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La colère est une émotion universelle dont l'expérience quotidienne varie en fréquence, en intensité et en durée chez les individus. De multiples termes peuvent caractériser et nuancer son vécu. Elle englobe ainsi un certain nombre de manifestations cognitives et comportementales (directement observables ou non), et des modifications internes telles que l'activation physiologique. Expérience subjective, son expression est multidimensionnelle et entraîne des tendances d'action qui peuvent aller jusqu'à des comportements agressifs. Plusieurs termes connexes sont utilisés pour caractériser ses différentes facettes. L'ensemble de ces construits se chevauchent, entraînant parfois une certaine confusion. À juste titre, ils sont souvent corrélés et s'entretiennent les uns les autres. Les affects agressifs qui regroupent le sentiment de colère, l'irritabilité et l'hostilité sont ainsi des construits fortement liés. Toutefois, ils renvoient soit à un état d'humeur soit à une attitude et se distinguent de la colère en tant qu'émotion, tout comme l'impulsivité qui est davantage considérée comme un trait de personnalité. L'agressivité est par ailleurs à distinguer des actes violents qui sont caractérisés par le risque de provoquer des dommages significatifs chez autrui. Les croyances, les évaluations des situations, ou encore les ruminations, qui provoquent la colère et qui en découlent, vont également jouer un rôle important dans sa régulation. Enfin, de nombreux aspects sociaux et culturels, comme le genre ou la société, vont influencer son expression. À notre connaissance, à ce jour aucune revue en langue française n'a présenté le concept de colère alors même que cette émotion peut avoir des conséquences néfastes sur la santé et la qualité de vie des individus. Certains auteurs parlent de la colère comme l'émotion « méconnue » qui mériterait davantage d'attention. Cette revue de portée a donc pour objectif de définir l'émotion de colère et d'explorer les concepts qui s'y rattachent. Les limites de cette revue seront détaillées. Anger is a universal emotion whose daily experience varies in frequency, intensity and duration among individuals. Multiple emotional terms such as "frustrated" or "furious" can characterize it and nuance its experience. It thus encompasses a number of cognitive and behavioral manifestations (directly observable or not), and internal modifications such as physiological activation. It is also associated with facial expressions. As a subjective experience, its expression is therefore multidimensional. It leads, for example, to action tendencies such as shouting or withdrawing from a situation. The latter can extend to aggressive behavior. Several related terms are used to characterize its different facets, such as hostility, irritability and aggressiveness. These aggressive affects are closely related and sometimes overlap, leading to confusion. Rightly so, they are often correlated and mutually supportive. However, they refer either to a state of mood or an attitude, and are distinct from anger as an emotion. Aggression is also to be distinguished from violent acts, which are characterized by the risk of causing significant harm to others. Impulsivity is also mentioned, but is seen more as a personality trait that seems to correlate with the experience of anger. What's more, it's considered by many to be an aversive emotion. Compared to other emotions such as sadness or fear, however, it is more likely to lead to an active approach. It is also triggered in a variety of situations, notably when the individual feels blocked or frustrated in achieving a goal. The question of injustice and the responsibility of others will also be central. In fact, beliefs and evaluations of situations will play a vital role, whether or not they are conscious. The ruminations that provoke and result from it can also play an important role in regulating it. Finally, many social and cultural aspects influence its expression. Anger is a universal human emotion, regardless of culture. However, certain display rules will influence the emotional response of anger to maintain a certain social framework. In other words, anger plays a part in regulating social behavior within groups. What's more, the literature is homogeneous on the effect of gender, but it is acknowledged that there are differences between men and women in the way anger is displayed. The social context and social desirability play a definite role in distinguishing certain reactions according to the gender of the individuals expressing anger. To our knowledge, to date, no French-language journal has presented the concept of anger, despite the fact that it is an emotion that can have harmful consequences on the quality of life of individuals and in the sphere of relationships. Some authors refer to anger as the "unrecognized" emotion that deserves more attention. The aim of this review is therefore to define the emotion of anger and explore related concepts. However, there are certain limitations to this review. Indeed, the literature highlights a strong link between anger and certain psychological disorders. Other elements, such as the consequences of dysfunctional anger or the assessment tools available, should be studied in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La présente étude se propose de démontrer les nouvelles motivations diplomatiques de la RDC face à certaines puissances émergentes de l’Extrême-Orient. Ces motivations sont en premier lieu d’ordre géostratégique, car elles sont liées à la vision diplomatique inhérente à la gouvernance qui, elles, sont aussi géopolitiques, géoéconomiques et culturelles dès lors qu’elles relèvent de l’espace territorial congolais, de ses ressources naturelles, de la culture congolaise. De telles motivations nécessitent qu’elles soient mises à la portée des partenaires africains et extra-africains qui prennent parti et cause pour la RD. Congo. Ce sont ces motivations qui seraient à la base et au centre de l’actuel déterminisme diplomatique congolais. Elles stimulent et doivent stimuler les autorités congolaises à opter pour un renforcement des liens diplomatiques préexistant avec ces Etats de l’Extrême-Orient dont beaucoup seraient en situation d’émergence.

Araştırmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinde saldırganlık ve cesaret düzeylerini bazı değişkenlere göre incelemektedir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2019-2020 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı Trabzon ili Akçaabat ilçesi ortaöğretim kurumlarında öğrenim gören lise öğrencileri, örneklemi ise tesadüfi yöntemle ve çalışmaya gönüllü katılan 917 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu, Little, Jones, Brauner, Nock ve Hawley (2003)’in geliştirdiği Little Saldırganlık Ölçeği ve Konter ve Johan (2012) tarafından geliştirilen Sporda Cesaret Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS-22 programı ile analiz yapılmış ve anlamlılık düzeyi p

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In school, preventive activities can be aimed at overcoming cognitive dismoderate intercourse, improving the analysis of feedback in the process of communication, will help to overcome barriers in communication, because in moments of stress the person hears, that, what he expects to hear, not what the interlocutor actually said. The issue of social work for children and families at risk is becoming more and more relevant given the deepening social problems, such as social isolation and socially unacceptable behavior, both in the face of children and in the scope of the family, as an institution, given the increasing states of stress, persistent anxiety and depressive states among the social strata. The research methodology includes social forecasting and work with children and families at risk. Forecasting is related to processes in the social sphere, and in order to increase their effectiveness, it is important to look at them in two aspects, namely the development of the social system, a specific forecast and social activity. The purpose of the study is to show the difficulties preventing the improvement of the specificity of social work for children and families at risk for full social support and identification, as well as an in-depth study of the reasons why social work for persons at risk does not work effectively. In a preventive aspect, we must work on mastering those acquired instincts that make us in stressful situations not to think, but to act, reflecting on this issue could show us the way to overcome aggressive confrontations. The results show the need for the correct diagnosis, pointing to the organization and optimization of the mental and physical potential of the child and the family to overcome life's difficulties and integrate into society, according to their adaptation possibilities. With the timely intervention of the social pedagogue, as the supporting party, stimulating the elimination of risk factors endangering the object of social activity. Conclusions: The groups in which the person learns to improve his communication are related to the stages of social modeling and social work with children and families at risk. The empirical model of the practice integrates the empirical assessment to establish the feedback, that is, the corrective procedural intervention and shaping the theoretical framework, by observing the empirical relations for the alternative orientations in the practice. Recommendations: At the level of primary prevention of aggression, it is necessary to evaluate the changes that have occurred, a decree by social workers is required, reflecting the changes in the limits of individual programs for working with children and families at risk. Additional data: Cognitive dismoderate intercourse is a communicative problem in the psychological spectrum of moderation in human consciousness, in practice a dismoderation feedback is obtained, namely incorrect reading of behavioral signals in the process of communication. In situations that the individual perceives as threatening, he begins to see things in his own way, refracted through his prism (his point of view), but in fact things are not as the individual understands them, a dismoderation moment occurs in practice in which sometimes it can lead to a collision. Keywords: Primary prevention of aggression in children of primary school age based on preventive work with persons at risk. Field: The research is in the field of socio-pedagogical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine the concept of borderline personality organization as it was conceptualized by Otto F. Kernberg. We highlight the diagnostic criteria so that it is possible to recognize a borderline organization, namely primitive defensive mechanisms associated with an examination of reality generally uncompromised. We point out that, for Kernberg, dysfunctional management of the primitive feelings of anger would prevent the psychic integration, in early childhood of the borderline subject, of the 'good' and 'bad' dyads in which Self and object are related. The patient, growing up, would then discover herself as dominated by tearing and opposing experiential and affective 'states'. Kernberg describes borderline personality organization as a pathological condition of internalized object relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Population & Sociétés is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé La République Démocratique du Congo continue de connaitre une insécurité que l'on croyait élaguée après les signatures des accords de paix de Pretoria et de Luanda qui ont conduit à l'organisation des élections démocratiques. Défait en 2013, le M23 renait de ses cendres avec des revendications dont le Rwanda semble être le porte-parole d'un mouvement qui se réclame congolais. Pourtant ces revendications ont trouvé solution dans les négociations entre le Gouvernement congolais, et les rébellions du CNDP et du M23 qui ont donné lieu à la signature de l'accord cadre d'Addis-Abeba et à la mise sur pied du mécanisme de suivi du dit accord. Abstract The democratic Republic of Congo continues to experience insecurity that was believed to have been prune after the signing of the Pretoria and Luanda peace agreements which led to the organization of democratic elections. The M23, defeated in 2013, is reborn from its ashes with demands for wich Rwanda seems to be the standard bearer in favor of a movement that calls for congolese.However? theseclaims had found a solution in the Negociations betwenn the congolese governement and the CNDP and M23 rebellion wich gave rise to the signing of the Addis ababa framework agreement and the establishment of a monitoring mechanism for the said agreement.

