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The study focuses on the fractional complex order plant model, which has gained popularity in applied mathematics, physics, and control systems. A significant contribution of this research lies in discussing the physical phenomena associated with complex plant models and their impact on system stability and robustness. The main purpose of the method presented in this paper is to tune the controller parameters to ensure the stability and robustness of the system. There are methods presented in the literature for this purpose. One of these methods is to keep the phase curve in the system frequency response flat within a certain range. However, this process is based on equating the derivative of the phase value to zero at a certain frequency and adds great mathematical complexity to the calculations. In this study, reliable analytical formulas are presented for the same purpose using a graphical approach. Since the fractional complex order plant model represents the most general mathematical form, it enables easy creation of other plant models, including integer order and fractional order plant. The reason why this plant is chosen is that this structure can be named as the universal plant, which all other structures can be built by making little variations. For instance, a transfer function having integer, real and/or complex number coefficients and/or orders can be obtained by proper determination of the parameters of the universal plant. A time delay can also be added towards researcher's desire. The main inspiration comes from studying on an inclusive plant. The method in this paper intends to tune the well‐known classical Proportional Integral Derivative controller. Thus, effectiveness of the integer order controller on various plants will be shown. This approach provides analytical calculation equations for the physical modifications of plants with integer, fractional, and/or complex coefficients and/or orders. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated visually with different examples that include these different possible situations. The results observed in the changes of the parameters in the transfer functions were also examined. Thus, pros and cons of the variations of integer, fractional, and complex numbers on system parameters have been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In almost all electrochemical systems for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis, electrodes are connected with an external power source, either directly or via wireless energy transfer circuit. That is inconvenient and makes some applications impossible. Herein, we use galvanized iron with two different metals as both power source and electrodes to achieve a self‐powered ECL and exploit ECL for the imaging of the corrosion of protective coating of widely used metal (e.g. galvanized iron) for the first time. The self‐powered ECL enables the visualization of the deterioration of galvanic coating on iron using a smartphone and the detection of ascorbic acid with a linear range of 0.5–100 μM and a limit of detection of 0.31 μM. The devices based on self‐powered approach do not require external power supply, thus effectively reducing their volume and cost. The self‐powered ECL holds great promise for metal corrosion imaging and analytical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TATB as an insensitive high explosive, has wide applications in both civil and military areas. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a crucial tool to analyze the purity for quality control of TATB. However, current HPLC method for TATB has several drawbacks resulted by its poor solubility. A deep eutectic solvent (CS-1) has high solubility toward TATB, so it has been used as the pretreatment solvent and mobile phase to develop a new HPLC method for TATB in this work. When CS-1 was used as the pretreatment solvent for TATB prior to HPLC analysis, it displayed greater efficiency, less dosage, and shorter time compared to conventional solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl formamide (DMF). Compared to the pretreatment time of 240 min by using DMSO, the pretreatment time of TATB by using CS-1 is significantly shortened to 20 min. Meanwhile, the carrying capacity of mobile phase for TATB became stronger after CS-1 was added into the mobile phase. The concentration of TATB with 40 mg·100 mL−1 is successfully analyzed by the HPLC based on the mobile phase containing CS-1, which is 10 times higher than that of DMSO with 4.0 mg·100 mL−1. Therefore, a new HPLC method based on CS-1 as one of the deep eutectic solvents is first established to improve the efficiency and representation of analyzing high concentration of TATB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The narrow attenuation bands of traditional marine structures have long been a challenge in mitigating water waves. In this paper, a metastructure (MS) composed of floating periodic pontoons is proposed for broadband water wave attenuation. The interaction of surface gravity waves with the MS is investigated using linear wave theory. The potential solutions of water waves by the MS with a finite array are developed by using the eigenfunction expansion matching method (EEMM), and the band structure of the MS is calculated by the transfer matrix method (TMM), in which the evanescent modes of waves are considered. The solution is verified against the existing numerical result for a special case. Based on the present solution, the association between Bragg resonance reflection and Bloch bandgaps is examined, the effects of pontoon geometry are analyzed, and the comparison between floating MS and bottom-mounted periodic structures is conducted. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is further developed to assess the structures in practical fluid environments, and the floating MS presents excellent wave attenuation performance. The study presented here may provide a promising solution for protecting the coast and offshore structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more and more ships sail on the sea, the probability of collision between ships also increases. At present, researches more on head-on ship collisions than oblique ship collisions. According to statistical data, the probability of oblique ship collision is higher than that of head-on ship collision, and oblique ship collision may cause a wider range of structural damage. Therefore, this paper studies the damage deformation of ship side structures in oblique collision scenarios. In this paper, a simplified analysis method is proposed to predict the structural response of the struck ship's side structures by bulbous bow in oblique collision scenarios and the analytical results match well with the numerical simulation results, which verifies the accuracy of the simplified analysis method. The simplified analysis method can be used to assess the crashworthiness of ship side structures by bulbous bow in oblique collision scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration characteristics and fault diagnosis of herringbone gears are significantly affected by the time-varying meshing stiffness (TVMS), a crucial internal excitation factor. An analytical model was developed using the potential energy method to thoroughly investigate the impact of crack-pitting coupling on the TVMS of herringbone gears. This model accounted for various factors, such as different crack depths and degrees of pitting. It included 16 different crack depths and degrees of pitting, and analysed the bending stiffness, shear stiffness and axial compression stiffness of the herringbone gear pair under the influence of coupling. The problem was solved using the integral method to examine the effect of crack-pitting coupling on the TVMS of herringbone gears. The calculated TVMS results were then analysed and compared for healthy gears and those with different degrees of crack-pitting coupling faults. A finite element computational model was also established using the finite element method to assess the TVMS of herringbone gears subjected to varying degrees of crack-pitting coupling. Simulation and analysis were conducted to compare the results obtained from the model with those obtained using the analytical method. The results indicate that when the crack reaches 10%, the dominant factor influencing the coupling fault TVMS is pitting. When the crack reaches 30%–50%, the TVMS is jointly influenced by pitting and crack. At 70% crack, the dominant factor is the crack itself. The calculated results were compared to finite element calculations, with a maximum error of 2.5%, confirming the accuracy of the results. The findings of this study can furnish a theoretical foundation for analysing dynamic vibration stability and fault diagnosis in herringbone gear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To