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Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis, and its natural inhibitors are receiving increasing attention. Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil (RDEO), as important functional metabolites, was widely known due to its biological activities. But its tyrosinase inhibitory activity has not been detailed investigated. Therefore, in this paper, RDEO was comprehensively investigated the tyrosinase inhibitory, followed by the phytochemical composition analysis. Activity screening results showed that RDEO exhibited effective anti-tyrosinase activity and was a reversible and mixed-type inhibitor. CD assay results revealed that RDEO could affect the conformation of tyrosinase to reduce the activity. In B16F10 cells, RDEO (25-100 µg/mL) could inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity and decrease melanin content. Finally, GC-MS analysis of RDEO found that citronellol (21.22%), geraniol (14.1%), eicosane (11.03%), heneicosane (6.65%) and 1-nonadecene (5.16%) were its main phytochemical compositions. This study provided data support for Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil as one potential natural tyrosinase inhibitor and its applications in cosmetics and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caneeracone A (1), a new chalcone derivative, together with three known compounds (2–4), was isolated from the seeds of Persea americana Mill. (buccaneer avocado). The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compound 1 exhibited a potent tyrosinase activity with an IC50 of 38.29 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxy-aporphine) has been defined as the major alkaloid in Chilean boldo tree. Besides its diverse pharmacological activities, e.g. neuroprotective, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory activities, boldine also exhibits tyrosinase-inhibiting effect. Tyrosinase [EC 1.14.18.1] is well known as a bifunctional enzyme that is responsible for the melanin biosynthesis. Considering the diphenolic structural feature of the alkaloid, which is associated with its tyrosinase inhibitory properties, herein we first modified the boldine core and then linked it with the natural phenolic antioxidants such as: caffeic-, ferulic- and sinapic acids. Furthermore, the newly amides were tested in vitro on the mushroom tyrosinase. Our results indicated, that amongst the tested boldine derivatives, caffeoyl- and feruloylamides have shown the anti-tyrosinase activity closely correlated with a hydroquinone, used as a standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrosols that originate from various aromatic botanical sources in natural or organic settings contain a spectrum of fragrant compounds, which can be extracted from leaves, stems, peels, flowers, and roots. These compounds are known to exhibit diverse medicinal properties. However, there is limited research on hydrosols extracted from Camellia japonica branches, specifically in terms of their potential to inhibit tyrosinase. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of these hydrosols and their effects on inhibiting tyrosinase. Hexamethyl-cyclotrisiloxane (38.1%) and vanillin (25.3%) were identified as the primary constituents in the hydrosol through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The inhibitory effects of the hydrosol, in comparison with the positive control arbutin, were evaluated against mushroom tyrosinase, revealing significant tyrosinase inhibitory properties for both the hydrosol and arbutin. Furthermore, in the presence of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, the hydrosol notably diminished melanogenesis, resulting in a substantial reduction in melanin production. Genetic and protein analyses were conducted to uncover the mechanisms behind the hydrosol's inhibition of tyrosinase and reduction of melanin. The results suggest that the hydrosol may effectively shield melanocytes from detrimental factors associated with tyrosinase-related proteins. The anti-tyrosinase activity of the hydrosol indicates its potential for promoting skin lightening.

Natural products from plants have the potential to exert antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities and have been widely used as ingredients in cosmetics, medicines, or supplementary food. Several types of secondary metabolites from the Citrus genus have been reported to exhibit interesting biological activity. Due to this lack of studies and biological activity of compounds from related species, it was considered important to investigate Citrus grandis Linn. (Tubtim Siam Pomelo) to be studied. The objective of this research was to isolate and elucidate the structures of chemical constituents and to evaluate their biological activity from the peels of C. grandis Linn. A coumarin (1) and 3 flavonoids (2 - 4) were isolated from the peels of C. grandis Linn. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic data as well as comparison of their spectroscopic data with the previously published data. Compounds 1 - 4 have been evaluated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Compound 2 showed the highest inhibition in DPPH and tyrosinase with IC50 values of 0.219 ± 0.011 and 0.033 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, compound 1 - 4 were the first time being isolated from Tubtim Siam Pomelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrosols that originate from various aromatic botanical sources in natural or organic settings contain a spectrum of fragrant compounds, which can be extracted from leaves, stems, peels, flowers, and roots. These compounds are known to exhibit diverse medicinal properties. However, there is limited research on hydrosols extracted from Camellia japonica branches, specifically in terms of their potential to inhibit tyrosinase. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of these hydrosols and their effects on inhibiting tyrosinase. Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (38.1%) and vanillin (25.3%) were identified as the primary constituents in the hydrosol through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The inhibitory effects of the hydrosol, in comparison with the positive control arbutin, were evaluated against mushroom tyrosinase, revealing significant tyrosinase inhibitory properties for both the hydrosol and arbutin. Furthermore, in the presence of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, the hydrosol notably diminished melanogenesis, resulting in a substantial reduction in melanin production. Genetic and protein analyses were conducted to uncover the mechanisms behind the hydrosol's inhibition of tyrosinase and reduction of melanin. The results suggest that the hydrosol may effectively shield melanocytes from detrimental factors associated with tyrosinase-related proteins. The antityrosinase activity of the hydrosol indicates its potential for promoting skin lightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Skin hyperpigmentation is an important problem of dermatocosmetology. The resulting pigment spots on the skin of a person, especially in open areas of the body, affect their psychoemotional state and social adaptation, and in some cases trigger dermatological diseases. The aim of the study is to search for new effective and safe compounds with anti-tyrosinase activity. Materials and methods. Seven new previously synthesized azomethine derivatives of 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3-carboxamide are the objects of research. To study in silico the molecular mechanisms of tyrozinase inhibition by the compounds under study, the method of molecular annealing was used. The inhibitory activity of tyrosinase was determined according to the method by Mapunya et al. (2012). Results. During the computational experiment, we determined amino acid residues of the active tyrosinase site, with which azomethine derivatives of 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3-carboxamide interact. In vitro evaluation of the anti-tyrosinase activity of the studied compounds indicated that almost all the analyzed substances were inferior to the referents in terms of the strength of biological action, except for compound 1, which was superior in activity to kojic and lactic acids. Based on the LD50 value of compound 1, it was assigned to the 5th class of toxicity according to the GHS classification. Conclusion. In the course of the conducted research, it was found that structure 1 surpasses kojic and lactic acids in the severity of its pharmacological activity. We consider it appropriate to further pharmacological studies of this substance.