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to explore phenomenologically how the 'inside' (psychical) and 'outside' (the other and/or society) interweave since it appears that sometimes those of us who favour diversity may also inadvertently shut it down. Phenomenology appears to open more easily onto what we don't want to know about in our everyday lives, or a turning away which impedes diversity. If we cannot hear our own thoughts that come to us from the 'inside', then how can we move towards diversity on the 'outside'. The tensions between turning away and turning towards leads into a Freudian look at conscience and aggression, and Lacan's idea of the ego being the seat of identification and misrecognition. Freud's observation of an 'original' aggression towards the other appears especially important. It is argued that this aggression always fragments the movement towards diversity. Two factors appear to mediate this movement, namely a 'negative' exclusion, and a 'positive' ameliorative 'law'. Two fictional accounts are given from everyday life reflecting societal and psychical aggression, including its 'privacy' or sensual meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 20 years from its entry into force, the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), approved in Rome in July 1998, returned to the attention of the international community. The spirit of the ICC, i.e.an international judge, pre-established by the United Nations’ Law, able to prosecute and bring to justice the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, is recalled when war scenarios return to be close and concrete. At the same time, the status of ratifications of the Rome Statute, of its implementation, and of cooperation with the Court is far from being fully effective. When establishing the ICC, the international community affirmed that genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression must not go unpunished and that their effective prosecution must be ensured by taking measures at the national level and by enhancing international cooperation, In EU Member States, including Italy, a comprehensive legislative framework is established with a view to cooperating with the ICC. However, current scenarios suggest checking its efficiency and to further strengthen cooperation with ICC

Considering the lessons identifi ed while analysing the confl ict in Ukraine and the major impact of the war on the regional and European security environment, NATO/EU countries decided to accelerate the process of strenghtening their national defense posture. Poland has assumed a leading role in consolidating the operational capabilities of its armed forces via revision of strategic planning in the area of defense and security, pledging to raise the defense expenditures in the next years and signing major military procurement deals. These developments raise the perspective of massive aquisition of new capabilites and a likely role for Poland as the main regional military power [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'agressivité suscite un intérêt croissant en raison de sa fréquence et de sa gravité. Il a été suggéré qu'il existe un lien entre l'empathie et le comportement agressif. L'objectif de notre travail était de chercher le lien entre l'agressivité chez l'enfant d'âge scolaire et l'empathie cognitive et affective. Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive transversale et rétrospective ayant concerné 200 enfants scolarisés de la quatrième à la sixième année dans trois écoles du gouvernorat de Manouba. L'évaluation de l'empathie a été réalisée par les échelles « Basic empathy scale children » et « Griffith Empathy Measure ». L'évaluation des comportements agressifs a été effectuée à l'aide du « Child Behavior Checklist ». Nous avons rajouté deux questions évaluant la position de l'enfant dans une bagarre. L'âge moyen était de 9,98 ± à 0,8 ans, avec sex-ratio de 1,04. Concernant la relation entre les comportements agressifs au Child Behavior Checklist et l'empathie, l'association négative était significative pour l'empathie affective et totale calculées par le Basic empathy scale children (p respectifs de 0,007 et 0,03). Selon les parents, la moyenne de l'empathie totale et de l'empathie cognitive étaient plus élevées chez les enfants défenseurs, suivis des enfants agressés, agresseurs et enfin neutres. Les différences étaient significatives (p respectivement de 0,03 et de 0,01). Les enfants ayant répondu être des défenseurs avaient la plus grande moyenne d'empathie totale et d'empathie cognitive. Les agresseurs avaient les moyennes les plus basses. La différence était significative pour l'empathie totale, cognitive et affective (p respectifs ≤ 10-3, de 0,004 et ≤ 10-3). Il ressort de notre travail que le manque d'empathie joue un rôle important dans la genèse de l'agressivité. Ainsi, il serait licite de mettre en place différentes actions préventives qui permettraient d'améliorer la capacité d'empathie des enfants, et lutter ainsi contre l'agressivité chez les enfants scolarisés. There is a growing interest in aggression in school age children because of both its frequency and its seriousness. It has been suggested that there is a link between empathy and aggressive behavior. The purpose of our study was to investigate the link between aggression in the school environment and cognitive and affective empathy. This was a descriptive transversal and retrospective study involving 200 children in grades four to six, at three governmental schools in Manouba. The assessment of empathy was carried out through the "Basic empathy scale children" and the "Griffith Empathy Measure". The assessment of aggressive behavior was carried out using the "Child Behavior Checklist". We added two questions assessing the child's position in a fight. The mean age was 9.98 ± at 0.8 years, with a sex ratio of 1.04. Regarding the relationship between aggressive behaviors revealed by the Child Behavior Checklist and empathy, the negative association was significant for emotional empathy and total empathy calculated by the Basic empathy scale children (P = 0,007 and 0,03). According to parents, total and cognitive empathy were higher among the defenders, followed by victims, aggressive and then neutral children. These differences were significant (respective P = 0.03 and P = 0.01). The children who responded to be defenders had the highest average of total empathy and cognitive empathy. Bullies had the lowest averages. The difference was significant for total, cognitive and affective empathy (respective P ≤ 10-3, 0.004 and ≤ 10-3). Our work shows that a lack of empathy plays an important role in the genesis of aggression. Thus, it would be licit to set up various preventive actions to improve the children's capacity for empathy, and thus to fight against aggression in school age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous research has shown that peer victimization can be highly responsive to variables at the classroom level. Aggressive and prosocial norms may promote or reduce its status in classrooms. However, yet there is an apparent lack of success to explain which types of norms are more influential. This study examined the role of aggressive and prosocial descriptive and status norms in the peer victimization–status link. It also explores how the network density increases adherence to the prevailing norm in the classroom and its effect on the status of the victims. Method: Data on peer acceptance and rejection, victimization, prosocial behaviour, and aggression were collected with sociometric methods in a sample of 6,600 students (M = 13.1 years, SD = 0.6; 49.2% girls), from 269 classrooms in 81 secondary schools in Spain. Group norms for aggression and for prosocial behaviour were assessed in three ways, the behaviour of all peers (class‐norm), the behaviour of most‐liked peers (likeability‐norm), and the behaviour of most salient peers (visibility‐norm). Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that the negative impact of victimization on peer likeability was moderated by the classroom's norm for prosocial behaviour, by the status norm of most visible peers' norm for prosocial behaviour and for aggression, and by the group's network density. The behavioural status norms of most likeable peers had no significant effect. Conclusion: These results underscore the overall importance of group context as a moderating factor of the relation between victimization and peer status in adolescents, and add to the growing body of knowledge driven by the socio‐ecological approach to the study of peer relations in developmental psychology. As implications for education, these results affect the importance of considering socio‐emotional variables in the formation of class groups in order to reduce victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to compare hospitalization and discharge indicators, medication costs and patient behavior before and after the implementation of the smoking ban in a psychiatric hospital. Method: ecological, longitudinal and retrospective study carried out in a psychiatric hospital. Secondary data referring to 2142 hospitalizations were collected from medical records. The median test was used to compare the variables before and after the ban. Results: after the implementation of the ban, there was a reduction in bed occupancy rate in male units for mental disorders (from 88.8% to 48.4%) and substance dependence (from 94.4% to 42.8%). There was a reduction in the mean length of hospital stay in the male chemical dependency unit (from 13.5 to 12.6) compared to the female unit (from 14.7 to 19.5). There was a reduction in costs of psychotropic drugs and expectorants, episodes of verbal/physical aggressions and physical/ chemical restraints. Conclusion: the smoking ban changed hospital indicators, reduced costs and improved patient behavior, contradicting the myth that it results in hostility. It is hoped that this study will help nurses to review their beliefs related to smoking cessation, as there were positive results for interpersonal relationships and for the management of mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two commonly used constructs in sport psychology researches are aggression and sportsmanship. In the present research, we attempted to assess the correlations between these two phenomena among male water polo players. The main objective was to explore the differences in aggression in the sport-specific positions of water polo in different aspects - physique, age, etc. - considered. Furthermore, the research sought to demonstrate the inverse relationship between aggression and sportsmanship in a water polo sample. To access these constructs in our research besides the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Sportsmanship Attitude Scale a self-formulated water polo specific questionnaire was used, which intended to measure the aggression in the water during water polo matches. From the results, it can be seen that, according to our sample, both the trait aggression of the players and the role determined by their positions in the game play a decisive role when it comes to the aggression of an athlete. Moreover, the results obtained for water polo players also proved that sportsmanship and aggression are two contradictory constructs.

Bullying is a phenomenon that happens worldwide and a major concern for the educational systems in developed and developing countries. The present study analyzes: a) the differences in the aggression profile of Compulsory Secondary Education students based on personal, academic and family variables; and b) the differences in the assessment of the seriousness of students’ aggressive behaviors according to the students’ aggression profile. The research involved 215 students of Compulsory Secondary Education from two schools in Tenerife. For the collection of data, a questionnaire was designed that addressed: 1) students’ aggression levels; 2) the quality of students’ relationships with their parents; and 3) the seriousness which students attributed to aggression situations. The results showed that the students with the highest aggression scores were: a) males; b) repeaters; c) those whose parents have a lower educational level; d) those who have higher levels of alienation with fathers and mothers; and e) those who have a lower degree of closeness with their father. Students who have a higher level of aggression tend to value aggressive behaviors as less serious than those who have a lower level of aggression. It is concluded that certain socio-family characteristics in young people, such as closeness with parents and the feeling of integration with both parents, act as protective factors against bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the management of patients with psychosis is associated with a risk of exposure to violence which can affect all the stakeholders, in particular the family entourage. Caregiving role generates violence and this can have a psychological impact on the caregivers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of aggressions perpetrated by patients with psychosis on their family caregivers as well as to assess the psychological and traumatic impact on family caregivers and to identify factors associated with it. Methods: family caregivers of patient with psychosis were interviewed. We used two psychometric scales: the perception of prevalence of aggression scale (POPAS) and the impact of event scale-revised. Results: the whole number of participants was 95. Three out of four caregivers (75.8%) reported having been subjected to moderate to severe aggressions by their sick relatives during the past year. Moderate to severe aggressions were significantly more common among older male caregivers, parents of patients with psychosis living in a different home. Fifty-four point seven percent of caregivers had possible posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the risk of developing this disorder increased significantly as the perceived severity of aggressions increased. The same sociodemographic profile of the caregivers, related to the severity