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Objective: This study aims to evaluate ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation versus conventional digital palpation techniques in terms of first-trial success, number of attempts, intervention time, and complication rates. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective, randomized, controlled study. The study included 44 patients and divided into two groups: Group US (ultrasound guided cannulation group) and Group P (palpation cannulation group). Demographic data and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded. Procedure time, number of cannulas used, success rate on the first attempt, complications and number of attempts were analyzed in both groups. Results: Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients were similar between the groups. In the ultrasound-guided cannulation group, the cannulation time was significantly shorter (p=0.023), the success rate on the first attempt was higher (p=0.042), the number of cannulas used was lower (p=0.030), and the number of attempts was lower (p=0.039) compared to the palpation method. However, complication rates were similar between both groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation is superior to digital palpation with higher first-trial success, shorter procedure time, and less cannula use. The results support the standardization of ultrasound-guided cannulation in larger populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mother Tongue Education / Ana Dili Egitim Dergisi is the property of Journal of Mother Tongue Education / Ana Dili Egitim Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Çalışmada deyimlerin öğretiminde dijital öykü kullanımının başarıya etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Karma yöntemin kullanıldığı araştırmanın nicel boyutunu tek gruplu öntest-sontest deneysel desen, nitel boyutunu ise olgubilim çalışması oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma grubu, 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında Nevşehir ilindeki bir ortaokulun 7. sınıfında öğrenim gören 22 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama araçları olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen deyimlere ilişkin başarı testi ve yapılandırılmış bireysel görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sürecinde 7. sınıf Türkçe ders kitabında uygulama dönemine denk gelen metinlerde tespit edilen 26 deyim araştırmacıların hazırladığı öykülerde işlenmiş, son olarak hazırlanan öyküler dijital öykü biçimine getirilmiştir. Öntest ve sontest olarak deyimlere ilişkin başarı testi uygulanmıştır. Bu süreç içerisinde yapılandırılmış bireysel görüşme formu aracılığıyla çalışmaya ilişkin nitel veriler toplanmıştır. Uygulama bitiminden 3 hafta sonra ise kalıcılık testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen nicel verilerin analizi sonucunda dijital öykülerin deyim öğretimindeki başarıyı artırdığı ve öğrenmede kalıcılık sağladığı ve nitel verilerin analizi sonucunda ise dijital öykülerle deyim öğretiminin öğrenciler tarafından eğlenceli, kolaylaştırıcı ve öğretici birer etkinlik olarak görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir.

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Education is the property of Pamukkale University Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Instructional Technology & Lifelong Learning is the property of Instructional Technology & Lifelong Learning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education / Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Mersin University Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Buca Faculty of Education Journal / Buca Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Buca Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education is the property of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Issues (JOHTI) is the property of Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Issues and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Higher Education & Science / Yüksekögretim ve Bilim Dergisi is the property of Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Buca Faculty of Education Journal / Buca Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Buca Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science / Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science / Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a globalizing world, social imbalance has led to significant socio-economic differences between societies and countries. One of the indicators of this social imbalance is inequality in family income. This inequitable distribution of income has a negative impact on students' school life. Because students are fed, clothed and live according to their family income. The aim of this study is to examine the opinions of classroom teachers about the Ministry of National Education's "Free Meal Project for 5 Million Students". The research was designed according to the case study within the qualitative research approach. Thirteen classroom teachers who were selected according to the criterion sampling method participated in the study. The data in the study were obtained using a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. The data obtained from the research were interpreted by content analysis method using NVivo 9.2 computer package program. Accordingly, it was revealed that the project provided equal opportunities among students, the meals increased the appetite of the students, the project provided students with the habit of eating a balanced diet, communication between the students increased while eating, and the students were happy. On the other hand, it was revealed that there was a lack of personnel related to the project, some schools did not have cafeterias, school administrations were not sufficiently informed about the spending of school funds, some meals were not liked by students and there was a lack of supervision related to the project. As a solution, it was revealed that cafeterias should be built in schools and existing areas should be designed as cafeterias according to the characteristics of students, personnel should be employed in schools and tenders should be made by higher institutions. Various suggestions were made according to the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the perception of spirituality of business people in business life, the effect of spirituality on their success in business life and the role of spirituality in the relations of business people with both their employees and customers. In the research, phenomenological design, which is one of the qualitative study methods, was used and semistructured questions were prepared and directed to the participants in