39 results on '"algebraic reconstruction techniques"'
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2. GNSS水汽层析的约束条件方程变权代数重构算法.
- Author
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王昊, 丁楠, 张文渊, and 冯遵德
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics (1671-5942) is the property of Editorial Board Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Conformal Parametrization of Surfaces of Genus Zero and 3D Reconstruction of Nuclear Fusion Hotspots
- Author
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Wong, Ka Wai
- Subjects
Applied mathematics ,Nuclear physics and radiation ,Computer science ,Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques ,Computer graphics ,Conformal mapping ,Geometry ,Inertial confinement fusion ,X-ray diagnostics - Abstract
The first part of this thesis studies a modified version of mean curvature flow, the ``conformalized mean curvature flow" (cMCF), developed by Kazhdan, Solomon, and Ben-Chen. The cMCF is a conformal mapping algorithm but it runs into numerical issues when it is applied on meshes with protrusions. We improve the cMCF with an initialization step which first maps the initial mesh onto a sphere. This initialization step is shown to improve the performance of cMCF so that it can be applied on meshes with long protrusions. More importantly, we give the first algorithm named ``Sphericalized cMCF" to construct a homotopy from a degree one map to a homeomorphism from a unit sphere onto a unit sphere. We provide results from numerical experiments of applying this algorithm to closed surfaces of genus zero that are embedded in $\Rl^3$, on which we construct a homotopy from a degree one map to a conformal homeomorphism onto a unit sphere.The second part of this thesis focuses on my work in x-ray emission tomography at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This project is conducted over eighteen months of a student internship and within the framework of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). We present a novel approach to reconstruct the 3D electron temperature distribution of ICF hotspots. Using very limited number of 2D x-ray projection images, we reconstruct 3D x-ray emission distributions of an ICF hotspot from different x-ray energy channels ranging from 20 to 30 keV. The x-ray input images are processed using the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) to reconstruct 3D x-ray emission distributions in different energy channels, which can characterize and compare the thermophysical states of the fusion plasma such as its electron temperature. We compute the 3D electron temperature using the energy channel ratios. We present both synthetic and experimental results showing high accuracy and applicability of our method on different complex hotspot geometries.
- Published
- 2021
4. X-ray Diffraction Tomography Using Laboratory Sources for Studying Single Dislocations in a Low Absorbing Silicon Single Crystal.
- Author
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Zolotov, D. A., Asadchikov, V. E., Buzmakov, A. V., D'yachkova, I. G., Krivonosov, Yu. S., Chukhovskii, F. N., and Suvorov, E. V.
- Abstract
This paper is a continuation of previous studies on the development of X-ray topo-tomography using laboratory equipment. The results on the spatial location of a single polygonal dislocation half-loop in a silicon single crystal were obtained as a result of testing the sensitivity of the X-ray topo-tomo diffractometer. A comparison was made with high-resolution experimental data obtained at the European synchrotron radiation facility (ESRF). The experimental procedure, software, and hardware for 3D reconstruction of the investigated single defect — a polygonal dislocation half-loop — are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Effective algorithm for tomography imaging in three-dimensional problems.
- Author
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RYMARCZYK, Tomasz, SIKORA, Jan, and ADAMKIEWICZ, Przemysław
- Subjects
TOMOGRAPHY ,APPROXIMATION theory ,IMAGE reconstruction ,SINGULAR value decomposition ,IMAGE processing - Abstract
Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Preliminary Results of Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Tomography Based on GPS/GLONASS/BDS Satellite Navigation System
- Author
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Wang, Xiaoying, Dai, Ziqiang, Wang, Li, Cao, Yunchang, Song, Lianchun, Sun, Jiadong, editor, Jiao, Wenhai, editor, Wu, Haitao, editor, and Lu, Mingquan, editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Adaptive Grid Refinement for Discrete Tomography
- Author
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van Leeuwen, Tristan, Batenburg, K. Joost, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Kobsa, Alfred, Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Barcucci, Elena, editor, Frosini, Andrea, editor, and Rinaldi, Simone, editor
- Published
- 2014
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- View/download PDF
8. Efektywny algorytm obrazowania w tomografii ultradźwiękowej i radiowej dla zagadnień dwuwymiarowych.
- Author
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RYMARCZYK, Tomasz, SIKORA, Jan, POLAKOWSKI, Krzysztof, and ADAMKIEWICZ, Przemysław
- Abstract
Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Iterative Region-of-Interest Reconstruction from Limited Data Using Prior Information.
- Author
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Vogelgesang, Jonas and Schorr, Christian
- Abstract
In practice, computed tomography and computed laminography applications suffer from incomplete data. In particular, when inspecting large objects with extremely different diameters in longitudinal and transversal directions or when high resolution reconstructions are desired, the physical conditions of the scanning system lead to restricted data and truncated projections, also known as the interior or region-of-interest (ROI) problem. To recover the searched-for density function of the inspected object, we derive a semi-discrete model of the ROI problem that inherently allows the incorporation of geometrical prior information in an abstract Hilbert space setting for bounded linear operators. Assuming that the attenuation inside the object is approximately constant, as for fibre reinforced plastics parts or homogeneous objects where one is interested in locating defects like cracks or porosities, we apply the semi-discrete Landweber-Kaczmarz method to recover the inner structure of the object inside the ROI from the measured data resulting in a semi-discrete iteration method. Finally, numerical experiments for three-dimensional tomographic applications with both an inherent restricted source and ROI problem are provided to verify the proposed method for the ROI reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Regularized Image Reconstruction for Ultrasound Attenuation Transmission Tomography
- Author
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I. Peterlik, R. Jirik, N. Ruiter, and J. Jan
- Subjects
Ultrasound ,transmission tomography ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,regularization ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
The paper is focused on ultrasonic transmission tomography as a potential medical imaging modality, namely for breast cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound attenuation coefficient is one of the tissue parameters which are related to the pathological tissue state. A technique to reconstruct images of attenuation distribution is presented. Furthermore, an alternative to the commonly used filtered backprojection or algebraic reconstruction techniques is proposed. It is based on regularization of the image reconstruction problem which imposes smoothness in the resulting images while preserving edges. The approach is analyzed on synthetic data sets. The results show that it stabilizes the image restoration by compensating for main sources of estimation errors in this imaging modality.
- Published
- 2008
11. A Semi-Discrete Landweber-Kaczmarz Method for Cone Beam Tomography and Laminography Exploiting Geometric Prior Information.
- Author
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Vogelgesang, Jonas and Schorr, Christian
- Abstract
We present a semi-discrete Landweber-Kaczmarz method for solving linear ill-posed problems and its application to Cone Beam tomography and laminography. Using a basis function-type discretization in the image domain, we derive a semi-discrete model of the underlying scanning system. Based on this model, the proposed method provides an approximate solution of the reconstruction problem, i.e. reconstructing the density function of a given object from its projections, in suitable subspaces equipped with basis function-dependent weights. This approach intuitively allows the incorporation of additional information about the inspected object leading to a more accurate model of the X-rays through the object. Also, physical conditions of the scanning geometry, like flat detectors in computerized tomography as used in non-destructive testing applications as well as non-regular scanning curves e.g. appearing in computed laminography (CL) applications, are directly taken into account during the modeling process. Finally, numerical experiments of a typical CL application in three dimensions are provided to verify the proposed method. The introduction of geometric prior information leads to a significantly increased image quality and superior reconstructions compared to standard iterative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Super-sampling SART with ordered subsets.
- Author
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Kunz, Michael and Frangakis, Achilleas S.
