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The article explains how the affirmative consent reform expanded the concept of sexual violence in an unprecedented way compared to previous regulatory models. This expansive effect was concentrated in the new basic concept of sexual assault, which equated violent and abusive forms of commission. In this way, the aim was to overcome the protection deficit that sexual offences presented in comparison with other areas of the special part of criminal law and primarily with domestic violence, an area into which the broad concept of gender violence had penetrated. The necessary adjustments to maintain proportionality in the system, especially the lowering of the penal frameworks, brought about a crisis in the system due to the retroactive application of the most favourable criminal law. The urgent counterreform of LO 4/2023 reinstated part of the original structure of sexual offences in the Penal Code. Through the panoramic exposition of the changes in the type of sexual assault, the effectiveness and performance of the resulting regulatory model is evaluated, concluding that the problems of legal qualification and graduation of the borderline situations of violence and its equivalent forms are not overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sexual violence is a common and harmful form of trauma. In this article collection, EJPT features research on sexual violence spanning levels of the social ecology. First, we discuss the individual-level studies in this collection, which report on sexual violence prevalence, impact, prevention, and intervention. These papers highlight best practices for assessing sexual assault (i.e., via behaviorally-specific questionnaires), indicate the substantial and enduring mental health effects of sexual violence, and suggest that a number of prevention and intervention strategies are feasible and promising. Then, we highlight studies that broaden their lens to survivors’ interpersonal relationships: these studies provide new evidence for the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress. Broadening the lens further still to community service systems, the studies in this collection highlight the utility of evaluating the functioning of service systems and obtaining input from stakeholders in these systems; they also suggest that digital technologies are a promising strategy to expand reach to interventions. Finally, at the broadest level of the social ecology, these studies suggest that there is still work to do as a society to promote positive change in terms of views of sexual violence and policies that increase access to needed help, and that such changes can impact individual survivors’ experiences. Considered together, this collection clearly demonstrates that sexual violence does not happen in a vacuum, and it highlights the need for more contextually-focused research on this important social issue.

ABSTRACTBackground: Experiencing sexual assault is associated with a significant increase in risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder and related concerns (e.g. alcohol misuse). Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence suggests that social support may be both broadly protective against and eroded by posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, little is known about how different aspects of social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms influence each other in the weeks and months immediately following sexual assault, when posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms first emerge.Objective: The present study assessed the day-to-day relationship between social support and PTS in a sample of distressed, alcohol-using, recently-assaulted female survivors participating in a clinical trial of an app-based intervention (N = 41).Method: Participants completed 3 weeks of daily diaries starting within 10 weeks of sexual assault. Mixed-effects models were used to examine prior-day and same-day relationships between PTS and four social support constructs (social contact, emotional support, pleasantness of social interactions, and talking about sexual assault).Results: Results indicate that higher quantity and pleasantness of social interactions over the full sampling period was associated with lower PTS symptoms on any given day. Experiencing better-than-typical social interactions on one day was associated with lower than typical PTS symptoms on that day and the next day. On days when participants discussed their sexual assault with others, they tended to be having higher than usual PTS symptoms.Conclusions: Findings suggest that increasing the quantity and pleasantness of social interactions soon after sexual assault might protect against worsening posttraumatic stress symptoms.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03703258.

En este artículo se examina, mediante un estudio de caso basado en el Análisis de Contenido de sentencias emitidas por la Audiencia Provincial de Madrid entre los años 2016 a 2018, la valoración pericial de los daños físicos y psíquicos de víctimas de agresión sexual. Nuestra pregunta de investigación ¿dónde están las heridas? opera como una declaración epistemológica para problematizar sobre los daños evaluados en los casos enjuiciados penalmente: ¿qué se busca? ¿qué se valora? ¿qué se ignora? y ¿qué se desatiende? Los hallazgos alcanzados tras el procesamiento de los datos mediante diversas técnicas de análisis tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas constatan que, la gran mayoría de las víctimas de agresión sexual no presentan lesiones corporales graves (80%); en cambio, los impactos psicológicos, cuando constan en el fallo, se revelan como graves y persistentes en el tiempo. Los resultados también advierten que, la frecuencia de evaluación forense de los daños sigue un modelo inverso a esta fenomenología. La valoración de lesiones físicas figura en un 73% de las sentencias estudiadas y aumenta al 98% si se interpuso la denuncia en las 48 horas siguientes a la agresión. En cambio, los daños psicológicos se evaluaron en menos de la mitad de los procesos (48%). Teniendo en cuenta que en los fallos condenatorios, el reconocimiento del daño causado por el delito está asociado al reconocimiento de indemnizaciones económicas, las consecuencias de subestimar la importancia del daño psicológico niega a las víctimas un pleno acceso a la justicia, pues los procesos de reparación por los perjuicios soportados no son reconocidos adecuadamente. Si bien los resultados de este estudio de caso son todavía exploratorios, sí inducen a tomar conciencia de la importancia de valorar correctamente los daños y afectaciones que causan las violencias sexuales y deberían impulsar la solicitud de evaluación de impacto psicológico en todos los procesos de instrucción de denunciantes de agresión sexual.