order to reach the necessary data in line with the purposes of the research. The population of the research consists of business people in Ankara. The sample of the study consists of 10 business people, 5 women and 5 men, in the furniture, energy, education and construction business lines. In terms of educational status, 2 of the business people participating in the study are secondary school graduates, 5 are high school graduates and 3 are university graduates. By making one on one interviews with the participants, the role of spirituality on their daily activities, the decisions they make at work, their relations with their employees and customers, and their success in business life was tried to be determined. Within the scope of the research, answers were sought to the following questions: What does spirituality mean in business life? What is the role of spirituality on success in business life? What is the place of spirituality in the perspectives of their employees and customers? The one on one interviews lasted between 30 minutes and 1 hour. Before the interview, the participants were informed that the interview would be recorded and their names would be kept confidential. The recordings of the two interviews with the participants were subscribed and subjected to content analysis. The research data were first coded and then the themes were determined. Finally, the data were defined and interpreted. With these data, the effect of spirituality on success in business life has been tried to be understood. The findings of this research emphasize that spirituality plays an important role in success in business life. It has been reached that business people define spirituality as the bond established with God. It has been determined that business people attribute their success to helping other people in their lives, that is, to giving zakat, to praying under all kinds of conditions, and to surrendering to the transcendent. It was concluded that the participants believed that when they gave zakat regularly, Allah would bless their work and protect their possessions. It has also been observed that trhey have the belief that their prayers make them successful in business life and that surrendering to the transcendent after doing their best will protect them under all circumstances. In the study, it has been found that prayer worship is also a means of peace in the individual soul and is effective in exhibiting positive behaviors in social terms. It has been determined that spirituality plays an important role in the attitudes and behaviors of business people towards their customers and employees. The findings of the study can be helpful when preparing the contents of spiritual empowerment/care programs to be carried out especially for young people who lack experience in the psychology of religion. What young people lack is experience. If the spiritual elements that play an important role in the success of business people are taken into account in spiritual care/empowerment programs, the program to be realized may be more beneficial. In addition, the findings of the research may be useful in studies to be carried out within the scope of organizational spirituality, especially in spiritual empowerment/care programs for managers. The importance of spiritual elements on success in business life can be shared with the managers with the spiritual care / empowerment program to be carried out by taking into account the research findings. In addition, by emphasizing the importance of spiritual elements in relations with both employees and customers, it can contribute to the strengthening of social relations in business life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of leadership has become a concept that attracts more and more attention with each passing day. Leadership is one of the most researched subjects in organizational literature, management discipline and many other fields. It is recognized that leadership is crucial for key organizational issues such as performance, as well as many other individual, group, and organizational indicators. The concept of leadership always includes a mystical meaning. It is thought that leaders are very different people from other people and have different characteristics. Because of this, it is believed that they are more competent and impressive than other people. However, many studies have shown that leaders do not consist of only positive, ideal characteristics. They even have some dysfunctional dark sides. Because of these aspects, they sometimes experience difficulties in bringing themselves and their organizations to success. The phenomenon of dark leadership has been tried to be expressed with many concepts in the literature. However, in essence, dark leaders are leaders who are characterized by the pursuit of power, success, and control, and are able to deftly use tools of psychological manipulation and control over others. This study was conducted with the motivation to better understand this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics (IJESIM) is the property of International Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics (IJESIM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nitelikli futbol antrenörleri, genel olarak futbolun ve özel olarak elit futbolun gelişimi için büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Araştırmalar, elit sporda uzman antrenörlüğün geliştirilmesinin aracılı, aracısız ve içsel öğrenme durumlarını içeren karmaşık bir mesele olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu öğrenme durumlarının antrenörlerin öğrenme yollarında ne ölçüde ve hangi şekillerde bir araya geldiği daha az nettir. Bu makalenin amacı, elit futbol antrenörlerinin öğrenme yollarını ve başarı durumlarını mesleki gelişim süreçlerini inceleyerek, bu soruya yanıt vermektir. Araştırmanın yöntemi için, FIFA ve UEFA tarafından organize edilen futbol turnuvalarında başarılı olmuş 24 elit futbol baş antrenörünün uzmanlığına giden yolları hakkında yapılan nitel araştırmaya, doküman analizi temel oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın modeli olarak Miles ve Huberman modeli kullanıldı. Araştırma için 90’lı yılların başından itibaren, modern futbol ile birlikte üstün başarılar kazanmış 24 elit futbol antrenörü seçildi. Elit futbol antrenörlerinin mesleki kariyerlerinin zirve noktasında kazandıkları başarıları baz alındı. Sonuç olarak, elit teknik direktörlerin gelişim ve öğrenme yolları içerisinde deneyimin önemli olduğu görüldü. Futbolcu kariyerinin uzun ve başarılarla bütünleşik olmasının, teknik direktörlük mesleki gelişimine ve antrenörlük bilgisine olumlu etkisi olduğu anlaşıldı. Elit futbol antrenörlüğünün teknik, taktik, fiziksel ve zihinsel öğrenmenin devam ettiği bir süreç olduğu belirtildi.

