with pTAS2R20 in pandas from other areas, the receptor variant with A52V and Q296H, which is most commonly found in Qinling pandas, confers a significantly decreased sensitivity to quercitrin. We subsequently quantified the quercitrin content of the leaves of bamboo distributed in the Qinling Mountains, which was found to be significantly higher than that of the leaves of bamboo from panda habitats in other areas. Our results suggest that the decreased sensitivity to quercitrin in Qinling pandas results in higher‐quercitrin‐containing bamboo leaves to be tasting less bitter to them and thus, influences their dietary preference. This study illustrates the genetic adaptation of Qinling pandas to their environments and provides a fine example of the functional effects of directional selection in the giant panda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One water-soluble neutral polysaccharides (NPs), with an average molecular weight of 5.77 × 103 Da, was isolated from bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) leaves and the yield was 10.2% based on weight of raw material. Successively, two fractions (NPs-A and NPs-B) could be obtained after being eluted by DEAE-Sepharose. Structural analysis indicated that NPs was formed by 1,4-β-linked xyl p backbone. Monosaccharide composition and methylation analysis suggested that glucose, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose constituted side chains with the molar ratio of 1.22:1.79:1.89:4.46 with the glycosidic linkages of →4)-Glc-(1→, →3,5)-Ara-(1→, →4)-Gla-(1→, →4)-Rha-(1 → and → 2,4)-Rha-(1→. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that NPs exhibited relatively high activity in a dose-dependent manner with the highest 85.9% DPPH and 99.78% ABTS free radical scavenging rate when the concentration was 4.0 and 3.0 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, NPs exhibited obvious growth inhibitory against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis when the NPs concentration was in range of 0.50–50.0 mg/mL. Therefore, we concluded that NPs from bamboo leaves could be used as a potential and natural bacteriostat and antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Low cost and high-performance electrode materials are essential for supercapacitor development and applications. Herein, this paper reports a cost-effective and easy-operation method to prepare hierarchical structural heteroatoms-doped carbon/copper oxide/cuprous oxide (CuOx@C) nanocomposites using a calcination process and a hydrothermal treatment. When waste bamboo leaves are converted into carbon materials, the unique hierarchical structures and inherent heteroatoms could be maintained. The hierarchical porous structures allow a short diffusion and facile ion-transfer of electrolyte ions to the active materials during the electrochemical reaction. The copper oxide/cuprous oxide nanoparticles are introduced by hydrolysis of copper ions. By controlling the reaction condition, copper oxide/cuprous oxide nanoparticles are dispersed in the carbon. The hybridization of carbon and metal oxide results in a combination of electrical double-layer capacitance and battery-like capacitance. The obtained CuOx@C composite exhibits an excellent specific capacitance of capacity of 147 F g−1 and a long cyclic life of 93% after 10000 cycles of charge-discharge when it is applied as a material for supercapacitor. This work provides a new approach for fabrication of metal oxide/carbon nanocomposites for application in energy storage. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • CuO/Cu 2 O oxide nanoparticles were hydrothermally synthesized on porous carbon derived from calcined waste bamboo leaves. • The obtained CuOx@C shows 147 F g−1 and maintained 93% after 10000 cycles. • CuO/Cu 2 O/carbon leads to a combination of electrical double-layer capacitance and battery-like capacitance. • This work provides a new approach for fabrication of metal oxide/carbon composites applying to energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the chemical constituents of six varieties of bamboo leaves by HPLC fingerprint data. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents of bamboo leaves of Bambusa textilis var. persistens B. M. Yang( Changsha bamboo). The similarity between the spectra of B. textilis var. persistens B. M. Yang and Phyllostachys heteroclada Oliver reached 0. 992, whereas that between B. textilis var. persistens B. M. Yang and Phyllostachys bambusoides cv. Lacrima-Deae was only0. 209. Eight constituents were identified by mass spectrometry. Most of them were flavonoids, the results accorded with the general law of bamboo leaves chemical constituents. Through the experimental course, the students can master the method of fingerprint analysis and understand the application of high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry( HPLC-MS) in studies on active constituents from natural products. The experimental content exhibits much higher maneuverability and is more practical. By learning this course, the students improved their understanding of the analysis methods of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dracaena surculosa and Gigantochloa albociliata leaves are different in morphology and appearance. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. NaOH is used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers, and this treatment is needed to identify the characteristics of leaves. This study was conducted in order to investigate the characteristics of D. surculosa and G.albociliata species under NaOH treatment. Methods: NaOH was applied to the leaves for 8 hours. Treated and untreated bamboo leaves were analysed using FTIR analysis, in order to identify the presence of functional groups in the leaves. Results: It was observed that these two species not only differ physically, but also chemically. The presence of OH, CH and alkynes functional groups in the leaf sample indicates that the species share similar properties but have a slight difference in the molecular bonds. From the morphological observation of D. surculosa and G. albociliata leaves, they are slightly different in terms of leaf appearance and characteristics. G. albociliata have thicker leaves compared to D. surculosa, and NaOH treatment shows that D. surculosa leaves are harder to dissolve into the solvent. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of these two species shows the initial structure of fibres in the leaves are intact but after NaOH treatment, the fibres are ruptured and appear in non-uniform shapes. Conclusions: The initial morphology of G. albociliata and D.surculosa is different in color and appearance. However after NaOH treatment, the color becomes almost the same. Regarding SEM analysis, after NaOH treatment the morphology of the bamboo leaves completely changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the process of hemicellulose removal had occurred during treatment. The results show that lignin has been removed by NaOH treatment to enhance the characteristics of the bamboo leaves from different species.