El término stealthing designa al retiro no consentido del preservativo durante una relación sexual. Esta práctica es realizada ante la negativa o con el desconocimiento de quien consintió tener relaciones sexuales bajo condiciones específicas, como el uso de condón, lo cual genera un quiebre en el consentimiento. Este artículo argumenta que en Chile la deficiente regulación de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos no permitiría que el proyecto de ley que busca sancionar la remoción no consentida del condón en una relación sexual dé respuesta a este fenómeno y su normalización. Para desarrollar esta idea se ha revisado tanto la situación normativa como la jurisprudencial de países como Reino Unido, Nueva Zelanda, Alemania, Países Bajos, Estados Unidos, Costa Rica y Colombia, al igual que el pronunciamiento del derecho internacional sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. El artículo concluye que la falta de normativa sobre estos derechos insta a la normalización de conductas atentatorias contra la sexualidad y la reproducción.

En los últimos años, los delitos de agresión sexual han generado estupor en la sociedad, sentimiento que, junto a la crispación, se ha trasladado a la clase política, así como al legislador y a los operadores jurídicos. Las agresiones sexuales pueden cometerse no solo físicamente, sino también a través de medios telemáticos de diversa índole. Algunas de ellas afectan a un colectivo especialmente vulnerable: los/las menores y/o adolescentes. El presente trabajo pretende realizar una aproximación etiológica transversal hacia la realidad para tratar de comprender las causas de que actualmente cometan crímenes que atentan contra la sexualidad de los/las menores y/o adolescentes de diversas formas, entre ellas las perpetradas personas muy próximas a las víctimas, por miembros de instituciones religiosas de honda raigambre e incluso de forma grupal, en «Manada». Partiendo de una casuística reciente muy documentada, se analizan algunos estudios nacionales e internacionales sobre la fenomenología de las agresiones sexuales y de los bienes jurídicos tutelados, que han evolucionado con los tiempos. Asimismo, se realiza una exégesis de los bienes jurídicos que se lesionan cuando se producen agresiones sexuales contra menores y/o adolescentes en un contexto en el que la inmediatez, la falta de reflexiones meditadas y la propia convulsión de nuestro tiempo e reflexiones desde varias ramas del saber.

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There are specific treatment programs in prisons for those convicted of sexually assaulting minors; however, those who also have pedophilia require specific attention. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to offer a specific intervention proposal for pedophilia in the prison setting based on the available scientific evidence, and complementary to the Sexual Assault Control Program, and second, to justify this proposal through the case of an inmate with pedophilia. Specifically, we propose an individual intervention focused on people with pedophilia; working on low self-esteem, assessing suicidal ideation, and restructuring cognitive distortions with minors, facilitating the creation of functional personal relationships with adults, assessing past polyvictimization and its possible influence on subsequent sexual behavior, providing inmates with psychoeducation on pedophilia; specifically addressing sexual fantasies with minors, avoiding dissexual behavior, and eliminating the consumption of abusive material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual orientation and gender diverse (SOGD) communities are at disproportionately higher risk for sexual violence compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Despite this elevated risk, relatively few sexual violence prevention efforts effectively reduce these victimization disparities based on sexual orientation or gender identity. Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence of sexual violence in the SOGD communities, delineates risk factors for sexual victimization among SOGD community members, and reviews and evaluates existing prevention efforts for the SOGD communities. We outline specific recommendations for ensuring that prevention efforts meet the needs of the SOGD communities. Method: Drawing on ecological systems theory and public health approaches to sexual violence prevention, we outline current approaches and opportunities for preventionists and scholars to push the field forward. Results: There have been promising prevention programmes designed to be implemented within SOGD communities specifically; however, it is important that general primary prevention programmes endeavour to specifically address sexual violence perpetrated against SOGD people. While many packaged programmes that endeavour to prevent sexual violence across all gender identities and sexual orientations are inclusive of SOGD participants, more programming is needed that integrates anti-oppression training to target social norms that perpetuate SOGD-specific rape myths and normalize sexual violence against SOGD community members. Conclusion: Ecological prevention strategies in line with a public health approach for primary prevention may be particularly valuable for reducing victimization disparities based on SOGD status and identity. Comprehensive sexual education and anti-discrimination policies should be considered front-line prevention programming. To assess if these strategies are effective, the implementation of large-scale surveillance surveys that use comprehensive assessments of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual violence are needed. Using theoretically grounded implementation strategies for prevention programmes can ensure effective programme delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual victimization is a serious public health problem, with a range of negative impacts on mental and physical health. Responses that individuals get to disclosure of sexual victimization play an important role in recovery. With the increased use of social media, more survivors are talking about their experiences of sexual victimization online. Research is needed to document the correlates of online disclosure of sexual victimization. Objective: The current study examined the role of demographic characteristics, assault severity, coping strategies, and social isolation as putative correlates of disclosing sexual victimization online via the hashtag #MeToo. Methods: A sample of 637 adults recruited via social media who reported a history of sexual victimization since the age of 14 completed self-report surveys using online