of the aggressions, was associated with a risk of developing PTSD in the caregivers. Conclusion: the aggressions committed by patients with psychosis against their family caregivers appear to have a significant psychological and traumatic impact. Interventions targeting violence committed by patients with psychosis in their family environment should also be integrated into patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les femmes sans domicile fixe sont tout aussi susceptibles, et peut-être même plus que les autres, d'être victimes de violences de la part de leur partenaire. Malheureusement le silence demeure chez ces femmes qui souhaitent parfois oublier une situation encore plus déstabilisante. Le but de ce travail est de déterminer, à partir d'expériences vécues, la fréquence et l'importance des violences subies par les femmes sans-abri hébergées dans des centres d'hébergement et réinsertion sociale des Pyrénées Orientales. Women who are homeless are just as likely, and perhaps even more likely than others, to experience partner violence. Unfortunately, silence remains among these women who sometimes wish to forget an even more destabilizing situation. The aim of this work is to determine, from lived experiences, the frequency and extent of violence suffered by homeless women accommodated in accommodation and social reintegration centers in the Eastern Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many things can harm children's well-being. Among them, exposure to parental violence makes children vulnerable and often leads to aggression and/or depression. However, not all children who have suffered parental violence show aggressive behavior or depressive mood. Social capital, defined as resources accruing from interpersonal relationships, was proposed to significantly mediate the relationships among adverse experiences and their negative impacts. In previous studies, social capital accrued from parents played a positive role for children in violent situations, but children exposed to parental violence need alternative sources of social capital. This study targeted fourth-grade Korean children and aimed to identify and test the role of various forms of social capital to help children overcome negative consequences from parental violence. Siblings, friends, teachers, neighbors, and online acquaintances were sources of social capital, and the results showed that social capital from siblings, teachers, neighbors, or online acquaintances mediated in the relationships between parental violence and aggressive behavior. In addition, social capital from siblings and online acquaintances mediated in the relationships between parental violence and depressive mood. The findings have implications in terms of intervention. It is suggested that multiple forms of social capital from children's immediate environments are helpful in their adaptation from exposure to parental violence, and thus, relationship-based interventions are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggressive encounters involving cetacean species are widely described in the literature. However, detailed pathological studies regarding lesions produced by these encounters are scarce. From January 2000 to December 2017, 540 cetaceans stranded and were necropsied in the Canary Islands, Spain. Of them, 24 cases of eight species presented social traumatic lesions produced by cetaceans of the same or different species. All the cases presented severe multifocal vascular changes, 50% (12/24) presented fractures affecting mainly the thoracic region, 41.7% (10/24) acute tooth-rake marks, 37.5% (9/24) undigested food in the stomach, 33.3% (8/24) tracheal edema, and 12.5% (3/24) pulmonary perforation. In 10 cases with tooth-rake marks, the distance between the teeth, allowed us to further identify the aggressor species: four cases were compatible with killer whales (Orcinus orca) affecting three species [pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), and short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)] and four cases compatible with common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) affecting two species [short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis)]. We also described two cases of intraspecific interaction in stripped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Microscopically, 70.8% (17/24) of the cases presented acute degenerative myonecrosis, 66.7% (14/21) presented vacuoles in the myocardiocytes, 36.8% (7/19) pigmentary tubulonephrosis, 31.6% (6/19) cytoplasmic eosinophilic globules within hepatocytes, 21.4% (3/14) hemorrhages in the adrenal gland, and 17.3% (4/23) bronchiolar sphincter contraction. The statistical analysis revealed that deep divers, in good body condition and nearby La Gomera and Tenerife were more prone to these fatal interactions. Additionally, in this period, three animals died due to an accident during predation: a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) died because of a fatal attempt of predation on a stingray, and two Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) died as a consequence of struggling while predating on large squids.

The aim of this study is to examine the aggressiveness of the students who are studying at the Faculty of Education and the School of Physical Education and Sports. In this research, which adopted the quantitative research model, the relational search pattern was used. In this context, a total of 213 people, 104 female and 109 male, participated in the survey. The "Buss Perry Aggression Scale" was adapted by Can (5) to determine the level of aggression of participants in the study. SPSS 20 program was used in the analysis of the data. In the analysis of the data, T test was used to examine the difference between two independent variables and aggression attitudes. Pearson corelation was used to test the relationship between variables. According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between the aggressiveness levels of the individuals and gender and type of sport that they made. It was seen that there was no meaningful relationship between age, the part of education, whether or not doing sports, the frequency of doing sports and the duration of sports. It has been determined that male individuals are higher in physical aggression subscale than female individuals. When the relationship between the department where they are educated and the aggressiveness is examined, it is determined that the students who are studying at the Physical Education and Sports are higher than the students who are educated at the 492 Faculty of Education in the physical aggression sub-dimension. It is determined that the students who play sports are higher than the students who play sports in all sub dimensions of sports students. As a result; the fact that aggression behaviors differ according to various variables, but the fact that there is not a statistically significant difference between participants who do sports and those who do not, is quite striking in contradiction with various theories in the field.

