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The 21st century has been characterized by the emergence of complex phenomena that have questioned the way humanity has managed agricultural and livestock production systems, this being the result of centuries of development of agro-industrial production techniques that seek to satisfy the growing demands of nutrients, particularly protein and derivatives of products and by-products of animal origin. In recent years, meat production and demand has grown significantly; by 2018, meat production was 470% higher than 50 years ago, having increased from 70 million tons annually to more than 330 million tons achieving this through farming industrialization. A good example of one of the areas with the greatest growth is fish farming, which grew rapidly during this period, multiplying by 50, which means that it went from 2 million tons to more than 100 million tons per year [1]. The industrialization of animal production has surpassed demographic growth: the world population doubled, in the same mentioned period. By reviewing the figures related to animal protein global average consumption, it is evident that per capita meat consumption has doubled in the last 30 years [2]. For those high-income countries, meat consumption for 2019 was: (USA: 101Kg, Australia: 90 kg, Israel 90 kg, New Zealand: 75 kg, Canada: 70 kg and United Kingdom 61.5 kg) [3]. For the countries of the region, Argentina (88 kg), Chile (81 kg), Brazil (79 kg) stand out, and in countries like Peru there is a substantial increase in meat consumption, close to 2 kg/capita/year. In the case of the most populated country in the world, China, total annual consumption is almost a third of the world's meat, representing a third of the growth in the last 20 years, with a per capita meat consumption of 46 kg. According to BBFAW statistics, by 2023 a total of 92 billion land animals were produced to obtain animal protein, this represents a significant increase compared to the estimated figure for 2021 of a total of approximately 80 billion land animals; composed for 69 billion chickens; 1.5 billion pigs; 656 million turkeys; 574 million sheep; 479 million goats; and 302 million cattle [4]. In addition, a large increase in the number of fish from fish farming is notable, since by 2021 the global fish consumption was around 80 million tons of fish coming from technical fish production systems [5] and according to the BBFAW for 2023 the estimated number of fish from fish production systems is 124 billion animals. This industrialized animal production entails great global challenges, such as the search for sufficient food to meet the requirements of animal diets. The use of soy, corn, and sorghum as the main dietary components used for poultry and pig farming stands out. The increase in consumption has led the planet to uncontrolled animal production, which is currently affecting the environment, associating soy crops (for example: with forest fires, deforestation and impact on the most fragile biomes necessary for the subsistence of our planet, such as the Amazon region, and Cerrado in Brazil). Improvements in animal welfare pose a solution as they promote more sustainable animal production, focused on the quality of the final product and offering the consumer alternatives that allow reducing the impact on the environment, as the case of silvopastoral and agroforestry systems, which have promoted efficient solutions; which accompanied by more conscious and responsible consumption, manage to give signs of a more promising future for people, animals and the planet. Another solution that animal welfare offers as a tool to face the great challenges of the 21st century, is its predominant role as a factor in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In most Latin American countries, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in intensive animal production systems is allowed, where the systemic and prophylactic use of antibiotics is allowed, which generates great challenges to keep the possibility of creating low resistance to antimicrobials and contaminate with AMR sources of water, soil, subsoil, crops and in general food from production systems with traceability failures or that may be associated with cross contamination. Currently, it is estimated that 73% of all antibiotics available in the world are used in intensive production systems [6], and that this value will continue to increase as the demand for "cheap" animal protein increases, low- and middle-income countries to which intensive production has been migrating, given its potential for expansion and lack of regulations on the matter. In 2010, the five countries with the highest proportion of global antimicrobial consumption regarding animal production were: China (23%), USA (13%), Brazil (9%), India (3%) and Germany (3%), all of them countries associated with the highest concentrations of intensive animal production systems. As low- and middle-income countries are expected to shift to more industrial livestock systems, the total use of antibiotics in animal production is expected to increase by 11.5% between 2017 and 2030, rising from a total of more than 93,000 tons to more than 104,000 tons [7]. By improving animal welfare conditions in these production systems, for example, replacing individual gestation crates in swine production by group gestation systems, or increasing forage-based feeding and giving more space to animals that are at overcrowded conditions or extreme confinement in barren environments; the general level of mental and physical health of animals can be improved, requiring treatments with the use of antibiotics only for those animals that are sick and keeping the vast majority of the population in better conditions of health and welfare. Finally, the response of investors and consumers (in specific markets) to the challenges related to improving animal welfare conditions is generating pressure for the food-related services industry such as supermarket chains, restaurants, hotels, casinos, among others, to have serious commitments in animal welfare, leading producers, packers and marketers to establish better animal production and welfare policies and practices in line with the current reality to guarantee the improvement of animal welfare standards. As a proof of this trend, the development of reports such as the Business Benchmark for Farm Animal Welfare [8] (BBFAW), a tool that allows investors and consumers since 2012 to get first-hand information about what are the progress in animal welfare policies and practices of the main food industry players (farming, and marketing of animal origin food) in terms of those that publicly mention their progress on addressing animal welfare's issues and compare it with concrete evidence in this regard. The report maintains that for 95% of the companies presented, animal welfare is a sensitive issue for business and 25% of companies have recognized that there is a need to reduce dependence on animal products. In conclusion, in the face of the great challenges of the 21st century such as deforestation and damage to ecosystems for crops used for animal feed, the loss of biodiversity in areas of expansion of the agricultural border, threats to public health due to of resistance to antimicrobials and the appearance of other diseases and viruses that originate in animals and that may be zoonotic in nature, animal welfare represents a solution for the improvement of animal production techniques and is being recognized by consumers, investors and the food industry (associated with animal products) as a key piece that allows a more sustainable future for our planet, people and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo fue evaluar ensilado de Tithonia tubiformis con diferentes aditivos para determinar su composición química, parámetros de fermentación ruminal y de producción de gas in vitro, para su posible inclusión en la alimentación de animales de producción. Se evaluaron dos etapas fenológicas y tres tratamientos de aditivos para los ensilados; control (CTR), melaza (MLZ) y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), mediante un análisis de varianza con un diseño experimental factorial 3x2. Las variables evaluadas fueron materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA), energía metabolizable estimada (eEM), digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (DIVMS), de la MO (DIVMO) y de la FDN (DIVFDN), así como producción de gas in vitro. Se presentaron diferencias significativas (P