survey software to assess disclosure of sexual victimization, assault severity, coping strategies, and social isolation. Results: Multivariate analyses suggest that levels of emotion-focused coping were positively associated with the disclosure of sexual victimization online via #MeToo. Further, individuals who had experienced completed rape by verbal coercion were less likely to disclose via #MeToo, compared to individuals who experienced other forms of assault. Conclusion: Coping strategies and assault severity play an important role in determining whether survivors disclose sexual victimization online via #MeToo. Findings suggest that individuals may disclose via #MeToo to seek support or express their emotions. Further, individuals whose sexual victimization experiences do not conform to ‘typical’ sexual victimization experiences are less likely to disclose via #MeToo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young adult sexual minority women (SMW) are at elevated risk for sexual assault (SA), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and inadequate social support. While SA and PTSD can lead to reductions in social support from close significant others, the impact of SA and PTSD on SMWs’ social support has not previously been assessed. Objective: This study examined the associations of past year SA and PTSD with SMW’s social support from intimate partners, family, and friends. It was hypothesized that SA and PTSD would be negatively associated with support from partners, family and friends, and that PTSD would moderate the effect of SA on support in early adulthood. Method: Young adult SMW in the United States (N = 235) who were M = 23.93 (SD = 2.15) years old, primarily lesbian or bisexual (n = 186, 79.1%) and White (n = 176, 74.9%) completed measures on past year exposure to SA and non-SA trauma, PTSD, and social support from intimate partners, family and friends. Results: PTSD was associated with less social support from partners, (b = −0.06, SE = 0.02, p = .010, R² change= .02), family, (b = −0.06, SE = 0.03, p = .025, R² change= .02), and friends, (b = −0.07, SE = 0.02, p = .008, R² change= .02). There was a significant interaction between PTSD and SA on social support from partners (b = −0.01, SE = 0.01, p = .047, R2 change= .01). Neither non-SA nor SA trauma was associated with support from family or friends. Conclusions: Results underscore the potential impact of recent SA on intimate partnerships for young adult SMW with more severe PTSD. Future work should explore how addressing PTSD and improving social support quality may help SMW recover from traumatic experiences and ameliorate the effects of SA on intimate partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Teoría & Derecho. Revista de Pensamiento Jurídico is the property of Editorial Tirant Lo Blanch SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Antecedentes/objetivos: Sexual violence victimization is a public health and social problem with adverse effects on mental health. A survey of Spanish adolescents was designed with the aim of finding out the prevalence of sexual violence victimization and the relationship with forgiveness for its therapeutic effects on mental health. Method: 652 Spanish adolescents, 51.5 % girls (n = 336) and 48.5 % boys (n = 316), aged 13-17 years (M = 15.38, SD = 1.01), answered to measures of sexual violence victimization and forgiveness. Results: The results revealed that 2 out of 5 adolescents (37.6 %, 95 % CI [.339, 413]) experienced sexual violence, with girls significantly more likely (43.2 % vs. 31.6 %). In addition, adolescent victims of sexual violence reported significantly less willingness to forgive than non-victims, quantified as 20.1 % less willingness to self-forgive, 17.2 % less willingness to forgive others, and 22.4 % less willingness to forgive situations beyond their control. Furthermore, it was found that the different types of victimization share a lot of variances, i.e., they occur together. Conclusions: The implications of the findings with regard to sexual assault prevention and risk-reduction, and of the victims' unwillingness to forgive in dealing with adverse mental health outcomes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Organic Law 10/2022, known as the "Yes means Yes" Law, has been approved in Spain with the aim of including a gender perspective in the legal response to sexual violence. This law seeks to protect the rights of victims of sexual violence and guarantee their comprehensive reparation. The debate has focused on the interpretation of the retroactivity principle of laws favorable to the accused and accusations of punitive feminism. The law aims to change the approach to consent and the definition of sexual violence. There were 15,338 crimes against sexual freedom recorded in Spain in 2019. Sexual violence is a form of structural violence in patriarchal societies. The law seeks to provide a comprehensive response to victims and modify the Spanish Penal Code of 1995. The phallocentric approach to crimes against sexual freedom is criticized. The text analyzes the configuration of sexual violence crimes and highlights the phallocentric view of rape in criminal legislation. The controversy over the role of consent in the penal regulation of sexual violence is also mentioned. In addition, the myths about sexual assaults and victims of sexual violence, which are based on gender stereotypes and have an impact on the criminal process and judicial decisions, are mentioned. The article addresses the stereotypes and myths surrounding victims of sexual violence, such as the idea that they seek personal benefits or are vengeful. These stereotypes have consequences in the criminal process, as victims may modify their behavior or statements to protect themselves from the hostility of justice. In addition, the value of the sole testimony of victims is questioned, and the arguments used by the defense in the case of "La Manada" are analyzed. Organic Law 10/2022 aims to guarantee sexual freedom and eradicate sexual violence, not only through sanctions but also by guaranteeing the rights of victims and repairing the damage caused. The article analyzes the criticism of "punitive feminism" and highlights that the law focuses on supporting victims of sexual violence rather than punishment. It also points out that the feminist movement did not demand harsher criminal punishment, but protested against an incomprehensible judicial sentence in the case of "La Manada". The law defines sexual violence broadly and recognizes the right to comprehensive assistance for victims. In addition, it emphasizes that the law focuses on consent as the main element in