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Background: Annona muricata L. (guanabana) leaves are rich in bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties. In the state of Colima, both ethanolic extracts and infusions are traditionally used in folk medicine to address various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts and infusions of A. muricata leaves from three geographic regions in Colima, Mexico, with a focus on how geographic origin affects their bioactive properties. Methods: Ethanolic extracts and infusions were prepared from A. muricata leaves and analyzed using phytochemical screening; DPPH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total phenolic content (TPC) measurements; and HPLC. TLC was also conducted to examine the presence of specific compounds, such as flavonoids and phenols. Results: Both the ethanolic extracts and infusions contained significant levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The infusions demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity, with DPPH inhibition values of 72.5%, 68.3%, and 65.1% in the northern, central, and southern regions, respectively, compared to the ethanolic extracts' values of 50.3%, 48.9%, and 45.0%. HPLC identified quercetin as a major compound across all samples. Geographically, the northern region exhibited higher concentrations of bioactive compounds, particularly total flavonoid content (TFC) and iron-reducing power (FRPA). Conclusions: Both the ethanolic extracts and infusions of A. muricata leaves exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with the infusions showing superior performance. The results suggest that A. muricata infusions may have potential applications in managing oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Exploring their use in traditional medicine and employing this type of approach can help discern the metabolite profile responsible for these bioactivities. Geographic factors influence the bioactive profile of the plant, and further research is needed to isolate specific bioactive compounds and elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity and repellence of aqueous extract of Sarcomphalus joazeiro (Mart.) Hauenschild (Rhamnaceae) leaves and hexane extract of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) seeds in different concentrations were evaluated on Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). To determine the toxicity, banana leaf discs were immersed in the extract solutions and infested with adult females of R. indica. Mortality was assessed after 72 hours. Repellence was evaluated on banana leaf discs treated or not with the extract solutions. After 72 hours, mortality ranged from 24% to 72% for the S. joazeiro extract and from 33.75 to 96.25% for the A. muricata extract. Concentrations of 20% and 25% (m/v) of S. joazeiro extract, and 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.00% (v/v) of A. muricata extract were considered toxic because the mortality caused by them (62%, 72%, 33.75%, 40%, 66.25%, 88.25%, and 96.25%, respectively) differed from the untreated (16% and 1.25%, respectively). No S. joazeiro extract concentration caused repellence, but concentrations of 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1% (v/v) of A. muricata extract were repellent to the mite. Both evaluated extracts have potential for use in the management of R. indica due to their toxicity, especially that of A. muricata, which is also repellent to the mite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study validates the biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an endophytic fungus, Colletotrichum siamense Prihast (Colleto-AgNPs) derived from Annona muricata leaves. The study also investigates the impact of various process variables, including reductant concentration, the ratio of AgNO3 to reductant concentration, reaction time, and reaction pH, on achieving optimal efficiency using a factorial design approach (Box Behnken Design experiment). The presence of nanoparticles was verified by observing absorption peaks in the 400–500 nm range. The TEM and SEM-EDX analysis reveals the presence of spherical form nanoparticles. In XRD, a strong peak at 38.10⁰ diffraction indicated that the formed silver crystal was perpendicular to the plane. The average particle size was recorded as 98.48 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.198 with a zeta potential of -4.92 mV. The toxicity of synthesized Colleto-AgNPs was assessed using brine shrimp lethality bioassay (LC50 of 312.51 ± 32.54 µg/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Colleto-AgNPs was determined and reported to be highly effective in suppressing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. In the agar well diffusion method, Colleto-AgNPs showed strong inhibitory effect against L. monocytogenes (23.98 mm), S. aureus (22.9 mm), E. coli (20.23 mm), and S. typhimurium (17.76 mm) at lower concentrations. Colleto-AgNPs exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against the α-amylase (IC50 of 30.57 ± 0.17 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 of 32.30 ± 1.23 µg/mL) enzymes and DPPH radical (IC50 of 26.98 ± 0.30 µg/mL). By conceding this, further investigation can be conducted on Colleto-AgNPs for pre-clinical trials, which would be advantageous in developing innovative medications without any negative side effects for the betterment of humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Histolocalization and quantification of secondary metabolites established the occurrence of alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins in various plant organs of A. muricata at different stages of plant growth. Annona muricata L. possesses broad assemblage of ethno-pharmaceutical and therapeutic upsides ascribed to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Currently, the bioactivity is characterized by the production of acetogenins (ACGs), and also by the biosynthesis of alkaloids, primarily benzylisoquinolines derived from tyrosine and phenolic compounds. As a result of high variability of metabolite production in A. muricata, the present study evaluated the histochemical analysis of various plant parts at different developmental stages of growth. Presences of phytometabolites were determined using in-situ histochemical localization of alkaloids, phenolic compounds and acetogenins, while its estimation employing spectroscopic quantification techniques to understand structure, development, time-course deposition, content and distribution of secondary phytoconstituents. Study revealed distinct presence of secondary metabolites in cells and tissues of all plant organs in various intensities and patterns. Alkaloids and acetogenins occurred mostly in secretory cavities or idioblast cells while sparsely associated with other cells or tissues. Phenolic compounds emerged widely, with no confined distribution patterns occurring in storage cells and tissues. Quantitative analysis revealed highest accumulation of alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins in mature root-barks, mature unripe fruit rind and mature leaf respectively. Secondary metabolites generally occurred in young stages at low concentrations as compared to matured growth stages of plant parts. Such in-situ histochemical and biochemical approach will help in identifying the cells and tissues responsible for synthesis, storage and biological effects of potential secondary metabolites which could be further used for culturing and enhancing its production with biotechnological aids.