predict the seismic response of column‐supported silos (CSSs), the granular–structure interaction (GSI) analysis method is proposed with considering the combined effect of the friction between the particles–particles and the particles–silo wall. Using free‐body dynamic equilibrium equations, we reconstruct the mutual interactions between different grain portions and between the grains and the silo wall to develop the ideal calculation model of the CSS structure. Based on the analysis model, additional dynamic overpressure and the effective mass caused by the stored content interacting with the silo wall is obtained with different slenderness ratios and peak accelerations. The additional bending moment caused by the friction between the particles and silo wall is further quantified. To verify the reliability of the proposed method, we discuss some applicative examples by comparing the GSI method with other theories, Eurocode 8, and experimental results. Moreover, the along‐the‐height acceleration profiles of the silo wall and the ensiled content are analyzed according to the shaking‐table tests. The results show that the GSI method can match Janssen's theory well in the case of static pressure at slenderness ratios exceeding 1.0. The overpressure profiles along the height of the silo wall follow a nonlinear distribution, different from Eurocode 8. The bending moment obtained by predictive formulas agrees well with the experimental results for the CSS, indicating that the GSI method is reasonable. Some design and construction recommendations, including the maximum overpressure position, the reference range of the dynamic overpressure coefficient, and the reduction factors of the ensiled content mass, are proposed to facilitate the engineering applications of CSSs, considering different slenderness ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welded components are highly vulnerable to fatigue failures due to stress concentrations and material imperfections. This study develops an analytical framework that predicts both high‐cycle (HCF) and low‐cycle (LCF) fatigue lives of welded joints using a structural strain parameter. By employing a linear hardening model, the method effectively translates structural stress into structural strain, providing a reliable metric for assessing fatigue life, especially in LCF conditions. Validated against experimental data from 62 longitudinal gusset joints, the approach proves both reliable and practical. This simplified method facilitates easier fatigue assessments, encouraging its wider use and potential standardization in engineering, thus improving the predictability of welded structures' performance. Highlights: An analytical framework is presented to assess the fatigue behavior of welded structures.The linear hardening law is introduced to capture the material hardening behavior.The analytical solutions for plane stress and plane strain conditions are provided.The method is applied to analyze 62 weldment fatigue data in both HCF and LCF regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white powder, represents the opacifier used in many products, including drugs, foods, cosmetics, paints, and dyes. Method: The Uv‐Vis spectrophotometry was a particularly suitable technique to quantify TiO2 in the solutions obtained from cosmetics. In this work, we determined the TiO2 content in a total of 88 samples of eye shadows and face powders of different brands and costs. Before to analyse the samples, we developed the mineralization and analysis method, in fact, fusion with potassium bisulphate would be very laborious because it must be carried out on one sample at a time and requires very long times, instead, the mineralization with the acid mixture and the aid of microwaves allowed us to solubilize six samples at the same time within 45 min. Results: From the results obtained, we can state that the highest concentrations of TiO2 are found in the eyeshadows with a maximum value of 36% in a blue eyeshadow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetric 3D wave propagation in transversely isotropic thermoelastic solids is presented by using of potential functions and integral transforms. Governing equations of thermoelastodynamic boundary-value problem (TBVP) are including three equations of motion and an energy equation which make a set of four coupled partial differential equations (PDE) in terms of displacements and temperature. By using of the displacement- and temperature-potential function relationships, four coupled equations of TBVP are reduced to two uncoupled PDEs governing the potential functions which are of sixth and second orders. To solve these uncoupled PDEs, complex Fourier expansions and Hankel integral transforms are used in this paper to suppress the angular and radial variables respectively in cylindrical coordinate system. Consequently, sixth and second order ordinary differential equations (ODE) in terms of depth are received. By solving ODEs, satisfying the radiation and boundary conditions and applying the Hankel inverse transforms, the displacement and temperature functions have been determined in the real space. To validate the analytical and numerical results, some comparisons have been made with the results presented in the literature where excellent agreements have been observed. Important points have been mentioned about speed of SH, SV, P and Rayleigh waves in transversely isotropic and isotropic thermoelastic solids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the outcrossing rate method has gained popularity for structural time-dependent reliability assessments (TRA). Despite numerous efforts, developing a general analytical outcrossing rate method for a nonstationary non-Gaussian performance function to estimate the failure probability within the forecast time interval remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces an analytical outcrossing rate method for non-Gaussian cases, named the three-moments-based outcrossing rate (TMO) method. The outcrossing rate is formulated based on the third-moment outcrossing rate with no assumption of the correlation between the performance function and its derivative process, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the performance characteristics of a structure. Following the development of the proposed outcrossing rate, a TRA methodology is established to evaluate the failure probability of the nonstationary non-Gaussian performance function. Notably, the TMO method only requires statistical moments of the nonstationary non-Gaussian performance function, which are easy to calculate, facilitating efficient implementation. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability, efficiency, and accuracy of the proposed TMO method. It can be concluded that the proposed TMO method provides an accurate and useful approach for TRA in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layout forms of several breakwater structures can be generalized as asymmetrical arrangements in actual engineering. However, the problem of wave diffraction around asymmetrically arranged breakwaters has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we propose an analytical method of wave diffraction for regular waves passing through asymmetrically arranged breakwaters, and we use the Nyström method to obtain the analytical solution numerically. We compared the results of this method with those of previous analytical solutions and with numerical results to demonstrate the validity of our approach. We also provided diffraction coefficient diagrams of breakwaters with different layout forms. Moreover, we described the analytical expression for the problem of diffraction through long-wave incident breakwaters and presented an analysis of the relationship between the diffraction coefficients and the widths of breakwater gates. The analytical method presented in this study contributes to the limited literature on the theory of wave diffraction through asymmetrically arranged breakwaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorobenzenes (TCBs), comprising the isomers 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-TCB, disrupt metabolic processes by inducing liver enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, suggesting a broad toxicological impact. Specifically, exposure to TCBs is associated with significant organ-specific toxicities, such as increased liver and kidney weights in rodents and cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells, which include DNA damage without metabolic activation. Used extensively in industrial and agricultural sectors, TCBs are prevalent pollutants in various ecosystems, including air, food, surface water, groundwater, sediment, soil, and sewage. This is a concern because of their tendency to accumulate in lipid-containing tissues of animals and humans and