sexual offenses, following the requirements of the Istanbul Convention. The article presents changes in the treatment of consent in sexual offenses in Spain. It establishes that consent does not need to be expressed orally but can be interpreted through the victim's behavior and circumstances. The interpretation of silence and lack of opposition as consent is replaced by considering them as a lack of consent. In addition, the distinction between sexual abuse and sexual assault is eliminated, and violence and intimidation are considered aggravating circumstances in sexual violence crimes. The article also highlights the revictimizing effect of the criminal process in cases of sexual violence and recognizes the right to reparation for victims. These changes are reflected in the modifications of the Spanish Penal Code, where a basic type of sexual assault is created while maintaining the crime of rape. The article analyzes the controversies surrounding the "Yes means Yes" Law on sexual violence in Spain. The unification of sexual assaults and abuses into a single criminal figure to avoid revictimization of victims is highlighted. The controversy over the application of the retroactivity principle of laws favorable to the defendant, which could be interpreted as a reduction in penalties for sexual assault and rape, is discussed. It is clarified that the law does not have retroactive effects and that it applies to ongoing cases. [Extracted from the article]

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Objetivos. Explorar la frecuencia e impacto de la violencia contra los trabajadores de salud de Argentina y compararlo con el resto de sus pares de Latinoamérica en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta electrónica al personal médico y no médico de Latinoamérica que desempeño tareas asistenciales desde marzo de 2020. Se utilizó una regresión de Poisson para estimar las Razones de Prevalencia crudas (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados. Un total de 3544 participantes de 19 países respondieron la encuesta; 1992 (56,0%) residían en Argentina. Entre los mismos, el 62,9% padeció al menos un hecho de violencia: 97,7% refirió violencia verbal y 11,8% violencia física. El 41,5% de los agredidos padecieron situaciones de violencia al menos una vez por semana. El personal de salud de Argentina vivenció más frecuentemente violencia que los de otros países (62,9% vs. 54,6%, p

La redacción del tipo penal de las agresiones sexuales ha sufrido importantes reformas desde 1989. La interpretación literal de los apartados 1 y 4 del artículo 178 del Código Penal no son del todo claros y podrían no reflejar la voluntad del legislador, además de crear cierta confusión taxonómica. Ello es así por tres motivos: El primero es que, aunque no cabe la agresión sexual si hay consentimiento, el texto deja abierta esa posibilidad al utilizar, en una misma oración, el verbo “atentar” y el sintagma nominal “sin su consentimiento”. El segundo radica en que se utiliza la expresión “libertad sexual” tanto como bien jurídico protegido en el tipo de las agresiones sexuales, como para denominar a todos los tipos que integran el Título VIII. El tercero es que el apartado 4 omite un adverbio de negación necesario para respetar la coherencia con el resto del texto normativo.

Se trata de estudiar los posibles correlatos de comportamientos de agresión sexual contra mujeres cometidos por hombres no heterosexuales. Para ello se trabajó con una muestra de 233 hombres no heterosexuales de entre 18 y 27 años que respondió a una encuesta online, confeccionada con escalas de medición de bajo autocontrol, baja moralidad personal, sexismo hostil, sexo impersonal, comportamientos de agresión sexual, y otros datos demográficos. Se intentaron desarrollar modelos a través de la regresión logística binaria. Se encontró que el bajo autocontrol resultó ser predictor de los comportamientos de agresión sexual admitidos por la muestra considerada, lo cual permite concluir que, independientemente de la orientación sexual del agresor, el déficit en la capacidad de autocontrol puede explicar el comportamiento de agresión sexual contra la mujer.

El estudio del consentimiento sexual está muy presente en las investigaciones sobre los delitos sexuales, porque es el aspecto central para reconocer si una relación ha sido aceptada o, por el contrario se considera una agresión sexual. El modelo de consentimiento afirmativo promulgado por la Ley Orgánica 10/2022, de 6 de septiembre, de garantía integral de la libertad sexual describe la obligación de prestar una voluntad clara para considerar que una relación sexual es consentida. No obstante, el consentimiento no tiene una definición clara, y es un asunto complejo que tienen muchos matices, aristas y variables que la literatura científica ha tratado de analizar. La forma en que las personas perciben las señales de los demás durante este proceso es un aspecto importante del consentimiento. Los hallazgos han mostrado que el consentimiento sexual puede expresarse mediante comunicación verbal o no verbal, de manera directa o indirecta. En algunos contextos, además, se ha considerado que la actitud pasiva también puede expresar un consentimiento. Las investigaciones han evidenciado que existe una discrepancia entre los elementos requeridos en las disposiciones legales, de la forma en la que las personas participan en sus relaciones sexuales. El presente artículo describe la situación actual de la investigación sobre cómo las personas se involucran en el “consentimiento sexual” con el objetivo de servir como referencia para el diseño de estrategias de divulgación e investigaciones futuras.

El castigo de las violaciones grupales constituye una cuestión especialmente problemática en España ante la ausencia de un acuerdo jurisprudencial sobre cómo han de calificarse estos hechos. Si bien se parte de unas premisas comunes –la de que en las violaciones en grupo concurren al menos tantas acciones típicas de violación como personas distintas accedan carnalmente a la víctima, y la de que todas ellas han de imputarse a cada uno de los integrantes del grupo–, en unas ocasiones los tribunales consideran aplicable el delito continuado, y en otras no, valorando en estos últimos casos las acciones típicas como delitos individuales. Como solución frente a esta situación de inseguridad jurídica, algunos autores vienen proponiendo la introducción en el CP de un delito plurisubjetivo de violación grupal, similar al ya existente en el CP italiano (art. 609-octies). En el presente trabajo se reflexionará sobre la necesidad y conveniencia de una reforma del CP que incorpore una figura de estas características.