Objectives: Anthraquinones (9,10-dioxoantracenes) with a wide range of applications constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in developing new anthraquinone derivatives with biological activity. These findings suggested that due to the qualities of anthraquinone, it may be employed in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Methods: The synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives (compound 1 and 2) was performed using the Mannich base reaction, and the compounds were characterised via FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectral analysis. Through the use of spectroscopic analytical techniques, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of anthraquinone was examined. These techniques included DPPH free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, ferrous ion (Fe2+). Results: At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, compound 2 shows that 65.2 % inhibited to DPPH assays compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) at 45.7 % activity. Moreover, compound 2 shows that more potential of activity against DPPH, ABTS•+, hydrogen peroxide, ferric ion (Fe3+), and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating, reducing, and antioxidant properties when compared with compound 1 and standard BHT. The compounds 1 and 2 where checked for tyrosinase activity, the compound 2 shows that significant of activity compared with compound 1 and standard kojic acid. Conclusion: Kinetics studies were analysed compounds 1 and 2 through all antioxidant assays and activity of tyrosinase inhibition. The compound 2 was highly active against all the activities. Based on the aforementioned findings, it can be used to maintain nutritional quality, extend the shelf life of food and medicine, delay the development of hazardous oxidation products, and minimise or stop the oxidation of lipids in dietary items.

Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were synthesized by one-step green method using Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf extract as reducer and stabilizer. The effects of reaction conditions on the color and concentration of PtNPs were analyzed by single factor test, and the effect of PtNPs on tyrosinase activity was studied. The results showed that the color and yield of PtNPs could be controlled by changing the reaction conditions in a certain range. The suitable reaction conditions of each factor were reaction time of 60 min, reaction temperature of 90, chloroplatinic acid concentration of 3. 5 mmol/ L, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf extract concentration of 10. 0 mg/ mL. Under these conditions, the average size of prepared PtNPs was (2. 27±0. 65)nm, with face-centered cubic structure and dispersed distribution. PtNPs had a strong inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity in vitro, IC50 value was (6. 98±0. 76) μg/ mL, which significantly reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content induced by UVB in A375 cells, and could achieve the effect of whitening skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this work was the initiation and optimization of shoot cultures of different Vitis vinifera L. cultivars: cv. Chardonnay, cv. Hibernal, cv. Riesling, cv. Johanniter, cv. Solaris, cv. Cabernet Cortis, and cv. Regent. Cultures were maintained on 30-day growth cycles using two media, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH), with various concentrations of plant growth regulators. Tested media ('W1'–'W4') contained varying concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in addition to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). High performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) was used for metabolomic profiling. In all tested extracts, 45 compounds were identified (6 amino acids, 4 phenolic acids, 13 flavan-3-ols, 3 flavonols, and 19 stilbenoids). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess the influence of the genotype and medium on metabolic content. PCA showed that metabolic content was mainly influenced by genotype and to a lesser extent by medium composition. MS media variants induced the amino acid, procyanidin, and flavan-3-ol production. In addition, the antioxidant potential and anti-tyrosinase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. The studies on antioxidant activity clearly reveal very high efficiency in reducing free radicals in the tested extracts. The strongest tyrosinase inhibition capacity was proved for shoots cv. Hibernal cultured in SH medium and supplemented with NAA, with an inhibition of 17.50%. These studies show that in vitro cultures of V. vinifera cvs. can be proposed as an alternative source of plant material that can be potentially used in cosmetic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of three medicinally important Curcuma species (Curcuma alismatifolia, Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma xanthorrhiza) were extracted using conventional hydro-distillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) methods. The volatile compounds from the rhizome essential oils were subsequently analysed by GC–MS. The isolation of essential oils of each species was carried out following the six principles of green extraction and comparison was made between their chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anticancer activities. SFME was found to be more efficient than HD in terms of energy savings, extraction time, oil yield, water consumption and waste production. Though the major compounds of essential oils of both the species were qualitatively similar, there was a significant difference in terms of quantity. The essential oils extracted through HD and SFME methods were dominated by hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds, respectively. The essential oils of all Curcuma species exhibited strong antioxidant activity, where SFME was significantly better than HD with lower IC50 values. The anti-tyrosinase and anticancer properties of SFME-extracted oils were relatively better than that of HD. Further, among the three Curcuma species, C. alismatifolia essential oil showed the highest rates of inhibition in DPPH and ABTS assay, significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and exhibited significant selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 and PC3 cells. The current results suggested that the SFME method, being advanced, green and fast, could be a better alternative for production of essential oils with better antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anticancer activities for application in food, health and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is one of the cruciferous vegetables containing high amounts of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. The major glucosinolates in radish sprouts are glucoraphasatin and glucoraphenin. Glucoraphasatin can be converted to glucoraphenin and metabolized into sulforaphene, an isothiocyanate. This study aims to measure chemical compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, glucoraphasatin, glucoraphenin, and sulforaphene) and bioactivities (antioxidant capacities and tyrosinase inhibitory effects) of extracts from radish sprouts exposed to red and blue LED during cultivation. On the fourth day of cultivation, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and glucoraphasatin content in radish sprout extracts (RSE) in the red LED group (TPC: 42.2 ± 2.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, dry weight) were significantly higher than those in the dark group (TFC: 1.71 ± 0.28 mg quercetin equivalent/g, dry weight; glucoraphasatin: 23.4 ± 7.76 mg/g, dry weight) (p < 0.05). ABTS free radical scavenging activities of the RSE in the red LED group were higher than those in the dark and blue LED groups on the fourth and seventh days of cultivation. On the seventh day of cultivation, in vitro tyrosinase inhibition rates of the RSE were the highest at concentrations of 0.5–1 mg/mL in the blue LED group. This study suggests that red LED exposure might promote the synthesis of glucoraphasatin during cultivation and contribute to high antioxidant capacities in radish sprouts. In addition, blue LED exposure might more efficiently promote the synthesis of substances possessing in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effects of radish sprouts during cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The anti-tyrosinase activities and components of PG, SS, CS extracts was measured. • PG, SS, and CS were combined in different methods for anti-tyrosinase activities. • A combination of PG and SS shows good anti-tyrosinase activity with IC 50 of 172 µg/mL. • The conditions for removing tannins in extracts by collagen was determined. • The tannins removal combined extracts are a raw material of cosmeceutical industry. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of combinations and reduction of tannin content of extracts from leaves of Psidium guajava L. (PG), Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry (SS), and Camellia sinensis L. (CS) on their in vitro skin whitening activity. The results showed that PG leaves had the best enzyme tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC 50 value of 205.41 μg/mL, followed by SS and CS leaves with IC 50 values of 223.53 and 518.23 μg/mL, compared to kojic acid with IC 50 value of 20.33 μg/mL. The combination of PG, SS, and CS leaves in pairs indicated that a 1:1 combination of PG and SS leaves gave the optimal anti-tyrosinase activity (IC 50 value of 172.07 μg/mL). The tannin content of the PGSS extract was reduced using collagen fiber to reduce the side effects of tannins. Increasing the collagen content to 1 g can remove more than 90% of the tannin content, whereas the anti-tyrossinase activity of the PGSS is decreased by 60%. An adsorption time longer than 24 h significantly affects the flavonoid content. Thus the appropriate condition for removing 70% tannin content in 1 g of extract is 0.5 g collagen for 24 h with anti-tyrosinase activity with IC 50 value of 252.01 μg/mL. The chemical structural changes of these extracts were determined by FTIR analysis after each treatment step. The optimal extract is a potential candidate for cosmeceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present study is to estimate, through differential analysis, various biological activities of total phenolics content in alcoholic extracts of three date palm varieties sensitive or resistant to Fusarium oxysporum. sp Albidinis. Here, stilbene products with antioxidant and bioactive capacities were evidenced in resistant variety Taabdount (TAAR). Furthermore, the methanolic fraction of the TAAR-resistant date palm variety contains a significant product, determined by LC-MS/MS and 1H, 13C NMR, belonging to the family of hydroxystilbenes, which exhibits antioxidant capacities, inhibits the mushroom tyrosinase activity, and activates and exerts a protective effect on hypochlorite-induced damage in 20S proteasome of human dermal fibroblast aged cells. Altogether, the present results indicate that hydroxystilbene present in resistant Phoenix dactylifera L. should be studied to understand the way that the stilbene could exert anti-aging ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are incredibly valuable macro fungi that are an important and integral part of the ecosystem. In addition to being used as cuisine, mushrooms have been used for medicinal purposes for many centuries. This research applied a process for recovering β-glucan (BG) from the antler-type fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum as well as tested the biological activities related to cosmeceutical applications. The characterization of complex structure was performed by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) spectroscopies. The obtained extract contained 40.57% BG and 7.47% protein, with the detectable bioactivities of anti-tyrosinase and antioxidation. Consequently, it showed the activity that can be used to whiten the skin by reducing or inhibiting the process of skin pigmentation. The BG also showed moderate activities of anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase. The test by the HET-CAM confirmed no skin irritation of the complex extract. Based on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) test, the BG had no significant inhibiting effect on cell viability. In addition, the obtained BG had functional properties higher than commercially available BG, especially oil-binding capacity. These findings provided new insights into the potential application of G. lucidum BG as a polymeric material in the cosmeceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, some new heterocyclic hydrazone compounds bearing an aryl sulfonate moiety (2 a–i) were facilely synthesized for the first time and elucidated by some spectroscopic techniques (FT‐IR, 1H‐ and 13C NMR). The inhibitory potentials of all synthesized molecules on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase enzymes were investigated. Also, DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC antioxidant activities of all molecules were examined. In BChE assay, it was determined that 2‐Formylphenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (1 a) (IC50=10.45 μM), 5‐(diethylamino)‐2‐formylphenyl 4‐Chlorobenzenesulfonate (1 h) (IC50=10.12 μM), and 1‐((2‐Nicotinoylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐yl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (2 i) (IC50=9.89 μM) were found to be more effective than the standard compound galanthamine and donepezil. In DPPH assay, 2‐((2‐Nicotinoylhydrazono)methyl)phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (2 a) (IC50=361.03 μM) and 5‐Methoxy‐2‐((2‐nicotinoylhydrazono)methyl)phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (2 e) (IC50=348.9 μM) indicated the highest antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps of compounds 1 a, 1 h, 2 i and galanthamine molecules were investigated. The molecular docking study for BChE enzyme structure was found to be compatible with the experimental results and MEP maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported an effective method for the degradation of Chieh-qua (Benincasa hispida var. Chieh-qua How) polysaccharides (BHCP) by a hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid oxidation (H2O2-VC) system. The degradation conditions were optimized using a Box-Behnken response surface design as concentration of H2O2-VC 19.5 mM, degradation temperature 46.4 ºC and degradation time 1.0 h. The average molecular weight was decreased and total sugar content was raised of the degraded polysaccharide (DBHCP). Two refined degraded polysaccharides (DBHCP-1, DBHCP-2) were purified and prepared, and their structures were analyzed by chemical and spectral analysis. The in vitro experiments showed that degraded polysaccharides (DBHCP and DBHCP-1) have better antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity than natural polysaccharide BHCP. These findings support the potential application of Chieh-qua polysaccharides in the food and medical industries., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Xinjiang quince peels (XQP) are rich in bioactive compounds and have anti-tyrosinase potential. However, due to their short shelf life, effective preservation techniques are needed to retain their nutritional and medicinal properties. While freeze drying (FD) is effective, combining FD with hot air drying (HAD) offers greater efficiency. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of freeze-hot air drying on the physicochemical properties and anti-tyrosinase activity of XQP. The results showed that peels subjected to FD for 18 h followed by HAD for 0.3 h (FD18-HAD0.3) had the highest contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ascorbic acid, while reducing drying time by 25 % compared to FD alone. FD18-HAD0.3 peels also showed the highest anti-tyrosinase activity, with the smallest IC 50 value (7.84 ± 0.03 mg/mL). The study concludes that FD18-HAD0.3 showed potential as the optimal drying process for XQP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis, and its natural inhibitors are receiving increasing attention. Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil (RDEO), as important functional metabolites, was widely known due to its biological activities. But its tyrosinase inhibitory activity has not been detailed investigated. Therefore, in this paper, RDEO was comprehensively investigated the tyrosinase inhibitory, followed by the phytochemical composition analysis. Activity screening results showed that RDEO exhibited effective anti-tyrosinase activity and was a reversible and mixed-type inhibitor. CD assay results revealed that RDEO could affect the conformation of tyrosinase to reduce the activity. In B16F10 cells, RDEO (25-100 μg/mL) could inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity and decrease melanin content. Finally, GC-MS analysis of RDEO found that citronellol (21.22%), geraniol (14.1%), eicosane (11.03%), heneicosane (6.65%) and 1-nonadecene (5.16%) were its main phytochemical compositions. This study provided data support for Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil as one potential natural tyrosinase inhibitor and its applications in cosmetics and medicine., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wu, Fang, Liu, Liu and Xu.)

