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Immigration violations committed by foreign nationals are a threat to Indonesia. For this reason, the securitization process carried out by state actors by considering the threat of immigration violations is a preventive step for the Indonesian government to protect its national security. Apart from that, it is necessary to implement the immigration function as a form of effort to prevent immigration actions, so that only foreign citizens who receive residence permits are truly beneficial to the country. This research aims to find out how the securitization process applies to foreign citizen immigration violations. The research method used is a qualitative approach, data collection techniques can be in the form of literature studies and interviews. The interviews obtained are then analyzed to be presented and conclusions drawn. The results of this research show that the South Jakarta immigration office, through the implementation of securitization, has taken action against all forms of immigration violations for foreign nationals through a three-stage process, namely profiling, monitoring and deterring deportation. However, there are obstacles in the process, namely communication problems, problems with fictitious information about domicile addresses, and problems with costs for foreign citizens to return to their country of origin. The suggestion from this research is to strengthen selective policies and strengthen supervision by coordinating with several other agencies such as the embassy of the foreigner's country of origin to be able to collaborate in the deportation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation is a must for Indonesia in facing global dynamics in this digital era. Through the digital transformation acceleration policy, Indonesia seeks to accelerate economic growth, improve the quality of public services, and strengthen national resilience in the digital era. The purpose of this paper underlines the importance of Indonesia's preparedness in facing the threats of the digital world, both in terms of cybersecurity, data privacy violations and other negative impacts. The method used is a qualitative research method with data reviewed through literature studies. The results show that the importance of this preparedness covers various aspects, ranging from cybersecurity infrastructure to community digital literacy to overcome challenges and risks in building a strong digital defense. In addition, there is a need for concrete steps to overcome obstacles and challenges in implementing digital transformation acceleration policies. This includes strengthening technological infrastructure, improving digital literacy, encouraging the involvement of all stakeholders, and ensuring supportive regulations and adequate privacy protection. Throughout the analysis, it is important to understand that digital transformation is not an end goal, but an ongoing journey. By identifying and addressing the challenges and risks that arise, Indonesia can optimally utilize the potential of digital transformation to achieve sustainable development and protect people's security and privacy in this digital era.

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Badai ancaman terorisme masih terus mengintai dan tidak dapat dijadikan isapan jempol semata, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menyoroti kembali tentang apa yang menjadi isu hangat pada pertengahan tahun 2019-2020 lalu. Ya, wacana kembalinya simpatisan atau pendukung gerakan Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) bagi mereka yang berasal dari Indonesia atau memiliki status kewarganegaraan WNI, agar dapat kembali ke tanah air. Ironis memang bila mengingat bahwa banyak yang berangkat dan menjadi simpatisan dengan keyakinan bahwa mereka telah memilih jalan yang benar, namun nyatanya masih memerlukan perhatian dari ibu Pertiwi. Terlepas dari pro dan kontra terhadap pemulangan eks-ISIS ini, penulis ingin menyoroti bagaimana sebenarnya isu pemulangan ini adalah hal yang kompleks, keputusan satu hari akan memberikan dampak kepada banyak hal, termasuk dalam kasus-kasus terorisme yang akan meningkat ke depannya, lalu apakah wacana pemulangan tersebut sudah tepat karena memperhatikan HAM dan sebagai tanggung jawab pihak Indonesia terhadap perilaku warga negaranya di negara lain atau justru menjadi sebuah potensi ancaman terhadap kesejahteraan dan keamanan negara itu sendiri.