Background/Objective: Using two different high-risk samples, the present study compared and contrasted two different strategies/questionnaire types for assessing a history of sexual violence: a general trauma screening vs. specialised behaviourally-specific questionnaires. Methods: Sample 1 included 91 men and women seeking detoxification treatment services in a publicly funded, urban clinic who completed a trauma and substance use questionnaire battery during treatment. Sample 2 included 310 women at a rural college who completed a trauma and religious coping questionnaire battery for course credit. All participants completed both types of questionnaires: One general trauma screening questionnaire (i.e. the Life Events Checklist [LEC]) and two behaviourally-specific specialised questionnaires (i.e. the 2007 Sexual Experiences Survey [SES] and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Results: There were large differences in the cases identified by the behaviourally-specific questionnaires (SES and CTQ) compared to the general trauma screening questionnaire (the LEC) in both samples but few differences in the prevalence rates of sexual violence detected by each questionnaire type. In the detoxification sample, the differences were especially notable for men. Follow-up analyses indicated that degree of traumatisation impacted results likely by increasing participant's willingness to endorse face-valid items on the LEC. Conclusions: For men, the behaviourally-specific questionnaires (SES/CTQ) were necessary to identify cases. For those with more severe trauma histories, the LEC was equivalent to the SES/CTQ in identifying a similar number of sexual violence cases. Thus, clinicians and researchers should consider the population when selecting assessments to identify sexual violence history. For men and rural college women, general trauma questionnaires are not as accurate as specialised sexual violence measures in detecting cases. While prevalence rates were often similar, which cases were detected by general trauma and specialised questionnaires were different. Individuals with greater trauma exposure were more likely to endorse face-valid sexual violence items on the general trauma questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been identified as a risk factor for later sexual aggression perpetration and vulnerability factor for sexual victimization. However, the use of cross-sectional designs, the focus on female victimization and male perpetration, and the lack of evidence from outside North America limit the existing knowledge base. The study was designed to examine pathways from CSA to sexual revictimization and sexual aggression perpetration after the age of consent. A total of 588 university students in Germany (308 female) took part in a three-wave longitudinal study covering 23 months. At each wave (T1–T3), all participants completed measures of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration. Experiences of CSA were measured at T1. The rate of CSA was significantly higher for women (20.8%) than for men (12.4%). Rates of sexual victimization for women were 60.9% at Time 1 (since age 14), 22.3% at Time 2 (since T1), and 17.4% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 39.2% at Time 1, 15.9% at Time 2, and 14.1% at Time 3. Rates of sexual aggression perpetration for women were 10.6% at Time 1 (since age 14), 3.5% at Time 2 (since T1), and 3.6% at Time 3 (since T2). For men, the rates were 18.0% at Time 1, 6.2% at Time 2, and 3.8% at Time 3. The gender differences in victimization and perpetration were significant only at T1. CSA predicted higher odds of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration cross-sectionally at T1 and indirectly at T2 and T3 via T1. Gender did not moderate the associations. The results confirm previous findings of elevated rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration in adolescence and young adulthood in victims of CSA. The implications for understanding and preventing adverse sexuality-related outcomes of CSA are discussed. Childhood sexual abuse has been linked to an increased vulnerability to sexual revictimization and risk of later sexual aggression perpetration. This longitudinal study based on a large sample of university students in Germany with three data waves covering 23 months shows that sexual abuse in childhood increases the odds of experiencing and engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence and young adulthood. The associations with later sexual aggression victimization and perpetration held for both female and male victims of childhood sexual abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual assault (SA) can induce a negative impact on victims' mental health. Specialised SA services generally offer medical care and a forensic examination to SA victims. However, there is a large variation in how these services provide mental health support. This study aims to assess mental health problems of SA victims attending the Belgian Sexual Assault Care Centres (SACCs) and identify predictors for victims' use of support from in-house psychologists. Health records of victims ≥ 16 years who presented within one week post-SA to one of the three Belgian SACCs between 25 October 2017 and 31 October 2019 were reviewed. An AIC-based stepwise backward binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between victim, assault, service use and mental health characteristics and follow-up by a SACC-psychologist. Of the 555 victims, more than half had a history of mental health problems. Of those assessed, over 70% showed symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and/or anxiety disorder. One in two victims consulted a SACC-psychologist. Victims with a mental health history (OR 1.46, p =.04), victims accompanied by a support person during acute care (OR 1.51, p =.04), and victims who were assaulted by an acquaintance in comparison to those assaulted by a stranger (OR 1.60, p =.039) were more likely to attend their appointment with the SACC-psychologist. The study reaffirms the high mental health burden among victims attending specialised SA services, stressing the need to provide effective mental health interventions at these services and improve their longer-term use by victims. Prescheduling of appointments with an in-house psychologist in combination with phone reminders may improve the uptake of such services. Health care providers must be vigilant about potential barriers faced by victims without a mental health history or social support in attending appointments with mental health professionals. The mental health burden is high among victims attending Belgian Sexual Assault Care Centres. Half of the victims use the support of an in-house psychologist. Victims with a history of mental health problems, those accompanied by a support person during acute care, and those assaulted by an acquaintance in comparison to those assaulted by a stranger, are more likely to use this support. Effective mental health support should be recognised as an integral and essential part of care for SA victims. Uptake and longer-term engagement with this mental