- Subjects
- *
TOMOGRAPHY , *DATA analysis , *STRUCTURAL bioinformatics , *ELECTRON microscopy , *ALGEBRAIC geometry - Abstract
In tomography, the quality of the reconstruction is essential because the complete cascade of the subsequent analysis is based on it. To date, weighted back-projection (WBP) has been the most commonly used technique due to its versatility and performance in sub-tomogram averaging. Here we present super-sampling SART that is based on the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique. While algebraic reconstruction techniques typically produce better contrast and lately showed a significant improvement in terms of processing speed, sub-tomogram averages derived from those reconstructions were inferior in resolution compared to those derived from WBP data. Super-sampling SART, however, outperforms both in term of contrast and the resolution achieved in sub-tomogram averaging several other tested methods and in particular WBP. The main feature of super-sampling SART, as the name implies, is the super-sampling option – by which parameter-based up-sampling and down-sampling are used to reduce artifacts. In particular, the aliasing that is omnipresent in the reconstruction can be practically eliminated without a significant increase in the computational time. Furthermore, super-sampling SART reaches convergence within a single iteration, making the processing time comparable to WBP, and eliminating the ambiguity of parameter-controlled convergence times. We find that grouping of projections increases the contrast, while when projections are used individually the resolution can be maximized. Using sub-tomogram averaging of ribosomes as a test case, we show that super-sampling SART achieves equal or better sub-tomogram averaging results than WBP, which is of particular importance in cryo-electron tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. A general extending and constraining procedure for linear iterative methods.
- Author
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Nicola, Aurelian, Petra, Stefania, Popa, Constantin, and Schnörr, Christoph
- Subjects
- *
LINEAR systems , *ITERATIVE methods (Mathematics) , *IMAGE reconstruction , *LEAST squares , *ALGORITHMS , *OPERATOR theory , *TOMOGRAPHY , *STOCHASTIC convergence - Abstract
Algebraic reconstruction techniques (ARTs), on both their successive and simultaneous formulations, have been developed since the early 1970s as efficient ‘row-action methods’ for solving the image-reconstruction problem in computerized tomography. In this respect, two important development directions were concerned with, first, their extension to the inconsistent case of the reconstruction problem and, second, their combination with constraining strategies, imposed by the particularities of the reconstructed image. In the first part of this paper, we introduce extending and constraining procedures for a general iterative method of an ART type and we propose a set of sufficient assumptions that ensure the convergence of the corresponding algorithms. As an application of this approach, we prove that Cimmino's simultaneous reflection method satisfies this set of assumptions, and we derive extended and constrained versions for it. Numerical experiments with all these versions are presented on a head phantom widely used in the image reconstruction literature. We also consider hard thresholding constraining used in sparse approximation problems and apply it successfully to a 3D particle image-reconstruction problem. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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14. Mart Algorithms for Circular and Helical Cone-Beam Tomography.
- Author
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Jain, Nitin, Raj, Anant, Kalra, M.S., Munshi, Prabhat, and Ravindran, V.R.
- Subjects
SPIRAL computed tomography ,ALGORITHMS ,CONFORMAL geometry ,IMAGING phantoms ,MATHEMATICAL convolutions ,ALGEBRAIC fields ,IMAGE reconstruction - Abstract
The present work is concerned with the evaluation of the performance and the efficient implementation of multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) objects for two different source/detector trajectories. Three types of MART algorithms are tested on a numerical phantom (Defrise), and they are implemented on a 3D X-ray system of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Circular and helical cone-beam trajectories are used. The results are compared with convolution backprojection (CBP) algorithm for each trajectory. It is found that iterative algorithms perform better than their counterpart, the transform-based CBP algorithm, whenever tomography systems are ill-conditioned due to limited views and/or noisy projection data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Constrained Kaczmarz extended algorithm for image reconstruction
- Author
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Popa, Constantin
- Subjects
- *
IMAGE reconstruction , *ALGORITHMS , *GEOMETRIC tomography , *INTEGRAL transforms , *LEAST squares , *STOCHASTIC convergence , *SEISMIC tomography - Abstract
Abstract: In this paper, we present a constrained version of Kaczmarz extended algorithm for improving image reconstruction from projections in computerized tomography. We prove convergence of our algorithm in the general inconsistent case to a “constrained” least squares solution of the reconstruction problem, under weaker hypothesis than those proposed in a previous paper by Koltracht and Lancaster for classical Kaczmarz’s projection method. Numerical experiments and comparisons are also presented on some model problems from the field of electromagnetic geotomography. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
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16. A fast algorithm for solving a linear feasibility problem with application to intensity-modulated radiation therapy
- Author
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Herman, Gabor T. and Chen, Wei
- Subjects
- *
LIFE sciences , *MATHEMATICS , *MATHEMATICAL analysis , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Abstract: The goal of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is to deliver sufficient doses to tumors to kill them, but without causing irreparable damage to critical organs. This requirement can be formulated as a linear feasibility problem. The sequential (i.e., iteratively treating the constraints one after another in a cyclic fashion) algorithm ART3 is known to find a solution to such problems in a finite number of steps, provided that the feasible region is full dimensional. We present a faster algorithm called ART3+. The idea of ART3+ is to avoid unnecessary checks on constraints that are likely to be satisfied. The superior performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated by mathematical experiments inspired by the IMRT application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Implicit surface visualization of reconstructed biological molecules
- Author
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Garduño, Edgar and Herman, Gabor T.
- Subjects
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COMPUTER graphics , *SENSORY perception , *VISUAL perception , *VISUAL programming languages (Computer science) - Abstract
Abstract: An implicit surface of a density function is the set of points at which the value of the function is equal to a fixed threshold. An object that is defined as the collection of points at which the density function value is above the threshold can be visualized by displaying the implicit surface. Some methods for the reconstruction of biological macromolecules from their electron microscopic projections produce density functions that are specified by a linear combination of smoothly-varying radially-symmetric basis functions of finite support, also known as blobs. When density functions are determined by such a blob representation, the implicit surfaces are smoothly varying and the normal at any point on such a surface can be analytically calculated. This property can be utilized to produce high-quality visualizations by raycasting. While raycasting tends to be computationally expensive, we present a methodology that uses techniques of computer graphics and image processing to significantly reduce the cost of visualization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
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18. Relative stopping power measurements and prosthesis artifacts reduction in proton CT
- Author
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M. Rovituso, Francesco Tommasino, Mara Bruzzi, Monica Scaringella, Nunzio Randazzo, Matteo Intravaia, M. Brianzi, C. Civinini, Valeria Sipala, and Marco Schwarz
- Subjects
Materials science ,Proton ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,hadron therapy ,proton tomography ,stopping power ,metallic prosthesis ,Stopping power ,Imaging phantom ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Calibration ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Proton therapy ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,Phantoms, Imaging ,Prostheses and Implants ,Bone prosthesis ,Mockup ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Tomography ,Protons ,Artifacts ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Head ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
We present a set-up for proton computed tomography (pCT), composed of a microstrip silicon tracker and a YAG:Ce calorimeter, able to directly measure the relative stopping power (RSP) maps to be used in hadron therapy. The system, tested with an electron density phantom at the Trento proton Therapy Center, is able to correlate measured and expected RSP with discrepancies of the order of 1% or less. Furthermore, pCT tomographies of an anthropomorphous head phantom taken with our device, when compared with x-ray CT images of the same object, evidence a significant reduction of artifacts induced by titanium spinal bone prosthesis and tungsten dental filling.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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19. A note on exact image reconstruction from a limited number of projections
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Herman, Gabor T.
- Subjects
- *
IMAGE processing , *IMAGING systems , *IMAGE reconstruction , *VISUAL communication - Abstract
Abstract: In a recent paper in this journal by Kesidis and Papamarkos “A new method for the exact reconstruction of any gray-scale image from its projections is proposed.” In this note we point out that this method is a special case of a well-known approach (peeling) and that it can produce exact reconstructions only under assumptions that are not realistic for practical methods of data collection. Further, we point out that some statements made in the paper regarding disadvantages of the algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) as compared to the method of the paper are false. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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20. A comparison of algebraic reconstruction techniques for a single-detector muon computed tomography system.