One of the major challenges for the modern society, is the development of a sustainable economy also aiming at the valorization of agro-industrial by-products in conjunction with at a significant reduction of generated residues from farm to retail. In this context, the present study demonstrates a biotechnological approach to yield bioactive peptides from a protein fraction obtained as a by-product of the rice starch production. Enzymatic hydrolysis, with the commercial proteases Alcalase and Protamex, were optimized in bioreactor up to 2 L of volume. The two best digestates, selected with respect to peptide release and extract antioxidant capacity, were further fractionated (cut-offs of 10, 5, and 1 kDa) via cross-flow filtration. Amino acid composition indicated that most of the fractions showed positive nutritional characteristics, but a putative bitter taste. A fraction obtained with Alcalase enzyme (retentate 8 kDa) exerted anti-inflammatory potential, while the smaller molecular weight fractions (retentate 1-5 kDa and permeate < 1 kDa) were more active in tyrosinase inhibition. The latter were further sub-fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography. From the 15 most anti-tyrosinase sub-fractions, 365 peptide sequences were identified via liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. The present data support the possible exploitation of bioactive peptide from rice starch by-product as ingredients into food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree peony (sect. Moutan) is a kind of Traditional Chinese Medicine and ornamental plant, which has been widely cultivated and utilized for thousands of years. To further study the active components of Paeonia ostii (Moutan , Fengdan), six fractions (soluble free (F), soluble esterification, soluble glycosylation, insoluble bound, insoluble esterification and insoluble glycosylation) were extracted from the leaves and roots by alkaline and acid treatment for the first time. Twenty-one typical compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-MS. The results showed that total phenolic content (TPC) in peony roots (PR) and peony leaves (PL) were as high as 125.48 and 280.38 mg GAE·g−1 dw, which maximizes the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds, especially leaves, compared with the conventional method. PR-F and PL-F had the highest TPC, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Paeoniflorin was the main compounds in PL and PR. It and pentagalloylglucose (PGG) almost reached the anti-tyrosinase level of kojic acid, but they showed different inhibitory mechanisms by molecular docking. On the whole, PR-F, PL-F, PGG and paeoniflorin might be potential for skin whitening products. [Display omitted] • Paeonia ostii leaves contained high polyphenol may be underestimated for a long time. • PGG and paeoniflorin almost reached the tyrosinase inhibitory strength of kojic acid. • PR-F and PL-F had the highest TPC, antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. • PR-F, PL-F, PGG and paeoniflorin might be potential materials for whitening products. • PGG, paeoniflorin and kojic acid show diverse anti-tyrosinase mechanisms by docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical investigation of Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. led to the isolation of a pair of new enantiomers (E)-5-(4-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)pent-4-en-1-yl 2-hydroxypropanoate (1a/1b) along with 14 known compounds (2–15) for the first time from this mushroom. The structures of new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis of MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and their absolute configurations were confirmed by comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD data. Compounds 1a and 1b exhibited radical scavenging activities with IC50 values ranging from 10.39 ± 2.26 to 20.43 ± 3.74 μg/mL. Compounds 1a and 1b also showed moderate anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50 value of 25.66 ± 2.84 and 26.82 ± 3.19 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinjiang quince peels (XQP) are rich in bioactive compounds and have anti-tyrosinase potential. However, due to their short shelf life, effective preservation techniques are needed to retain their nutritional and medicinal properties. While freeze drying (FD) is effective, combining FD with hot air drying (HAD) offers greater efficiency. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of freeze-hot air drying on the physicochemical properties and anti-tyrosinase activity of XQP. The results showed that peels subjected to FD for 18 h followed by HAD for 0.3 h (FD18-HAD0.3) had the highest contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ascorbic acid, while reducing drying time by 25 % compared to FD alone. FD18-HAD0.3 peels also showed the highest anti-tyrosinase activity, with the smallest IC 50 value (7.84 ± 0.03 mg/mL). The study concludes that FD18-HAD0.3 showed potential as the optimal drying process for XQP. [Display omitted] • Freeze drying for 18 h followed by hot air drying for 0.3 h (FD18-HAD0.3) reduced drying time by 25 % compared to FD alone. • FD18-HAD0.3 peels showed the highest anti-tyrosinase activity and active compound content. • Freeze-hot air drying increased the total flavonoids in quince peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges for the modern society, is the development of a sustainable economy also aiming at the valorization of agro-industrial by-products in conjunction with at a significant reduction of generated residues from farm to retail. In this context, the present study demonstrates a biotechnological approach to yield bioactive peptides from a protein fraction obtained as a by-product of the rice starch production. Enzymatic hydrolysis, with the commercial proteases Alcalase and Protamex, were optimized in bioreactor up to 2 L of volume. The two best digestates, selected with respect to peptide release and extract antioxidant capacity, were further fractionated (cut-offs of 10, 5, and 1 kDa) via cross-flow filtration. Amino acid composition indicated that most of the fractions showed positive nutritional characteristics, but a putative bitter taste. A fraction obtained with Alcalase enzyme (retentate 8 kDa) exerted anti-inflammatory potential, while the smaller molecular weight fractions (retentate 1–5 kDa and permeate < 1 kDa) were more active in tyrosinase inhibition. The latter were further sub-fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography. From the 15 most anti-tyrosinase sub-fractions, 365 peptide sequences were identified via liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. The present data support the possible exploitation of bioactive peptide from rice starch by-product as ingredients into food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic formulations.

Abstract Objective Snails secrete different types of mucus that serve several functions, and are increasingly being exploited for medical and cosmetic applications. In this study, we explored the protein pattern and compared the biological properties of the mucus secreted from the mantle collar and foot of two snail species, Lissachatina fulica and Hemiplecta distincta. Result Protein profile showed a different pattern between the two species and between the two secretory parts. The mantle-specific protein bands were further characterized and among them was an antibacterial protein, achacin. Accordingly, the mucus from the mantle exhibited the higher antibacterial activity than that from the foot in both snail species. The mucus from H. distincta, first reported here, also showed antibacterial properties, but with a lower activity compared to that for L. fulica. Snail mucus also exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity and antioxidant activity but with no significant difference between the foot and mantle mucus. These results indicate some different protein compositions and biological activities of snail slime from the mantle and foot, which might be associated with their specific functions in the animal and are useful for medical applications.

The essential oils of three medicinally important Curcuma species (Curcuma alismatifolia, Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma xanthorrhiza) were extracted using conventional hydro-distillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) methods. The volatile compounds from the rhizome essential oils were subsequently analysed by GC–MS. The isolation of essential oils of each species was carried out following the six principles of green extraction and comparison was made between their chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anticancer activities. SFME was found to be more efficient than HD in terms of energy savings, extraction time, oil yield, water consumption and waste production. Though the major compounds of essential oils of both the species were qualitatively similar, there was a significant difference in terms of quantity. The essential oils extracted through HD and SFME methods were dominated by hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds, respectively. The essential oils of all Curcuma species exhibited strong antioxidant activity, where SFME was significantly better than HD with lower IC50 values. The anti-tyrosinase and anticancer properties of SFME-extracted oils were relatively better than that of HD. Further, among the three Curcuma species, C. alismatifolia essential oil showed the highest rates of inhibition in DPPH and ABTS assay, significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and exhibited significant selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 and PC3 cells. The current results suggested that the SFME method, being advanced, green and fast, could be a better alternative for production of essential oils with better antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anticancer activities for application in food, health and cosmetic industries.