The Coastal Zone of Garut Regency is located on the southern coast of West Java which is directly opposite the confluence of the Indo-Australian plate and the Megathrust of the Sunda Strait and southern Java. This area has a high chance of an earthquake and tsunami disaster. This study aims to determine the level of risk of tsunami disasters in coastal villages of Garut Regency. This study uses several analytical methods, namely the calculation of the factor value with the Davidson standardized model and the map superimpose method with the scoring technique which is processed by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Weighting is carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to compare one factor with another in determining the priority of tsunami disaster. Based on the analysis of the risk level of the tsunami disaster, it was found that the level of risk of tsunami disasters was high in coastal villages, namely ± 6,734.66 hectares (about 17.02% of the total area of coastal villages), the level of risk for tsunami disasters was ± 4,137,32 Ha (about 10.45% of the total area of the coastal villages), and the level of tsunami risk is low, covering an area of ± 28,704.99 (about 72.53% of the total area of the coastal villages). The results of this research are expected to be used in designing spatial planning in coastal areas that are safe from tsunamis. Wilayah Pesisir Kabupaten Garut terletak di pantai selatan Jawa Barat yang berhadapan langsung dengan pertemuan lempeng Indo-Australia dan Megathrust Selat Sunda dan Jawa bagian selatan, sehingga memiliki peluang terjadinya bencana gempa bumi dan tsunami yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat risiko bencana tsunami di desa pesisir Kabupaten Garut dengan menggunakan beberapa metode analisis yaitu perhitungan nilai faktor dengan model standarisasi Davidson serta metode superimpose peta dengan teknik skoring yang prosesnya diolah dengan software Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG). Selain itu untuk memperoleh nilai perbandingan antara beberapa faktor yang ditinjau dari segi pentingnya faktor tersebut terhadap faktor lainnya dalam menentukan penilaian prioritas terhadap risiko bencana tsunami maka dilakukan pembobotan dengan menggunakan metode proses hierarki analitik (Analytical Hierarchy Process/AHP). Berdasarkan hasil analisis tingkat risiko bencana tsunami, ditemukan bahwa tingkat risiko bencana tsunami tinggi di desa-desa pesisir yaitu seluas ±6.734,66 Ha (sekitar 17,02% dari total luas desa-desa pesisir), tingkat risiko bencana tsunami sedang seluas ±4.137,32 Ha (sekitar 10,45% dari total luas desa-desa pesisir), dan tingkat risiko bencana tsunami rendah, seluas ±28.704,99 (sekitar 72,53% dari total luas desa-desa pesisir). Hasil riset ini diharapkan dapat digunakan dalam menyusun penataan ruang di wilayah pesisir yang aman dari tsunami.

Kebhinekaan masyarakat Indonesia merupakan aset bangsa yang tidak ternilai harganya. Saat ini kebhinekaan tersebut menghadapi ancaman dari paparan radikalisme. Media sosial digunakan untuk ujaran kebenciaan yang dilatarbelakangi oleh perbedaan suku, agama, ras dan antar golongan. Aksi terorisme dilakukan berdasarkan kebencian terhadap umat agama tertentu. Pancasila sebagai pandangan hidup Bangsa harus menjadi dasar dalam berbagai kebijakan negara guna mengatasi paparan radikalisme tersebut. Oleh karena itu maka penelitian ini akan membahas dua permasalahan yakni paparan radikalisme terhadap kebhinekaan di Indonesia dan keberadaan Pancasila dalam menghadapi ancaman tersebut. Kesimpulan tulisan ini adalah: Pertama; bahwa radikalisme yang berkembang di Indonesia terutama didasarkan atas latar belakang agama. Bahkan radikalisme tersebut direalisasikan dalam berbagai aksi terorisme. Faham radikalisme tersebut terutama ditanamkan pada generasi muda pada rentang usia 17-24 tahun. Kedua; sebagai upaya penanggulangan radikalisme berbasis Pancasila maka harus dilaksanakan penanggulangan yang berbasis pendekatan edukasi. Re-internalisasi nilai-nilai Pancasila harus dilakukan sejak pendidikan pra-sekolah oleh keluarga.