Objective. To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in Colombia. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using routine data from the program for inspection, surveillance, and control of animal feed at the Colombian Agriculture Institute. Samples of animal feed for swine, poultry, canine, feline, leporine, piscine, and equine species were processed for detection of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using enrichment and selective culture methods. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using an automated microdilution method. Results. Of 1 748 animal feed samples analyzed, 83 (4.7%) were positive for E. coli and 66 (3.8%) for Salmonella spp. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was highest in feed for poultry (6.4% and 5.5%) and swine (6.1% and 4.3%). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed in 27 (33%) E. coli isolates and 26 (39%) Salmonella isolates. Among E. coli, resistance was most frequently observed to ampicillin (44.5%) followed by cefazolin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (29.6%), ampicillin/sulbactam (26%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%). The highest resistance levels in Salmonella spp. isolates were against cefazolin (7.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (7.7%). Conclusions. This is the first study from Colombia reporting on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples. Its results establish a baseline over a wide geographical distribution in Colombia. It highlights the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animal feed due to the emergence of resistant bacteria in this important stage of the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La avena es un cereal de alto valor nutritivo para humanos y animales. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar agronómicamente ocho genotipos de avena en respuesta a la restricción de lluvia. Se realizó en los Andes centrales del Perú mediante un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial ocho genotipos de avena forrajera (INIA901 Mantaro15, INIA902 Africana, INIA903 Tayco, Junín-Jauja blanca, Centenario, Junín-Tarma negra, Junín-Jauja negra y Cayuse) con 0 % y 60 % de restricción de lluvia y tres repeticiones. Se tuvieron 48 unidades experimentales (parcelas de 4,8 metros cuadrados), donde la restricción de lluvia se logró através de interceptores de lluvia. Se encontró a una confianza del 95 % que no existe interacción entre los genotipos de avena y la restricción de lluvia. La restricción de lluvia afectó al rendimiento (ton MS/ha) disminuyéndolo de 4,3 ± 0,7 a 3,0 ± 1,0, y al porcentaje de proteína cruda aumentándolo de 12,7 ± 3,1 a 17,0 ± 2,7. No se encontró efecto significativo de la restricción de lluvia sobre la fibra detergente neutro, la cual fue de 41,1 ± 1,8 % para el nivel sin restricción y 41,3 ± 3,2 % para el nivel con restricción; ni sobre la digestibilidad in vitro aparente de la materia orgánica que fue de 71,5 ± 15,3 % para el nivel sin restricción y de 67,8 ± 15,4 % para el nivel con restricción. Los genotipos que mejor resisten la sequía son Junín-Jauja negra y Centenario.