potentially serious risks to human health and ecosystems. Information showing the presence of TCBs in food, drinking water, and even human breast milk underscores the need for ongoing assessment of the extent of these contaminants in food to measure the potential exposure to these chemicals. TCBs are extracted from various food sample matrices, and then instrumental analysis is performed, typically gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a variety of detectors. This review discusses the occurrence and risk assessment of TCBs in foods, as well as the toxicology and analytical methods related to TCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the location of the landslide scarp surface induced by water weakening of sliding zone soil and to propose an analytical method to calculate the location. Eight laboratory model tests were performed to reproduce such landslide scarp surfaces and to demonstrate a relationship between the location of scarp surface and the weakened sliding zone. Based on this relationship and the Bishop interslice force assumption, an analytical method was proposed to calculate the locations of laboratory-reproduced scarp surfaces. Finally, the analytical method was applied to real landslide scarp surfaces to assess its practical effectiveness. The inclined angles of scarp surfaces observed in the eight tests exhibit a wide range, varying from 63.9° to 80.9°, due to differences in the properties of the weakened sliding zone and the sliding mass. The calculated results for all the laboratory and real scarp surfaces reveal only one valley point at which the local lowest safety factor (SF) reaches its lowest value. This lowest value indicates the critical scarp surface, thus demonstrating that the critical scarp surface is readily found by using the analytical method. The locations of the calculated critical scarp surfaces are broadly consistent with the measured or published locations of laboratory and real scarp surfaces. When applied to real landslide scarp surfaces, the analytical method locates the critical scarp surface by using available scarp outcrop data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of a rainfall event (e.g., rainfall duration D and intensity I) have a significant influence on the probabilistic stability analysis of the rainfall-induced landslides. However, most previous probabilistic stability analyses of rainfall-induced landslides have been performed under a given rainfall pattern without considering the uncertainty of the rainfall characteristics. The Monte Carlo simulation method, which takes a lot of computing resources and time, has been widely used in previous studies. In this paper, a fully analytical method is proposed to estimate the slope failure probability induced by a random rainfall event (PF1) and the annual slope failure probability (PFA), which considers both rainfall uncertainty and the variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks. Triple integration is used by the analytical method to avoid repeated sampling and calculation. Compared with the Monte Carlo simulation method, the analytical method greatly improves the calculating efficiency. The outcomes based on the analytical method are consistent with those obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation method, which verifies the accuracy of the analytical method. When the mean of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (μKs) is large, PF1 decreases with the increase in the coefficient of variation (COV) of Ks. When μKs is small, PF1 and PFA increase with the increase in COV of Ks (COVKs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) industry is expanding rapidly in the context of addressing the challenge of climate change and energy crisis. As a technology-intensive product, large number of new synthetic chemicals are applied in LIBs production. Organic fluorine additives are added in multiple components of LIBs, many of these additives are novel per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (with fully fluorinated methyl or methylene carbon atom), here, in this work we referred to this kind of compounds as LIB-PFAS. LIB-PFAS may cause high exposure to personnel in contact with LIBs materials during production and disposal processes, thus posing potential health risks to these occupational workers. The general population can be exposed to LIB-PFAS when they are released into the surrounding air, soil, and water. In order to assess potential health risks associated with LIB-PFAS, this review systematically summarizes the chemical structures, analytical methods, possible emission routes and human exposure pathways, their bioaccumulation, distribution, and elimination behaviors in humans, and existing toxicity data of LIB-PFAS. In particular, the screening and identification methods for 57 LIB-PFAS are discussed, as well as the investigation of emission processes and exposure risks during the manufacturing and disposal of LIB. Although the available scientific data is still limited, this review provide an insightful view and novel perspective for further research on the occupational and environmental health impacts of LIB-PFAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fractional Complex Order Plant model, which has lately gained popularity in applied physics and control systems, is the main subject of this study. The major contribution of this study to the literature is the discussion of the physical phenomena of complex plant models and how they affect the stability and robustness of the systems. Because the Fractional Complex Order Plant model is the most general mathematical form, other plant models covering the Integer Order Plant and the Fractional Order Plant can be easily created with this benefit. The proposed approach using the classical Proportional Integral controller which is recalled as the Integer‐Order PI controller in this paper gives the calculation equations of the physical alterations of plants having integer, fractional, and complex orders. Along with the visuals and with the aid of simulations, the consequences of the parameters on the system are described. Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed controller designs for each of the three plant species are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents comparable sets of the no-load power loss as a product of windage and churning behaviors of a family of various rotating parts (i.e., disc, spur gear, straight bevel gear, and orthogonal face gear). Experimental measurements were carried out under pure air only and under partial immersion in oil to qualify and quantify the windage and churning effects of no-load power losses of a family of spur, bevel, and face gears along with a representative disc as the baseline. Aiming at exploring the influence of gear teeth on the total no-load power losses, two different theoretical analytical approaches are introduced to account for the churning contributions, by which the total power losses are estimated. Both analytical approaches compare well with the experimental findings. Furthermore, a spatial intersecting cross-axis gear (e.g., straight bevel gear and orthogonal face gear) results in higher no-load power losses than that of a representative disc or a parallel-axes gear. The significance of gear teeth (gear vs. disc) on windage behavior is presented, as well as the gear windage effects on the churning phenomenon in a high-speed splash-lubricated gear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat transfer characteristics of an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow through non-conducting infinite vertical parallel plates are presented in this investigation. The flow is subjected to an induced magnetic field, and the base fluid water contains carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in particular multi-wall carbon nanotubes, to present the behaviour of the nanofluid. The aim is to examine the effect of the applied magnetization and CNT concentration on the heat transport performance of the system. However, suitable transformation rules are adopted for the re-designing of the proposed design model into its non-dimensional form. This transformed system is then solved analytically following the standard transformations. The influence of key parameters, including the Hartmann number (Ha), the angle of inclination of the magnetic field, thermal buoyancy, heat source, and the concentration of CNTs in the nanofluid, on the flow phenomena is analysed. The consequences reveal that the occurrence of the inclined magnetic field affects the flow and heat transfer characteristics significantly. Additionally, the introduction of CNTs to the nanofluid enhances the heat transfer performance due to their unique thermal properties. The study demonstrates that enhanced Ha and CNT concentration augments the heat transfer rate.