Background: Because oxidative stress can induce decreased quality of caprine semen during the storage, there has been limitation for the use of stored semen in the assisted reproductive technologies. The present study, therefore, assesses the potential of Annona muricata (A. muricata) to reduce semen storage associated-damages. Methods: Semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from ten bucks, and extended with Tris-egg yolk (TEY) supplemented with A. muricata leaf aqueous extract (SAE) at 20 (SAE20), 40 (SAE40), and 80 (SAE80) μg/mL. Sperm variables including motility, motion characteristics, viability, membrane functionality, and DNA integrity were assessed at different storage periods (6, 24, 48, and 72 hr). In addition, oxidative stress indicators in the extender supplemted with SAE were also assessed for each group. Results: By adding SAE at 80 μg/mL in TEY, the storage of goat buck semen was improved, resulting in reduced loss of sperm motility, viability, DNA fragmentation, and membrane integrity during chilled storage at 4℃ for up to 72 hr. In addition, enrichment of TEY extender with SAE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced malondialdehyde, an indicator of oxidative stress, compared to the negative control. Conclusions: Supplementation of SAE in TEY extender can reduce buck spermatozoa liquid storage associated damages due to oxidative stress.

Histolocalization and quantification of secondary metabolites established the occurrence of alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins in various plant organs of A. muricata at different stages of plant growth.Annona muricata L. possesses broad assemblage of ethno-pharmaceutical and therapeutic upsides ascribed to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Currently, the bioactivity is characterized by the production of acetogenins (ACGs), and also by the biosynthesis of alkaloids, primarily benzylisoquinolines derived from tyrosine and phenolic compounds. As a result of high variability of metabolite production in A. muricata, the present study evaluated the histochemical analysis of various plant parts at different developmental stages of growth. Presences of phytometabolites were determined using in-situ histochemical localization of alkaloids, phenolic compounds and acetogenins, while its estimation employing spectroscopic quantification techniques to understand structure, development, time-course deposition, content and distribution of secondary phytoconstituents. Study revealed distinct presence of secondary metabolites in cells and tissues of all plant organs in various intensities and patterns. Alkaloids and acetogenins occurred mostly in secretory cavities or idioblast cells while sparsely associated with other cells or tissues. Phenolic compounds emerged widely, with no confined distribution patterns occurring in storage cells and tissues. Quantitative analysis revealed highest accumulation of alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins in mature root-barks, mature unripe fruit rind and mature leaf respectively. Secondary metabolites generally occurred in young stages at low concentrations as compared to matured growth stages of plant parts. Such in-situ histochemical and biochemical approach will help in identifying the cells and tissues responsible for synthesis, storage and biological effects of potential secondary metabolites which could be further used for culturing and enhancing its production with biotechnological aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), primarily produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, is the most dangerous mycotoxin for humans and contaminates a variety of crops. To limit fungal growth and aflatoxin production in food and feed, research has been increasingly focusing on alternatives to pesticides. Studies show that some aqueous plant extracts with strong antioxidant properties could significantly impact AFB1 production, representing an eco-friendly and sustainable method to protect crops. The present study demonstrates that aqueous extracts of Anonna muricata (AM) and Uncaria tomentosa (UT) inhibit AFB1 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.25 and 0.28 mg dry matter per milliliter of culture medium, respectively. This effect correlates with the presence of polyphenols and, more precisely, with condensed tannins. It is also related to the subsequent antioxidant activity of both extracts. A bio-guided fractionation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the active fractions identifies procyanidins and, more precisely, catechin (5.3% w/w for AM and 5.4% w/w for UT) and epicatechin (10.6% w/w for AM and 25.7% w/w for UT) as the major components in both extracts. The analysis of how pure standards of these molecules affect AFB1 production demonstrates that catechin plays an essential role in the inhibition observed for both plant extracts, since the pure standard inhibits 45% of AFB1 synthesis at a concentration close to that of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of Dalium guineense and Annona muricata leaf extracts on haematological profiles, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity in Wistar rats. Rats underwent a 30-day treatment and were divided into four groups: a control group and three experimental groups receiving either Dalium guineense (100 mg/kg b.w.), Annona muricata (100 mg/kg b.w.), or a combination of both (50 mg/kg b.w.). Haematological parameters were evaluated, along with lipid profiles and total antioxidant capacity using standard methods. Results indicated a non-significant decrease in red blood cell count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit across all treated groups compared to the control, with the highest values in the combination treatment group. Platelet counts significantly increased in all treated groups, particularly in the combined treatment group. Lipid analysis revealed increased glucose and total cholesterol in the treated groups, with Annona muricata showing the highest levels. Total triglycerides and C-reactive protein decreased, except in the Annona muricata group. Total antioxidant capacity was reduced in all treated groups, with the lowest levels observed in the combination group. These findings suggest that Dalium guineense and Annona muricata have variable effects on haematological profiles and lipid metabolism. The combination of these extracts may impact antioxidant capacity. The study highlights the potential benefits and limitations of these plant extracts, indicating the need for further research to understand their mechanisms and therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver in the body plays vital role including digestion, detoxification, metabolism and even production of hormones. Hepatocellular carcinoma is recognized as one of leading cause of death worldwide. Infection with hepatitis B and C virus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and excessive consumption of alcohol are among the most common risk factors associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: The present research study involves formulation of liposomal delivery of methanolic extract of Annona muricata as an alternative for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: The methanolic extract of Annona muricata was subjected for both nonvolatile and volatile content analysis by performing phytochemical screening and GCMS. The methanolic extract was entrapped within the liposomes for its effective delivery. The prepared liposomes were characterized in-vitro, and the optimized formulation was further evaluated against hepatocellular carcinoma induced in the animal model. Results: The methanolic extract showed the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, flavonoid, tannin, proteins and acetogenins, whereas the GMCS analysis depicts presence of 12 different compounds. The optimized in-vitro analysis of prepared liposomes showed a particle size of 107.2 ± 1.7 nm, zeta potential of −30.6 mV and entrapment efficiency of 62.15%. TEM micrograph of the optimized