El butirato es una alternativa a los antibióticos promotores de crecimiento debido a su acción sobre bacterias patógenas, vellosidades intestinales y sistema inmune. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de varios niveles de butirato de sodio protegido con grasa en la dieta de pollos de engorde sobre el desempeño y la canal. Se utilizaron 160 aves alojadas en 16 corrales, cada uno de los cuales se asignó según un diseño completamente al azar a uno de cuatro tratamientos: un control negativo sin promotor de crecimiento (SP); dos en los cuales el concentrado de SP se mezcló con butirato de sodio (3.5 y 7 g kg-1 de alimento para los tratamientos B3.5 y B7, respectivamente); y otro control positivo, en donde el concentrado de SP se mezcló con bacitracina de zinc (Ba). Las aves del tratamiento B7 presentaron mayor peso vivo a los 14 d y ganancia de peso durante la primera semana, en comparación con SP y Ba (p

Introduction: Rural women in the Ariari subregion have been relegated to the role of housewife, ignoring their role within agricultural production systems and their valuable contribution to the family economy and regional development. Awareness is required within community processes and strengthening of their livelihoods through the generation of business plans in poultry farming to achieve empowerment. Objective: Strengthen the organizational capacities of rural women in the Caño Claro village, El Castillo through group processes of rural extension as a strategy for developing business plans in poultry farming. Methods: Qualitative research from a community approach, where people interacted with each other to generate political, economic and social processes in their community. Firstly, a characterization of the population was carried out through a visit to the farm, where the productive potentialities were determined, and through the dialogue of knowledge, confidence began to be generated for the exercise of empowerment, then workshops on the Plan of Action were held. Life, Empowerment, Bioinputs, structuring business plans in bird feeding. Results and Discussion: A process of land restitution was carried out to women heads of family, with an average allocation of 5.5 ha. In the Caño Claro village, 90% of the women still remain in the area and develop agricultural production processes in crops. Regarding animal production, laying hens depend on the use of commercial concentrates, increasing the costs of the activity, which is why a series of workshops were held on topics related to animal nutrition, empowerment and project management, with the establishment of a community business plan on concentrated foods, reducing dependence on external inputs by 70% through a own brand called Productos Caño Claro. Conclusion: The rural women of Vereda Caño Claro are moving towards empowerment, generating economic, social and environmental development with their own brand for the marketing of their products; However, an investment in equipment and technical assistance is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Following a biorefinery and circular bioeconomy approach, lignocellulosic waste from oil palm can be bioconverted to fungal biomass, becoming a highly nutritional alternative feed for ruminants, with potential in ruminal methane (CH4) mitigation. Objective: To evaluate the changes in the nutritional value of palm kernel cake fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus (FPKC-Po), as well as to evaluate changes in the fermentation parameters and in vitro methane production in tropical forage diets from extensive and silvopastoral systems with the inclusion of 20% FPKC-Po. Methods: Palm kernel cake was cultured with P. ostreatus under a solid-state fermentation (SSF) process for 13 days. Diets based on forages from extensive systems were formulated with Megathyrsus maximus cv. Agrosavia sabanera and silvopastoral systems with Leucaena leucocephala and Guazuma ulmifolia including 20% of FPKC-Po. These diets were evaluated in a short-term (48 h) in vitro gas production experiment, measuring degradation parameters and in vitro methane production. Results and Discussion: Fermentation with Pleurotus decreased (p< 0.05) the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin (LIG) by 29%, 20.5% and 46.6% respectively and increased the crude protein (CP) by 69.65%. The inclusion of FPKC-Po in the diets resulted in increases (p< 0.05) in the degradation of dry matter, NDF, ADF and CP in the range of 16.94% to 17.32%, 10.96% to 23.86%, 25.75% to 27.5% and 11.68% to 30.4%, respectively. Acetate production decreased (p< 0.05) and propionate increased (P< 0.05), resulting in a low A:P ratio in the diets with the inclusion of FPKC-Po. The synthesis of net CH4, CH4/g incubated DM and mL CH4/g degraded DM, decreased (P< 0.05) between 15% to 24.3%, 15.6% to 24.9% and 27.3% to 35.9%, respectively in the diets with FPKC -Po. Conclusion: The inclusion of FPKC-Po in tropical diets for ruminants improves the nutritional quality of the rations, optimizes ruminal fermentation parameters, and reduces methane production in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la densidad de siembra y la edad de rebrote en la producción de biomasa y composición bromatológica de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray. Materiales y Métodos:Se realizó una investigación en la Finca Experimental Santa Lucía, de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas, completamente al azar. La densidad de siembra constituyó la parcela principal, y la edad de rebrote la subparcela, con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Se evaluaron las densidades de siembra 1, 2 y 4 plantas/m2 y se estudiaron tres edades de rebrote (42, 56 y 70 días) para un total de nueve tratamientos. Se evaluaron las variables producción de biomasa y composición bromatológica. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó un análisis de varianza. Resultados: La producción de biomasa no presentó interacción significativa (p < 0,05) entre la densidad de siembra y la edad de rebrote. La densidad de 2 plantas/m2 y la edad de rebrote de 70 días alcanzaron la mayor producción (0,46 y 0,48 kg de MS/m2, respectivamente). La interacción de los factores densidad de siembra y edad de rebrote afectaron significativamente las variables de composición bromatológica. Los contenidos de proteína estuvieron entre 8,9 y 17,5 %; los de fibra detergente neutro entre 32,7 y 42,5 %, y los de digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca entre 71,6 y 85,2 %. Conclusiones:La densidad de siembra y la edad de rebrote influyeron en la producción de biomasa y la composición bromatológica del forraje de T. diversifolia. Cuando se cultivó a densidad de 2 plantas/m2, se logró la mayor producción de biomasa. Mientras, con 4 plantas/m2 se generó competencia por la luz solar, que limitó la producción de biomasa.