- Author
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Hartling, K., Mahoney, F., Rand, E.T., Sariya, T., and Valente, A.
- Subjects
- *
COMPUTER systems , *MUONS , *RADIOACTIVE substances , *NUCLEAR reactor cores , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
An attenuation-based muon computed tomography algorithm has been developed to enable imaging of large infrastructure using measurements from a single muon tracking module. The performance of the algorithm depends on the choice of reconstruction technique that is incorporated, and is evaluated for seven different reconstruction techniques from the computed tomography literature. The L1-Norm reconstruction technique proposed by Kudo et al. is found to provide the best overall performance. The least-squares conjugate gradient (LSCG) technique and the Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) are also capable of identifying special nuclear materials, but typically display higher levels of reconstruction artifacts in comparison with L1-Norm. A muon-tomography reconstruction of a simplified simulated reactor core using the L1-Norm algorithm is able to accurately reproduce the geometry, including the identification of missing fuel channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Iterative region-of-interest reconstruction from limited data using prior information
- Author
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Christian Schorr, Jonas Vogelgesang, and Publica
- Subjects
Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ,Iterative method ,Probability density function ,010103 numerical & computational mathematics ,01 natural sciences ,region of interest reconstruction ,symbols.namesake ,Region of interest ,Computer vision ,0101 mathematics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,Mathematics ,business.industry ,computed laminography ,a priori information ,Hilbert space ,computed tomography ,Object (computer science) ,010101 applied mathematics ,Basis function discretization ,semi-discrete Landweber-Kaczmarz method ,Bounded function ,symbols ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Constant (mathematics) ,Algebraic reconstruction techniques - Abstract
In practice, computed tomography and computed laminography applications suffer from incomplete data. In particular, when inspecting large objects with extremely different diameters in longitudinal and transversal directions or when high resolution reconstructions are desired, the physical conditions of the scanning system lead to restricted data and truncated projections, also known as the interior or region-of-interest (ROI) problem. To recover the searched-for density function of the inspected object, we derive a semi-discrete model of the ROI problem that inherently allows the incorporation of geometrical prior information in an abstract Hilbert space setting for bounded linear operators. Assuming that the attenuation inside the object is approximately constant, as for fibre reinforced plastics parts or homogeneous objects where one is interested in locating defects like cracks or porosities, we apply the semi-discrete Landweber–Kaczmarz method to recover the inner structure of the object inside the ROI from the measured data resulting in a semi-discrete iteration method. Finally, numerical experiments for three-dimensional tomographic applications with both an inherent restricted source and ROI problem are provided to verify the proposed method for the ROI reconstruction.
- Published
- 2017
22. Image reconstruction for Magnetic Particle Imaging using an Augmented Lagrangian Method
- Author
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H. Emre Guven, Serhat Ilbey, Emine Ulku Saritas, Tolga Çukur, and Can Baris Top
- Subjects
Optimization ,Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ,Lagrange multipliers ,Image quality ,Computation ,Field free line ,Iterative reconstruction ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,Augmented Lagrangian methods ,0302 clinical medicine ,Magnetic particle imaging ,Signal-to-noise ratio ,Image processing ,Computer vision ,Nanomagnetics ,Constrained optimization ,Mathematics ,Signal to noise ratio ,Augmented Lagrangian method ,business.industry ,Magnetism ,Algebraic reconstruction technique ,Alternating direction method of multipliers ,Algebra ,Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Line (geometry) ,Image reconstruction ,Artificial intelligence ,Medical imaging ,business ,Algorithm ,Algebraic reconstruction techniques - Abstract
Date of Conference: 18-21 April 2017 Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a relatively new imaging modality that images the spatial distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles administered to the body. In this study, we use a new method based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (a subset of Augmented Lagrangian Methods, ADMM) with total variation and l1 norm minimization, to reconstruct MPI images. We demonstrate this method on data simulated for a field free line MPI system, and compare its performance against the conventional Algebraic Reconstruction Technique. The ADMM improves image quality as indicated by a higher structural similarity, for low signal-to-noise ratio datasets, and it significantly reduces computation time. © 2017 IEEE.
- Published
- 2017
23. Data Assimilation Techniques for Ionospheric Reference Scenarios – project overview and achieved results
- Author
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Gerzen, Tatjana, Wilken, Volker, Hoque, Mohammed Mainul, Minkwitz, David, and Schlüter, Stefan
- Subjects
algebraic reconstruction techniques ,data Assimilation ,EGNOS Reference Scenarios ,Ionosphere ,TEC ,multi-sensoral data ,Radiooccultation - Published
- 2016
24. A compressed sensing based approach on Discrete Algebraic Reconstruction Technique
- Author
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Mustafa E. Kamasak and Ezgi Demircan-Tureyen
- Subjects
Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ,Image fusion ,Tomographic reconstruction ,business.industry ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,Discrete Tomography ,Pattern recognition ,global thresholding ,Iterative reconstruction ,image reconstruction ,Compressed sensing ,Robustness (computer science) ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,total variation minimization ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Projection (set theory) ,Discrete tomography ,Art ,Algorithms ,compressed sensing ,Mathematics - Abstract
Discrete tomography (DT) techniques are capable of computing better results, even using less number of projections than the continuous tomography techniques. Discrete Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (DART) is an iterative reconstruction method proposed to achieve this goal by exploiting a prior knowledge on the gray levels and assuming that the scanned object is composed from a few different densities. In this paper, DART method is combined with an initial total variation minimization (TvMin) phase to ensure a better initial guess and extended with a segmentation procedure in which the threshold values are estimated from a finite set of candidates to minimize both the projection error and the total variation (TV) simultaneously. The accuracy and the robustness of the algorithm is compared with the original DART by the simulation experiments which are done under (1) limited number of projections, (2) limited view problem and (3) noisy projections conditions.
- Published
- 2016
25. An improved TvMin plus DART algorithm to reconstruct multilabel images
- Author
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Ezgi Demircan-Tureyen and Mustafa E. Kamasak
- Subjects
Dart ,Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ,Pixel ,Computer science ,Binary image ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,Mathematics::History and Overview ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Iterative reconstruction ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Compressed sensing ,TheoryofComputation_LOGICSANDMEANINGSOFPROGRAMS ,threshold segmentation ,total variation minimization ,Projection (set theory) ,Discrete tomography ,computer ,Algorithm ,discrete tomography ,computer.programming_language ,compressed sensing - Abstract
From the algebraic point of view, image reconstruction is an under-determined problem, due to the fact that the projection measurements are a lot fewer than the unknown pixels. Discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART) is an algorithm used to cope with this situation. DART solves a discrete linear inverse problem by combining an algebraic reconstruction procedure with a threshold segmentation. In order to improve accuracy, the TvMin+DART algorithm modified the subroutines of DART by exploiting total variation minimization technique (TvMin). However, this algorithm was developed for only binary images. In this paper, our TvMin+DART algorithm will be generalized to handle multilabel images as well, and an experimental research to compare the proposed method with the original DART and the conventional filtered backprojection (FBP) will be presented.