This article aims to show how aggressiveness was taken into account by psychoanalysis from the first Freudian essays to Lacan's reinterpretation, which, starting from aggressiveness of the subject directed to a similar other, evolves to the concept of hatred of the Other. In this regard, we emphasize the last stage of Lacan's teaching, which highlights the concept of Real, crucial to understand the inception of hatred in the subjective constitution. We show how this reference starts to influence the way culture - and especially the clinic - are affected, summoning the subject to deal with the Real of existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally speaking, the relations between different states of the world, but especially between the states that represent world powers or have a certain type of arsenal, are able to influence the stability and the state of calmness from a certain region of the world, but also the notion of peace at the globally level. The 2020 year began with such a situation, in the sense that United States of America and Iran, which have been for a long period in relations not among the most well, have arrived at a moment that could represent, to a very large extent, the starting point of a conflict that will enter in the world history. The elimination of a very important Iranian general by US troops in early January 2020, by a surprise attack amonk Iraqian teritory, markedly aggravated relations between the United States of America and Iran, but also between the great world power and Iraq or other major global players who have harshly criticized the US attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn injury as a form of hetero or auto-aggression accounts for a significant amount of admissions to a Burn Care Unit, with epidemiologic and clinical specificities. To investigate the differences in risk factors, psychiatric comorbidities, injury severity and mortality among adult patients with accidental or intentional burns, we analyzed routinely collected data from a Central Hospital Burn Unit over a period of 6 years (January 1st, 2010 to December 31st, 2015). We identified 22 intentional burn patients (5%) among all the admissions to our Burn Unit. When compared to the accidental burns, the intentional burn patients are significantly younger (45.7±14.7 vs. 54.9±19.9), have a bigger percentage of body surface area burned (35% vs. 14%), have a higher incidence of inhalation burn (50% vs. 22.8%) and higher mortality (18.2% vs. 6.1%). Fifty-five percent of cases of intentional burns were self-inflicted. Self-inflicted burns have a worse prognosis than hetero-aggressions (inhospital mortality 25% vs. 10%). Psychiatric comorbidities were largely more prevalent in the intentional burn patients (59% vs. 6.6%), namely mood disorders. Compared to patients with accidental burns, intentional burn patients have worse clinical condition and prognosis. A multidisciplinary preventive approach, looking at the specificities of the violent nature of the lesions and identifying risk groups may reduce the incidence and severity of this type of burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental enrichment can improve poultry welfare and productivity by decreasing harmful behaviours, like fear or feather pecking. Having shown that chickens used an environment more when it was enriched, we then identified specific preferences in order to design more effective enrichment. First, we found that televised stimuli were attractive to chickens, that their regular presentation reduced fear, and that the images should incorporate movement, brightness, colour, and moderate complexity. Projecting them onto the walls might be a practicable strategy. Second, farmers reported that playing the radio reduced aggression, improved the birds’ health and increased productivity; this is also one of the easiest ways of enriching the farmers’ environment. Third, our findings that the presence of a familiar odourant reduced chicks’ fear of novel places, birds and food suggest that olfactory therapy could minimize certain behavioural problems. Finally, providing chickens with bunches of string promoted foraging and exploration, sustained lengthy interest, and reduced potentially injurious inter-bird pecking and feather damage in the laboratory and at a commercial farm. Clearly, extraneous stimulation is important to chickens. The provision of appropriate visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile enrichment is likely to improve their quality of life.