liposome formulation has showed spherical geometry with homogenous distribution and negligible agglomeration. In-vivo anticancer study reveals the potent efficacy of the formulation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion: The research findings have established the efficacy of the methanolic extract of Annona muricata in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit pulp of Annona muricata is utilized in traditional medicine to treat pain, urethritis, inflammation and to promote breast milk production after childbirth. In this study, the effect of the aqueous Annona muricata fruit pulp extract (AAMFPE) on the hormonal profile and semen quality in testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats was investigated. In the acute toxicity study, single dose of up to 5 g/kg AAMFPE was orally administered. Healthy adult male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=5) and groups 2-6 were induced with a daily dose of 5 mg/kg testosterone propionate for 28 days by intraperitoneal injections, while group 1 served as a normal control. After induction, group 2 served as a negative control, group 3 received 5 mg/kg finasteride orally, while groups 4-6 received different oral doses of AAMFPE: 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg respectively for 14 consecutive days via the oral route. The results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in testicular weight, prostate weight, prostate-specific antigen and testosterone as well as an increase in luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in rats treated with AAMFPE, finasteride and normal control animals compared to the negative control group. In addition, treatment with AAMFPE improved semen quality, sperm morphology and histomorphology of both testis and prostate in male rats compared to the untreated BPH-induced group. In conclusion, AAMFPE is not toxic but reduces testicular and prostate weight, and improves hormone profile and sperm quality in BPH-induced male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves contains high levels of flavonoids and polyphenols. • A remarkable reduction in tumor size was discovered using a mouse model of mastocytoma in Dba/2 mice. • The aqueous extract of Annona muricata has anti-tumor properties. • The in vivo study demonstrated a correlation between the reduction of oxidative stress and the anti-tumor properties following the treatment of Dba/2 mice with the aqueous extract of Annona muricata orally. The medicinal plant Annona muricata of the Annonaceae family, also called Graviola, native to the Andean highlands of Peru and Ecuador but also widespread in Chile, California, Florida, southern Africa and various Mediterranean countries, has various beneficial properties for health and has been the subject of several studies for its anti-tumor activity. In this work, a phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Annona muricata by using HPLC technique to evaluate the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins, was performed. In addition, for the first time, an evaluation of the effect of the aqueous extract on a Dba/2 transgenic mouse model carrying a P815 tumor, was established. Following the administration of oral doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 30 days, a decrease in the volume and weight of the tumors was detected. Furthermore, a correlation between the reduction of oxidative stress and the anticancer properties of Annona muricata, was demonstrated. In conclusion , the aqueous extract of Annona muricata may provide a new therapeutic approach to manage unwanted growth of mastocytoma (P815 tumor) by targeting oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the successful green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using the fruit extract derived from Annona muricata. The extract has good potential towards strong reducing, stabilizing and capping agent to reduce the size of the particles into nanosized. XRD and FTIR spectrum followed by FESEM and TEM photograph with EDAX has been taken to analyze the crystallinity, purity and morphology of the NiO nanoparticles. The optical properties of prepared particles are subjected for UV–Visible spectrum and Photoluminescence spectrum for the suitability of the particles as the inorganic hole transport layer for perovskite solar cells. The direct bandgap of 2.8 eV is obtained from Tauc plot, NiO stretching is confirmed at 568.66 cm–1 from FTIR and the composition of nickel and oxygen is 73.10 and 26.90% from EDAX is determined. The TEM analysis confirmed the particle size in the range between 20 to 30 nm. It is revealed that, the synthesized nanoparticles are desired due to its optimum optical properties for the absorption of solar radiation for perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent utilization of natural superdisintegrants in the development of fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) is becoming increasingly common. The starch from the Annona muricata (soursop) fruit was isolated and assessed for its potential as a new natural superdisintegrant for formulating FDTs. The acute and sub-acute toxicity of the isolated soursop starch and the dosage level in the final formulation were investigated. In the acute toxicity study, Swiss mice were given orally the maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg of soursop starch. In the sub-acute toxicity study, 50, 300, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg doses were administered to Wistar rats for 28 days. The results showed that soursop starch did not induce any behavioural changes, signs of toxicity, or mortality at the 2000 mg/kg dose in mice during the acute toxicity study. Similarly, in the 28-day oral toxicity study, soursop starch did not cause any toxicity or alterations in behavioural parameters up to the 2000 mg/kg dose in Wistar rats. Also, no significant changes were observed in haematological, biochemical, or histopathological parameters in rats administered soursop starch. Overall, the findings from the oral acute and sub-acute toxicity assessments in mice and Wistar rats at the maximum dose of 2000mg/kg reveal that the starch derived from soursop pulp is relatively safe to use for consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objetivo] El objetivo fue determinar las propiedades farmacológicas y terapéuticas de la Annona muricata, como terapia alternativa o preventiva para el tratamiento del cáncer. [Métodos] Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en tres bases de datos (Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE y Web of Science) utilizando palabras claves y vocabularios controlados sobre Annona muricata, terapia alternativa o preventiva y tratamiento del cáncer, siguiendo la metodología de la declaración Prisma. Después de la búsqueda inicial, los estudios seleccionados se exportaron al gestor bibliográfico de referencias Mendeley. Para la extracción de los datos de los estudios incluidos, se utilizó el programa Excel, y se empleó un formulario referencial. [Resultados] Se seleccionaron diez estudios, los cuales evidenciaron el efecto farmacológico de los extractos de hojas de Annona muricata sobre las células cancerígenas diversas. Todos los estudios seleccionados correspondieron a ensayos in vitro/in vivo. Asimismo, los estudios demostraron la presencia de diversos compuestos bioactivos presentes en la Annona muricata, los cuales le confieren un poder citotóxico y anticancerígeno. [Conclusiones] Esta revisión sistemática demostró que la Annona muricata, es una planta de excelente potencial anticancerígeno y citotóxico, para ser utilizada como terapia alternativa o complementaria en diversos tipos de cáncer, debido a que presenta compuestos bioactivos, como acetogeninas, compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides, alcaloides, entre otros, cuyo efecto principal es la apoptosis de células cancerígenas. Sin embargo, se requieren de mayores análisis, principalmente de intervención, para probar su efectividad en beneficio de la salud humana.