health support should be improved for those victims diagnosed with PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galician Journal of Economics / Revista Galega de Economía is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexuality, Gender & Policy Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Globally, it has been estimated that child sexual abuse is suffered by between 10 and 20% of people, and is suffered more frequently by women. sexual abuse has been linked to increased suicide risk. Materials and methods: the main purpose of the present study was to verify the relationship between sexual abuse and suicide attempt, as well as to study the possible relationship of some characteristics of abuse with suicide risk. the sexual abuse registration Certificate was applied to 50 female patients between the ages of 15 and 19, divided into two groups (group with a suicide attempt, and a group without attempt). Results: the analysis indicated that the group of patients with a suicide attempt was almost 4 times more likely to have been sexually abused than the group of patients without attempt. a greater number of abuses were also observed in the attempted group. However, the age of the victim in the first episode, the age of the last abuse, the age difference between the victim and the aggressor, does not affect suicide risk. it was also observed that in most cases, the aggressor was male and close to the victim. Discussion: episodes of sexual abuse have a great impact on the risk of suicide attempt, frequently the aggressor is a male close to the victim (relative or family friend). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tras muchos debates, académicos y mediáticos, el año pasado se aprobó la llamada «Ley de solo sí es sí» y, por primera vez en la historia del Derecho penal español, se define en ella el consentimiento sexual. Este trabajo analiza algunos problemas conceptuales de dicha definición (qué es el consentimiento, qué clase de modelo plasma la Ley y cuáles son sus dificultades) y, también problemas de tipo epistemológico (cómo tener certeza del consentimiento de una persona, cómo valorar los eventuales criterios al respecto, etc.). La conclusión es que un cambio de paradigma como este puede suponer que el error de tipo adquiera una relevancia que antes no tenía, siendo una vía de salida para el previsible choque entre nuestra actual cultura sexual y la pedagogía social que la Ley pretende.

Two studies addressed links between moral foundations, political attitudes, religiosity and perceptions of rape in Colombian respondents. In Study 1, the authors developed a Colombian version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). In Study 2, the MFQ was further validated in relation to the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA), victim vs. perpetrator blaming regarding a rape vignette, political orientation and attitudes towards religion. Results showed that the Colombian MFQ was more reliable than an existing Spanish version. Endorsement of conservative foundations (ingroup loyalty, obedience to authority and purity) predicted right-wing political attitudes, higher religiosity, higher AMMSA and more rape victim blaming. Conversely, endorsement of liberal foundations (care and justice) predicted lower SDO and less rape victim blaming. These results replicate and extend previous work, including the critique that conservative foundations may reflect amoral attitudes rather than universal moral intuitions. Implications and requirements for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Adolescents are at risk for substance use, sexual assault, and sexual risk behaviours; however, to date no integrated prevention programmes address all three risk behaviours. The goal of this study was to evaluate the usability and acceptability of Teen Well Check, an e-health prevention programme targeting substance use, sexual assault, and sexual risk among adolescents in primary care settings. Methods: The current study included content analysis of interviews with adolescents in primary care (aged 14–18; n = 25) in the intervention development process, followed by usability and acceptability testing with qualitative interviews among adolescents in primary care (aged 14–18; n = 10) and pediatric primary care providers (n = 11) in the intervention refinement process. All data were collected in the Southeastern U.S. Results: Feedback on Teen Well Check addressed content, engagement and interaction, language and tone, aesthetics, logistics, inclusivity, parent/guardian-related topics, and the application of personal stories. Overall, providers reported they would be likely to use this intervention (5.1 out of 7.0) and recommend it to adolescents (5.4 out of 7.0). Conclusions: These findings suggest preliminary usability and acceptability of Teen Well Check. A randomized clinical trial is needed to assess efficacy. Adolescents are at risk for substance use, sexual assault, and sexual risk behaviours. The goal of this study was to evaluate the usability and acceptability of Teen Well Check, an e-health prevention programme targeting substance use, sexual assault, and sexual risk among adolescents in primary care settings. Providers and adolescents rated Teen Well Check as usable and acceptable, and providers indicated that they would recommend it to their adolescent patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teoría & Derecho. Revista de Pensamiento Jurídico is the property of Editorial Tirant Lo Blanch SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Organic Law 10/2022, of September 6, on the comprehensive guarantee of sexual freedom, has modified the structure of sexual aggressions, eliminating the classic distinction between abuse and aggression, giving an apparent greater relevance to the figure of consent, as well as introducing a new attenuated type and expanding the aggravated type with the intention of contributing to the eradication of sexual violence. However, not everything has turned out as expected by the legislator, drawing a new criminal regulation full of edges, fallacies and conflicting issues to which this article intends to give an answer, both dogmatic and applicative according to the criteria maintained by the Spanish Courts of Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The professional approach of sexual assault victims has changed since the 1970s: from a fragmented model to a centralised 'gate management model', where multiple disciplines offer collaborative services at one central location. Like other countries across the globe, the Netherlands took steps towards an integrated, multi-agency support framework for victims of sexual assault. Objective: The objective of this paper was threefold: (1) to describe the development of the multidisciplinary Sexual Assault Centres (SAC) in the Netherlands, (2) to assess the characteristics of victims who attended the SAC, and the services they used (3) to analyse Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the current framework (SWOT). Method: The development of the national network of SAC was described. Data on victims presenting at the SACs were