Antecedentes: La caña de azúcar (Saccharum) clasifica como un recurso forrajero excelente en el período poco lluvioso del año por sus innumerables atributos, como fácil establecimiento, la necesidad de pocas atenciones al cultivo, así como su alta productividad. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del cultivar, cepa y distancia de plantación entre surcos en la producción de biomasa verde de cultivares de caña de azúcar seleccionados a partir de criterios forrajeros. Métodos: La plantación del estudio se realizó en el mes de febrero de 2016. El experimento se estableció en un diseño multifactorial categórico 33 = 27 combinaciones en el diseño base, con dos réplicas para un total de 81 observaciones. Se evaluaron los factores distancias de plantación entre surcos (0,90; 1,20 y 1,50 m), cultivares (C97-366; C99-374 y My5514) y cepas (planta, soca y 2do retoño). La producción de biomasa verde se determinó a los 12 meses de edad. Para el procesamiento estadístico de los datos se realizó un análisis de varianza multifactorial. Resultados: Se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la interacción de los factores cepa por distancia de plantación entre surcos para la producción de biomasa verde. En la cepa de caña planta y a 0,90 m entre surcos se lograron los mejores resultados productivos, mientras que no se observaron diferencias significativas entre cultivares. Conclusiones: Se ratificó el potencial genético para la producción de biomasa verde de los nuevos cultivares de caña de azúcar forrajeros C97-366 y C99-374 al alcanzar valores superiores a las 60 t ha-1 como promedio de las tres cosechas.

This literature review paper presents the mechanism of action, use, doses used, and benefits showed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an additive in animal feeding; several studies show that the yeast is utilized in different doses and concentrations as a culture (probiotic) or its cell walls (prebiotic), attributing a positive impact of S. cerevisiae upon the productive and on the reproductive of the animals, as well as an increase in nutrient digestibility, improvements on intestinal morphometry variables, regulation of ruminal pH, modulation of the microbial population, benefits on the immune system, decrease in ammonia concentration, amongst others. Notwithstanding, it should be considered that the action of yeast differs according to pH, extraction temperature, nutritional composition, dosage, concentration and the diversity of diets offered to the animals. The results obtained in recent research, it can be inferred that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an additive in animal feeding can substitute antibiotic growth promoters, achieving similar results without leaving residues in both animal products and by-products that are harmful to the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rabbit industry in El Salvador is a little explored area, since the rabbit considered more as a pet and not as a protein of high nutritional value for the human being, which has advantages over other species such as the high rate of fertility and the lit tle space needed for its development. However, as in every exploitation the aspect of costs per feed and the respective gain in weight of the animal is one of the factors considered since it represents one of the highest costs of production. Alternatives to concentrate feeding such as hydroponic crops, specifically corn (Zea mays), can have a positive impact on local producers because the country does not have well established dry and rainy seasons, making it difficult for farmers to harvest. The research carried out using three groups of four rabbits each one of the age of a month and a half. Since at this age a greater food conversion obtained with the diet based on concentrate. The control group assigned a unique diet of concentrated super rabbit of grea ter commercial consumption to a ration of 120 grams per day. The experimental group, which given a diet based on hydroponic cultivation of corn (Zea mays) of, own elaboration to a ration of 120 grams. A third group to which added concentrated 60 grams and hydroponic cultivation of corn (Zea mays) 60 grams; this with the objective of determining which of the three groups gains greater weight and meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La batata Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. es una manifestación de la biodiversidad silvestre y cultivada del Neotrópico, caracterizada por hojas anchas y tubérculos feculentos. La especie es objeto de investigación, por su amplio uso e importancia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, por sus propiedades nutricionales y aporte energético, convirtiéndose en un recurso imprescindible para la seguridad alimentaria. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el rendimiento agronómico, en valor relativo del forraje (VRF) y rendimiento y calidad de almidón, en tubérculos de batata. Se evaluaron 10 clones seleccionados por alta materia seca en tubérculos, con un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con 3 repeticiones y 6 plantas por repetición. Se destacó el clon 440-078, con un VRF de 133,07 y por el alto rendimiento de tubérculos los clones 440-656 y 440-621, considerados como materiales promisorios para calidad del tubérculo; este último presentó el peso de tubérculo más alto en las tres categorías identificadas A, B y C. El clon Tainung-66, se posicionó con -1.53 de ISP, asociado con bajos valores de fibra (28,9 y 20,25 de FDN y FDA, respectivamente), que le confieren una digestibilidad burda del tubérculo del 72 %. Además, se determinaron diferencias significativas (p

El Instituto de Ciencia Animal de Cuba trabaja desde 2006 con esta planta mediante un estudio integral de la potencialidad de una fuente de follaje abundante en el trópico y componente de la flora cubana.