Condensed tannins were isolated from the bark of Ficus altissima and fractionated into four subcomponents on a Sephadex LH-20 column with 60 %, 80 %, 100 % methanol, and 70 % acetone, separately. Their structures were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS coupled with HPLC-ESI-MS and confirmed to be polymers of B-type procyanidin glucosides, procyanidins, and prodelphinidin glucosides. The degree of polymerization (DP) of these polymers was as high as 21, and the mDPs of the four subcomponents were calculated as 2.4, 6.6, 10.5 and 13.4, respectively. They competitively or noncompetitively suppressed the activities of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. And they also showed a powerful antioxidative activity. Correlation analyses verified that the anti-tyrosinase capacity exhibited a significant positive correlation (R2monophenolase = 0.9167 and R2diphenolase = 0.9302) with mDP within the methanol-water system, and the anti-α-glucosidase activity also showed a significant positive correlation with the mDP (R2 = 0.9187). In contrast, the antioxidant capability showed a significant negative correlation with the mDP (R2 DPPH = 0.9258, R2 ABTS = 0.9372). This study confirmed that condensed tannins from the bark of F. altissima were desirable anti-tyrosinase, anti-α-glucosidase, and antioxidant agents, and elucidated the relationships of their mDP (molecular weight) and activities, which provided a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of these polymers in the food, cosmetics, medicine and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arunadevi Mani,1 Anis Ahamed,2 Daoud Ali,3 Saud Alarifi,3 Idhayadhulla Akbar1 1Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Puthanampatti -621007, Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Idhayadhulla Akbar Tel +91-9994265115Email a.idhayadhulla@gmail.comPurpose: This study aimed to determine the extent of contribution of dopamine to antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities, by dopamine addition to vanillin. This study achieved the synthesis of dopamine-associated vanillin Mannich base derivatives prepared via a one-step reaction involving a green chemistry approach, and investigation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities.Methods: Novel one-pot synthesis of Mannich base dopamine-connected vanillin ( 1a-l) derivatives can be achieved via green chemistry without using a catalyst. Newly-prepared compounds were characterised with FTIR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectra, mass spectra, and elemental analyses. In total, 12 compounds ( 1a-l) were synthesised and their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities evaluated. Antioxidant activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and diammonium assays, ABTS•+ radical scavenging, and linoleic acid peroxidation were used to screen all synthesised compounds ( 1a-l) for anti-tyrosinase activities and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Vero cell lines;.Results: The compound 1k inhibited (IC50:11.02μg/mL) the DPPH-scavenging activity to a greater extent than the standard BHT (IC50:25.17μg/mL), and showed high activity in H2O2 and NO scavenging assays. Compound 1e was more potent (96.21%) against ABTS and compound 1k was more potent (95.28%) against 2,2ʹ-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride antioxidant than the standard trolox. All synthesised compounds were screened for anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Compound 1e had higher activity against tyrosinase (IC50=10.63 μg/mL), than kojic acid (IC50=21.52μg/mL), and was more cytotoxic (GI50 0.01μM) against MCF-7 cell line than the doxorubicin standard and other tested compounds.Conclusion: In this study, all compounds were found to possess significant antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Compounds 1e and 1k performed well, compared with other compounds, in all assays. In addition, this study successfully identified several promising molecules that exhibited antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities.Keywords: Mannich base, grindstone chemistry, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase activity, cytotoxicity

Background and purpose: Tyrosinase enzyme has a key role in melanin biosynthesis by converting tyrosine into dopaquinone. It also participates in the enzymatic browning of vegetables by polyphenol oxidation. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors are useful in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. Many tyrosinase inhibitors having drawbacks have been reported to date; so, finding new inhibitors is a great need. Experimental approach: A variety of 6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalenone chalcone-like analogs (C1-C10) have been synthesized by aldol condensation of 6-hydroxy tetralone and differently substituted benzaldehydes. The compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase by a spectrophotometric method. Moreover, the inhibition manner of the most active compound was determined by Lineweaver-Burk plots. Docking study was done using AutoDock 4.2. The drug-likeness scores and ADME features of the active derivatives were also predicted. Results/Findings: Most of the compounds showed remarkable inhibitory activity against the tyrosinase enzyme. 6-Hydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (C2) was the most potent derivative amongst the series with an IC50 value of 8.8 μM which was slightly more favorable to that of the reference kojic acid (IC50 = 9.7 μM). Inhibitory kinetic studies revealed that C2 behaves as a competitive inhibitor. According to the docking results, compound C2 formed the most stable enzyme-inhibitor complex, mainly via establishing interactions with the two copper ions in the active site. In silico drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics predictions for the proposed tyrosinase inhibitors revealed that most of the compounds including C2 have proper drug-likeness scores and pharmacokinetic properties. Conclusion and implications: Therefore, C2 could be suggested as a promising tyrosinase inhibitor that might be a good lead compound in medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry, and further drug development of this compound might be of great interest.

The main objective of the present study is to estimate, through differential analysis, various biological activities of total phenolics content in alcoholic extracts of three date palm varieties sensitive or resistant to Fusarium oxysporum. sp Albidinis. Here, stilbene products with antioxidant and bioactive capacities were evidenced in resistant variety Taabdount (TAAR). Furthermore, the methanolic fraction of the TAAR-resistant date palm variety contains a significant product, determined by LC-MS/MS and 1H, 13C NMR, belonging to the family of hydroxystilbenes, which exhibits antioxidant capacities, inhibits the mushroom tyrosinase activity, and activates and exerts a protective effect on hypochlorite-induced damage in 20S proteasome of human dermal fibroblast aged cells. Altogether, the present results indicate that hydroxystilbene present in resistant Phoenix dactylifera L. should be studied to understand the way that the stilbene could exert anti-aging ability.

In order to improve the biological activities of polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifra (EP), the crude EP was degraded in the presence of pectinase and glucoamylase. The reaction conditions for the hydrolysis of EP were optimized as: hydrolysis temperature 45.2 °C, total enzyme concentration 48.5 U/mL, with an activity ratio of pectinase to glucoamylase 3.4:1, pH 4.5, degradation time 3 h. In vitro antioxidant activity of the enzymatic degraded polysaccharides from E. prolifra (EEP) obtained under the optimal conditions was significantly improved when compared to that of EP. The IC50 values of EEP to scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals were found to be 3.31, 3.02 and 3.90 mg/mL, respectively, while those values for EP were 19.57, 5.96 and 5.51 mg/mL, respectively. At 5 mg/mL, the ferric iron reducing power of EEP was 1.41 times higher than that of EP; the ferrous chelating ability of EEP was 89.6%, being much than that of EP (54.9%). Furthermore, EEP was found to have stronger tyrosinase inhibitory effects than EP. At 3.0 mg/mL, the inhibition rates of EEP on monophenolase and diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase were measured as 32.7% and 39.1%, respectively, while those values for EP were 16.3% and 21.1%, respectively. The inhibition of EEP on diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase was reversible and of competitive-uncompetitive mixed-type. EEP prepared in this study may find application in food industry and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are incredibly valuable macro fungi that are an important and integral part of the ecosystem. In addition to being used as cuisine, mushrooms have been used for medicinal purposes for many centuries. This research applied a process for recovering β-glucan (BG) from the antler-type fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum as well as tested the biological activities related to cosmeceutical applications. The characterization of complex structure was performed by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) spectroscopies. The obtained extract contained 40.57% BG and 7.47% protein, with the detectable bioactivities of anti-tyrosinase and antioxidation. Consequently, it showed the activity that can be used to whiten the skin by reducing or inhibiting the process of skin pigmentation. The BG also showed moderate activities of anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase. The test by the HET-CAM confirmed no skin irritation of the complex extract. Based on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) test, the BG had no significant inhibiting effect on cell viability. In addition, the obtained BG had functional properties higher than commercially available BG, especially oil-binding capacity. These findings provided new insights into the potential application of G. lucidum BG as a polymeric material in the cosmeceutical industries.