Penelitian ini fokus pada pembahasan serangan teroris terhadap Amerika Serikat pada Gedung World Trade Center (WTC) di New York dan Gedung Pentagon di Washington pada 11 September 2001 (9/11). Dimana pelaku tragedi 9/11 adalah jaringan terorisme Al-Qaeda yang pernah dipimpin oleh Osama bin Laden. Serangan tersebut jugapunya afiliasi dengan kelompok Abu Sayyaf Group. Abu Sayyaf Group merupakan sebuah kelompok militan yang beroperasi di Filipina Selatan dan mempromosikan pendirian sebagai suatu negara Islam yang merdeka di Mindanao dan Kepulauan Sulu, Filipina Selatan. Abu Sayyaf Group terlibat dalam berbagai tindak kekerasan, seperti pemboman, pembunuhan, penculikan dan penyanderaan maupun pemerasan. Dalam perkembangannya, Abu Sayyaf Group berpotensi mengancam keamanan nasional Amerika Serikat dan Filipina serta membutuhkan penanganan dengan respons yang sama, yakni militer dalam menghadapinya. Dalam membendung ancaman Abu Sayyaf Group, kedua negara ini sepakat untuk menjalin kerjasama. Maka, Amerika Serikat dan Filipina melaksanakan kerjasama di bidang militer melalui pelaksanaan latihan militer gabungan antara kedua pasukan yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2002 tempatnya di Kepulauan Basilan, Filipina Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan keberhasilan maupun kegagalam dalam penerapan kerjasama antara Amerika Serikat dan Filipina. Hal ini yang akhirnya mendapat dukungan publik dan politik domestik pada kerjasama Amerika Serikat dan Filipina yang dilengkapi dengan program pemerintahan Filipina dalam reformasi sosial dan peningkatan ekonomi di Pulau Basilan tempat wilayah Abu Sayyaf Group beroperasi. This study focuseson the discussionterrorist attacks against the United States at the World Trade Center Building in New York and the Pentagon Building in Washington on September 11, 2001 (9/11). Where the tragedy of 9/11 is Al-Qaeda terrorist network that once led by Osama bin Laden. And has links with the Abu Sayyaf Group. The Abu Sayyaf Group is a militant group operating in the Southern Philippines and promotes the establishment as an independent Islamic state in Mindanao and the Sulu Islands of the southern Philippines. The Abu Sayyaf Group is involved in various acts of violence, such as bombings, killings, kidnappings and hostage-taking as well as extortion. In its development, the Abu Sayyaf Group may threaten the national security of the United States and the Philippines that are military or armed threats and require a military response in the face of it. To face the threat of Abu Sayyaf Group, the two countries agreed to establish cooperation. In an attempt to confront military threats or other armed threats coming from the Abu Sayyaf Group. Thus, the United States and the Philippines undertook military cooperation through joint military exercises between the two forces held in 2002 in the Basilan Islands of the southern Philippines. This study aims to show the success and kegagalam in the application of cooperation between the United States and the Philippines. This ultimately gained public and domestic political support for US and Philippine cooperation complemented by the Philippine government's program of social reform and economic improvement on Basilan Island where the Abu Sayyaf Group operates.

The world has witnessed the emergence of radical and extremist ideology which poses a threat to international security by influencing society towards excessive acts. Radical and extremist ideology is not only limited to certain territories but covers the entire Islamic world including South-east Asia. The evolution of ideologies from the West based on a doctrine of violence leads to conflict or clash of cultures and civilization, especially for societies in South-east Asia. Hence, the purpose of this article is to identify the forms of radical and extremist threat which apply specifically in South-east Asia. In addition, this writing aims to identify methods or measures in handling the issue of radicalism and extremism which occurs in South-east Asian states. Writing methodology is qualitative with a historical and current phenomena approach based on data findings through literature review and document analysis. Research findings conclude that radical and extremist ideology poses a threat to society and state so as to challenge multiculturism policy of a state. The push and pull factor also plays a role in spreading this ideology within society Therefore, this article attempts to bring a reply narrative based on pro-active methods and measures in the prevention of and dealing with this complex global issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini menyajikan hasil analisis spasial risiko bencana banjir bandang akibat keruntuhan bendungan alam pada Daerah Aliran Sungai Krueng Teungku Kecamatan Seulimeum, Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Provinsi Aceh. Parameter kerentanan merupakan gabungan komponen kerentanan sosial dan kerentanan fisik. Selanjutnya dari parameter ancaman dan kerentanan tersebut, dilakukan analisis risiko melalui penentuan klasifikasi risiko bencana banjir bandang untuk daerah hilir bendungan. Secara keseluruhan daerah berisiko seluas 32,02 hektar berdasarkan pembentukan 15 grid (100 meter horisontal x 100 meter sejajar tebing sungai). Klasifikasi tingkat risiko untuk daerah hilir bendungan alam Krueng Teungku 5 wilayah termasuk dalam Tingkat Risiko Tinggi, 8 wilayah Tingkat Risiko Sedang dan 2 wilayah Tingkat Risiko Ringan. Kelas risiko sedang mendominasi seluas 23,33 hektar atau 72,85% dari luas total daerah yang berisiko. Kemudian diikuti oleh kelas risiko tinggi seluas 6,29 hektar atau 19,64% dari luas total daerah yang berisiko. Kelas risiko rendah seluas 2,41 hektar atau 7,51% dari luas total daerah yang berisiko. Klasifikasi tingkat risiko bencana banjir bandang ini berguna untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan masyarakat di hilir bendungan alam untuk meminimalisir risiko bencana banjir bandang yang merupakan bencana berulang pada Desa Beureunut.

