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Diplomski je rad pisan na temu Jezična obilježja administrativnih tekstova jer je primijećeno da se u svakodnevnoj upotrebi administrativnog funkcionalnog stila pojavljuje sve više prodor ostalih stilova. U radu se govori o hrvatskome jeziku općenito, opisani su svi funkcionalni stilovi pojedinačno, a administrativni funkcionalni stil zasebno je i iscrpnije objašnjen. Prikazana su brojna obilježja administrativnog stila i njegova važnost u jeziku općenito. Opisane su norme i normativne razine hrvatskoga jezika te pogreške koje prema svakoj razini nastaju. Iz prikupljene građe analizirane su pogreške i prikazane u izvornom obliku. Nakon svakog primjera navedena je pogreška i prema normativnim priručnicima dan je primjer kako bi trebalo pisati ili govoriti. Za potrebe rada prikupljeno je 67 primjeraka administrativnih tekstova među kojima su molbe, rješenja, prigovori, zakoni, zahtjevi, ugovori i sl. Cilj rada bio je pokazati opadanje svijesti o važnosti poštivanja normi hrvatskoga jezika i njegovanju različitosti stilova. U radu je vidljivo da su pogreške prisutne na svim normativnim razinama i s vremenom pogreške postaju ustaljene i više se ne smatraju pogreškama. U radu nisu prikazani svi postojeći problemi i ostaje prostora još iscrpnije istražiti ovu temu, ali u nadi za poboljšanjem prikazani su značajniji problemi koji se mogu riješiti uz malu želju pojedinca za napredovanje, kako jezika, tako i same osobe. The diploma thesis was written on the topic of Linguistic features of administrative texts, because it was noticed increased breach of other styles in everyday use of the administrative functional style. The paper discusses the Croatian language in general, all functional styles are described individually and the administrative functional style is explained separately and in more detail. Numerous characteristics of the administrative style and its importance in the language in general are presented in the thesis. As well, norms and normative levels of the Croatian language are described and the errors that occur on each level. Errors were analyzed from the collected material and presented in their original form. After each example, an error is indicated and, according to normative manuals, an example is given of how it should be written or spoken. For the purposes of the thesis, 67 copies of administrative texts were collected, including petitions, settlements, objections, laws, requests, contracts, etc. Thesis objective was to show the decline in awareness of importance of respecting the norms of the Croatian language and nurturing the diversity of styles. It is evident in the thesis that errors are present at all normative levels and over time errors become established and are no longer considered errors. The paper does not present all the existing problems and there is still room to explore this topic even more thoroughly, but in the hope of improvement, more significant problems are presented that can be solved with a little desire of the individual to advance, both in the language and as an individual.

The dissertation focuses on teaching of so called advanced writing (in Czech) to secondary- school pupils who are native Russian speakers. We investigate the topic in the framework of a specific curriculum topic, i.e. administrative style genres. The aim of the dissertation is a) to identify the approach of teachers and that of Russian-speaking pupils towards this particular part of the curriculum, b) to assess the differences between texts of the chosen genres written by Czech pupils and pupils with Russian mother tongue, and, finally, c) to propose didactic solution for teaching the given administrative style genres to Russian-speaking pupils. We approach the topic with qualitative research methods. The practical part of the thesis consists of four parts. In the first one, on the basis of interviews, we analyse the teachers' approach, collect the evidence of critical places as well as examples of good practice. The second part looks closely at the Russian-speaking pupils' view. It has been discovered the pupils often cannot evaluate their language competences objectively, and generally, they lack metacognitive skills. The third part of the thesis compares - from the point of view of functional stylistics - 180 texts by Czech and native Russian pupils. The comparison shows the native Russian...