Introducción. La composición de la grasa en la leche bovina tiene relevancia en la salud humana, donde ácidos grasos poliinsaturados como el ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC c9 t11), tienen efectos positivos (anticarcinogénicos, antidiabetogénico). Existen investigaciones sobre efecto de la alimentación de los bovinos en la calidad de la leche en zonas templadas (por encima de 2200 msnm), pero pocas en el trópico bajo colombiano (por debajo de 1500 msnm). Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de tres gramíneas, Mulato II, Tanzania y Toledo, sobre la producción, composición y perfil lipídico de la leche de vacas gyr x pardo suizo en el primer, segundo y tercer tercio de lactancia. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante mayo y junio de 2013, en el municipio de San Diego, Cesar, Colombia. Se seleccionaron dos grupos de nueve animales (tres vacas en cada tercio de lactancia) y se asignó una vaca de cada tercio de lactancia a cada gramínea en un diseño de cuadrado latino 3 x 3 replicado. Resultados. La producción de leche fue similar (p>0,05) en las gramíneas evaluadas y disminuyó (p0,05) la composición de la leche. Se presentó una mayor (p

Copyright of Agricultura Sociedad y Desarrollo is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Una vía para abordar la seguridad alimentaria y producción de piensos es a través de la cría de insectos que exhiben una pequeña huella ecológica, tasas elevadas de crecimiento y reproducción, niveles altos de proteínas, grasas y minerales. Cuarenta cuyes en crecimiento se alimentaron para evaluar los efectos de dietas isonitrogenadas e isoenergéticas en las que se sustituyeron diferentes proporciones de harina de soja (0%, 16%, 32% y 50%) con Harina de Hermetia illucens evaluando consumo de alimento/día (g/día), consumo total de alimento (g), peso corporal final (g), aumento de peso total (g) e índice de conversión alimenticia. El ensayo se condujo en un Análisis de Varianza de medidas repetidas con corrección de Greennhouse-Geisser. La Proteína Cruda en harina de larva de Hermetia illucens fue de 42,16 ± 3,67% (materia seca), en reemplazo de harina de soja no mostró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la ganancia de peso diaria y el peso corporal. El remplazo de 32% presentó un mayor consumo diario: 49,05 ± 0,69 g, consumo total: 1717 ± 24,32 g y conversión alimenticia 3,22 ± 0,07. Incorporar harina de larva de Hermetia illucens al 16% del requerimiento proteico en alimentación de Cavia porcellus mostró una ingesta de alimento por día de 34,57 ± 0,56 y mejor conversión alimenticia, 2,50 ± 0,04. La harina de larva de Hermetia illucens es un excelente sustituto proteico de alta calidad que satisface los requerimientos nutricionales con menor cantidad de alimento en cuyes. Estos hallazgos brindan información sobre el potencial de la harina de Hermetia illucens como una fuente alternativa adecuada de harina de soja para la alimentación de cuyes.

Se evaluaron los principales parámetros técnicos de cuatro genotipos de cuyes mejorados disponibles en la actualidad y sometidos a dos sistemas de alimentación (mixto e integral) durante la etapa de crecimiento. Se utilizaron 96 cuyes machos recién destetados (15 ± 3 días) pertenecientes a los genotipos: Cieneguilla-UNALM, Perú-INIA, Cuy G-IVITA/Mantaro/UNMSM e Inkacuy-UCSS. Las dietas peletizadas y el agua fueron ofrecidos ad libitum durante ocho semanas, mientras que el forraje (chala) solo se suministró a los tratamientos mixtos. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar con arreglo factorial de ocho tratamientos y tres repeticiones de cuatro animales por cada repetición, donde los factores fueron el genotipo, por una parte, y el sistema de alimentación (mixto e integral), por otra. Los resultados indican que, a nivel de genotipos, Cieneguilla, Cuy G e Inkacuy registraron mejores pesos y ganancias de peso (p 0,05).