- Published
- 2015
26. A Compressed Sensing Based Approach On Discrete Algebraic Reconstruction Technique
- Author
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Demircan Türeyen, Ezgi, Kamaşak, Mustafa Ersel, Bilgisayar Mühendisliği, and Computer Engineering
- Subjects
görüntü Bölütleme ,bilgisayarlı Tomografi ,ımage Segmentation ,cebirsel Geriçatma Tekniği ,Discrete Tomography ,compressed Sensing ,toplam Değişinti Enküçültme ,computed Tomography ,Total Variation Minimization ,sıkıştırılmış Algılama ,Görüntü Geriçatma ,algebraic Reconstruction Techniques ,Image Reconstruction ,ayrık Tomografi - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2015, Bilgisayarlı tomografide, x-ışınları ile taranan nesnenin iki boyutlu kesit görüntüsünün bir boyutlu izdüşüm veri kümesinden geri çatımı problemi, analitik yöntemlerle veya yinelemeli olarak çözülebilmektedir. Geleneksel filtreli ters izdüşüm tekniği (FBP) başta olmak üzere, bu amaçla kullanılan analitik yöntemler, merkezi kesit teoremine dayanmaktadır. Bu yöntemler hesaplama karmaşıklığının düşük olmasından dolayı tercih edilir olsalar da, Nyquist-Shannon kıstasını karşılayamayacak kadar sınırlı sayıda veya sınırlı açısal aralık ile toplanan izdüşümlerden kaliteli görüntüler elde etme konusunda başarısızdırlar. Ancak tomografik görüntülemede, bir görüntünün eksik izdüşüm verisinden eksiksize yakın bir şekilde geri çatımı, çeşitli kısıt ve gereksinimlerden dolayı kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle, cebirsel geriçatma ve norm optimizasyonu gibi yinelemeli yöntemler, çeşitli varsayımlar kullanıldığı takdirde eksik veri ile geri çatımı olanaklı kıldığı için, tercih edilmektedir. Cebirsel yöntemler, geriçatma problemini, değişkenlerin görüntünün ayrık bileşenleri (çoğunlukla pikseller) olduğu ve elde edilen izdüşümlerin denklemler ile ifade edildiği bir lineer denklem sistemi olarak formüle eder ve bu sistemin çözümüne yinelemeli olarak yakınsamaya çalışır. Bu sistemde her bir denklem bir izdüşüm ölçümünün, ilgili ışının taradığı piksellerin ağırlıklı toplamı olduğunu (buna doğru integrali de denmektedir) ifade eder. Bahsedilen lineer denklem sistemi için izdüşüm verisinin eksik olması durumunda, sistem kararsız özelliktedir ve tek bir çözümden bahsedilemez. Bu önerme uygulamada, bir izdüşüm veri kümesinin birden fazla imgeye ait olabileceği gerçeğine karşılık düşer. Bu tip kararsız sistemler için çözüm getiren Kaczmarz metodu, her iterasyonda mevcut kestirimi hiperdüzlemlere iz düşürerek güncellemeyi önermektedir. Cebirsel geriçatma tekniği (ART), eşzamanlı yinelemeli geriçatma tekniği (SIRT) ve eşzamanlı cebirsel geriçatma tekniği (SART) gibi cebirsel geriçatma algoritmaları, Kaczmarz metoduna dayanmaktadır. Toplanan izdüşüm verisi miktarı oldukça kısıtlı olduğunda bile kaliteli görüntüler elde edebilmek için, yinelemeli teknikler, önsel bilgi ve varsayımlardan faydalanarak yeniden geliştirilmektedir. Buna, bu çalışmanın da temelini oluşturan, ayrık tomografi (DT) alanı ve sıkıştırılmış algılama (CS) teoremine dayanan yöntemler örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Ayrık tomografi, görüntü bileşenlerinin sonlu ve ayrık bir değer kümesinden (ve hatta kimi durumlarda tanım kümesinden) geldiği varsayımı ile, ve taranan nesnenin az sayıda farklı yoğunluk derecelerinden oluştuğu önşartını koyarak, gereken izdüşüm verisini bir hayli azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır. Diğer taraftan, sıkıştırılmış algılama (CS) teoremini temel alan yöntemler ise, bir görüntünün kendisinin veya bilinen bir dönüşüm alanındaki temsilinin seyrek olduğu varsayımı ile, en seyrek çözümü bulmayı hedeflemektedir. Yukarıda bahsedilen amaçlarla geliştirilmiş ve ayrık tomografi alanında kullanılmakta olan ayrık cebirsel geriçatma tekniği (DART), birbirini izleyen; cebirsel geriçatma, geriçatma görüntüsünü ayrıklaştırma ve değişken azaltma aşamalarından oluşan bir algoritmaya sahiptir. Bu algoritmada her bir iterasyon için, ART, SART veya SIRT kullanılarak bir geriçatma görüntüsü hesaplanır ve sonrasında bu görüntü üzerinde, Otsu eşikleme algoritmasına göre histogram üzerinden elde edilen eşik değerler ve gerçek görüntüdeki gri seviyelere dair önsel bilgi parametreleri ile segmentasyon uygulanır. Burada, eşik değer belirleme amaçlı kullanılan Otsu yöntemi yerine, mevcut izdüşüm verisinden faydalanarak izdüşüm hatasını enküçültecek eşik değerlerini seçmeye yönelik bir yaklaşım da önerilmiştir. DART algoritması aynı zamanda her iterasyonda, sistemi daha az kararsız hale getirmek adına, segmentasyon sonrası yanlış değerlere atanmış olma ihtimali daha yüksek olan sınır bölgelerin dışındaki tüm pikselleri sabitler ve geriçatma işlemine sabitlenmeyen pikseller ile devam eder. Sıkıştırılmış algılama teoremini temel alan yöntemler ise seyrek olduğu bilinen sinyaller için, en seyrek çözümü bulmak adına sinyalin l1 normunu (l0- minimizasyonu ve l1 - minimizasyonu özdeşliğine dayanarak) enküçültmeye çalışır. Çoğu bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüsünde olduğu gibi sinyalin kendisinin seyrek olmaması durumunda ise, sinyali seyrekleştiren dönüşümlerden faydalanılır ve bu sefer, sinyalin dönüştürüldüğü uzaydaki temsili için l1 - minimizasyonu uygulanır. Sinyalin seyrek temsilini frekans uzayında aramak için kullanılan dalgacık (Wavelet), Fourier gibi dönüşümler dışında, seyrekleştirmeyi imge uzayında gerçekleştiren dönüşümler de kullanılmaktadır. Toplam değişintinin minimizasyonu tekniği (TvMin), ikinci tipte bir dönüşüm olan ayrık gradyan dönüşümünden faydalanır. Ayrık gradyanın l1 normuna toplam değişinti (TV) denilmektedir ve amaç, bu toplam değişinti miktarını, izdüşüm hatasını da sıfıra yakın bir eşiğin altında tutacak şekilde enküçültmektir. En bilinen hali ile toplam değişinti minimizasyonu problemi, izdüşüm hatasını kısıt olarak kullanmak yerine, toplam değişinti terimi ile birlikte amaç fonksiyonuna dahil ederek formüle edilmektedir. TvMin tekniği, görüntünün yüksek frekanslı bileşenlerini koruyabilme özelliğinden dolayı, görüntü geriçatma ve gürültü giderme amacıyla, sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada DART algoritmasını TvMin tekniğinden de faydalanarak geliştirmek amaçlanmış ve bu doğrultuda DART üzerinde bazı değişiklikler öneren bir algoritma sunulmuştur. Öncelikle, daha iyi bir ilk kestirim elde edebilmek amacıyla, DART'ta kullanılan cebirsel geriçatma yönteminin, sadece ilk kullanım için TvMin ile değiştirilmesi önerilmiştir. Bu sayede, tez kapsamında sunulmuş olan deney sonuçlarından da görülebileceği üzere, segmentasyona daha uygun bir görüntü elde edilebilmektedir. Ayrıca, önerilen algoritma, DART algoritmasının sürekli görüntüyü ayrıklaştırma amacıyla kullandığı segmentasyon yöntemi üzerinde durmakta ve bunun yerine kullanılabilecek