In order to find bamboo leaves with high contents of bioactive polysaccharides, 32 samples were chosen to analyze their polysaccharide content by GC and sulfuric acid-anthrone colorimetric assays. Purified polysaccharides (BLPS) were separated from the four varieties P. nigra (Lodd.) Munro (PN), P. vivax McClure (PV), Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Fenzi) Makino (CQ), and P. bambussoides cv. Tanakae (PB) by ultrasound extraction, solution precipitation, ion exchange resin, DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. BLPS structural characterization was accomplished by HPLC-GPC, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and NaIO4-HIO4 oxidation reactions. The results showed that the total polysaccharides of the bamboo leaves in samples 1–32 ranged between 1.4% and 5.4%, Samples No. 29–No. 32 (PN, PV, CQ, and PB) contained 2–3 fold more polysaccharides than No. 1~No. 28 among the 32 different species, particularly the content of galactose was in a range of 21.5%–34.1% for these four typical bamboo species leaves, which was also more than 2–3 fold higher than in No. 1–No. 28. Sugar analysis indicated that PN-PBLPS-1, PV-PBLPS-1, CQ-PBLPS-1 and PB-PBLPS-1 from the four varieties were homogeneous polysaccharides with molecular weights of 2.04 × 104, 1.15 × 104, 8.75 × 104 and 1.48 × 104 Da, respectively. PB-PBLPS-1 was a mixture of α-galactopyranose and β-d-glucopyranose linkages with α-(1→6) or β-(1→6)glycosidic bonds, while PN-PBLPS-1, PV-PBLPS-1, and CQ-PBLPS-1 had α galactopyranose linkages with α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds.

Graphical abstract Abstract Supercapacitor performance is reported for manganese silicate hybridized carbon materials (MnSi-C) that is derived from natural bamboo leaves. The in-situ generated manganese silicate is in good distribution by a simple hydrothermal treatment without the addition of another controlling agent. We also study the performance of MnSi-C as a single electrode and a cathode for fabrication of asymmetric supercapacitor device with a Ni(OH) 2 anode. Remarkably, the single electrode MnSi-C-3 delivered a capacity of 162.2 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. The cyclic performance of single electrode MnSi-C-3 maintains high capacitance retention of 85% after 10,000 cycles of charge-discharge. By assembled MnSi-C-3 with Ni(OH) 2 , the asymmetric supercapacitor device shows a capacity of 438.5 mF cm−2 at a scan rate of 4 mA cm−2. The device exhibits an optimal electrochemical performance with an energy density of 3 mWh cm−3 (24.6 Wh kg−1) and power density of 130.4 mW cm−3 (604.8 W kg−1). A reasonable mechanism of in-situ generated manganese silicate on the surface of carbon is proposed based on the experimental data and existed theories. This MnSi-C nanocomposite proves to be a promising electrode material for high energy supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present study aims to establish a relatively cheap and effective method for preparation of ester of flavone isolated from bamboo‐leaf extracts. According to this method, the solubility of bamboo leaf extract in a lipid medium could be improved, which would expand the utilization of bamboo leaf extract. Acylation of flavone with oleic acid was efficient in a system containing dried tert‐amyl‐alcohol and molecular sieves. The bioconversion yield ranged from 24 to 63% in different conditions. the type of fatty acids, the amount of the lipase, water content and temperature of the system were investigated in detail to influence on the performance of the acylation reaction. High purity of ester (>95%) was obtained by a two‐step solvent purification procedure and chromatographic separation. Followed by the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis, single product of 6′′‐O‐oleate isoorientin ester was detected. Introducing an acyl group into isoorientin significantly improved its lipophilicity yet slightly reduced their antioxidant activity, while its antioxidant activity still significantly better than VE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs), known as environmentally benign "green" solvents, were developed as an optimal solvent for the green extraction and separation field. In this paper, an ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (IL-UAE) of flavonoids (FVs) from bamboo leaves of Phyllostachys heterocycla was developed for the first time. First, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim] Br), with the best extraction efficiency, was selected from fifteen ionic liquids with diverse structure, like carbon chains or anions. Then, the influencing parameters of ionic liquid (IL) concentration, liquid-solid ratio, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic power, were investigated by single factor tests, and further optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). In the optimization experiment, the best conditions were 1.5 mol/L [BMIM]Br aqueous solution, liquid-solid