Violencia sexual y reforma del consentimiento en el Código penal español. Panorama evolutivo del difícil encaje de la violencia típica en el delito de agresión sexual.

The article explains how the affirmative consent reform expanded the concept of sexual violence in an unprecedented way compared to previous regulatory models. This expansive effect was concentrated in the new basic concept of sexual assault, which equated violent and abusive forms of commission. In this way, the aim was to overcome the protection deficit that sexual offences presented in comparison with other areas of the special part of criminal law and primarily with domestic violence, an area into which the broad concept of gender violence had penetrated. The necessary adjustments to maintain proportionality in the system, especially the lowering of the penal frameworks, brought about a crisis in the system due to the retroactive application of the most favourable criminal law. The urgent counterreform of LO 4/2023 reinstated part of the original structure of sexual offences in the Penal Code. Through the panoramic exposition of the changes in the type of sexual assault, the effectiveness and performance of the resulting regulatory model is evaluated, concluding that the problems of legal qualification and graduation of the borderline situations of violence and its equivalent forms are not overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]