El crecimiento de la población mundial ha causado un aumento en la demanda de alimentos de origen animal, en donde el ganado bovino se ha convertido en una de las especies más importantes económicamente hablando; a raíz de los altos costos de concentrados se ha generado interés en la búsqueda de alternativas de alimentación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el comportamiento de algunos parámetros zootécnicos en terneros suplementados con diferentes inclusiones de FES papa- zanahoria. Se establecieron cuatro grupos con una alimentación base de leche y forraje, dos grupos fueron suplementados con 6 y 9 alimento FES papa- zanahoria, un grupo con 6 g de concentrado balanceado y un grupo control. Las variables evaluadas fueron: ganancia de peso, altura de la cruz y consumo de alimento. Los animales del T2 y T3, alcanzaron un peso final estadísticamente superior (p

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la presencia de factores de virulencia, resistencia a metales pesados y antibióticos en 65 cepas de Enterococcus aisladas del contenido fecal de cerdos, recolectadas en el Valle Inferior del Río Chubut. La producción de exopolisacáridos fue el factor de virulencia más frecuente y se detectó en 45 cepas, mientras que la actividad de gelatinasa se presentó en una sola cepa; el mismo resultado se obtuvo para la actividad hemolítica. La prueba en agar reveló que 25 cepas presentaron resistencia a zinc (≥12 mM) mientras que 64 exhibieron resistencia intermedia a cobre (4-12 mM). Todas las cepas seleccionadas en función de su resistencia al zinc exhibieron resistencia a tetraciclina, dos de ellas a vancomicina y solo una a teicoplanina. Todas las cepas seleccionadas resultaron sensibles a la ampicilina. Mediante PCR se obtuvo la amplificación del gen tetM en 22 cepas que mostraron resistencia a la tetraciclina. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio evidenciarían el uso generalizado de zinc y tetraciclina como promotores de crecimiento en la alimentación de cerdos. Esta práctica ejerce una presión selectiva en especies bacterianas animales y contribuye a la propagación de la resistencia a los antibióticos.

Background: A study was conducted at the Territorial Sugar Cane Research Station (ETICA) in the mid-eastern Camagüey province, Cuba, to evaluate the effect of cultivar, stump, and planting distance between furrows for green biomass production, based on forage-production criteria. Methods: The plantation was made in February 2016. The experiment was established according to a categorical multifactorial experimental design 3³ = 27, combinations on the base design, with two replicas, and 81 observations. Plantation distance between furrows (0.90, 1.20, and 1.50 m), cultivars (C97-366, C99-374, and My5514), and stumps (plant, shoot, and second shoot), were evaluated. The production of green biomass was determined at 12 months of age. A multifactorial variance analysis using Statgraphics Centurion, XV.I, was performed for statistical processing. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in the interaction of stump with plantation distance between furrows, for the production of green biomass. The sugar cane stump planted at 0.90 m between furrows showed the best productive results, whereas no significant differences were found between cultivars. Conclusions: The genetic potential for green biomass production was corroborated by the new sugar cane forage cultivars C97-366 and C99-374, with values bove 60 t/ha-1, as the average of the three harvests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the world population has caused an increase in the demand for food of animal origin, where cattle have become one of the most important species economically speaking, due to the high costs of concentrates, interest has been generated in the search for feeding alternatives. The objective of this work was to determine the behavior of some zoo technical parameters in calves supplemented with different of FES potato-carrot inclusions. Four groups were established with a basic diet of milk and forage, two groups were supplemented with 6 and 9 g/kg/PV of FES-carrot feed, one group with 6 g of balanced concentrate and the control group. The variables evaluated were weight gain, height at the withers and food consumption. The animals of T2 and T3 reached a statistically higher final weight (p <0,05) in relation to the animals of the control group; the highest height at the withers was achieved with the T2, reporting a height of 85 cm. Supplementation with 6 g of FES feed turns out to be a feeding alternative, obtaining better results in zoo technical parameters and being more economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to determine the physicochemical and organoleptic indicators of orito banana (Musa acuminata AA) rachis, treated with whey, a completely randomized design was applied with seven treatments: natural (control) and fermented (0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 d). Results showed the highest (P <0.05) pH values on day zero (4.91); crude protein on days eight (16.12 %), 15 (16.07%) and 30 (16.07 %); total phenols on day 30 (323,361.91 μMol GAE/100 g DM) and antioxidant activity on day eight (29,595.62 μMol TROLOX/100 g DM). Silage had a sweet smell (days zero and one) and a mild acidity (days four, eight, 15 and 30). It showed a light brown color and solid consistency. It is concluded that, through orito banana rachis fermentation, improvements were achieved for contents of crude protein, total phenols and antioxidant activity, which makes possible to obtain a functional food that can be used for animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. Se ha sugerido que el perfil lipídico en la leche bovina afecta la salud humana y se ha identificado que el ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC c9 t11) podría tener efectos anticarcinogénicos. En trópico alto se ha investigado el efecto de la alimentación sobre el perfil lipídico de la leche, pero pocos estudios se han hecho en trópico bajo. Objetivo. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres intensidades de pastoreo (1, 2 y 3 animales ha-1) en pasto Guinea cv. Tanzania (Megathyrsus maximus) sobre la producción, composición y perfil lipídico en la leche de vacas mestizas en diferentes tercios de lactancia. Materiales y métodos. De septiembre a octubre de 2013, se seleccionaron dos grupos de nueve animales (tres vacas en cada tercio de lactancia) y se asignó una vaca por tercio de lactancia a cada intensidad de pastoreo (tratamiento), durante 42 días de evaluación, en un diseño de cuadrado latino 3 x 3 replicado. Resultados. La producción de leche fue similar (p>0,05) entre tratamientos y fue mayor (p0,05) la composición de la leche, pero el tercio de lactancia tendió (p0,05) la concentración de ALC y AGPI. Conclusión. El manejo del cultivar Tanzania con intensidades de pastoreo de 2,0 y 3,0 animales ha-1, resultó en las concentraciones más altas de ALC (c9 t11) y AGPI en la grasa de la leche, lo cual podría tener efectos positivos en salud humana.