routinely collected between 1st January 2016 and 31st December 2020. This data from the sixteen sites was combined and analysed. Also, a SWOT analysis of the SAC was performed. Results: The SAC was established between 2012 and 2018. From 2016 through 2020 almost 16,000 victims of sexual assault contacted one of the 16 SACs. The data show a steady increase in yearly cases, with a consistently high use of medical and psychological services. The SAC has several strengths, such as its accessibility, and opportunities, such as increasing media attention, that underline its quality and relevance. However, the SAC's inability to reach certain minority groups and the current financial structure are its main weakness and threat. Conclusions: Despite the growing number of victims attending the SAC and the increasing awareness of the benefits of an immediate multidisciplinary response to sexual assault, there are still deficiencies in the SAC. The SAC continues to work on these deficiencies in order to optimise efficient and effective care for all victims of sexual assault. The Dutch Sexual Assault Centres established a national network that provides medical, forensic, and psychological services for victims, and despite of its strengths and opportunities, faces threats and weaknesses that underline the importance of further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual assault often triggers posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a potentially chronic severe mental disorder. Most guidelines recommend selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and trauma-focused psychotherapies as treatment options. Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), adapted for PTSD (IPT-PTSD), focuses on interpersonal consequences of trauma rather than confronting the trauma itself. Studies have found IPT-PTSD efficaciously reduced PTSD symptoms with limited attrition. No efficacy trials have compared IPT-PTSD and SSRI. We hypothesized IPT would reduce PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms more than sertraline among women with PTSD following a recent sexual assault. Objectives: To compare the efficacy of IPT-PTSD to SSRI sertraline in a 14-week randomized clinical trial for women with PTSD following a recent sexual assault. Methods: Seventy-four women with PTSD who had suffered sexual assault in the last six months were randomly assigned to 14 weeks of IPT-PTSD (n = 39) or sertraline (n = 35). Instruments assessed PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. This randomized clinical trial was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil, using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale-5 (CAPS-5) as the primary outcome measure. Results: Both treatments significantly reduced PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, without between-group outcome differences. CAPS-5 mean decreased from 42.5 (SD = 9.4) to 27.1 (SD = 15.9) with sertraline and from 42.6 (SD = 9.1) to 29.1 (SD = 15.5) with IPT-PTSD. Attrition was high in both arms (p =.40). Conclusions: This trial showed within-group improvements without differences between IPT-PTSD and sertraline treatment of PTSD. Our findings suggest that non-exposure-based psychotherapies may benefit patients with PTSD, although we did not directly compare these treatments to an exposure therapy. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry RBR-3z474z. Violence against women is widespread, but limited evidence on women with PTSD comes from developing countries. This Brazilian clinical trial compared interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) versus sertraline to treat young women with PTSD following a recent sexual assault. Both interpersonal psychotherapy and sertraline lowered PTSD and depressive symptoms without significant between-group differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Metaverse is considered the next evolution of the Internet for providing users with an immersive experience in a virtual world not seen before on the Internet. This new virtual experience will allow users to be part of a new reality that only exists through the screen of a device. Some examples of activities that emerged in the early days of the Internet and virtual reality could be considered sexual crimes against women. In order to protect potential victims and to promote the use of this new virtual experience among women, these criminal actions should be prosecuted under the Spanish Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crime detection of sexual violence needs to be optimized and improved. This study aims to substantiate, elaborate, and apply in practice the method of a transformed interview (based on mathematical modeling) to obtain information about sexual violence. For the first time the transformed-interview method was used while studying the hidden (latent) victims of sexual violence who do not want to report a crime to law enforcement agencies because they do not want the fact of violence against them to be made public. Participated 2570 Ukrainian women of different social status, 16-35 years old. It was found that the increase of intermediaries during the information transmission reduces reliability of the information about crimes against the person's sexual inviolability. While investigating such types of crimes the needed information can be obtained with a higher degree of reliability not from the victim, but from her closest surroundings. The transformed-interview method proved to be an effective tool to extract the information related to the behavior of both the offender and his victim. This method shows reliability and makes it possible to reduce the latency of most crimes in the situation of the victim's refusal to testify at the re-trial investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto conocer los ajustes de procedimiento que se desarrollan durante los procesos judiciales ante hechos constitutivos de abuso o agresión sexual cuando la víctima presenta una discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo (DID). Además, analiza las características de víctimas con DID y agresores, aportando información adicional sobre el proceso de denuncia. Para ello, se analizaron un total de 56 sentencias resueltas en un periodo de cuatro años (2014-2018), extrayendo información objetiva de las mismas con respecto a los aspectos más relevantes referidos a la víctima, el delito, el agresor y al proceso judicial. Del análisis realizado podemos concluir la existencia de multitud de obstáculos que aún siguen presentes en la práctica judicial española, siendo necesaria una formación exhaustiva de las personas vinculadas a los sistemas procesales en aspectos referidos a esta discapacidad: la víctima declara en reiteradas ocasiones, especialmente cuando se juzga un delito de agresión sexual, sin ningún tipo de adaptación o apoyo profesional. Señalamos asimismo la necesidad de evaluar la huella psicológica que pudiera presentar la víctima, así como desterrar mitos con respecto a las discapacidades del desarrollo que dificultan el derecho a acceder y participar en los procedimientos judiciales en condiciones de igualdad.