U radu se razmatra status zavisnosloženih rečenica u administrativnome stilu u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća u Kraljevini Dalmaciji. Polazište je istraživanju pretpostavka da će struktura zavisnosloženih rečenica biti određena administrativnom funkcijom tekstova te da će položaj surečenica, naročito kada je riječ o inverziji, imati snažnu ulogu u izgradnji administrativnoga stila. U prvome dijelu rada razmatrat će se vrste zavisnosloženih rečenica s obzirom na način i mjesto njihova uvrštavanja, dok je drugi dio rada posvećen redoslijedu surečenica. Učestala anteponiranost zavisne surečenice ukazuje na činjenicu da je upravo poredak surečenica jedan od načina stvaranja administrativnoga stila. Također, zavisna surečenica u inverziji funkcionira kao vezno sredstvo na tekstnoj razini te doprinosi komunikativnomu dinamizmu. Ujedno, potencira svojevrsnu uniformiranost kao specifičnost administrativne komunikacije., This paper discusses the status of complex sentences in administrative style in the Kingdom of Dalmatia in the late 19th century. The analysis is based on the decisions of the Ministry of Religion and Education which were published in Dalmatian official gazettes. The starting point for this research is the hypothesis that the structure of complex sentences will be determined by the administrative function of the texts and that certain constructions, especially those related to subordinate clauses positioned initially in sentences will play a strong role in the construction of the administrative style. In the first part of the paper the types of subordinate clauses were considered. We have showed that explicit subordination is more frequent that implicit subordination. The initial assumption that the type and structure of subordinate clauses will have a strong influence on the systematization of the administrative style is also confirmed by the high frequency of conditional and clauses of purpose. The second part of the paper analyses the order of the clauses. High frequency of dependant clauses in the antecedent position among attributive clauses and clauses of purpose suggests that the order of clauses is an important characteristic of the administrative style. Our aim is to consider the types of subordinate clauses that build the administrative style of the late 19th century and the role of clause order in the construction of the administrative text.

U članku se raspravlja o konstrukcijama čijim je dijelom infinitiv, a koje su u tiskanim tekstovima Kraljevine Dalmacije bile vrlo učestale. Cilj je ovog rada prikazati takve konstrukcije te ih dovesti u vezu s postupcima izgradnje administrativnog stila. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je u tiskanim tekstovima 19. stoljeća infinitiv vrlo zastupljen, da se javlja u čvrstim svezama čije se sastavnice rijetko mijenjaju, dok nam njihova učestalost pokazuje da je upravo infinitiv i njegova sposobnost „zgušnjavanja” teksta jedan od najstabilnijih signala izgradnje administrativnog stila., The infinitive appears frequently in various written texts from the 19th century. Still, its usage is not independent, and its frequency is closely related to the nature of the text. In this research, we have focused on five different constructions which contain infinitive. They were chosen for their frequency, specific connection to the local idiom, or a key role in the creation of a functional style. The research was carried out on various public texts from the 19th century that were published in the territory of the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The analysis of the texts points to a strong connection between the components of the analysed structures, as they do not change their structure over time, and to a strong expansion of functional texts. The infinitive is more likely to appear in texts that belong to the administrative style more independently and has thus become a powerful symbol of this functional style. Also, choosing a broader time frame allows us to gain insight into the development, as well as the disappearance, of some structures.

В работе анализируется случайно сохраненная и до наших дней дошедшая часть семейного архива одной из старейших приштинских семей Хаджи Миличей. Выявляется, что, помимо исторических, социологических, этнографических и пр. данных, в личных документах данного архива хранятся и важные факты касающиеся языковой истории и языковых изменений в плане ономастики, грамматики, переводческой практики, языковой политики, коммуникативной культуры и т. д. Делается вывод, что, если в одной семье хранилось такое языковое богатство, нетрудно предположить сколько богатства хранилось в семейных архивах сотни тысяч сербов, которые албанские узурпаторы сербских домов в течение всего 1999-го года колясками отвозили в свалку. У раду се, на примеру случајно сачуваног дела архиве једне од најстаријих приштинских породица, скреће пажња на обим и врсту уништеног српског језичког наслеђа заједно са хиљадама сличних архива несталих на Косову и Метохији током последње две деценије. Показује се да, иако у функционалностилском погледу ограничена, сачувана документарна грађа представља занимљив извор података како о функционисању српског језика поткрај османске владавине и у првим деценијама по слобођењу тако и о неким специфичностима на плану ономастике, граматике, комуникативне културе, преводилачке праксе, службене и приватне употребе писма.