Para conocer el efecto de las semillas arbóreas forrajeras en la alimentación de rumiantes, es necesario conocer el efecto de semillas forrajeras con taninos sobre la actividad fermentativa de los microorganismos ruminales, para ello se evaluó la fermentación in vitro, a través de la técnica de producción de gas de semilla de Acacia angustissima, Enterolobium cyclocarpum y Guazuma ulmifolia. Las variables fueron: volumen máximo (Vm; mL/g), tasa (S; h-1) y fase lag (L; h) de producción de gas, y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca a 24 horas (DIVMS): estas se correlacionaron con el contenido de taninos de las especies arbóreas evaluadas. El contenido de taninos fue superior para la semilla de A. angustissima (P0,05), pero menores (P< 0,05) para la semilla de A. angustissima. La mayor DIVMS se presentó en las semillas de E. cyclocarpum, seguida de G. ulmifolia y menor para A. angustissima (P< 0,05). En el análisis de correlación se observó que el contenido de taninos mostró una correlación significativa y negativa con los valores de DIVMS (Y=-0,2799x + 63,678 R2=0,89) y el Vm (Y=-1,4816x + 277,56, R2=0,81).Se concluye que las semillas E. cyclocarpum y G. ulmifolia se fermentan más favorablemente en rumen, mostrando mejor potencial y mayor fracciones de fermentación de los azucares y carbohidratos de reserva, mejorando la digestibilidad in vitro, lo que sugiere su uso en la alimentación de rumiantes, mientras que la cantidad de taninos de A. angustissima afectó la cinética de fermentación ruminal y la digestibilidad in vitro, sin embargo, se necesitan investigaciones adicionales para evaluar la inclusión de semillas como ingredientes en dietas así como evaluaciones in situ.

Background: Several different plant species with a forage potential for ruminant nutrition can be found in fruit ecosystems. Their relevance is that a high variety of foods containing high amounts of secondary metabolites can be consumed. The aim of this research was to characterize the technological and economic viability of growing-fattening ovines integrated to guava treeleguminosae (Teramnus labialis) systems. Methods: A four-month study was conducted in 1.2 ha of guava under a sprinkling irrigation system, where the leguminosae was established as well. A total of 18 ovines were integrated to the area (growing-fattening Pelibuey), with rotational grazing in three enclosures. Every phytotechnical and zootechnical action performed to the poly-crop and the animals, were monitored. The time utilized in all the phytotechnical and zootechnical labor was estimated, and the costs of salary and energy were calculated. Weight increase of bovines and the guava fruit yields (t.ha-1) were determined. Income, expenses, and profits were calculated. Results: Irrigation and animal grazing were the most time-consuming activities. The total income was over $10 000.00 per integrated hectare; however, the total profits per hectare were negative ($ -1627 CUP), due to low guava yields during the season, and the costs of salaries and electric power from irrigation, which were partly mitigated by the ovine production with zootechnical profits of $ 1 925.00. Conclusions: The integrated guava-leguminosae-ovine system demonstrated a technological and economic feasibility to increase sustainability of guava production in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal production in recent years has been marked by the increase in the prices of raw materials used in food. To face this situation, the challenge is to achieve better use of the diets provided to animals. For this purpose, one of the most used strategies in the world is the use of enzymatic additives, which are obtained by submerged fermentation or by solid phase fermentation, from bacteria or fungi. Among the hydrolytic enzymes that are used in the supplementation of monogastric species, those that participate in the degradation of antinutritional factors, such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), stand out. Its use increases food digestibility, improves its quality and use, and favors the degradation of compounds that interfere with nutrient digestion and utilization. The application of these products has a positive impact on productive indicators and health in poultry and pigs, but the effectiveness of their use depends, among other factors, on the composition and quality of diet. This paper aims to provide updated scientific information on obtaining hydrolytic enzymes and their use in the feeding of monogastric species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Orinoquia is the property of Universidad de los Llanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da Unipar is the property of Associacao Paranaense de Ensino e Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La generación de residuos es causa inmediata de cualquier tipo de actividad humana, hoy en día se está ante una sociedad de consumo que genera gran cantidad y variedad de residuos sólidos biodegradables procedentes de una amplia gama de actividades. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la evaluación de tratamientos de estabilización de residuos sólidos biodegradables, provenientes del restaurante institucional del Tecnológico de Costa Rica, como alternativa de para gestionar y valorizar dichos residuos a través de la alimentación de cerdos de engorde. La estabilización se obtuvo a partir de una fermentación anaeróbica con microorganismos eficaces (EM), a partir de tres tratamientos que consideraron distintas proporciones de adición de EM, semolina, y melaza de caña en polvo, dispuestos en capas en microsilos para la fermentación. Se evaluaron cualitativamente parámetros físicos, y cuantitativamente parámetros nutricionales como fueron el porcentaje de proteína, fibra total, cenizas y extracto etéreo, así como humedad, pH, Energía Bruta, presencia de Salmonella y Coliformes Fecales. Como resultados se obtuvo un producto de tipo energético, estabilizado al ser llevado a un pH ácido y no se detectó presencia de patógenos. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis económico y ambiental del uso de los residuos estabilizados en un caso hipotético de producción porcina según parámetros nacionales, resultando en la posibilidad de obtener rentabilidad e inocuidad en los tratamientos, además de lograr evitar ciertos costos ambientales y una mejor gestión en general.