iki aşamalı bir eşik değeri seçme prosedürü ileri sürmektedir. Histograma ve izdüşüm hatasına dayalı iki yaklaşımı birleştiren bu prosedürün ilk aşamasında, iki kademeli çok düzeyli Otsu (TSMO) algoritması kullanılarak, histogramdaki vadi sayısı kadar aday eşikleme değeri hesaplanmakta; ikinci aşamasında ise bu adaylar arasından, izdüşüm hatası ile birlikte toplam değişintiyi enküçülten eşik değeri seçilmektedir. Böylece hem geri çatılan görüntü hem de izdüşüm ölçümleri ile tutarlı eşik değerleri seçilebilmekte, gerçek görüntüye daha yakın sonuçlar hesaplanabilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında ele alınan son nokta ise, ayrıklaştırmada kullanılacak olan gri seviyelerin önceden bilinmemesi veya yanlış bilinmesi halinde, algoritma tarafından tahmin edilebilmesi hususudur. Bu amaçla kullanılabilecek bir formülasyon sunulmuş ve gri seviyelerin, gerçek değerlerine oldukça yakın bir şekilde hesaplanabildiği, ilgili deney sonuçları ile gösterilmiştir. Deneylerde her biri iki gri seviyeden oluşan, beş farklı sentetik görüntü (fantom) kullanılmıştır. Önerilen algoritma, her bir fantom için, DART ve FBP algoritmaları ile sınırlı sayıda izdüşüm, sınırlı açısal aralık ve gürültülü veri gibi koşullar simüle edilerek karşılaştırılmıştır. Ek olarak, bu üç algoritmanın uzaysal çözünürlüğü, farklı frekanslara karşılık düşen test örüntüleri kullanılarak sınanmıştır. Uygulamaların tamamı MATLAB ortamında gerçeklenmiş olup, deneyleri sonuçları, grafikler ve elde edilen geriçatma görüntüleri kullanılarak sunulmuştur., Image reconstruction from incomplete projections has a crucial meaning in tomographic imaging field, due to some restrictions and requirements. Although the analytical methods, such as filtered backprojections (FBP), are preferable because of their low computational cost; they are not good at reconstructing satisfying images in case of limited number of projections and limited view. On the other hand, iterative methods (e.g. algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), norm optimization) makes the reconstruction from incomplete projection data possible. The ART (as well as its variations) models the reconstruction problem as a system of linear equations where the discretization points (i.e. pixels) of the image are variables and the equations represent the projections. For these algebraic reconstruction methods (abbreviated ARM), there is no unique solution due to the under-determined characteristic of the system, when the incomplete projection data is the case. Many iterative methods take some constraints into consideration and some of those methods suggest to exploit prior knowledge, if exists, in order to find the best approximation to the exact solution. The field of discrete tomography (DT) assumes that the variables have a range (and sometimes domain) of a finite and discrete set, whose element count is few and known a priori; and it aims to find a good quality solution even if the projection samples are highly reduced. Compressed sensing (CS) based methods, in the other respect, aims to find the sparsest solution by assuming the image is sparse in a known domain. Both approaches are used to be able to recover images from the projection data which doesn't satisfy the Nyquist-Shannon criterion. Discrete algebraic reconstruction technique (DART), which is a technique used in DT field and lies at the core of this study, accomplishes the goal stated above by combining a continuous ARM and a discretization scheme, in an iterative manner. In this study, the DART algorithm is investigated and it is combined with an initial total variation minimization (TvMin) technique, which is used to solve CS problems, to ensure a better initial guess. Also, the algorithm is extended with a segmentation procedure in which the threshold value, which simultaneously minimize both the projection error and the total variation (TV), is selected from a finite set of candidates, obtained using a histogram based thresholding scheme. Furthermore, the algorithm is extended with a gray level estimation procedure, which serves as an automatic determination of the gray levels to be used in the discretization step. A formulation is presented in order to approximate the exact gray levels and it is shown that the gray levels can almost be computed, even though they are not known in advance. All implementations are done using MATLAB environment. The proposed algorithm is compared to the DART and the FBP algorithms by the simulation experiments which are done under the conditions of limited number of projections, limited view and noisy projections, and the computational results are presented visually, either via the reconstructed images or the graphics., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2015
27. Adaptive grid refinement for discrete tomography
- Author
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Leeuwen, Tristan, Batenburg, Joost, and Scientific Computing
- Subjects
Computer. Automation ,Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,Physics ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,QuadTree grids ,adaptive refinement ,Tomography ,Engineering sciences. Technology ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS - Abstract
Discrete tomography has proven itself as a powerful approach to image reconstruction from limited data. In recent years, algebraic reconstruction methods have been applied successfully to a range of experimental data sets. However, the computational cost of such reconstruction techniques currently prevents routine application to large data-sets. In this paper we investigate the use of adaptive refinement on QuadTree grids to reduce the number of pixels (or voxels) needed to represent an image. Such locally refined grids match well with the domain of discrete tomography as they are optimally suited for representing images containing large homogeneous regions. Reducing the number of pixels ultimately promises a reduction in both the computation time of discrete algebraic reconstruction techniques as well as reduced memory requirements. At the same time, a reduction of the number of unknowns can reduce the influence of noise on the reconstruction. The resulting refined grid can be used directly for further post-processing (such as segmentation, feature extraction or metrology). The proposed approach can also be used in a non-adaptive manner for region-of-interest tomography. We present a computational approach for automatic determination of the locations where the grid must be defined. We demonstrate how algebraic discrete tomography algorithms can be constructed based on the QuadTree data structure, resulting in reconstruction methods that are fast, accurate and memory efficient.