The present study conducted a review of the literature that aimed to investigate the relationship between the practice of physical activity (PA) and sports with violence and aggression among adolescents. A structured search was conducted on three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo) using three fields for the population (adolescents), PA/sports and violence/aggression. Of the 618 studies identified, 555 were screened by the title and abstract, 63 had the full text screened and 24 were selected for inclusion and analysis. Most studies were cross-sectional (53%), and sample size varied between 210 and 71854 adolescents. Metrics of violence and PA/sports were very diverse. Of the 24 analyzed studies, six studies found no association between PA/sports and violence, eight found that PA/sports were a protective factor, and 15 found a positive relationship between PA/sports and violence. The findings suggest that PA/sports are related to higher exposition to conflicts, and aggressive behavior, which may escalate to other relationships amongst adolescents outside of the context of PA/sports. The type of PA practiced may play an important role in promoting conflicts, with team-based sports with direct conflict being more likely to promote aggressiveness compared to individual sports without direct conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Suite à la mise en évidence d'effets néfastes d'un apport nutritionnel important à la phase aiguë de l'agression, le concept de « baby stomach » a été introduit pour illustrer la capacité réduite à utiliser les macro-nutriments et à freiner la production endogène de glucose. Les recommandations de pratique clinique publiées ont évolué parallèlement. Une « sous-nutrition permissive », soit des apports caloriques et azotés inférieurs aux dépenses et pertes lors de la phase initiale est actuellement recommandée par les sociétés savantes. Des apports caloriques progressifs atteignant un maximum de 70 % de la dépense énergétique au cours des 3 à 7 premiers jours qui suivent l'agression sont proposés. Les mécanismes physiopathologiques sous-jacents aux effets délétères d'apports nutritionnels excessifs sont partiellement élucidés et comportent la surnutrition, l'inhibition de l'autophagie et la présence d'une hypophosphatémie de rénutrition. Les données des études cliniques disponibles suscitent nombre de questions de recherche fondamentale et clinique, dont les réponses fourniront des éléments indispensables à l'amélioration de la prise en charge nutritionnelle du malade agressé. Following the findings of deleterious effects of excessive nutritional support during the acute phase of critical illness, the concept of "baby stomach" was introduced to characterize the restricted ability to use macro-nutrients and to inhibit the endogenous glucose production. The clinical practice guidelines evolved in parallel. "Permissive underfeeding", e.g. caloric and nitrogen intakes lower than energy expenditure and protein losses during the acute phase are now recommended by the scientific societies. Progressive caloric intakes reaching a maximum of 70 % of energy expenditure during the first 3–7 days after injury are proposed. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the deleterious effects of excessive nutritional intakes are partially elucidated and include overfeeding, the inhibition of autophagy and refeeding hypophosphatemia. The data from the available clinical studies trigger a number of basic and clinical research, whose answers are definitely needed to further improve the nutritional management of the critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Non-pharmacological interventions preferably precede pharmacological interventions in acute agitation. Reviews of pharmacological interventions remain descriptive or compare only one compound with several other compounds. The goal of this study is to compute a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect on restoring calmness after a pharmacological intervention, so a more precise recommendation is possible. Method A search in Pubmed and Embase was done to isolate RCT's considering pharmacological interventions in acute agitation. The outcome is reaching calmness within maximum of 2 h, assessed by the psychometric scales of PANSS-EC, CGI or ACES. Also the percentages of adverse effects was assessed. Results Fifty-three papers were included for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Most frequent studied drug is olanzapine. Changes on PANNS-EC and ACES at 2 h showed the strongest changes for haloperidol plus promethazine, risperidon, olanzapine, droperidol and aripiprazole. However, incomplete data showed that the effect of risperidon is overestimated. Adverse effects are most prominent for haloperidol and haloperidol plus lorazepam. Conclusion Olanzapine, haloperidol plus promethazine or droperidol are most effective and safe for use as rapid tranquilisation. Midazolam sedates most quickly. But due to increased saturation problems, midazolam is restricted to use within an emergency department of a general hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif Évaluer l'agression du corps et de l'esprit autour de l'infertilité qu'elle soit médicale ou sociétale. Cette réflexion s'adosse sur la pratique de 30 ans d'expérience de prise en charge de couples inféconds au sein de l'unité d'assistance médicale à la procréation de l'hôpital Saint-Joseph à Marseille. Force est de constater le parcours difficile des couples dans la démarche diagnostique nécessitant des explorations complémentaires intrusives pour le corps et l'esprit. L'agression et l'espoir se succèdent, bousculant le ressenti des patients. Dans notre société en pleine mutation sur la famille, le personnel soignant se trouve confronté à l'expression du désir d'enfant, vécu comme un choix, une liberté, un droit. Sujet de controverses dans les débats de bioéthique (révision de la loi de bioéthique en cours). Discussion Agression du corps et l'esprit par les moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, par l'échec, par l'impuissance devant l'âge qui avance avec la chute de la fertilité. L'agression en AMP se traduit par un taux d'abandon considérable et ce pour toute cause confondue : 35,6 % après une tentative, et augmente à chaque tentative supplémentaire, le taux cumulatif d'abandon est de 90 % après 3 cycles. Les stérilités idiopathiques stagnent de 25 % à 30 %, avec une stabilité déconcertant malgré les progrès diagnostiques. C'est une alerte pour les soignants et pour le politique. Conclusion L'agression autour de l'infertilité, met en jeu, deux thématiques, celui de la démarche diagnostique et thérapeutique et celui spécifique du désir d'enfant L'impossibilité d'accéder au désir d'enfant que ce soit naturellement ou après AMP constitue une agression du corps qui n'a plus vocation à porter un enfant, une agression de la psyché qui n'a plus vocation de transmission de l'histoire familiale. La famille a évolué, la place de l'enfant du désir est devenue centrale dans le lien affectif qui unit les parents. La société doit s'adapter aux désirs des patients. Summary Objective Assess the levels of aggression on the body and the mind of medical or societal infertility. Study based on 30 years' practice in helping infertile couples in a medically-assisted reproduction unit at St Joseph's Hospital in Marseille. It is clear that the journey is difficult for couples looking for diagnosis requiring additional tests that are intrusive for the body and the mind. In our society undergoing serious transformations to family life, the care staff are confronted with couples explaining their desire for a child, experienced as a right, a form of freedom, a choice. This has become a controversial and topical subject in today's bioethical debates (with a revision underway of the French law on bioethics). Discussion Perceived aggression of the body and the mind by the various diagnostic and therapeutic means, by failure, by feelings of powerlessness in the face of advancing age and falling fertility. The feelings of aggression through MAR are reflected in the high drop-out rates, regardless of the cause: 35.6% after the first attempt, increasing after each additional attempt up to 90% after 3 cycles of treatment. Cases of idiopathic sterility stagnate at 25% to 30%, with a worrying stability despite the progress made in diagnostic techniques, and this should be a warning for care staff and for the political world alike. Conclusion Aggression around sterility brings two themes into play; firstly, the issue of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach and secondly the specific desire for a child. The impossibility of having a child, either naturally or by means of MAR, becomes a form of physical aggression to a body which can no longer have the vocation of carrying a child, in addition to an aggression of the mind which can no longer have the vocation of passing down the family history. The family has changed, the place of the child born of desire becomes central in the emotional bond between the parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the influence of extralinguistic factors on the mass media. It also shows the impact of the mass media and their aggression on society’s behavior standards, opinion and speech. It describes the processes leading to the Mass media language changes, concerns the reasons and influence of these processes on the Mass media language forming. The article takes up the issues of journalistic style development, and formulate problems aimed at the style regulation. Hardening of journalistic rhetoric and language aggression increase strengthen the urgency of the subject and require thorough analysis of the situation to prevent colloquial and standard Russian from language aggression bad influence.