This study investigated the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf biomass hydrolysates (SLH) extracted from the leaf proteins. The results revealed that flavourzyme-generated SLH showed the highest peptide content when compared to alcalase- and trypsin-generated SLH. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) remarkably increased peptide content under the optimized conditions at an E/S ratio of 4% (w/w), hydrolysis time of 4 h, a temperature of 50 °C, and pH of 7. SLH demonstrated stronger antioxidant (DPPH (22.92%) and ABTS (90.55%)) and antidiabetic (α-glucosidase inhibition (66.44%) and α-amylase inhibition (58.50%)) activities. A total of 14 peptides were identified as bioactive peptides, among which two peptides (FLAISPKAMK and WDSKWTHI) possessed the highest binding probability toward α-glucosidase and α-amylase. These peptides contain hydrophobic amino acids, which are important in improving the antioxidant activities of peptides. In conclusion, SLH could be useful for diabetes prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The leaves of Annona muricata L., known as "soursop" or "sirsak" in Indonesia, are used traditionally for cancer treatment. However, the bioactive components remain largely unidentified. Objective: This study used untargeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS)‐based metabolomics to identify potential cytotoxic compounds in A. muricata leaf extracts on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Methods: A. muricata leaves were macerated with water, 99% ethanol, and aqueous mixtures containing 30%, 50%, and 80% ethanol. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts against MCF‐7 breast cancer cells was determined using the MTT assay. Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–Q‐Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectroscopy (UHPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐HRMS) was used to characterize the metabolite composition of each extract. The correlations between metabolite profile and cytotoxic activities were evaluated using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA). The binding of these bioactive compounds to the tumorigenic alpha‐estrogen receptor (3ERT) was then evaluated by in silico docking simulations. Results: Ninety‐nine percent ethanol extracts demonstrated the greatest potency for reducing MCF‐7 cell viability (IC50 = 22 μg/ml). We detected 35 metabolites in ethanol extracts, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and acetogenins. OPLS‐DA predicted that annoreticuin, squadiolin C, and xylopine, and six unknown acetogenin metabolites, might reduce MCF‐7 cell viability. In silico analysis predicted that annoreticuin, squadiolin C, and xylopine bind to 3ERT with an affinity comparable to doxorubicin. Conclusion: Untargeted metabolomics and in silico modeling identified cytotoxic compounds on MCF‐7 cells and binding affinity to 3ERT in A. muricata leaf extracts. The findings need to be further verified to prove the screening results. In this study, an untargeted LC‐MS/MS‐based metabolomics was used to identify cytotoxic compounds in A. muricata on MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro. We tentatively identified 35 metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and acetogenins, from the LC‐MS/MS analysis. OPLS‐DA predicted that annoreticuin, squadiolin C, xylopine, as well as six unknown acetogenin, might reduce MCF‐7 cell viability. The three identified metabolites above bind to 3ERT with an affinity comparable to doxorubicin by in silico analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Annona muricata contains acetogenins, which have shown promising anticancer activity against various cell lines. This study aims to evaluate and compare the anticancer activity of the crude extract of Annona muricata and its nano formulation on Squamous Cell Carcinoma—25 (SCC-25) oral cancer cell lines. Methods: The crude extract of Annona muricata was prepared using standard extraction techniques, while its nano formulation was synthesized through nanoparticle fabrication methods. Authenticated SCC-25 cell lines were obtained from ATCC and cultured and treated with varying concentrations of both the crude extract and nano formulation. Cell viability assays, apoptosis assays, Cell Cycle assay, ROS, and MMP analysis techniques were employed to assess the anticancer activity and mechanism of action. Results: In the MTT assay, the Annona formulation treated cells exhibited lower IC50 values compared to the crude extract treated SCC-25 cell lines. In the cell cycle assay, the Annona crude extract induced higher cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase in SCC-25 cell lines compared to the control. The nano formulation of Annona demonstrated significantly higher cell cycle arrest in G1 phase compared to both the control and the Annona crude extract-treated SCC-25 cell lines. The crude extract showed less apoptotic activity in apoptosis assay when compared to control, whereas the Annona formulation exhibited higher late apoptosis compared to the control, indicating the potential anticancer properties of Annona. The mean fluorescent intensity test of SCC-25 oral cancer cells treated with Annona crude extract and Annona formulation showed a significant loss of Mitochondrial membrane potential compared to the control. The percentage of MMP was lower in Annona-treated cells, while the Annona formulation treated cells showed similar results to the control. The mean fluorescent intensity of ROS in SCC-25 oral cancer cells treated with Annona crude extract and Annona formulation showed significantly lower Reactive oxygen species production compared to the control. The percentage of ROS was lower in Annona treated cells compared to the formulation, but the Annona formulation-treated cells showed lower values than the control. Conclusion: In conclusion, both the crude extract and nano formulation of Annona muricata possess potent anticancer activity against SCC-25 oral cancer cell lines. However, the nano formulation exhibited superior efficacy, suggesting its potential for further development as a therapeutic agent for oral cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postharvest handling of Annona muricata L. has several critical points in its productive process. This fruit, having a tropical character, tends to ripen quickly and receive damages in its physicochemical and physiological structure, causing a decrease in its quality, so this review aimed to identify quality parameters, such as technological processes in postharvest in order to increase the shelf life, descriptive methodology based on the PRISMA method was used, having as results, that the information has more boom in 2019 and 2022, being America the point where more data have been collected on the postharvest of A. muricata, the optimum degree of maturity for harvesting is in ET3, while the evaluation of the organoleptic quality is based on factors such as size, colour, weight and hardness, the physicochemical evaluation with a moisture (81.16%), acidity, pH (4), ash and °brix (17.65), The physiological characteristics are linked to the production of ethylene, and for its preservation several methods can be implemented, such as the application of controlled atmosphere, thermal regulations, etc. In the province of Pastaza there is no record of production, but according to the data obtained, this fruit has a high productive potential. It is concluded that the most recommendable preservation methods are ethylene inhibitors combined with wax emulsion, applied at a concentration of 1-MCP of 1500 NLL-1 for 12 h, combined with candelilla or beeswax diluted in a ratio of 15:85 in H 2 O in a storage of 16 °C and modification of atmospheres in flexible polystyrene trays at a