- Published
- 2014
28. Simulation, Evaluation And Study Of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Imaging Based On Compressed Sensing Methods Using Total Variation Minimization
- Author
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Seyyedi, Saeed, Yıldırım, İsa, Biyomedikal Mühendisliği, and Biomedical Engineering
- Subjects
geri çatma ,digital breast tomosynthesis imaging ,total variation ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,sıkıştırılmış algılama ,toplam değişinti ,sayısal meme tomosentez ,compressed sensing - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, Tomosentez sistemi X-ışınları kullanılarak 3 boyutlu anatominin görüntülenebilmesi amacı ile geliştirilmiş olup modern bilgisayarlı tomografi cihazlarının öncüsü olmuştur. Görüntülenmesi istenen bir dilimin etrafında eş-odaklı döndürülen X-ışın kaynağı ve algılayıcısı sayesinde bir dilime odaklanmak mümkün oluyordu. Fakat birden fazla dilimin görüntülenmesi için döndürme işleminin değişik odaklar için tekrarlanması gerekmekteydi. Bu işlem hastaların yüksek doza maruz kalmasına sebep olup odak dışında kalan dilimlerin oluşturduğu bulanıklar görüntü kalitesini düşürmekteydi. Bu sorunlar dolayısıyla uzunca zaman üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmayan tomosentez yöntemi, sayısal X-ışın algılayıcı teknolojisinin gelişmesi, bilgisayar hesaplama kapasitesindeki artış ve geri çatma yöntemlerindeki gelişmeler sonucu yeniden kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Tomosentez yönteminin öncelikli kullanım alanının meme kanserlerinin erken teşhisi olacağı düşünülmektedir. Günümüzde kullanılan mamografi cihazı yoğun fibroglandular dokular tarafından çevrelenmiş kitlelerin tespitinde başarılı olamamaktadır. X-ışın kaynağının değişik açılardan birden fazla görüntünün alması ile memenin değişik derinlikteki dilimlerinin ayrı ayrı görüntülenmesi mümkün olabilmektedir. Böylece normal olmayan kitlelerin başka dokular tarafından örtülmesi engellenmiş olmaktadır. Sayısal meme tomosentezi dar bir açı aralığında dönen X-ışını kaynağı ile elde edilen iki boyutlu projeksiyonlar kullanılarak memenin üç boyutlu görüntülenmesine olanak sağlar. Sayısal meme tomosentezi görüntülemede kaydedilen projeksiyonlardan görüntü geri çatımı için çeşitli görüntü işleme algoritmaları mevcuttur. Filtrelenmiş geri projeksiyon algoritması, projeksiyonlardan görüntü elde etmek için kullanılan geleneksel bir geri çatma tekniğidir. Ancak dar açıdan alınan projeksiyonların geri çatımında verdiği sonuçlar tatmin edici değildir. Yinelemeli görüntü işleme algoritmalarından, cebirsel geri çatma tekniği ya da eş zamanlı cebirsel geri çatma tekniği sonradan geliştirilmiştir. Cebirsel geri çatma tekniğinde görüntü uzayında verilen zayıflatma değerlerinin ileri izdüşüm formülü ile izdüşüm değerleri hesaplanır. Daha sonra her bir ışın için izdüşüm hatası olarak adlandırılan hesaplanan izdüşümler ile ölçülen izdüşümler arasındaki fark hesaplanır. İzdüşüm hatası geri-izdüşüm yöntemi ile görüntü değerlerine eklenir. Sistemdeki tüm ışınların üzerinden bir kere geçildiği zaman bir yineleme tamamlanmış olur. Yineleme önceden belirlenmiş bir kriter (örneğin izdüşüm hatasının belli bir değerin altına düşmesi gibi) sağlanana kadar devam eder. Yinelemeler sırasında görüntü değerlerinin ışın bazında güncellemesinden dolayı cebirsel geri çatma tekniği yönteminin çok hızlı yakınsadığı bilinmektedir. Fakat yakınsadığı görüntülerin oldukça gürültülü olduğu gözlenmektedir. Eş zamanlı cebirsel geri çatma tekniğinde görüntü değerlerinin bir açıdan toplanan tüm izdüşümler değerlendirildikten sonra değiştirilmesi düşünülmüştür. Yani izdüşüm hatasının tek bir ışın için değil, detektörün bir açıda topladığı tüm ışınlar için aynı anda hesaplanır. Bu yöntemde her açıda oluşan izdüşüm hataları aynı anda geri izdüşüme tabi tutularak görüntü değerleri güncellenmektedir. Bu yöntemin cebirsel geri çatma tekniği yöntemine göre daha yavaş yakınsamasına rağmen daha az gürültülü görüntüler oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Tomosentez görüntülemede en önemli problem olan odak dışı bulanıklığın nedeni doz miktarındaki sınırlamadan ve görüntüleme sisteminin yapısından kaynaklanan yeterli sayıda izdüşüm alınamamasıdır. Tomosentez görüntülemede geri-çatma eksik belirtili bir problem olduğu için sistemin sonsuz sayıda çözümü vardır. Bu noktada sıkıştırılmış algılama yöntemi görüntü üzerinde bazı kabullerde bulunarak olası çözümlerden kısıtlarına en uygun olanı seçmeye çalışır. Bu çalışmada gerçeklenen ve geliştirilen yöntemlerin kıyaslanmasında kullanılmak üzere sayısal meme görüntülemesinde odak dışı dilim bulanıklığı ve gerçek memelerde ki fibro-glandular doku benzetimlerini göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde üç boyutlu bir meme fantomu tasarlandı. Çalışmada ışın izleme algoritması olarak Siddon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İz düşümlerden imgenin geri çatılmasında karşılaşılan problemlerden biri de x-ışını kaynağından çıkan ışının detektöre ulaşıncaya kadar nesne içerisinde hangi voksellerden geçtiğinin tespit edilmesidir. Bilgisayarlı Tomografi, MRI ve PET cihazlarında da aynı durum söz konusudur. Radyolojik yol boyunca doku içinden ışının geçtiği her bir vokselin tespiti basit değil, ayrıca zaman alıcı bir işlemdir. Bu iş için önerilen en iyi yöntemlerden biri de Siddon tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntem nesnenin voksellerden teşekkül değil de, birbirine dik eşit aralıklı düzlemlerin kesişimi olan birim hacimlerden oluştuğu kabulüne dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada üç boyutlu geri çatma yöntemlerinden cebirsel geri çatma tekniği ve eş zamanlı cebirsel geri çatma tekniği gerçeklenmiştir. Ayrıca bu yöntemler sıkıştırılmış algılama tabanlı üç boyutlu toplam değişinti minimizasyonu ile birlikte gerçeklenerek farklı kriterler ve senaryolar göz önünde bulundurularak karşılaştırılmıştır. Farklı yöntemlerin başarımları, kök ortalama kare hatası, kontrast gürültü oranı ve ortalama yapısal benzerlik değerleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca ilgilendiğimiz dilimin geri çatılan görüntüsü de farklı yöntemlerin öznel karşılaştırılmasında kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar incelendiği zaman sıkıştırılmış algılama tabanlı yöntemlerin yinelemeli cebirsel yöntemlere üstünlük sağladığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada gerçeklenen cebirsel yöntemlerin yakınsama eğrileri bir birine yakındır. Toplam değişintiyi minimize edecek şekilde geliştirilen sıkıştırılmış algılama tabanlı yöntemler daha hızlı yakınsayarak odak dışı dilim bulanıklığını azaltmada daha başarılı olmuşlardır. Geliştirilen ve gerçeklenen farklı yinelemeli ve sıkıştırılmış algılama tabanlı görüntü işleme yöntemlerini üç boyutlu sayısal tomosentez veri setleri ve fantom modelleri üzerinde uygulanmasına olanak verebilmektedir. C++ programlama dili kullanılarak nesne tabanlı üç boyutlu sayısal meme tomosentez görüntüleme sistemi geliştirildi. Simülatör, kullanıcı dostu bir ara-yüz ile istenen fantom modeli ya da gerçek veri setlerinde kullanılacak yöntemin seçilmesi ve çalıştırılmasına olanak vermektedir. Simülatör, X-ışın kaynağı, detektör, nesne sınıflarını ve kullanıcıdan verileri almak, kaydetmek, çıkış görüntülerini göstermek için arayüz sınıflarını içermektedir. Simulasyon, konfigürasyon, izdüşüm ve geriçatma olmak üzere üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada, sayısal meme tomosentezi parametrelerinin geri çatılan görüntü kalitesi üzerine etkileri de incelenmiştir. Farklı tarama açı aralıkları ve farklı projeksiyon sayıları için yinelenen simülasyon sonuçları karşılaştırılarak değişen parametrelerin etkileri araştırılmıştır., Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of cancer among the women in the world. It is proved that diagnosis of this type of cancer in its early stages makes the treatment simpler and more likely to be effective. Different imaging modalities have been used to diagnose this type of cancer in its earlier stages to increase the chance of treatment. Traditionally breast mammography imaging modality was in use to diagnose the breast cancer cells. Mammography imaging modality provides two-dimensional images from the three-dimensional breast from a single angle of view at each time. This modality suffers from the tissue overlapping problem occurs during the imaging process which causes false-negative results due to the existence of fibroglandular tissues with higher absorption value in the upper layers of the breast. Digital breast tomosynthesis mammography (DBT) is a promising new modality for breast cancer detection. In DBT, projection-view images are acquired at a limited number of angles over a limited angular range and the imaged volume is reconstructed from the two-dimensional projections, thus providing three-dimensional structural information of the breast tissue. DBT system consists of three main parts which are X-ray tube, detector and breast. The X-ray tube rotates in an angular range and exposures X-rays between certain intervals yields in acquiring a set of two-dimensional projection images that are used in the task of reconstruction. DBT system simulation includes two main parts: ray-tracing and reconstruction parts. Several ray-tracing methods have been used to simulate the projection task of the DBT system. In this study we get use from Siddon’s ray-tracing algorithm. Siddon’s algorithm gives a set of radiological pathes inclding the information of intersected voxels with the length of intersections and projection values. Various reconstruction algorithms are available for DBT imaging. Filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm has traditionally been used to reconstruct images from projections. But, It is well-known that traditional FBP method produces significant artifacts when applied to limited-angle data. Despite of the high computational cost and long reconstruction time of the iterative reconstruction methods, they are supposed to be an appropriate category of reconstruction techniques for limited angle modalities because of the useful image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data. Therefore Iterative reconstruction algorithms such as algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) have been in use for DBT system. The newly developed compressive sampling/compressed sensing (CS) algorithm has shown the potential to accurately reconstruct images from highly undersampled data. Compressed sensing based techniques are numerically implemented using ART and total variation (TV) minimization method. In order to make a comparison among the methods mentioned above, we designed a standard three-dimensional phantom that mimics the overlapping tissue problem of the breast imaging. The results of simulating using the designed phantom in our study, show an impressive improvement in the quality of reconstructed images with CS methods comparing to iterative techniques without TV minimization. We have also developed an object-oriented simulator for three-dimensional DBT imaging modality using C++ programming language. The simulator is designed in three main parts which are configuration part to insert the details of the DBT system manually or automatically from an XML file, projection part to edit the phantom model and to run the ray tracing algorithms and displaying the projection images and finally the reconstruction part which gives the possiblity of defining an initial phantom to start running a set of three-dimensional image reconstruction methods and displaying of the results of the reconstruction task. The simulator is capable of running the iterative and CS base methods using TV minimization technique. It is also possible to design a desired three-dimensional phantom with a set of arbitrary details and smaller objects into it to mimic the characteristics of the real volumes. A user friendly graphical user interface helps users to easily insert the data, select and run the desired methods on the designed phantom models and real data sets. In the next Chapter of this study, we investigate the effect of different acquisition parameters such as total angular range and the number of projection views on the quality of reconstructed image in DBT system. The motivation of this study is the lack of existence of any gold standard for DBT systems. Unlike the previous studies, we focus on the parameters of the available DBT systems in the market to find out the best composition of the acquisition parameters for DBT system. We choose five different sets of acquisition parameters and make a comparison among them to find the best set of parameters in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) to exhibit the convergence of each method and mean of structural similarity index (MSSIM) in order to show the visual quality of the reconstructed images using the standard phantom developed for this study., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2014
29. Adaptive Grid Refinement for Discrete Tomography
- Subjects
Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,QuadTree grids ,adaptive refinement ,Tomography ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS - Abstract
Discrete tomography has proven itself as a powerful approach to image reconstruction from limited data. In recent years, algebraic reconstruction methods have been applied successfully to a range of experimental data sets. However, the computational cost of such reconstruction techniques currently prevents routine application to large data-sets. In this paper we investigate the use of adaptive refinement on QuadTree grids to reduce the number of pixels (or voxels) needed to represent an image. Such locally refined grids match well with the domain of discrete tomography as they are optimally suited for representing images containing large homogeneous regions. Reducing the number of pixels ultimately promises a reduction in both the computation time of discrete algebraic reconstruction techniques as well as reduced memory requirements. At the same time, a reduction of the number of unknowns can reduce the influence of noise on the reconstruction. The resulting refined grid can be used directly for further post-processing (such as segmentation, feature extraction or metrology). The proposed approach can also be used in a non-adaptive manner for region-of-interest tomography. We present a computational approach for automatic determination of the locations where the grid must be defined. We demonstrate how algebraic discrete tomography algorithms can be constructed based on the QuadTree data structure, resulting in reconstruction methods that are fast, accurate and memory efficient.
- Published
- 2014
30. Imaging weak zones in the foundation using frequency domain attenuation tomography
- Author
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B. Butchi Babu, E. Chandrasekhar, V.R. Balasubramaniam, Y.V. Sivaram, N. Sandeep, and P.C. Jha
- Subjects
Frequency Domain Attenuation Tomography ,Media ,Near-Surface ,Attenuation ,Weak Zone ,Inversion ,Velocity ,Site ,Iterative reconstruction ,Ground-Penetrating-Radar ,law.invention ,Seismic Tomography ,Geophysics ,law ,Seismic tomography ,Frequency domain ,Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques ,Ground-penetrating radar ,Step Frequency Gpr ,Foundation ,Time domain ,Tomography ,Radar ,Seismology ,Geology - Abstract
Cross-hole imaging method using Time Domain (TD) and Frequency Domain (FD) parts of cross-hole radar tomography data acquired using Step Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar (SFGPR) was implemented. This method was adopted for imaging foundation of a dam to check if the foundation was free of geological weak zones. The dam site is characterised by massive and jointed-phyllites associated with major and minor shears. The cross-hole radar tomography data was acquired in the frequency bandwidth of 250 MHz, from the deepest level gallery up to a depth of 40 m in the foundation. In TD, first arrival time and amplitudes of radio waves were inverted using Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) resulting in velocity and attenuation tomograms. The tomograms showed nearly uniform velocity or attenuation structure in the respective tomographic plane. Subsequently, cross-hole radar tomography data was analysed in FD for a variation of spectrum-amplitude at different frequencies. Amplitudes picked at each single frequency were then inverted using SIRT for obtaining frequency domain attenuation tomogram (FDAT). The FDAT clearly showed presence of anomalous high attenuation zones in the depth range of 23-33 m of the tomographic plane. The anomalous zones in the attenuation tomogram are weak zones in the foundation. To validate the above observations, cross-hole seismic tomography was also done in the same boreholes. Cross-hole seismic tomography results showed low velocity (p-wave) zones around the same location corresponding to the high attenuation zone in FDAT, bringing the dormant weak zone to light. This enabled fine-tuning of the reinforcement design and strengthening the weak zone. This paper discusses the cross-hole radar tomography imaging method, the results of its application in imaging weak zones in the foundation and the comparison of cross-hole radar tomography results (in TD and FD) with the cross-hole seismic tomography results. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2013
31. An Empirical Study of Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques
- Author
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MOHAMMAD, KAZEMI EHSAN, Nedialkov, Ned., and Computing and Software
- Subjects
SART ,Other Computer Engineering ,Biomedical ,Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques ,Relaxation Parameter ,Kaczmarz`s method - Abstract
A computerized tomography scan enables the visualization of an object interior without opening it up. This technique is used in many fields e.g. in medical imaging, geology, and industry. To obtain information about an object, exterior measurements by means of X-rays are performed. Then, to reconstruct an image of the object’s interior, image-reconstructions methods are applied. The problem of reconstructing images from measurements of X-ray radiation belongs to the class of inverse problems. A class of important methods for inverse problems is Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART). The performance of these methods depends on the choice of a relaxation parameter. In this thesis, we compare numerically various ART methods, namely Kaczmarz, symmetric Kaczmarz, randomized Kaczmarz and simultaneous ART. We perform an extensive numerical investigation of the behaviour of these methods, and in particular, study how they perform with respect to this relaxation parameter. We propose a simple heuristic for finding a good relaxation parameter for each of these methods. Comparisons of the new proposed strategy with a previously proposed one shows that our strategy has a slightly better performance in terms of relative error, relative residual and image discrepancy of the reconstructed image. Both strategies showed relatively close numerical results, but interestingly enough, for different values of this parameter. Master of Computer Science (MCS)
- Published
- 2011
32. Comparison Of Two Different Ray Tracing Algorithms For Tomosynthesis