ratio 41 mL/g, ultrasonic time 90 min, and ultrasonic power 300 W. Furthermore, the microstructures of bamboo leaves and the recovery of FVs and [BMIM]Br were also studied. Therefore, this simple, green and effective IL-UAE method has potentiality for the extraction of FVs from bamboo leaves for the large-scale operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic acids and flavonoids in bamboo leaves are of great importance for their functional attributes, but they can hardly be separated simultaneously. In this study, zirconia was prepared and applied as a potential absorbent for simultaneous separation of these phenolic compounds. Three phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid) and two flavonoids (isoorientin and orientin) were isolated at the same time. The influence of bamboo leaves extraction conditions, zirconia calcination temperatures, desorption conditions and absorption/desorption dynamics on the separation were further investigated. When zirconia-400 (calcined at 400 °C) was treated with 70% ethanol extract of bamboo leaves for 40 min followed by desorption with 70% acetic acid solution for 60 min, the recovery of three chlorogenic acids and two flavonoids was about 65%. To conclude, the concise method developed here may provide a new way for simultaneous separation of phenolic acids and flavonoids from various plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the effects of solvents on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves extracts, the contents of seven common phenolic compounds in the extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their influences on the antioxidant activity were investigated by correlation analysis. The results indicated that total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids compounds and total phenolic acids of bamboo leaves extracts were mainly affected by neochlorogenic acid and isoorientin in both methanol and ethanol series, and solvent of high organic solvent or water was beneficial for the extraction of flavonoids and phenolic acids, respectively. Isoorientin showed higher correlation with the antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves extracts than other flavonoids in both methanol and ethanol series, whereas neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid displayed higher correlations with the antioxidant activity than other phenolic acids in methanol and ethanol series, respectively. The current observation implied that the effects of solvents on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of plant extracts may result from the corresponding changes of high-content phenolic components; and the combination of HPLC analysis and correlation analysis may be helpful to elucidate the effects of different extraction conditions on the phenolic composition and activity of plant extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skincare industry has lately changed consumers' attitudes that seek more environmentally friendly ingredient to ensure a healthier lifestyle. The current formulated skincare products used synthetic chemical ingredients which might be harmful to human health and environment. Synthetic ingredients in skincare products can be harmful to consumers that causes skin irritations, dry, allergies, asthma, cancer and potentially interfere with the natural functioning of the endocrine system by imitating or inhibiting hormones. Nowadays, the interest starts to incline towards formulated skincare products using natural plant-based ingredients. The health benefits obtained from natural plant-based ingredients include antioxidative, anti-microbial, anti-aging, photoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study reviewed the potential of essential oils (EOs) from Bambusa vulgaris , mostly abundant crop around the world as a potential alternative to synthetic ingredient in skincare products. EOs have strong odor and it composed of alcohol, aldehydes, esters, ether, ketones, phenols, terpenes, oxides, saturated and unsaturated mixture of hydrocarbon. EOs derived from B. vulgaris (BLEOs) extract possess diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and anti-aging effects that make it suitable to be used as an active ingredient in formulation of skincare products. The antioxidant properties are crucial in skincare products to prevent oxidation of the skincare ingredients, while the antimicrobial properties maintain the quality of the skincare. Hence, this paper highlights the effectiveness of BLEOs extract in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity as a skincare product. • BLEOs can be an effective ingredient to formulate new green skincare products. • BLEOs can play many roles as antioxidant and antimicrobial. • BLEOs could replace synthetic compounds in skincare products. • Plant-based ingredients are safer alternative as a new ingredient for skincare formulation. • The abundances of B. vulgaris could reduce the cost of skincare product