Flying foxes are important ecological keystone species on many archipelagoes, and Indonesia is home to over a third of all flying fox species globally. However, the amount of research on this clade belies their importance to natural systems, particularly as they are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic development and hunting. Here, we provide a review of the literature since the publication of the Old World Fruit Bat Action Plan and categorize research priorities as high, medium, or low based on the number of studies conducted. A majority of the research priorities for Indonesian endemics are categorized as medium or high priority. Low priority ratings were in multiple categories for widespread flying fox species found throughout Southeast Asia, though much of the data were from outside of the Indonesian extent of the species range. These research gaps tend to highlight broader patterns of research biases towards western Indonesia, whereas significant research effort is still needed in eastern Indonesia, particularly for vulnerable island taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ekosistem Mangrove merupakan ekosistem unik di pesisir sebagai pelindung daratan baik pelindung dari abrasi, intrusi dan sebagai habitat berbagai macam spesies. Besarnya fungsi mangrove ini akan sangat disayangkan ketika terjadi kerusakan karena akan berdampak ke berbagai aspek seperti matinya spesies, berubahnya garis pantai karena abrasi, masuknya air asin ke air tanah dan lain sebagainya sehingga perlunya pemeliharaan ekosistem ini. Pemeliharaan ini perlu dilakukan dengan pengenalan kondisi kawasan ini sehingga tindakan yang akan dilakukan lebih tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengenali kondisi ekosistem mangrove dan lingkungannya antara lain ancaman, kerentanan dan kerusakan yang bisa terjadi. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan analisis kualitatif semi-kuantitatif dengan statistik sederhana.. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan analisis data sekunder dan observasi lapangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan indeks ancaman gelombang terhadap ekosistem mangrove meliputi tinggi gelombang, arus, bentuk garis pantai dan ada tidaknya karang penghalang. Indikator tersebut merupakan indikator yang memperkuat besarnya energi gelombang. Kemudian mengguanakan indeks kerentanan mangrove dari gelombang meliputi luasnya vegetasi mangrove, zonasi mangrove dan fungsi hutan mangrove. Indikator tersebut akan memperkuat kondisi kerentanan mangrove dari gelombang. Selanjutnya tingkat kerusakaan menggunakan persamaan bencana, dimana tingkat ancaman dan kerentanan saling menguatkan terhadap kerusakan. Hasil analisis setiap indikator diklasifikasikan ke dalam 3 kelas menurut Rumus Sturgess, sedangkan tingkat kerusakan terhadap gelombang dikelaskan menurut matrik Peraturan KA BNPB No 02 Tahun 2012 yang dimodifikasi. Hasil penelitian antara lain (1) Ancaman gelombang terhadap ekosistem mangrove di Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Dua pada tingkat sedang (2) Kerentanan ekosistem mangrove terhadap gelombang di Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Dua pada tingkat sedang (3) Berdasarkan kondisi ancaman dan kerentanan maka dapat dilihat tingkat kerusakan pada kelas sedang. Dengan pengenalan kondisi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pedoman bagi pemerintah maupun masyarakat untuk bertindak sebagai upaya pengantisipasian dan pengurangan kerusakan ekosistem mangrove dikarenakan gelombang.

As one of maritime nations, Indonesia requires a sound maritime strategy. Maritime strategies are important not only to protect the state's maritime pathway and boundaries, but also to serve as part of the national security policy. This article is designed to provide an understanding why Indonesia urgently needs to redesign her maritime strategy. The article argues that a maritime strategy for Indonesia is needed because of the changing international politics such as the emerging non-traditional maritime security issues. These issues include illegal fishing, human trafficking, goods smuggling, piracy, sea robberies, and maritime terrorism. They affect the international trade through Malacca Strait, Sunda Strait, and Lombok Strait which border with Indonesia. Data for the article have been collected from reliable secondary sources as well as from authors' field work and interviews. Finding of the study suggests that Indonesia needs to reshape her maritime strategy toward significantly reducing threats at sea. This, in turn, will guarantee the security of the archipelagic sea-lanes (ASL) as an international route. In conclusion, there exists an acute urgency for Indonesia to reform its maritime strategy lest the country risks its national security vulnerable to increasing non-traditional maritime threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer system security has become a major concern over the past few years. Attacks, threats or intrusions, against computer system and network have become commonplace events. However, there are some system devices and other tools that are available to overcome the threat of these attacks. Currently, cyber attack is a major research and inevitable. This paper presents some steps of penetration in FreeBSD operating system, some tools and new steps to attack used in this experiment, probes for reconnaissance, guessing password via brute force, gaining privilege access and flooding victim machine to decrease availability. All these attacks were executed and infiltrate within the environment of Intrusion Threat Detection Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (ITD UTM) data set. This work is expected to be a reference for practitioners to prepare their systems from Internet attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]