- Author
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Can, Emine, Kamaşak, Mustafa Ersel, Biyomedikal Mühendisliği, and Biomedical Engineering
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Cebirsel görüntü elde etme teknikleri ,Işın izleme ,Tomosentez ,Ray tracing ,Algebraic reconstruction techniques ,Tomosynthesis - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011, Meme kanseri dünya çapında önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Kadınlarda ölüm nedenleri arasında ilk sırada yer alır. Mamografinin film teknolojisinden sayısal hale geçişi meme kanseri teşhisine bir çok avantaj sağlamıştır. Özellikle yeni sayısal panel algılayıcıların ortaya çıkması ile görüntü kalitesini artıracak gibi yeni algoritmaların uygulanabilmesi mümkün hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı görüntü elde etmede yeni bir ışın izleme algoritması oluşturmak ve sonuçlarını Siddon’un bilinen ışın izleme modeli ile karşılaştırmaktır. Deneyler iki boyutlu görüntüler için uygulanmıştır ve oluşturulan algoritmalar üç boyutlu görüntülere de kolaylıkla uyarlanabilecek şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Tüm bu proje ilk olarak meme tomosentezinde temel problemlerden biri olan sınırlı açı projeksiyonundan ilham almıştır. Bu nedenle deneyler sınırlı açı projeksiyon koşulunun sonuçlarını da kapsar. Tüm algoritmalar ve deneyler Matlab ile programlanmış ve gerçeklenmiştir. Etkili sonuçlar elde edilmesine rağmen yeni geliştirilen algoritmanın yüksek frekanslarda görüntünün kontrastını azalttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda, ışın izleme algoritmaları hızlı işlem yapacak şekilde tasarlanmış olmasına rağmen kullanılan cebirsel görüntü elde etme algoritmasının tekrarlı yapısının işlemin toplam süresini büyük boyutlu görüntüler ile kolay çalışamayacak şekilde uzattığı gözlemlenmiştir., Breast cancer is a major health problem worlwide which comes in the first rank as a cause of death in women. In breast cancer diagnosis, the transition of mammography from screen-film to digital form has made many advantages available. Especially with the introduction of new digital flat panel detectors, new algorithms which improves image quality became available. The objective of this study is to form a new ray tracing algorithm for image reconstruction and compare the reconstructed image quality with the results of known ray tracing model of Siddon. Tomographic reconstruction is modelled with simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique which is a way of reconstruction in tomosynthesis. The experiments are applied to two dimensional images and also the algorithm is designed in the form that it can be easily modified to three dimensional detection. The whole project is firstly inspired by limited view of angle which is one of the main problems in breast tomosynthesis. Thus the experiments also consider the results of limited angle of view projection case. All of the algorithms and experiments are programmed and simulated with Matlab. Although efficacious results are obtained with both of the algorithms, a drawback with the newly developed model is the lack of contrast in low frequencies. In addition it is realized that even the ray tracing algorithms are fast, the iterative property of algebraic reconstruction technique makes the process ever time consuming which does not let to work with images in larger size., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2011
33. Adaptive Grid Refinement for Discrete Tomography
- Author
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Leeuwen, T. (Tristan) van, Batenburg, K.J. (Joost), Leeuwen, T. (Tristan) van, and Batenburg, K.J. (Joost)
- Abstract
Discrete tomography has proven itself as a powerful approach to image reconstruction from limited data. In recent years, algebraic reconstruction methods have been applied successfully to a range of experimental data sets. However, the computational cost of such reconstruction techniques currently prevents routine application to large data-sets. In this paper we investigate the use of adaptive refinement on QuadTree grids to reduce the number of pixels (or voxels) needed to represent an image. Such locally refined grids match well with the domain of discrete tomography as they are optimally suited for representing images containing large homogeneous regions. Reducing the number of pixels ultimately promises a reducti
- Published
- 2014
34. Tomographic Image Reconstrution in Experimental Fluid Dynamics: Synopsis and Problems
- Author
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Petra, Stefania, Schnörr, Christoph, Schröder, Andreas, and Wieneke, Bernhard
- Subjects
ill-posed problems ,tomographic particle image velocimetry ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,minimum energy solution ,maximum entropy solution ,positivity constraints - Published
- 2009
35. TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL FLUID DYNAMICS: SYNOPSIS AND PROBLEMS
- Author
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Petra, Stefania, Schnörr, Christoph, Schröder, Andreas, and Wieneke, Bernhard
- Subjects
ill-posed problems ,tomographic particle image velocimetry ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,minimum energy solution ,maximum entropy solution ,positivity constraints - Published
- 2008
36. Regularized Image Reconstruction for Ultrasound Attenuation Transmission Tomography
- Author
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Peterlik, Igor, Jirik, Radovan, Ruiter, Nicole, Jan, Jiri, Peterlik, Igor, Jirik, Radovan, Ruiter, Nicole, and Jan, Jiri
- Abstract
The paper is focused on ultrasonic transmission tomography as a potential medical imaging modality, namely for breast cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound attenuation coefficient is one of the tissue parameters which are related to the pathological tissue state. A technique to reconstruct images of attenuation distribution is presented. Furthermore, an alternative to the commonly used filtered backprojection or algebraic reconstruction techniques is proposed. It is based on regularization of the image reconstruction problem which imposes smoothness in the resulting images while preserving edges. The approach is analyzed on synthetic data sets. The results show that it stabilizes the image restoration by compensating for main sources of estimation errors in this imaging modality.
- Published
- 2008
37. Regularized Image Reconstruction for Ultrasound Attenuation Transmission Tomography
- Abstract
The paper is focused on ultrasonic transmission tomography as a potential medical imaging modality, namely for breast cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound attenuation coefficient is one of the tissue parameters which are related to the pathological tissue state. A technique to reconstruct images of attenuation distribution is presented. Furthermore, an alternative to the commonly used filtered backprojection or algebraic reconstruction techniques is proposed. It is based on regularization of the image reconstruction problem which imposes smoothness in the resulting images while preserving edges. The approach is analyzed on synthetic data sets. The results show that it stabilizes the image restoration by compensating for main sources of estimation errors in this imaging modality.
- Published
- 2008
38. Regularized Image Reconstruction for Ultrasound Attenuation Transmission Tomography
- Abstract
The paper is focused on ultrasonic transmission tomography as a potential medical imaging modality, namely for breast cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound attenuation coefficient is one of the tissue parameters which are related to the pathological tissue state. A technique to reconstruct images of attenuation distribution is presented. Furthermore, an alternative to the commonly used filtered backprojection or algebraic reconstruction techniques is proposed. It is based on regularization of the image reconstruction problem which imposes smoothness in the resulting images while preserving edges. The approach is analyzed on synthetic data sets. The results show that it stabilizes the image restoration by compensating for main sources of estimation errors in this imaging modality.
- Published
- 2008
39. Regularized image reconstruction for ultrasound attenuation transmission tomography
- Author
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Peterlík, I., Jiřík, R., Nicole Ruiter, and Jan, J.
- Subjects
regularization ,Quantitative Biology::Tissues and Organs ,Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,algebraic reconstruction techniques ,Physics::Medical Physics ,Ultrasound ,lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,transmission tomography ,lcsh:TK1-9971 - Abstract
The paper is focused on ultrasonic transmission tomography as a potential medical imaging modality, namely for breast cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound attenuation coefficient is one of the tissue parameters which are related to the pathological tissue state. A technique to reconstruct images of attenuation distribution is presented. Furthermore, an alternative to the commonly used filtered backprojection or algebraic reconstruction techniques is proposed. It is based on regularization of the image reconstruction problem which imposes smoothness in the resulting images while preserving edges. The approach is analyzed on synthetic data sets. The results show that it stabilizes the image restoration by compensating for main sources of estimation errors in this imaging modality.
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