The traditional finite element model has the problems of high computational cost，more black-box operation，and lack of independent intellectual right. The analytical method is used to study the prediction of the vibration response of aircraft wall panels with macro fiber composite（MFC）patches under basic harmonic excitation. Based on classical laminate plate theory，electro mechanical coupling constitutive equations，and the energy method，the analytical model of the MFC-panel system under basic harmonic excitation is established. By employing velocity feedback control method and modal superposition principle，the vibration response of the structure system before and after active control under such an excitation load is successfully solved. The analytical model and its predictive results are extensively validated through the integration of literature data and experimental data obtained from a vibration testing system that is assembled. The results show that，compared to the literature results，the maximum deviation in the calculation of natural frequencies by the proposed model is less than 2%. Additionally，the maximum error in predicting the first two order resonance responses by the model is less than 8.6 %，and both of them are within an acceptable range.

Abstract Trichlorobenzenes (TCBs), comprising the isomers 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-TCB, disrupt metabolic processes by inducing liver enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, suggesting a broad toxicological impact. Specifically, exposure to TCBs is associated with significant organ-specific toxicities, such as increased liver and kidney weights in rodents and cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells, which include DNA damage without metabolic activation. Used extensively in industrial and agricultural sectors, TCBs are prevalent pollutants in various ecosystems, including air, food, surface water, groundwater, sediment, soil, and sewage. This is a concern because of their tendency to accumulate in lipid-containing tissues of animals and humans and potentially serious risks to human health and ecosystems. Information showing the presence of TCBs in food, drinking water, and even human breast milk underscores the need for ongoing assessment of the extent of these contaminants in food to measure the potential exposure to these chemicals. TCBs are extracted from various food sample matrices, and then instrumental analysis is performed, typically gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a variety of detectors. This review discusses the occurrence and risk assessment of TCBs in foods, as well as the toxicology and analytical methods related to TCBs.

Various test methods have been previously documented for determining vitamin A levels in different dosage forms. This study specifically examines an isocratic reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method designed for the direct extraction of vitamin A. The objective is to validate an analytical method for quantifying vitamin A in bioadhesive cationic nanoemulsions incorporated into thermosensitive gels. The method employs isocratic RP-HPLC with a YMC-Triart C18 column (L1), dimensions of 4.6 mm × 250 nm, particle size of S-5 µm, and a UV detector at λ = 265 nm. The mobile phase consists of HPLC-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and n-hexane in a ratio of 46.5:46.5:7. Validation parameters were assessed including selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification (LOQ), and limit of detection (LOD). Correlation coefficients were determined with an R2 value of 0.9995 in the concentration range of 264–396 μg/mL (w/v). Recovery percentages ranged from 99.295% to 99.878%. Repeatability and intermediate precision relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to be 0.318% and 0.254%, respectively. The LOD was established at 2.018 μg/mL, and the LOQ was determined to be 6.114 μg/mL. The results affirm cost-effective and well-suited for the accurate measurement of vitamin A levels in bioadhesive thermosensitive gel formulations.

Abstract Sphingolipids (SLs) are a class of lipids that are essential components of cell membranes. The main SLs and the metabolites include sphingomyelin, ceramide, and glycosphingolipids. They serve as signaling molecules and can regulate various cellular processes including proliferation, migration, senescence, and apoptosis that are essential for human health. SLs from marine organisms exhibit special structures and diverse physiological functions due to the extreme environment, which have attracted ever‐increasing attention recently. In this review, the contents and structures of SLs from marine sources, analytical methods, their metabolic pathways, as well as the physiological functions, especially the ability for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases, including immunity, metabolic syndrome, neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, were discussed.

Solid bed extraction technique as an efficient analytical method was exploited for developing a one step process of extraction and separation of organic pollutants; polychlorinated biphenyls and Hexachlorohexane, PCBs and HCH, respectively, from sediment/soil samples. The method was established using partition chromatography through 12% deactivated alumina column serially connected to 2% deactivated silica column. The extraction method was applied for the analysis of mixed standard PCB and HCH in different types of simulated contaminated samples; fortified sea sand and deutated soil samples. This method allows analysis of these contaminants in sediments at trace levels as low as 1.0 μg/g for PCBs and HCHs with a percent recovery range 98–120%. HCH was fully isolated from the PCBs using different eluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analytical method and simulation method are commonly used to calculate the discovery probability of acoustic homing torpedoes. The analytical method is fast but only applicable to some parameter error types. The simulation method is applicable to all parameter error types, but its calculation efficiency is low. To address this issue, a torpedo discovery probability calculation method combining analytical and simulation methods was proposed. Firstly, the parameter masking interval was solved based on the simulation method. Then, the discovery probability was calculated using the analytical method, which significantly improved calculation efficiency while ensuring accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified through simulation.