production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorescent carbon based materials have wide medical applications due to their less toxicity, and other attractive properties. Bamboo leaves are an interesting alternative precursor for fluorescent carbon synthesis. They have a good prospect as sustainable raw materials. The synthesis of fluorescent carbon from bamboo leaves by partial oxidation is performed at an optimum temperature of 300°C. Its photoluminescent property is measured by a spectrofluorometer. It shows a wavelength emission at 425 nm - 475 nm. The fluorescent carbon obtained has nanoparticles of the size about 4 nm based on the analysis using atomic force microscopy. It shows a peak at 22,7° by X-Ray diffractometer powder analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes an environmentally friendly process for chlorophyll extraction from bamboo leaves. Shaking water bath and ultrasound cleaner are adopted in this technology, and the influence of temperature of the water bath and ultrasonic cleaner is evaluated. Results indicated that there is an optimal condition for maximal yield of chlorophyll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are attractive and promising energy storage devices due to the large theoretical energy density (2600 Wh kg −1 ) and natural abundance of sulfur. However, several intrinsic drawbacks hamper broader application, for example, the poor conductivity, serious shuttle effect, as well as large volume expansion. In this work, hierarchical porous carbon materials (HPCMs) are prepared from natural bamboo leaves by carbonization and HF etching. The biogenetic SiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) with abundant mesopores in the carbonized bamboo leaves are etched by HF producing hierarchical meso-/microporous carbon that can be exploited to load sulfur on the nanoscale. The HPCMs/S composite loaded with 70.26 wt. % sulfur shows a high initial discharge capacity of 1487 mAh g −1 at a rate of 0.05C (1C = 1675 mA g −1 ) and the capacity of 707 mAh g −1 is maintained at 1C for over 200 cycles with a capacity decay of only 0.014% per cycle. When the current density is increased from 0.2 to 4C, 62.3% of the capacity is retained, suggesting good rate capability and promising application to advanced Li-S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves is growing. To discover new sources of natural antioxidants, a TLC bioautography method combined with a new image processing method was developed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from 15 different species of bamboo. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Bambusa. textilis McClure possessed the highest antioxidant activity among the selected bamboo species. To rapidly identify the antioxidant compounds, the crude extract of B. textilis McClure was analysed by HPLC-UV, and HPLC-micro-fractionation of the extract was carried out. Based on TLC bioautography-guided fractionation, three antioxidant fractions were isolated from B. textilis McClure by preparative chromatography. These three antioxidant compounds were identified as isoorientin 4''-O β-D-xylopyranoside (1), isoorientin 2''-O-α-L-rhamnoside (2) and isoorientin (3) according to their UV, MS, and NMR data. The proposed TLC screening method could therefore be an easy way to evaluate the antioxidant activity of bamboo leaves, and the results achieved should prove very helpful for promoting their utilization, as B. textilis McClure can be considered a promising plant source of natural antioxidants.

This paper provides an applicable approach to identifying flavonoid compounds from bamboo leaves extracts, based on the use of the powerful Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization source in combination with hybrid Ion Trap and high-resolution Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-(ESI)-IT-TOF/MS). The strategy involves four procedural steps including searching flavonoid components based on an ultraviolet spectrum scan, getting the accurate mass of flavonoid components parent ion, retrieving the corresponding formula by software, and speculating as to the chemical structure according to mass spectrum decomposition rules. The presently developed methodology has been well proven to be useful and valuable by successful application to the identification of flavonoid components from Dendrocalamopsis oldham leaves. All of the 13 flavonoid components detected have been successfully identified by this approach, except that it failed to confirm 3 flavonoid component chemical structures. The calibration curves of two flavonoid components (orientin and vitexin) that had been identified in bamboo leaves showed a good linear fit (R2≥0.9998) in the concentration range of 6.25 to 200 mg/L. The limits of detection (LOD) were less 0.02 mg/L (S/N=3), and the estimated limits of quantification (LOQ) were less 0.06 mg/L (S/N=10). Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 1.04 and 1.82%, respectively.