This study aimed to examine the effect of competition orientation preferences on achievement motivation among team athletes. The sample of the study consisted of 148 female (X age=19.83±2.14) and 171 male (X age=20.87±2.07) athletes in total 319 (X age=20.32±3.45) competing in 2nd league team sports (football, basketball, volleyball, handball) in the 2022-2023 season. In the data collection part of the study, the "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researcher, the "Competition Orientations Scale" adapted into Turkish by Gözmen Elmas and Aşçı (2021) and the "Sport Achievement Motivation Scale" Sports Achievement Motivation Scale adapted into Turkish by Tiryaki and Gödelek (1997) were used. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between athletes' competition orientations and their multidomain determination, and a regression test was used to determine the effect. The results showed a positive and moderate relationship between cooperation (p<.000; r=0.456) and conflict (p<.000; r=0.320), which are sub-dimensions of competition orientation and achievement motivation in team athletes. It was determined that cooperation and conflict orientations had a positive effect on the motivation to show power, becoming successful, and avoiding failure among team athletes. These statements can be interpreted to mean that team athletes tend to provide achievement motivation and win when they exhibit a tendency to defeat their opponents or act as a team in the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education / Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Mersin University Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Tasavvur: Tekirdag Theology Journal / Tekirdag Ilahiyat Dergisi is the property of Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty / Erzincan Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erzincan University Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty / Erzincan Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erzincan University Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science / Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of INES Journal: The Journal of International Education Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty is the property of Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is based on the research related to regional integration attempts in Latin America and their effect on the economic development of Latin American countries. Recent analyses clarify that the US’ intervention in the politics of Latin America has been the main obstacle of the regional integration process. Most importantly, political fragmentation of the countries in the region affects the success of the organizations that are formed for the regional integration. This is especially visible in the political processes of the countries such as economic crises in Argentina, political instability in Venezuela and increasing migration to the US from Latin American countries. Notable studies reveal that despite the regional integration efforts, the economic benefits to the region has been limited compared to the benefit of the global economic powers. Different from the current literature, this paper focuses on the internal dynamics of Latin American countries. In this respect, this paper investigates the effect of the regional integration attempts for the economic development of the countries in Latin America. In this regard, the rational state behaviour was found as an important element to explain in relation to the Latin American integration attempts. With a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, this paper aims to reveal the success of regional integration attempts in Latin America with the cases of Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and Andean Community (CAN). The main argument of this paper is that increasing economic cooperation and creating a reconstruction model with a financial assistance to the less developed countries in the region have led to a regional economic development in cohesion with the policies of the regional powers of Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Advanced Education Studies is the property of Journal of Advanced Education Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences is the property of Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Education Technology & Scientific Researches is the property of Ayse Burcu Ulusoy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the students' strategy preferences and to explore the relationship between the language learning strategies of the students and their academic achievement in language skills. The research was conducted with the participation of 405 (F=162, M=243) preparatory program students of a school of foreign languages at a state university in Turkey. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the Turkish version of the Strategy Inventory of Language Learning for English Language Learners Student Form (SILL-ELL Student Form) adapted by Ardeshava and Tretter (2013) was used to gather data. As a result, students use metacognitive and social strategies, among indirect strategies, more than other strategy categories. Further, it was found that students use strategies moderately and there is female superiority in using language learning strategies. In addition, some sub-categories of language learning strategies have an impact on achievement in skills and some measures of the language achievement test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]