The flexural performance of a glulam wood/PVC composite (GWPVC) hollow member, which was assembled from four elements with WPVC composite hollow sections to create a double I-section, was studied using two methods: the analytical method with iteration technique (AMIT) and the finite element method (FEM). Experiments verified the predictions from AMIT and simulations from FEM to determine the most suitable method for the parametric studies. This investigation explored the variations in slenderness ratio and the flange and web thickness to enhance and study their impact on flexural performance. In parametric studies, equal cross-sectional areas were used to facilitate comparisons and maintain production costs. The importance of bond strength at the contact surfaces in assembling a GWPVC hollow member led to bonding tests and confirmed sufficient strength at contact surfaces. In four-point bending tests, the GWPVC hollow member exhibited a brittle mode with flexural tensile failure without delamination. The initial MOE, MOR, and maximum deflection values were 5,140 MPa, 29.8 MPa, and 47.8 mm, respectively. The parametric study employs AMIT to investigate flexural performance and reveals that varying the slenderness ratio affected the initial stiffness, maximum deflection, and ultimate load. Flexural performance can be improved by making minor adjustments.

The field of application of metal-polymer bearings is vast: transport of various types, processing industry equipment, medical equipment, various types of maintenance equipment, etc. With the use of the developed generalized author's analytical method of metal-polymer plain bearings on the basis of which it is laid the author's research methodology of materials wear kinetics at sliding friction (dry, lubricated), calculation of their durability is carried out. Contact parameters are also determined. Metal-polymer bearings with a bushing made of PA6, PA66 polyamide and PA6 based composites filled with glass (PA6 + 30GF) and carbon (PA6 + 30CF) dispersed fibres, molybdenum disulphide (PA6 + MoS2) and oil filled cast polyamide (PA6 + oil) are considered. These polyamides (unfilled and filled), as self-lubricating materials, are widely used in this type of dry friction sliding bearings. The predictive estimation of durability of investigated bearings depending on loading, polymer materials Young's modulus, their wear resistance and sliding friction coefficient is executed. Regularities of change from the specified factors of bearing's durability and the maximum contact pressures are established. Experimental indicators, diagrams, and wear resistance characteristics of the specified polymeric materials are presented. The results of researches of sliding friction coefficient and modulus of elasticity for carbon steel (0.45%C) – polyamides tribocouples are presented.

Abstract Bread is one of the most consumed foods all over the world. Several contaminants are identified in bread. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of these contaminants. This systematic study evaluates the amount of four carcinogenic PAHs (PAH4) in various types of breads. To conduct this study, a comprehensive search was carried out using keywords of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PAH4, and bread, with no time limitations. 17 articles were selected and fully evaluated. The observed range of PAH4 concentrations in bread varied from non-detected (ND) to 20.66 µg/kg. In the sample preparation process for analysis, an ultrasonic bath was predominantly utilized. Most chromatographic methods are able to measure PAHs in food, but the GC-MS method has been used more. To mitigate PAH levels in bread, it is suggested to incorporate antioxidants during the bread-making process. Furthermore, the type of bread, the type of fuel used to bake the bread, the temperature and the cooking time were some of the factors affecting the amount of PAH. Restricting these factors could significantly reduce PAH content. Regarding the risk assessment conducted in the manuscript, it was determined that industrial breads are usually considered safe. However, some traditional breads may pose risks in terms of their potential PAH content.

A bimaterial piezoelectric space with collinear electrically limited permeable cracks along the material's interface is considered under plane strain conditions. The distances between the cracks, their location and number can be arbitrary. The problem of linear relationship is formulated and solved exactly. The electric flux over the crack regions is found. The closed-form expressions for stresses and electric displacement outside cracks and also for displacement jumps over cracks regions are found. The energy release rates at the crack tips are also derived in an analytical form. Numerical analysis is performed for different loading, cracks permittivity, their number, lengths, and locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of bridge overturning accidents in recent years indicates that single-column pier bridges are susceptible to overturning failure. However, the traditional calculation method was incapable of ensuring an accurate prediction of the ultimate overturning capacity, which may lead to serious consequences in engineering practice. In this work, an analytical method was proposed based on the identified failure mechanisms. The forensic survey was first carried out on two typical overturning cases, and the findings of the surveys were summarized into three typical overturning failure modes and their corresponding criterion for failure evaluation. Further, the analytical method was proposed on the assumption that overturning of the girder consists of rigid and deformable body rotation and characters including radial bending and torsional deformation were considered. The method was later validated by the field data of the overturning cases. Besides, factors influencing the results were also compared and analyzed. The results demonstrate that, in comparison with the conventional calculation method, the proposed approach more effectively accounts for spatial parameter variations and nonlinear factors during girder rotation, thereby aligning better with the actual overturning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the segment joint and ring joint of the lining of the straight‐jointed tunnel are simplified as an equivalent open cylindrical shell with a small central angle and an equivalent closed cylindrical shell with a small width, and the lining of the straight‐jointed tunnel is thus simplified as an equivalent continuous periodic shell (ECPS) described by the cylindrical shell theory. Since the ECPS lining is periodic along the longitudinal direction, the tunnel‐soil system can thus be treated as a periodic system, which is referred to as the periodic tunnel‐soil system (PTSS) in this study. Based on the proposed ECPS lining model, an analytical method for the tunnel with the ECPS lining (ECPS tunnel) under seismic waves is established in this study. By employing the periodicity condition for the PTSS as well as the wave function expansion method, the representation for the wave field in the soil is established. With the aforementioned cylindrical shell theory and Fourier series expansion method, the convolution type constitutive relation for the ECPS lining and the Fourier space equations of motion are derived. By using the soil‐lining continuity condition and aforementioned formulations for the ECPS lining and soil, the coupled Fourier space equations of motion for the PTSS are established, with which the response of the ECPS lining and scattered waves in the soil can be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights To efficiently design the stiffness of the laminated composite blade‐like structure, an analytical method to assess deformation of variable cross‐section laminated beam under cantilever bending load was developed, in which a local ply density matrix method was introduced to characterize the ply‐up in arbitrary cross‐section after ply