La violencia sexual contra mujeres y niñas es una de las formas más brutales de violencia de género y, al mismo tiempo, un delito largamente silenciado. La disponibilidad de estadísticas periódicas, rigurosas y confiables es un requisito para monitorizar cualquier fenómeno de interés público y, en el caso de la violencia sexual, un requerimiento ineludible para diseñar políticas e intervenciones orientadas a su prevención, intervención y reparación. Este artículo quiere ser una contribución por las víctimas de cualquier forma de violencia sexual y, en particular, una reflexión política de denuncia ante la injustificada falta de calidad de fuentes cuantitativas para el estudio de este suceso en España. En la primera parte, identificamos los organismos responsables de producir y difundir estadísticas de criminalidad sexual, proponiéndose una primera evaluación de las principales fuentes disponibles que implicaría problematizar sobre el sub-registro estadístico de esta tipología penal y examinar las deficiencias técnicas que presentan los datos publicados. En la segunda parte, presentamos una compilación de las series sobre delincuencia sexual extraídas de los distintos Anuarios Estadísticos publicados por el Ministerio del Interior desde 1987, advirtiendo su escasa capacidad para un estudio cuantitativo riguroso de las violencias sexuales. Sexual violence against women and girls is one of the most brutal forms of gender violence and, at the same time, a long-silenced crime. The availability of periodic, rigorous and reliable statistics is a requirement to monitor any phenomenon of public interest and, in the case of sexual violence, an unavoidable requirement to design policies and interventions aimed at prevention, eradication, intervention and reparation. This article wants to be a contribution to the struggle of women victims of any form of sexual violence and, in particular, a political reflection of denunciation against the unjustified shortage of quantitative sources and the inexplicable low quality of the data for the study of this event in Spain. In the first part, we identify the agencies responsible for producing and disseminating sexual crime statistics, making a succinct evaluation of the main sources available. In the second part, we present a compilation of the series on sexual delinquency extracted from the different Statistical Yearbooks published by the Ministry of the Interior since 1987, noting its low capacity for a rigorous quantitative study of sexual violence.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la primera experiencia de violencia sexual que han sufrido las mujeres a través de los tuits de denuncia en la Campaña #PrimAcoso. Durante un mes se identificó un total de 2,887 tuits publicados con el hastag #PrimerAcoso, de los cuales 688 eran tuits y 2,199, retuits. Los resultados muestran que 76% de los tuits aluden a casos de múltiples violencias contra menores de 18 años (65% fueron situaciones de abuso sexual a menores, y 11% acoso sexual entre iguales) y 24% a múltiples violencias contra mujeres adultas (21.3% de acoso sexual, 1.6% de acoso por razón de sexo y 1.1% de agresión sexual). La violencia sexual es una realidad que sufren mayoritariamente las mujeres, y su primera experiencia se ubica en la infancia. Por ello es importante la educación sexual para prevenir ese problema.

The study of sexual assault has had great relevance and interest in the literature. Group sexual assaults represent a small proportion of all sexual assaults committed, but they have specific characteristics. Internationally, it is established that between 10 and 33 % of sexual assaults have been committed by multiple authors. Describing the differences between individual versus group sexual assaults has been a challenge for researchers. The literature has concluded that there is a difference in the etiology of sexual assaults committed according to the number of authors. While in solo sexual assaults personal vulnerability factors may explain why these crimes are committed, in group assaults group behavior dynamics explain the interaction between more subjects. This systematic review examined the variables of sexual assault crimes committed alone versus in a group. A literature search was conducted on the Psycinfo, Academic Search (EBSCO) and Google Scholar databases. In the first analysis a total of 34 studies were initially identified, and after filtering the reasons for exclusion the analysis was performed with eight investigations. The results show that there is evidence of qualitative differences between sexual assaults committed according to the number of offenders. The dynamics promoted in the groups explain the subjects' participation in group sexual aggressions. Collective behavior favors sexual aggressions in groups because of the processes inherent to the group. The most common group was two subjects (dyad) although the average group was usually composed of three subjects. The offenders are mostly men; the lone offenders are older, and as the groups become larger, the age of the offenders decreases. Research has shown that the majority of victims are female, both in single and group assaults. Victims are also younger than the perpetrators, especially in multi-subject attacks, and they are more resistant to single-aggression attacks. The place where the crime is committed presents significant differences. Some authors found that offenders in groups of three or more people often commit the assault in an indoor space, although others found that lone offenders were more likely than group offenders to rape the victim indoors, especially in the bedroom. It has been confirmed that in group aggressions more sexual acts are carried out and more violence is used. Vaginal penetration is the most committed sexual assault, followed by anal and oral rape. In all cases, vaginal rape is more prevalent among group sexual assaults, even more so when the assaults are committed by groups of three or more subjects. Studies of multiple perpetrator sexual assaults show that this type of act increases the probability of suffering more injuries and long-term health problems. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that there are significant differences in the timing of stranger assault, with a higher likelihood of a stranger assault in group rapes. On the other hand, there is also a relevance in the presence of other instrumental factors such as alcohol and weapons. As for alcohol, it showed a significant relationship in sexual assaults. Although the presence of weapons in sexual assaults is not very common, some research has confirmed that groups tend to threaten victims with a weapon to a greater extent, and the knife is often the most common weapon. The results found are particularly relevant to understanding sexual assault crimes and have implications for crime prevention and the treatment of victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]