temperature of 12 °C alternating with 14 °C in a storage room, leading to an increase of shelf life from 15 to 22 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) contain various secondary metabolite compounds with pharmacological benefits. This study foccused on the activity and chemical components cytotoxic active fraction of soursop leaf dichloromethane extract. From maceration of 535.8 g dried sample of A. muricata leaves we obtained extracts of n-hexane (18.4 g; 3.43 %). dichloromethane (11.4 g; 2.23 %). and methanol (48.7 g; 9.95 %). The dichloromethane extract was separated for its chemical components using gravity column chromatography resulting in 9 combined fractions. Toxicity screening test was done based on Bhrine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and cytotoxic test using MTT method 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. The highest toxicity and cytotoxic test results were found in DMD 1 dichloromethane extract of A. muricata leaves with LC50 of 19.05 µg/mL and IC50 of 824.09 µg/mL. The results of DMD 1 gravity column re-chromatography produced 6-combined subfractions with the best separation pattern on DMD 1.4 and the results of GC-MS chromatogram analysis showed 29 peaks with the main component of fatty acid compounds namely Carbonic acid. but-2-yn-1-yl octadecyl ester (70.46 %). Potential anticancer compounds found were Phytol; 2-Hydroxy-1.1.10-trimethyl-6.9-epidioxydecalin and 2-Piperidinone. N-(4-bromo-n-butyl). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona muricata Linn. (A. muricata) is a tropical evergreen fruit tree belonging to Annonaceae family, also referred as graviola, soursop or corossol. The chemical compounds isolated from this plant have linked to the ethnomedicinal properties and its anticancer properties. This review focus to highlight in vitro anticancer potentials of acetogenins isolated from A. muricata, which are potent inducer of Bax-Bak and Caspase-3 related pathways. More than 200 chemical substances that have been isolated and characterised from this plant and the most significant are alkaloids, phenols and acetogenins. A. muricata has a distinct collection of C35 or C37 long chain fatty acid derivatives that are produced from the polyketide pathway and are unique to this family. The main bioactive ingredients bring together many scientific investigations on A. muricata, and acetogenins have been the subject of multiple research and reviews. These acetogenins preferentially destroy cancer cells through the action as a DNA topoisomerase I toxin, prevent cancer cells from entering their G1 phase, activate pathways linked to Bax and caspase-3, and block NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in mitochondria, while having no impact on healthy cells. In addition to the in vitro study, further in vivo tests are required to demonstrate these pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona muricata (soursop) leaves are rich in antimicrobial compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenols. This study aimed to develop a nanoemulgel formulation incorporating A. muricata leaf ethanol extract to enhance its efficacy against Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterium associated with acne vulgaris. Four nanoemulgel formulations containing varying concentrations of the extract (0%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1%) were prepared and evaluated for their physical properties (organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity) and stability through freeze-thaw cycles. The formulation with the highest extract concentration (Formula III) was selected for further characterization (particle size, morphology, and zeta potential) and antimicrobial testing against P. acnes. All formulations met the established physical property and stability criteria. Formula III exhibited a particle size of 20.5 nm and a zeta potential of 9.8 mV, indicating a stable nanoemulsion with well-dispersed particles. Antimicrobial testing revealed that Formula III demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect against P. acnes, with an average inhibition zone of 19.00 mm. These findings suggest that A. muricata leaf extract-loaded nanoemulgel has the potential to be a promising topical formulation for acne treatment. Further research is warranted to optimize the formulation and evaluate its efficacy in clinical settings.

The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of Dalium guineense and Annona muricata leaf extracts on haematological profiles, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity in Wistar rats. Rats underwent a 30-day treatment and were divided into four groups: a control group and three experimental groups receiving either Dalium guineense (100 mg/kg b.w.), Annona muricata (100 mg/kg b.w.), or a combination of both (50 mg/kg b.w.). Haematological parameters were evaluated, along with lipid profiles and total antioxidant capacity using standard methods. Results indicated a non-significant decrease in red blood cell count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit across all treated groups compared to the control, with the highest values in the combination treatment group. Platelet counts significantly increased in all treated groups, particularly in the combined treatment group. Lipid analysis revealed increased glucose and total cholesterol in the treated groups, with Annona muricata showing the highest levels. Total triglycerides and C-reactive protein decreased, except in the Annona muricata group. Total antioxidant capacity was reduced in all treated groups, with the lowest levels observed in the combination group. These findings suggest that Dalium guineense and Annona muricata have variable effects on haematological profiles and lipid metabolism. The combination of these extracts may impact antioxidant capacity. The study highlights the potential benefits and limitations of these plant extracts, indicating the need for further research to understand their mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Cisplatin is a prominent chemotherapeutic agent that can induce significant damage to normal cells. Therefore, it is important to develop agents that protect normal cells without influencing the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin. The present study was conducted to explore the protective effects of Annona muricata leaf polysaccharides (ALPS) against cisplatin‑induced toxicity in macrophages. Apoptosis was assessed in macrophages and lung cancer cells to investigate the cytoprotective effect of ALPS, their effect on the production of cisplatin‑induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP). Cisplatin, when used alone or in combination with ALPS, showed significant toxicity against A549 and H460 lung cancer cells. However, cisplatin‑induced cytotoxicity was suppressed by cotreatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with ALPS. ALPS significantly inhibited the upregulation of Bax, cytosolic cytochrome c and caspases‑3, ‑8 and ‑9. Moreover, ALPS resulted in the cleavage of PARP and downregulation of Bcl‑2 levels in a concentration‑dependent manner, which ultimately led to a reduction in the apoptotic and necrotic populations of cisplatin‑treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The suppression of the apoptotic signaling pathways was mediated through the reduction of ROS and MTP loss in cisplatin‑treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, ALPS alleviated cell damage by suppressing the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in cisplatin‑treated bone marrow‑derived macrophages. Together, these findings suggested that ALPS may alleviate the toxic side effects of chemotherapeutic agents and act as a potential candidate for use as an effective adjuvant therapy.