drop‐off process and infinitesimal element segment method was used to convert complex variable cross‐section specimen into local equal cross‐section beam structure. The model was validated by the cantilever beam experiment with relative predicted error of stiffness of 5.7%. Inner and outer ply drop‐off models were analyzed using the proposed analytical method. The results show that: (1) stiffness of the outer ply drop‐off model is the highest, at 13.07 N/mm, while that of the inner ply drop‐off model 2 is the lowest, about 17.8% lower than the outer ply drop‐off model; (2) maximum relative deformation difference between the inner ply drop‐off model 2 and outer ply drop‐off model is 21.7% at the free side of the cantilever beam. It indicates that anti‐deformation ability of the variable cross‐section laminated structure can be efficiently designed by the proposed analytical method, especially for the section close to the free side. Developed a bending stiffness prediction method for composite beam. Variable cross‐section feature of the composite laminate was considered. Local ply density matrix method was introduced to characterize ply drop‐off. Proposed method was validated by cantilever beam bending experiment. Inner and outer ply drop‐off models were compared by the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we use a novel version of the Extended Direct Algebraic Method (EDAM) namely generalized EDAM (gEDAM) to investigate periodic soliton solutions for nonlinear systems of fractional Schrödinger equations (FSEs) with conformable fractional derivatives. The FSEs, which is the fractional abstraction of the Schrödinger equation, grasp notable relevance in quantum mechanics. The proposed gEDAM technique entails creating nonlinear ordinary differential equations via a fractional complex transformation, which are then solved to acquire soliton solutions. Several 3D and contour graphs of the soliton solutions reveal periodicity in the wave profiles that offer crucial perspectives into the behavior of the system. The work sheds light on the dynamics of FSEs by displaying numerous families of periodic soliton solutions and their intricate relationships. These results hold significance not only for comprehending the dynamics of FSEs but also for nonlinear fractional partial differential equation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Derivatives of Dirac delta function were introduced to describe the action of joint parts in dynamic analysis. • Analytical solutions were provided to study dynamic responses of joints in infinite beams under time-lag loads. • Connection between joints and standard beams induces great differences in dynamic responses. This paper investigates the analytical method for the infinite beam with joint parts resting on a foundation under time-lag loads. The ground is simulated as a viscoelastic foundation. The existence of joint parts in beams is explained by introducing virtual forces expressed through the Dirac delta function. Integral transformation simplifies the dynamic governing equations for standard beam sections and joint parts into an algebraic equation. The convolution theorem converts the solutions into the time domain. The analytical solutions for dynamic analysis of standard beam sections and joint parts are obtained conveniently in the frequency domain. The proposed analytical method is verified by comparing it with the traditional methods and also validated by numerical examples with time-lag loads. Parametric discussions study the effects on the dynamic response of joint parts and standard beam sections, such as the amplitude and frequency of time-lag loads and coefficient of bending stiffness reduction of joint parts. The parametric analyses emphasize the dramatic effect of critical parameters on the discontinuous deformation of beams. The damage caused by critical values of some factors is emphasized. The severe effects of discontinuous deformation induced by dynamic loads in the safety of beam structures are revealed in this paper. The differences in dynamic responses between the beam and joint part must be monitored to ensure the safety of whole beam structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logs record the software and hardware running information. By viewing system logs, you can find system faults and causes to ensure system stability and normal running. The purpose of log parsing is to parse semi-structured original logs into readable log templates. The existing parsing methods often only focus on parsing the original logs, but ignore the later template processing. As a result, the accuracy of the results cannot be further improved. Since then, this paper proposed a new log parsing method FMLogs. This method designed regular expressions and adjusted threshold parameters to obtain the best performance. Meanwhile, it used character-level frequency statistics and MinHash methods to merge log templates with the same length and different log templates. FMLogs conducted extensive experiments on seven real datasets, achieving an average analytic accuracy of 0.924 and an F1-score of 0.983. The experimental results show that FMLogs is an effective log parsing method with high accuracy, high efficiency, and stable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a surface mounted-permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) with outer rotor configuration applied to the fields of industry and electric drive is proposed by an association between the analytical model and finite element technique. Firstly, the methodology involves a detailed development of the analytical calculation to compute crucial parameters for the SPMSM. Next, a finite element technique is proposed to validate the analytical parameters and simulate various aspects such as the magnetic flux density, output torque, cogging torque, torque ripple, back electromotive force, flux linkage and temperature rise. The developed methods are tested and validated on a practical problem involving a 7.5kW SPMSM with outer rotor type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has the main objective of the analysis of water flow through the active parts (cutting head CH) of an abrasive water jet (AWJ) machine, model YCWJ-380-1520, performed on a high-pressure nozzle (HPN) and mixing tube (MT). The flow is analyzed through the ruby orifice with a diameter of 0.25 mm by assimilating it with a circular pipe. Taking into account the fact that the average flow velocity through the ruby orifice is about 622 m/s, the value of 155,500 according to the Reynolds criterion was obtained. Regarding the turbulent flow regime, the flow section is divided into four zones; for each of them, the limits of flow layers and the maximum values of water velocities were determined. In the second part of this work, a 2D analysis of the flow through the CH assembly was carried out. Since the abrasive inlet tube (AT) also appears in the CH componence, two situations were analyzed in this study, namely, the case when the inlet through AT is restricted and the case when the AT is free. For each case, three values of flow diameters were considered, both for HPN and MT. The water flow characteristics were established and comparisons between theoretical models and CFD simulation were performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spoke-type permanent magnet (STPM) machines have high power density and low cost due to flux concentrated effect and high air-gap flux density, but they can cause high cogging torque and torque ripple. To reduce the cogging torque, the analytical model considering a rotor slot is established and compared with the finite element mothed (FEM). Then, the cogging torque production mechanism is revealed and analyzed under different conditions, which provides direction to optimize the cogging torque STPM machines. The harmonic content of cogging torque under different conditions is obtained based on the freezing permeability (FP) method. It is found that the fundamental waves mainly generate the cogging