Violence is a complex matter, and understandingly perhaps, it is the objective, behavioral aspects that are commonly focused on. Here, however, it is the subjective psychological and especially affective substrates of violence that are brought to the fore. Psychoanalytic perspectives provide a way of thinking about these that also sets them in a human‐developmental context. In this essay, psychoanalytic ideas about aggression and violence are considered, and what they have to say about the relationship between states of mind and behavior is critically reviewed. There also is an exploration of the ways that some recent findings in developmental science and neuroscience can refine and augment an understanding of these relationships, facilitating the construction of a psychobiological model, which may be placed in a social context. From this biopsychosocial perspective, aggression is seen as a heuristic concept that encapsulates numerous interacting elements that in ordinary development integrate and serve to promote optimal organism survival: By contrast, from this perspective, in humans violence may be understood as a pathological variant of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the state of knowledge on the development of chronic physical aggression (CPA), with the aim of identifying the most effective prevention strategies. We specifically focus on the early development of physical aggression, on sex differences in the use of physical aggression, and on the transmission of behavior problems from one generation to the other. The body of research on the development of CPA from the past three decades that we review shows increasing evidence that its prevention requires a long‐term biopsychosocial developmental approach which also must include an intergenerational perspective. Recent genetic and epigenetic research has indicated that there are both important genetic and environmental effects on gene expression which start at conception. We conclude that one of the most effective strategies to break the intergenerational transmission of CPA involves giving long‐term support to pregnant women with a history of behavior problems, their spouse, and their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of dementia present some of the most challenging aspects of dementia care in the long-term care setting. Music therapy was introduced in two long-term care facilities in Nova Scotia, Canada as a non-pharmacological intervention to treat the NPS of dementia. Using an observational, within-subject, control design, the impact of half-time music therapy on residents was evaluated in 16 residents with NPS of dementia as measured on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) over a 12-month period, and resident quality of life was measured on the Cornell-Brown Scale for Quality of Life in Dementia (CB-QoLD). The 16 participants ranged from age 76 to 92, with moderate to severe dementia (average MMSE 9.53). Monthly CB-QoLD scores demonstrated significant improvement in 7 out of 12 months relative to a pre-intervention baseline, and low levels of agitation were seen in residents during active treatment. Staff perception of the impact of music therapy on the overall long-term care environment was assessed using a quality assurance survey, and showed a perceived improvement in both morale and resident behaviours. The results support the inclusion of music therapy in long-term care for dementia even at the level of one half-time position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between bullying and the students' perception of the level that this negative habit is present in schools, and also the teachers' reaction to this phenomenon, whether they take certain steps to prevent it or they are indifferent to it. Currently 140 students in three primary schools (Naim Frashëri, Cyril and Methodius, Istikbal) in Tetovo were asked if they were bullies or victims using the Illinois Bully Scale as a questionnaire. Moreover, 46 teachers participated in the sample of our research. They responded on how they would react to bullying. For this, we used The Handling Bullying Questionnaire (HBQ). The data gathered from the surveys and interviews revealed that bullying is not in fact present in schools of this study. Furthermore, 80% of students said that they neither were bullied nor bullies. The 11% of the sample shows only once or two times of bullying experience, the other 3% three or four times, and just 2% five or six times, and 4% more than seven times of being bullied. The results from The Handling Bullying Questionnaire shows that 60% of teachers in our sample of study affirmed that they would definitely do something to prevent bullying in schools, 8% probably would attempt to do something, and 22% of them are unsure what they will or have to do. Just 5% probably would not do anything, and the other 5% perhaps will do nothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]