Leaves of Annona muricata have medicinal potential which has gained attention from researchers around the world. This study has an objective to screen the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract from A. muricata leaves and its fraction. The fine powder of A. muricata was macerated in methanol and further partitioned using two different solvents, namely n-hexane and ethyl acetate. In this article, we reported the screening results for ethyl acetate extract. Fractionation was then performed on the extract by means of column chromatography by gradient elution resulting in five combined fractions. Brine shrimp lethality test and 1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhidrazil (DPPH) assays were employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antioxidant of the extract, respectively. Characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was then conducted. The cytotoxicity of the samples was indicated by median lethal concentration50 values ranging from 28.84 to 1023.3 ppm. As for the antioxidant activity, the DPPH median inhibitory concentration50 values ranged from 4.12 to 180.66 ppm. GC-MS analysis on the most bioactive fraction revealed the predominating phytochemical contents of neophytadiene, palmitic acid, and phytol. In conclusion, the fraction of ethyl acetate extract from A. muricata leaves could potentially act as a strong antioxidant and moderate cytotoxic agent.

Soursop is a tropical fruit of economic importance in Mexico, however, there is scarce research on its nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the foliar nutrient concentration in the vegetative state and to compare the nutritional diagnosis between the Kenworthy Balance Index (KBI) and Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) in the soursop crop. The foliar concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and B presented lower values than the reference standard. It was found concordance between KBI and DOP indices for the diagnosis in 91% of the orchards; the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mn and B were deficient in all orchards and excessive Cu (in 33% of the orchards), Fe and Zn (in 8% of the orchards respectively). However, the diagnosis of Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn in some orchards was contradictory due their adequate ranges with the KBI and deficient with the DOP. In general, with the two indices 25% of the orchards coincide with the decreasing order of the nutrients P

With the advent of modern technology, advancements in processing and storage techniques, and increasing medical knowledge, people are becoming aware of deterioration in the quality of medicinal products due to storage methods and time. In most cases, herbal products are not consumed immediately after production; as such, improper storage can result in physical, chemical, and microbiological changes. The study evaluated the effect of storage methods and time on the quality of oil extracted from Phyllanthus amarus Schumach and Annona muricata Linn and assessed their antidiabetic and antioxidative effects. Plants were air-dried, pulverized, and then subjected to Soxhlet extraction in petroleum ether. The oil was evaluated for phytochemical constituents and the effects of time and storage methods on its physicochemical properties. Characterization of the oil was done by spectroscopic techniques. Oils from both plants contained tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, phlobotannins, resins, reducing sugar, phenols, and saponins in different proportions. The oil from A. muricata had higher phenolic (3.11±0.31 mgGAE/g), flavonoid (11.82±0.08 mgQUE/g), alkaloid (16.37 ± ± 0.56 mgAPE/g), and tannin (7.13 ± 0.47 mgCE/g) contents than the oil from P. amarus , which had 0.54 ± ± 0.08 mgGAE/g, 7.83 ± 0.13 mgQUE/g, 9.87 ± 0.15 mgAPE, and 3.16 ± 0.12 mgCE/g for total phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, respectively. Initial acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values recorded for P. amarus were 5.63 ± 0.82 mgKOH/g, 97.17 ±0.53 Wijis, 9.31 ± 0.15 mEq/kg, and 116.11 ± 0.74 mgKOH/g, respectively, significantly different from those of A. muricata, which had values of 1.17 ± 0.08 mgKOH, 76.23 ± ± 0.03 Wijis, 6.75 ± 0.47 mEq/kg, and 193.31 ± 0.52 mgKOH/g, respectively. FT-IR characterization of the oils revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, alkyl, alkene, alkane, haloalkane, aldehyde, aromatic amine, α-unsaturated and β-unsaturated esters, and phenol functional groups. P. amarus oil inhibited α-amylase (IC50 0.17 ± ± 0.03 mg/ml), α-glucosidase (IC50 0.64 ± 0.03 mg/ml), and xanthine oxidase (0.70 ± 0.01 mg/ml) to a greater extent than A. muricata oil, with IC50 values of 0.43 ± 0.05 mg/ml (α-amylase), 2.25 ± 0.31 mg/ml (α-glucosidase), and 0.78 ± 0.07 mg/ml (xanthine oxidase). This study showed that oils from the tested plants have low rancidity with a moderate shelf life. The extracts contained essential phytoconstituents that significantly inhibited α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase. These effects of the oil indicate their potential to prevent diabetes, gout, and oxidative stress. Consequently, the supply of P. amarus and A. muricata in homemade diets is strongly encouraged for healthy living.