torque under a no-load condition, and it is mainly generated by the second harmonics under an on-load condition. In addition, the optimization method is introduced and researched, including rotor slot width, uneven rotor core, and so on. Finally, a 50 kW STPM machine prototype is manufactured and tested to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper investigates the propagation of guided waves in a high-speed rotating concrete shell reinforced with graphene oxide powders (GOP) using higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The study addresses the complexities introduced by initial hoop tension and provides a comprehensive analytical solution procedure. Concrete shells are widely used in various engineering applications due to their robustness and durability; however, their mechanical performance can be significantly enhanced by the incorporation of GOP, which improves the material properties, such as tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The analysis begins with the formulation of the governing equations based on HSDT, which accurately captures the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia, crucial for high-speed rotating structures. The presence of initial hoop tension, resulting from the centrifugal forces in the rotating shell, is integrated into the model to reflect real-world conditions. The modified equations are then solved analytically to obtain the dispersion relations for the guided wave modes. The results reveal that the inclusion of GOP significantly alters the wave propagation characteristics, enhancing the shell’s ability to transmit high-frequency waves with minimal attenuation. The initial hoop tension is found to shift the frequencies of the guided wave modes, indicating a coupling effect between the mechanical loading and wave propagation. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete shells in high-speed rotational environments, offering a potential pathway for the design of advanced structural components in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) determined invasively has been globally accepted as the gold standard for determining the functional significance of coronary artery stenoses. However, despite its great importance, the invasive method has certain disadvantages, including the risk of vascular injuries, the need for vasodilation, and significant medical costs. That is why great attention was paid to the development of non-invasive methods that would enable reliable diagnosis without exposing patients to the risk of unwanted consequences. This paper aimed to create and verify an alternative, less resource- and time-demanding, non-invasive solution. The determination of FFR is based on the application of the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics. All energy losses in the coronary artery with stenosis were identified and analyzed in detail. A three-dimensional model of a coronary artery was generated using the corresponding angiographic images. Finally, the pressure due to stenosis was calculated and the FFR was determined. The results obtained using the proposed analytical method were compared with available experimental data for 40 patients who experienced the invasive coronary angiography. The coefficient of determination, mean difference and standard deviation values are determined to be 0.726, -0.017 and 0.056, respectively. These values were slightly higher for FFR values above 0.80. The FFR calculated by the proposed analytical method has a relatively good correlation with clinical data, which leads to the conclusion that it can provide a reliable assessment of the functional significance of coronary stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study consists of the distinct types of the exact soliton solutions to an important model called the beta-time fractional (1 + 1)-dimensional non-linear Van der Waals equation. This model is used to explain the motion of molecules and materials. The Van der Waals equation explains the phase separation phenomenon. Noncovalent Van der Waals or dispersion forces usually have an effect on the structure, dynamics, stability, and function of molecules and materials in different branches of science, including biology, chemistry, materials science, and physics. Solutions are obtained, including dark, dark-singular, periodic wave, singular wave, and many more exact wave solutions by using the modified extended tanh function method. Using the fractional derivatives makes different solutions different from the existing solutions. The gained results will be of high importance in the interaction of quantum-mechanical fluctuations, granular matters, and other applications of the Van der Waals equation. The solutions may be useful in distinct fields of science and civil engineering, as well as some basic physical ones like those studied in geophysics. The results are verified and represented by two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and contour graphs by using Mathematica software. The obtained results are newer than the existing results. Stability analysis is also performed to check the stability of the concerned model. Furthermore, modulation instability is studied to study the stationary solutions of the concerned model. The results will be helpful in future studies of the concerned system. In the end, we can say that the method used is straightforward and dynamic, and it will be a useful tool for debating tough issues in a wide range of fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, particularly nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs), can result in adverse health effects and may carry higher toxicity risks compared to PAHs alone. Various extraction methods have been utilized for PAHs derivatives from food samples. The analytes are then analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. PAHs derivatives are increasingly being detected in the environment, prompting scrutiny from numerous researchers. Similarly, their presence in food is becoming a significant concern. The elevated levels of PAH derivatives found in smoked food may result in detrimental dietary exposure and pose potential health hazards. Furthermore, investigating the level of exposure to these contaminants in food is imperative, as their consumption by humans carries inherent risks. Consequently, this review concentrates on the toxicity, analysis, occurrence, and risk evaluation of NPAHs and OPAHs present in food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous construction of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission projects, higher requirements are placed on the frequency security of the regional power systems. In order to ensure the frequency security of regional power systems, this paper proposes a transient frequency analytical method considering the emergency frequency control (EFC). Firstly, the aggregated system frequency response (SFR) model is constructed by reducing the order of the generator governor equation, the EFC equation, and the load model equation. Then, based on the aggregation model, the analytical solution of the transient frequency nadir of the regional power system is derived. The model can quickly and accurately calculate the transient frequency nadir of the regional power system considering EFC after the HVDC block fault. Finally, based on an actual regional power system model, the accuracy and applicability of the proposed method under HVDC block fault are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Authors of this research developed an analytical calculation method to estimate the strength of nose cone structures made of orthotropic materials, which were crucial components in aircraft and spacecraft. Strength analysis of nose cones had been comprehensively addressed for isotropic materials; however, the lack of efficient approaches for orthotropic materials presented a challenge. In this research, a new analytical method was proposed, combining membrane stress theory for isotropic materials with classical