Three new compounds, crotalariapallins A-C (1-3), were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the seeds of Crotalaria pallida. Their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS, UV, 1D and 2D NMR. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities to tyrosinase. These compounds showed different degrees of inhibitory activities, among them, compound 3 exhibited the strongest inhibition activity (IC50 = 0.42 mM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limonium delicatulum is a halophyte growing in extreme conditions and therefore constituted a possible source of bioactive compounds. In the present study, total phenolic, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified. DPPH, ABTS, Galvinoxyl radical (GOR), CUPRAC, reducing power, O-phenanthroline, silver nanoparticle, and β-carotene bleaching assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. The inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity and denaturation of BSA were also investigated. The results showed that extraction solvent, as well as plant organ, significantly influenced the contents of phenolic compounds. Methanolic roots extract contained the highest phenolic content with a value of 772.52 ± 5.12 µg GAE/mg consisting mainly of condensed tannins (678.87 ± 0.11 µg EC/mg of extract), while methanolic leaves extract recorded the highest content of flavonoids (212.77 ± 1.19 µg QE/mg extract). Methanolic extracts with high phenolic contents exerted the strongest antioxidant activity compared to the aqueous extracts. Moreover, methanolic roots extract exhibited high tyrosinase inhibition ability with an IC 50 of 9.87 ± 0.15 µg/ml better than that of methanolic leaves extract and kojic acid (24.77 ± 0.5 and 25.23 ± 0.21 µg/ml, respectively), The studied extracts also inhibited the denaturation of BSA in dose-dependent manner. Methanol extracts presented higher inhibition percentages than aqueous extracts and similar to that obtained with diclofenac sodium. L. delicatulum can be considered as a promising source of therapeutic bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Snails secrete different types of mucus that serve several functions, and are increasingly being exploited for medical and cosmetic applications. In this study, we explored the protein pattern and compared the biological properties of the mucus secreted from the mantle collar and foot of two snail species, Lissachatina fulica and Hemiplecta distincta. Result: Protein profile showed a different pattern between the two species and between the two secretory parts. The mantle-specific protein bands were further characterized and among them was an antibacterial protein, achacin. Accordingly, the mucus from the mantle exhibited the higher antibacterial activity than that from the foot in both snail species. The mucus from H. distincta, first reported here, also showed antibacterial properties, but with a lower activity compared to that for L. fulica. Snail mucus also exhibited anti-tyrosinase activity and antioxidant activity but with no significant difference between the foot and mantle mucus. These results indicate some different protein compositions and biological activities of snail slime from the mantle and foot, which might be associated with their specific functions in the animal and are useful for medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White-rot basidiomycetes are the only microorganisms with the ability to produce both hydrolytic (cellulases and hemicellulases) and oxidative (ligninolytic) enzymes for degrading cellulose/hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, they produce biologically active natural products with important application in cosmetic formulations, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts. In the present work, three wild strains of Basidiomycetes fungi (Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Abortiporus biennis and Ganoderma resinaceum) from Greek habitats were grown in agro-industrial residues (oil mill wastewater, and corn cob) and evaluated for their anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activity and for the production of biotechnologically relevant enzymes. P. citrinopileatus showed the most interesting tyrosinase inhibitory activity, while A. biennis showed the highest DPPH(2,2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging potential. Corn cobs were the most appropriate carbon source for maximizing the inhibitory effect of fungal biomasses on both activities, while the use of oil mill wastewater selectively increased the anti-tyrosinase potential of P. citrinopileatus culture filtrate. All strains were found to be preferential lignin degraders, similarly to most white-rot fungi. Bioinformatic analyses were performed on the proteome of the strains P. citrinopileatus and A. biennis, focusing on CAZymes with biotechnological relevance, and the results were compared with the enzyme activities of culture supernatants. Overall, all three strains showed strong production of oxidative enzymes for biomass conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portulaca oleracea is a well-known species for traditional medicine and food homology in Taiwan. In traditional medicine, P. oleracea is also used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, liver inflammation, fever, severe inflammation, and headaches. We investigated antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and major bioactive components from P. oleracea. Ethanol and acetone extracts showed potent DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts displayed significant superoxide radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. oleracea showed potent anti-tyrosinase and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Examined and compared to the various solvent extracts for their chemical compositions using HPLC analysis, we isolated seven major compounds and analyzed their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Seven active compounds of P. oleracea, especially quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and kaempferol, exhibited obvious antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. The molecular docking model and the hydrophilic interactive mode of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase revealed that active compounds might have a higher antagonistic effect than commonly inhibitors. Our result shows that the active solvent extracts and their components of P. oleracea have the potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Our results suggest that the active solvent extracts of P. oleracea and their components have potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

The optimization of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity during jellyfish hydrolysate preparation was studied using a response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered composite design. The influence of the hydrolysis duration and the enzyme concentration on the IC50 of the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the degree of hydrolysis (DH), yield, and the IC50 value of tyrosinase inhibitory activity were determined. The optimum conditions for the production of jellyfish hydrolysate using alcalase (JFAH), flavourzyme (JFFH), or papain (JFPH) were achieved at hydrolysis times of 360, 345, or 360 min, respectively, and at an enzyme concentration of 5.0%. JFFH had the highest antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity. JFAH, JFFH, and JFPH concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL resulted in HaCaT cells (IC80) having a survival rate of 80%. The amino acid profile of JFFH contained about 43% hydrophobic and 57% hydrophilic amino acids, comprising Gly, Cys, Glx, Asx, which were dominant. The isolation of a peptide fraction from JFFH was carried out using ultrafiltration membranes (10, 3, and 1 kDa) and gel filtration chromatography. Fraction-III (1–3 kDa) showed the highest antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