Background: Sugarcane silage (SCS) has often been characterized by large dry matter (DM) losses associated with reduction in soluble nutrients and increase in indigestible fiber. Objective: To evaluate the effect of including discarded fruits on the losses and nutritional value in SCS. Methods: A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and five replications. Silages were added with 15% (as-fed basis) papaya (Carica papaya) (SP), acerola (Malpighia glabra) (SA), banana (Musa sp.) (SB) or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (ST). The control treatment was composed only of SCS. Twenty-five (25-L) plastic buckets were used to make the experimental silos, which were opened on the 90th day after their closure. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results: Gas losses and total DM losses were lower and DM recovery was higher in SB and SA than in the control (p<0.05). The SB had lower content of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber compared to SP, SA, ST and the control group (p<0.05). There was no effect of treatment for ethanol content (p>0.05). However, there was treatment effect for lactic and acetic acids, ammonia nitrogen contents, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and mold counts (p<0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of 15% banana or acerola in SCS decreases losses and increases DM recovery. Furthermore, the inclusion of 15% banana improves the nutritional value of SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To determine the variability of the bromatological composition of coffee pulp in the province of Loja, a study was carried out by means of stratified sampling and random block design, in 18 beneficiary plants from six cantons (Espíndola, Zosoranga, Puyango, Chaguarpamba, Quilanga and Loja). Prior to the sampling, a brief characterization of production systems was carried out, through a survey to producers from the selected cantons. In the laboratory, dry matter content, organic matter, ashes, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fiber and cellular content were determined. The results of the surveys showed that in 100 % of the farms, Arabian coffee of the typical variety is cultivated. There is also similarity in crop management and processing method. Regarding the bromatological analysis, no difference was observed in the nutrient content of coffee pulp among cantons, with mean values of 19.46 % for dry matter, 89.55 % for organic matter, 10.45 % for ashes, 2.23 % for ether extract, 10.02 % of crude protein, 19.24 % of crude fiber, 58.06 of nitrogen-free extract, 44.24 of neutral detergent fiber and 55.76 of cellular content. It is concluded that the bromatological composition of coffee pulp is in the ranges reported by the literature, without showing variations among the studied cantons. Therefore, this could be an interesting residue for its used as raw material for animal feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable production of quality forages in sufficient quantities constitutes one of the biggest challenges for profitable dairy farming. Forage legumes including cowpea offer a feasible solution to meet this task but planting geometry for spreading and erect types of varieties needs to be optimized. Two cowpea varieties (P-518 and Rawan-2003) were sown to different row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm), while broadcasted crops were kept for comparison. Factorial arrangement of randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed to carry out the field trial with four replicates. Dry matter biomass, quality variables, net income and benefit-cost ratio were taken as experimental variables. Rawan-2003 (spreading type) sown at 45 cm spaced rows gave significantly (P=0.01) higher dry matter biomass (8.26 and 9.03 t ha-1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively) along with significantly (P=0.05) improved forage quality (especially higher crude protein and lower crude fiber contents). The same variety and spatial arrangement resulted in the highest net income and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) (4.66 and 4.85 in 2013 and 2014 respectively). P-518 (erect type) gave better results with closer inter-row spacing (30 cm spaced rows), while broadcasting of both cowpea varieties proved to be inferior to all other spatial arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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