laminate theory for orthotropic materials. This approach enabled the determination of stresses on the nose cone shell structure in both meridional and circumferential directions in an efficient and straightforward manner. The analysis results indicated that the developed analytical method exhibited stress distribution trends similar to those obtained using the Finite Element Method. Stresses in the +45° and --45° direction, as well as in-plane shear stress and Tsai- Wu failure indices, showed trend similarity between the two methods. Despite specific numerical differences in the calculation results, these consistent trends suggested that the analytical method could serve as a tool for the preliminary design of a nose cone structure with a similar configuration analyzed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel tank in a large container ship is loaded with liquid LNG at an ultra-low temperature (-163°C), there is a significant temperature difference in the cargo hold area where the entire fuel tank is located, which will have an important impact on the steel grade design and structural safety of the cargo tank in container ship. This paper develops two heat transfer models using Computational Fluid Dynamics method (CFD method) and an analytical method to analyze the temperature distribution in a large container ship equipped with Type-B LNG fuel tank. These models incorporate the arrangement and heat transfer characteristics of LNG fuel tanks. The temperature field analysis is conducted under typical the environmental conditions specified in the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Transporting Liquefied Gas in Bulk (IGC Code) and the United States Coast Guard Code (USCG Code), based on the CFD method and the analytical method, and the results of temperature field distribution are compared. Additionally, a parametric analysis of the hull temperature field is further carried out, the results show that the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer in LNG storage tanks and the types of the loaded liquid cargo have a limited impact on the final temperature field distribution in hull structure. However, the selection of steel grade in the local structure of the cargo hold, especially in the inner hull part, may lead to significant changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium occurs naturally in different oxidation states. Amongst them, hexavalent chromium is classified as both genotoxic and carcinogenic while trivalent chromium can be considered as an essential element. Therefore, speciation analysis is essential when conducting dietary exposure assessment. Several critical reviews have been published on chromium speciation analysis in foodstuffs in the last decade. However, a method that can account for species interconversion during the extraction procedure has not been reported in the reviews. In recent years, an online method using species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous determination of trivalent and hexavalent chromium in foodstuffs. Apart from that, new methods based on offline analytical techniques, to analyse trivalent and hexavalent chromium separately, are still under development. Therefore, one of the objectives of this paper is to review these recently published analytical methods and assess whether they are fit for chromium speciation analysis in foodstuffs. Additionally, an objective is also to assess whether their limits of detection are sufficiently low for dietary exposure assessment with respect to the neoplastic effects of hexavalent chromium. Moreover, possible future research gaps are identified based on the current knowledge and existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary polyphenols from plant sources play an important role in the human diet. They have various biological effects, such as protein kinase inhibition, antibacterial, anticancer, antiulcer, antiarthritic, and anti-angiogenic properties. Among the various phenolic chemicals found in plants, resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) (RVT) is a non-flavonoid polyphenolic compound that has been extensively studied for its health-promoting advantages, including its anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardio-protective activities. Considering its potential in pharmaceutical nanoformulations, a rapid, economical, sensitive, and robust UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated. The proposed method was developed in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 to estimate the RVT content in the pharmaceutical nanoformulation. The method was developed at a reported wavelength of 306 nm. The developed method was validated according to ICH Q2A (R1) guidelines and was applied for the estimation of RVT in prepared nanoformulations. The method showed exceptional linearity in the range of (1–6) μg mL−1 with a coefficient of determinant value of 0.9998. The study proves that the developed method is linear, precise, sensitive, robust, reproducible, and accurate. This method can be applied for the estimation of RVT in nanoformulations and other bulk dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents an interior permanent magnet eddy current heater (IPMECH) that can be driven by wind turbine, which can realize the direct conversion of wind energy to thermal energy. A power analysis method for the IPMECH is proposed. The key to this method is to consider the influence of the skin effect on the distribution of eddy currents based on Coulomb's law, Maxwell's equation, and the Lorentz force law. Firstly, the equivalent magnetic circuit model is established, and the mathematical analytical expressions of air gap magnetic flux density (MFD), torque and thermal power of the IPMECH are derived. Then, the air gap MFD, torque and thermal power of the IPMECH are calculated, respectively. Finally, the analytical method (AM) is verified by the finite element method (FEM) and experiments. The results show that the proposed AM is sufficient to calculate the air gap MFD and thermal power of the IPMECH. The AM provides a quick and easy way to optimize and design an IPMECH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods for detecting contaminants in drinking water are crucial for protecting public health. Despite manganese (Mn) being an essential mineral for humans, Mn in high concentrations is suspected of being associated with negative cognitive and neurological effects on humans, especially on children. Current methods of detection, though reliable, are limited in the application to real-time easy-to-use, field or bench-top monitoring applications for testing drinking water. Herein, chronoamperometry (CA) is explored to quantitatively analyze manganese samples for drinking water applications. CA proved to be effective at measuring the concentration of Mn2+ in water samples with excellent recovery rates (97.8%) and reproducibility between electrodes. With 1-min deposition using bare gold electrodes, CA was able to obtain a detection limit of 34.3 µM. Furthermore, with a 5-min deposition using bare gold electrodes, CA was able to obtain a detection limit of 4.64 µM. This new CA method also offers a simplified cleaning method that will allow electrodes to be used continuously for differing samples or replicate tests. The cleaning procedure permits the reuse of electrodes, while simultaneously eliminating the need for special surface modifications on the electrodes. Ultimately, this cleaning procedure offers a faster and more efficient procedure than previous methods such as polishing. The CA method also demonstrated minimal interference effects when tested with varieties of water hardness, ionic strength, common electroactive species (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cl−), and organic matters in aqueous environments. This CA method is easy to use, requires portable equipment, uses reagents that are easily accessible, and does not require extensive sample preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]