In this study, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase properties of (hexane, acetone, methanol, and water) extracts of Ferula elaeochytris and Sideritis stricta were determined with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The phenolic profile of the methanol and water extracts was analysed using HPLC-DAD. Protocatechuic acid was found as the major phenolic compound in the methanol (116.3 ± 3.1 µg/g) and water extracts (69.4 ± 1.3 µg/g) of F. elaeochytris. Coumarins (253.9 ± 4.1 µg/g) and catechin hydrate (175.2 ± 2.9 µg/g) were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the methanol and water extracts of S. stricta. β-carotene–linoleic acid, DPPH•, ABTS•+, CUPRAC, and metal-chelating assays were used to evaluate antioxidant properties of the extracts. The methanol and water extracts of F. elaeochytris and the acetone and methanol extracts of S. stricta containing the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed the highest antioxidant activities in β-carotene–linoleic acid, DPPH•, ABTS•+, and CUPRAC assays. The enzyme inhibitory potential of extracts was investigated against key enzymes involved in neurodegenerative (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)) and skin (tyrosinase) disorders. In the cholinesterase inhibitory assays, the hexane extracts of two species exhibited the best activity against AChE, while the hexane extract of F. elaeochytris and the methanol extract of S. stricta observed to be the most active against BChE. As for anti-tyrosinase activity results of extracts, the only acetone and methanol extracts showed mild inhibitory activity for both species.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was extracted from coconut meat (Cocos nucifera Linn.) by centrifugation technique. The VCO was analysed to investigate its potential as a cosmetic ingredient. Inhibition of free radicals with IC50 values of 1.39 ± 0.01, 78.16 ± 0.60, and 27.43 ± 0.37 mg/mL in ABTS, DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging tests was obtained for VCO respectively. The skin-whitening effect was examined with tyrosinase assay using L-DOPA as enzymatic substrate. The anti-aging property was determined by collagenase inhibitory activity. The optimal IC50 values for anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase activities were 761.89 ± 18.85 mg/mL and 625.93 ± 11.62 mg/mL respectively. These results suggest that VCO has potential as a functional ingredient in both cosmeceutical products (e.g. whitening and anti-aging skincare products), and products that aim to decrease oxidative stress, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkles of facial skin. The optimal concentration of VCO was formulated as a VCO cream and analysed in terms of both its physical characteristics and stability. The results showed that VCO cream has absolute physical stability at different storage conditions which evidences its potential as an anti-aging product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stemonae Radix, a medicinal and edible herb, has been reported to possess various pharmacological effects. In the present study, Stemonae Radix was fermented by fungi to improve the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. The results showed that Stemonae Radix fermented by Mucor circinelloides T2-12 exhibited two-folds more antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities than non-fermented material. The increased activity might be ascribed to the improvement of total phenolic content, hydrolyzation of glucosides and esters of phenolics and metabolism of saccharides according to ultraviolet and nuclear paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This paper suggested that fermenting Stemonae Radix with M. circinelloides T2-12 is effective to increase antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects and Stemonae Radix fermented by M. circinelloides T2-12 might be newly alternative of natural antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. The present study is the first to report that pure strain fermentation processing is effective in improving the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities of Stemonae Radix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on tyrosinase inhibitors is attractive due to wide range of industrial application, such as in food, cosmetic and medicinal aspects. Synergistic effects on anti-tyrosinase and anti-bacterial activities can occur in natural products. Aims of this study were to screen anti-tyrosinase and anti-bacterial activities of ethanolic extract from stink bean seed (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) by dopachrome and disc diffusion methods, respectively. Fresh seeds were removed from pods and extracted with ethanol by maceration. Total phenolic content (TPC) measurement stink bean seed extract was done by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Anti-tyrosinase activity of extract were evaluated and compared with kojic acid. Anti-bacterial activity of extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by disc diffusion method, and clindamycin (0.002 mg) and erythromycin (0.015 mg) were controlled as standard antibiotics, respectively. TPC of ethanolic extract from stink bean seed was 62.01±0.03 mg GAE/100 g of dried weight, however no in vitro inhibitory effect on tyrosinase enzyme when compared to kojic acid (IC50 = 0.01±0.0 mg/ml). Undiluted ethanol extract (8 mg) was inhibited P. acnes (inhibition zone = 7.30±0.35 mm); and was not inhibited S. aureus. Therefore, clindamycin (0.002 mg) and erythromycin (0.015 mg) were strongly inhibited P. acnes and S. aureus, respectively. This finding was first report for tyrosinase activity of stink bean seed, however it was no activity; and was reported on anti-bacterial activity of stink bean seed against P. acnes. Thus, further study on other extract, variety of plant and assay are need to conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was extracted from coconut meat (Cocos nucifera Linn.) by centrifugation technique. The VCO was analysed to investigate its potential as a cosmetic ingredient. Inhibition of free radicals with IC50 values of 1.39 ± 0.01, 78.16 ± 0.60, and 27.43 ± 0.37 mg/mL in ABTS, DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging tests was obtained for VCO respectively. The skin-whitening effect was examined with tyrosinase assay using L-DOPA as enzymatic substrate. The anti-aging property was determined by collagenase inhibitory activity. The optimal IC50 values for anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase activities were 761.89 ± 18.85 mg/mL and 625.93 ± 11.62 mg/mL respectively. These results suggest that VCO has potential as a functional ingredient in both cosmeceutical products (e.g. whitening and anti-aging skincare products), and products that aim to decrease oxidative stress, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkles of facial skin. The optimal concentration of VCO was formulated as a VCO cream and analysed in terms of both its physical characteristics and stability. The results showed that VCO cream has absolute physical stability at different storage conditions which evidences its potential as an anti-aging product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The recycling of the external peels of pomegranate represents an important goal for pomegranate juice manufacturers, since their disposal is expensive and not eco-friendly. Traditional decoction and an innovative ultrasound-assisted method of extraction of pomegranate peels using just water have both led to obtaining aqueous extracts rich in polyphenolic compounds and endowed with anti-tyrosinase activity. Although these aqueous extracts may require a further formulation step for preservation, these findings suggest the possibility of using them as low-cost lightening and/or anti-browning agents, even extemporarily. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-tyrosinase activity of different aqueous extracts obtained from pomegranate juice processing by-products. External pomegranate peels of two certified cultivars (Akko and Wonderful), were extracted using only water as the extraction solvent. A traditional decoction and a pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE), both 10 min long, were performed and compared. All the aqueous extracts proved to be rich in bioactive compounds. In particular, the total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 148 to 237 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dried peels (DW), the radical-scavenging ability (RSA) ranged from 307 to 472 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g DW, the free ellagic acid content (EA) ranged from 49 to 94 µg/mL, and the ellagitannins (ETs) ranged from 242 to 340 µg/mL. For both cultivars, PUAE extracts had higher ET content and a lower EC50, while the decoctions had slightly higher TPC, RSA, and free EA amounts. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the direct correlation between the ET content and the tyrosinase enzyme inhibition (lower values of EC50). These findings suggest the potential use of both these natural extracts as low-cost lightening and/or anti-browning ingredients exploitable in several formulations (e.g., cosmetics) or extemporarily usable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: As an oil production byproducts, the shell of Camellia oleifera Abel (SC) is usually discarded in the dump. However, previous investigations suggested that the SC could provide valuable bioactive materials. Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the ability of SC extract to inhibit in vitro tyrosinase activity and the melanin inhibition effects of cosmetic formulations containing SC 1,3‐butanediol extract in human volunteers. Methods: The cell viability was determined using a WTT assay. A mushroom tyrosinase was used to evaluate the anti‐tyrosinase activity of the SC extract. The placebo (no extract) or test (SC 1,3‐butanediol extract) or positive control (kojic acid) cosmetic cream was applied on face of volunteers(30 female subjects) three times a day for 8 weeks. The active compounds in SC extract were screened using liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐QTOF). Results: The result showed that the cytotoxicity of SC extract is insignificant when the concentration of SC extract is below 160 µg/mL. In addition, SC extract dose dependently inhibited tyrosinase activity and SC 1,3‐butanediol extract possessed a stronger inhibitory activity than methanol extract and water extract. Clinical evaluations revealed that facial melanin levels of the volunteers receiving cosmetic formulations (containing SC 1,3‐butanediol extract) were decreased 59% from baseline in 6th weeks, whereas the placebo group showed no effect. SC 1,3‐butanediol extract was detected to contain 12 kaempferol compounds, significantly, kaempferol 3‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐glucopyranoside] and kaempferol‐3,7‐O‐α‐L‐dirhamnoside are the major compounds. Conclusion: These results indicate that SC extract can be used as a natural skin‐whitening agent in cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthraquinones (9,10-dioxoantracenes) with a wide range of applications constitute an important class of natural and synthetic compounds. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in developing new anthraquinone derivatives with biological activity. These findings suggested that due to the qualities of anthraquinone, it may be employed in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The synthesis of anthraquinone derivatives (compound 1 and 2) was performed using the Mannich base reaction, and the compounds were characterised via FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and mass spectral analysis. Through the use of spectroscopic analytical techniques, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of anthraquinone was examined. These techniques included DPPH free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) scavenging, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, ferrous ion (Fe2+). At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, compound 2 shows that 65.2 % inhibited to DPPH assays compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) at 45.7 % activity. Moreover, compound 2 shows that more potential of activity against DPPH, ABTS•+, hydrogen peroxide, ferric ion (Fe3+), and ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating, reducing, and antioxidant properties when compared with compound 1 and standard BHT. The compounds 1 and 2 where checked for tyrosinase activity, the compound 2 shows that significant of activity compared with compound 1 and standard kojic acid. Kinetics studies were analysed compounds 1 and 2 through all antioxidant assays and activity of tyrosinase inhibition. The compound 2 was highly active against all the activities. Based on the aforementioned findings, it can be used to maintain nutritional quality, extend the shelf life of food and medicine, delay the development of hazardous oxidation products, and minimise or stop the oxidation of lipids in dietary items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight induces overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in skin photoaging and hyperpigmentation disorders. Novel whitening and anti-wrinkle compounds from natural products have recently become of increasing interest. The purpose of this study was to find products that reduce ROS in 14 Thai plant extracts. Methods To determine total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and anti-collagenase activity, we compared extracts of 14 Thai plants prepared using different solvents (petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol). Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. Results Total phenolic content of the 14 Thai plants extracts was found at the highest levels in ethanol followed by dichloromethane and petroleum ether extracts, respectively, while flavonoid content was normally found in the dichloromethane fraction. Scavenging activity ranged from 7 to 99% scavenging as assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays. The ethanol leaf extract of Ardisia elliptica Thunb. had the highest phenolic content, antioxidant activity and collagenase inhibition, while Cassia alata (L.) Roxb. extract had the richest flavonoid content. Interestingly, three plants extracts, which were the ethanolic fractions of Annona squamosa L., Ardisia elliptica Thunb. and Senna alata (L.) Roxb., had high antioxidant content and activity, and significantly inhibited both tyrosinase and collagenase. Conclusion Our finding show that the ethanol fractions of Annona squamosa L., Ardisia elliptica Thunb. and Senna alata (L.) Roxb. show promise as potential ingredients for cosmetic products such as anti-wrinkle agents and skin whitening products.

In recent years, naturally derived tyrosinase inhibitors and antioxidants have become very important, since the synthetic ones are related with several side effects. As wild fruits are rich source of bioactive compounds, this study focused on the examination of Prunus spinosa L. (blackthorn) fruit extracts, widely distributed in our country. However, blackthorn extracts are not enough investigated, and there are only a few published works. Extraction efficiency of P. spinosa ultrasonic fruit extracts obtained by using different solvents (methanol, 70% (v/v) ethanol, 45% (w/w) propylene glycol and water) was evaluated, regarding polyphenolic profile, tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Results suggested that extracts with 45% propylene glycol and water were particularly rich in polyphenolic compounds (especially phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins). The highest extraction yield was for 45% propylene glycol extract. This extract showed higher tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity compared to others, while the methanolic extracts had the highest chelating capacity. Therefore, P. spinosa fruit extracts, especially extracts obtained by ultrasonic extraction with 45% propylene glycol, have a great potential to be incorporated in some pharmaceutical formulations for obtaining tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmetic products are directly and indirectly applied to the skin in order to enhance its beauty. Cosmetic products that are directly applied to the skin include creams, lotions and soaps while tablets and supplements are indirectly administered to achieve similar benefits. The aim of the current study was to investigate the cosmetic potential of plants from the Eastern Cape Province used traditionally for skincare and beauty by evaluating their antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, photo-protective effect and anti-tyrosinase activity. The antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DCM), 70% aqueous ethanol (v /v) and water extracts was tested against infectious skin microorganisms and skin dermatophytes. Methanolic extracts of medicinal plants were tested for their DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and their ability to delay the oxidation of β -carotene in the β -carotene linoleic acid model. Ethanol extracts of medicinal plants were tested for their photo-protective effects and anti-tyrosinase activity. Ethanol extracts of Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O.Hoffm and Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston were very potent against all infectious skin microorganisms and skin dermatophytes included in the study with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values less than 1 mg/mL. Methanol extracts of C. flanaganii , Symphytum officinale L and Urtica urens L showed high antioxidant potential. Ethanol extracts from Plantago lanceolata L., C. flanaganii , Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd, Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk., A. arctotoides and Aloe ferox Mill expressed moderate protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation with sun protection factor (SPF) values between 12 and 30. Furthermore, extracts from Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth., S. officinale and C. flanaganii showed good anti-tyrosinase activity similar to the positive control with IC 50 values between 19.64 and 22.24 μg/mL. The results from the study have shown that extracts from A. arctotoides and C. flanaganii have potential for incorporation into hygiene products such as soaps, creams and sanitizers due to their potential to combat a range of microorganisms. Furthermore, extracts from C. flanaganii , S. officinale and P. lanceolata have potential for incorporation into beauty creams and sunscreen products. • A. arctotoides and C. flanaganii were potent against all tested microorganism. • Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity high for C. flanaganii and S. officinale • SPF 15 against UVB radiation recorded by some plant extracts • Potential for incorporation of extracts into cosmetic due to observed activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]