The aqueous extract of Annona muricata L. leaves was thoroughly analyzed using the UPLC-MS/MS, in addition to a new approach of examination of the extract's impact on cancer of EAC(Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) in albino male mice. The aim was to investigate the diversity of the phytochemical constituents of the aqueous leaf capsule extract and their impacts on EAC as anticancer agents. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS screening resulted in 410 tentatively identified metabolites. Among them, 384 compounds were tentatively identified in a previous study, besides a number of 26 compounds belonging to acetogenins, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other miscellaneous compounds, which were exclusively identified in the aqueous extract of the leaf capsule. Interestingly, a new compound was tentatively characterized as galloyl-quinic acid-rutinoside. This study also demonstrated that treating EAC mice with an extract from A. muricata leaves significantly improved the abnormalities in the expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax and caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) genes. Furthermore, the extract showed good protection against induced Ehrlich hepatocarcinoma, according to the microscopical, histological, and immune-histochemical analyses of the liver tissues and tumor mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year after year, there are more cases of cancer, sparking questions about the effectiveness of available treatments. As a result, patients are searching for new therapies to supplement and/or replace radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy. Graviola and other plants have been found to contain phytochemicals compounds that could be employed to cure cancer. This review seeks to highlight the phytochemicals from A. muricata as possible anticancer agents, taking into account the increasing inadequacies of cancer treatments provided by healthcare facilities. Graviola's potential to suppress malignant cell proliferation while having minimal to no impact on normal cell survival has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo systems against a wide range of human cancers and pathogens. The antioxidant property of bioactive principles in A. muricata appears to influence the anticancer potentials of the plant. Graviola extracts made from various plant parts have been found to have a variety of phytochemical components. Phenols, alkaloids, acetogenins and essential oils are the most important phytochemical components isolated. In vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that A. muricata extracts and bioactive compounds have anticancer and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of soursop (Annona muricata) is a potential anti-cancer agent. However, there is no report on the effect of soursop leaf phytochemicals against osteosarcoma, a musculoskeletal cancer commonly affecting children and adults. The current study identified 28 metabolites from ethyl acetate leaf (EAL) extract through GC–MS chemoprofiling and subjected to in silico analysis against the potential protein target, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) of osteosarcoma, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and toxicity (ADMET) analysis to identify the possible hit compounds. This resulted in three hit leaf bioactives, namely 2'-hydroxy-5'-methyl chalcone, linoleic acid and annonacin showing good binding affinity with a docking score of − 7.4, − 7.0 and − 6.9 kcal/mol, respectively. With ADMET analysis, 2'-hydroxy-5'-methyl chalcone and linoleic acid obeyed Lipinski's rule of five, whereas annonacin showed a slight violation. Among the three docked complexes, annonacin shows good stability during molecular dynamic simulation performed with PDGFRA. The concentration of the key marker compound, annonacin in EAL concentrate is found to be 5.032 ± 0.13 mg/g of leaf sample and is used for cytotoxicity assessment. Further, EAL concentrate exhibits cytotoxicity (IC50 value) on MG-63 osteosarcoma cells in vitro for concentrations ranging from 10 to 25 µg/mL. Nuclear imaging of osteoblast cells treated with EAL concentrate at 25 µg/mL concentration shows typical symptoms of apoptosis. In vitro cytotoxicity along with nuclear imaging confirmed EAL concentrate from soursop to be a potential drug candidate in developing new anti-cancer agent against osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer has become one of the leading causes of death in men. Cancer patients often seek alternative treatments apart from chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. The use of medicinal plants in both preventive and curative actions in healthcare has been widely recognized. One of the plants known to have anticancer activity is the soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.). Objective: This study was conducted to explore the potential of active compounds contained in A. muricata as drug candidates for the inhibition of caspase-3 in silico. Methods: The research began with the prediction of Lipinski's Rule of Five and ADMET properties for the compounds found in A. muricata. The prediction process was followed by pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking simulations on caspase-3 (PDB: 1NME) as the target protein and 2-hydroxy-5-(2-mercaptoethylsulfamoyl)- benzoic acid as the natural ligand using AutoDockTools 1.5.6. Results: Based on the molecular docking results, 22 test ligands were able to form bonds with the caspase-3 enzyme. The two best interactions were observed with the test ligands, Isolaureline and S-norcorydine, with binding energy values of -6.20 kcal/mol and -6.12 kcal/mol and inhibition constant values of 28.65 µM and 32.53 µM. In terms of receptor-target interactions, these two compounds also exhibited hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions similar to the natural ligand. Conclusion: The best bioactive compounds in A. muricata (Isolaureline and S-norcorydine) were predicted to have the ability to interact with caspase-3 and the potential to be used as prostate cancer drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit tea is a health‐beneficial product that promotes economic development and addresses the issue of excessive agricultural waste. Prolonging the shelf‐life of soursop fruit tea has been of scientific interest currently. This study evaluated the effects of three types of packaging materials of soursop fruit tea (e.g., paper, paper‐combined Polyetylen (PE), and aluminum‐combined PE) and different storage temperatures (5, 15, 30, and 45°C) on various product characteristics, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total ascorbic acid (TAA), and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)/2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging capacity during 4 weeks of storage. The results revealed that the sample stored in aluminum‐combined PE packaging at 30°C retained most of the product's characteristics and nutritional values. This was evidenced by the moisture content of 2.49%, TAA of 3.9 ± 1.4 mg/100 g dry weight, TPC of 12.89 ± 0.47 mgGAE/g, TFC of 0.54 ± 0.004 mgQE/g, DPPH scavenging activity of 4.06 ± 0.02 mgAA/g, and ABTS scavenging activity of 13.34 ± 0.32 mgAA/g. Additionally, the microbiological quality of the sample met the standard of TCVN 9740:2013. Overall, the study highlights the importance of packaging materials and storage temperatures to maintain the nutritional quality of soursop fruit tea. It provides valuable insights into the suitable storage conditions for preserving the quality and health‐promoting effects of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soursop (Annona muricata) is a tropical tree whose decoction derived from bark, root, seed, or leaf has been used for medicinal uses. In addition, the fruit itself is considered a food, and the juice is utilized to treat heart and liver diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the phenolic content. In addition, a water-soluble fraction of the soursop fruit pulp (WSSP) was examined for the following properties: antioxidant, mutagenic, and antimutagenicity. UV-visible spectrophotometry determined total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method to be 11.22 ± 0.6 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram dried extract, and free-radical scavenging activity by the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•) showed an EC50 of 1032 µg/ml. In the Salmonella/microsome assay, no marked mutagenicity was induced following WSSP treatment, and a chemopreventive capacity was observed in the antimutagenic assay. The cytotoxicity assays were carried out using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays demonstrated that WSSP induced significant cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells, indicating greater effectiveness of cytotoxic action by destroying cell membrane integrity. Data suggest that WSSP may exert beneficial effects as a DNA chemopreventive and antitumor agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging cases of antimicrobial resistance in the treatment of microbial infections have really posed as a threat thus leading to the search of new drugs from natural sources. Endophytic fungi which live within plant's cells are microorganisms from which many novel metabolites with antimicrobial activity can be obtained. The aim of the study was to examine the antimicrobial activity and the phytoconstituents of the extract produced by the endophytic fungus from Annona muricata. From A. muricata leaves, the fungal endophyte was extracted and fermented. The endophytic extract produced was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutants, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Following standard protocols, the extract was screened for phytochemicals and subjected to GC-MS analysis. With the exception of P. aeruginosa and A. niger, the results demonstrated that the extract has antimicrobial property with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 0.8 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml. Phytochemicals tested including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenes were present. Twenty (20) main compounds, mostly fatty acids, were detected by GC-MS and they may be the source of the extract's antimicrobial property. The endophytic fungus extract possesses significant bioactive compounds with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and can be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of Annona muricata have medicinal potential which has gained attention from researchers around the world. This study has an objective to screen the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract from A. muricata leaves and its fraction. The fine powder of A. muricata was macerated in methanol and further partitioned using two different solvents, namely n-hexane and ethyl acetate. In this article, we reported the screening results for ethyl acetate extract. Fractionation was then performed on the extract by means of column chromatography by gradient elution resulting in five combined fractions. Brine shrimp lethality test and 1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhidrazil (DPPH) assays were employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antioxidant of the extract, respectively. Characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was then conducted. The cytotoxicity of the samples was indicated by median lethal concentration50 values ranging from 28.84 to 1023.3 ppm. As for the antioxidant activity, the DPPH median inhibitory concentration50 values ranged from 4.12 to 180.66 ppm. GC-MS analysis on the most bioactive fraction revealed the predominating phytochemical contents of neophytadiene, palmitic acid, and phytol. In conclusion, the fraction of ethyl acetate extract from A. muricata leaves could potentially act as a strong antioxidant and moderate cytotoxic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona fruit, leaves, seeds, roots, and bark have been conventionally used in many countries for medical treatments as they are considered ideal sources of pharmacologically active compounds, but Annona remains an underutilized fruit in many countries. The fruit of these plants is delicately flavored and is used in industrial products such as ready-to-serve beverages, wine, jellies, jam, and fruit-butter preserve, while the seeds generally go to waste. Annona seed oil contains numerous health-benefiting factors such as vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds, fatty acids, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds, which are responsible for various biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. Cancer is a worldwide major health problem that remains unresolved. Even though the current treatments can manage to reduce tumor growth, there is an urgent need to investigate more efficient but less expensive novel techniques to overcome some of the restrictions in treating tumors. Annona might offer an indispensable choice besides chemotherapy and radiotherapy, especially for terminally ill patients, as the Annona genus contains secondary metabolites in nearly every component of Annona plants. Research has shown that many Annona species contain promising components that could potentially exhibit anticancer activity, but the information available is scarce and inconsistent. Annona muricata (Soursop, "Katuanoda"), Annona squamosa (Sweetsop, "Seenianoda"), and Annona reticulata (Custard apple, "Welianoda") are three commonly cultivated edible Annona species in Sri Lanka. The main objective of the review was to present an updated comprehensive literature analysis of the putative chemopreventive functions against cancer cell lines/the anticancer effect on cancers, phytochemical properties, and antioxidant properties possessed by the seed oils of three selected common Annona species. Although there are some in vitro and in vivo experimental investigations supporting the benefits of Annona seed oils, clinical investigations are still needed to explore concealed areas, determine the effects on the human body, determine the safest concentration, and determine health-contributing benefits before they are submitted to clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit) has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatosis and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural products contained in Annona muricata leaves are characterized by their ability to effectively enhance the immune response without exhibiting toxicity. The immunomodulatory effect of natural polysaccharides is considered one of the most important bioactive functions. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities and immunological properties of heteroglycans extracted from A. muricata leaves using hot water followed by ethanol precipitation. The polysaccharide was characterized for its physicochemical properties (UV spectroscopy, FTIR, gas chromatography), antioxidant potential (scavenging properties, chelating ability, reducing capability, and protection against DNA damage), immunomodulatory activities, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RAW 264.7 cells. The results indicated that the heteroglycans consisted of Glu-Man-GalA-GluA-Xyl and GluA-Man-Glu, respectively, for low and high molecular weight water-soluble polysaccharides coded as LWPC and HWPC. They exhibited strong metal chelating and scavenging activities. Additionally, each sample provided protection against DNA damage induction, with LWPC exhibiting up to 73.1 % protection. LWPC and HWPC significantly down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2, as well as NO production. At 200 µg/mL, only LWPC increased the production of IL-1β and IL-6 in PBMCs. Therefore, LWPC and HWPC hold promise for inhibiting radical-induced and inflammatory disorders.

Annona muricata L. (Guyabano) leaves are reported to exhibit anticancer activity against cancer cells. In this study, the ethyl acetate extract from guyabano leaves was purified through column chromatography, and the cytotoxic effects of the semi-purified fractions were evaluated against A549 lung cancer cells using in vitro MTS cytotoxicity and scratch/wound healing assays. Fractions F15-16C and F15-16D exhibited the highest anticancer activity in the MTS assay, with % cytotoxicity values of 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively. The bioactivity of the fractions was also consistent with the results of the scratch/wound healing assay. Moreover, untargeted metabolomics was employed on the semi-purified fractions to determine the putative compounds responsible for the bioactivity. The active fractions were processed using LC-MS/MS analysis with the integration of the following metabolomic tools: MS-DIAL (for data processing), MetaboAnalyst (for data analysis), GNPS (for metabolite annotation), and Cytoscape (for network visualization). Results revealed that the putative compounds with a significant difference between active and inactive fractions in PCA and OPLS-DA models were pheophorbide A and diphenylcyclopropenone.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has become the most common urological disease among aging men. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract on a BPH animal model. Thirty male Wistar rats with weight range from 80-100g were divided into six groups: normal control (NC), testosterone-induced negative control (TC), Finasteride treatment control (FT), and the A. muricata low, medium, and high dose treatment groups: AML (100 mg/kg), AMM (200 mg/kg) and AMH (400 mg/kg) b.w respectively. BPH was induced by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate (5.0 mg/kg/b.w) for 28 consecutive days. Plant extract in vitro antioxidant activities were determined. After 14 days post-treatment, a 40% increase in prostate weight in the TC reflected a significant increase (p0.05). In vitro antioxidant capacities were exhibited at 94.4% DPPH and 60% FRAP inhibition. This study therefore suggests that A. muricata is a potential candidate for the treatment of BPH.