Administrativni funkcionalni stil jedan je od pet stilova hrvatskoga standardnog jezika i iscrpno je opisan u hrvatskoj jezikoslovnoj literaturi (Kovačević i Badurina 2001, Silić 2006, Frančić i dr. 2005, Coca-Colin priručnik 2011, Turk 2013). Administrativni je stil veoma proširen stil standardnoga jezika s obzirom na to da zahvaća zakonodavno i preskriptivno područje jezične uporabe (pravo, pravosuđe, diplomacija, državne službe, bankarstvo i financije, gospodarstvo, publicistika) unutar kojega nastaju brojne tekstne forme (zakoni, propisi, pravilnici, potvrde, odluke, molbe, izvještaji, životopisi itd.). Jezik se takvih tekstova temelji na ustaljenim i zadanim jezičnim formulama na sintagmatskoj i sintaktičkoj razini, što uključuje upotrebu različitih imenskih i glagolskih kolokacija. Glagolske su kolokacije u odnosu na imenske znatno slabije opisane u hrvatskoj literaturi (Petrović 2007/2008), a tek u posljednje dvije godine raste zanimanje za ovu tematiku u hrvatskome jeziku. U radu će naglasak biti stavljen na analizu učestalih glagolskih kolokacija (stupiti na snagu, dati/podnijeti ostavku, donijeti zakon, obavljati/obnašati/vršiti dužnost, poništiti odluku, preuzeti dužnost, preuzeti odgovornost, održati sjednicu, voditi računa itd.) u tekstovima koji pripadaju administrativnomu stilu. Na temelju korpusnih potvrda (hrWaC) te prema potvrdama iz administrativno-pravnih tekstova (Narodne novine, Zakon.hr, Propisi.hr) opisat će se sintaktički i semantički potencijal glagola u takvim svezama, pri čemu će se promatrati dva kriterija – gramatička veza među sastavnicama glagolske kolokacije (upravljanje) i perifrastičnost (nepunoznačnost i punoznačnost glagolske sastavnice). Uputit će se na komunikacijsko-pragmatičku dimenziju glagolskih kolokacija s namjerom da se pokaže jesu li glagolske kolokacije u administrativnim tekstovima stilsko sredstvo kojim se postiže učinak na primatelje ili su one jedina mogućnost prenošenja sadržaja koji se u administrativnim tekstovima ne mogu prenijeti drugim neutralnijim, odnosno stilski neobilježenim jezičnim formama. U konačnici raspravljat će se o zamjenjivosti glagolske kolokacije jednorječnim glagolom te o normativnome statusu glagolskih kolokacija u hrvatskome jeziku., The administrative functional style is one of the five styles of the Croatian standard language, which is described in detail in Croatian linguistic literature (Kovačević i Badurina 2001, Silić 2006, Frančić i dr. 2005, Coca-Colin priručnik 2011, Turk 2013). The administrative style includes both legislative and prescriptive texts (law, judiciary, diplomacy, public services) with different text forms (laws, regulations, ordinances, certificates, decisions, applications, reports, CVs). The language of such texts is based on the use of nominal and verbal collocations. The verbal collocations in relation to nominal collocations are much less described in Croatian literature (Petrović 2007/2008). In this paper, emphasis will be placed on the analysis of frequent verbal collocations in the administrative style (stupiti na snagu ‘come into force’, odstupiti s dužnosti ‘to step down’, provesti zakon ‘to pass a law’, obnašati dužnost ‘perform the duties’, poništiti odluku ‘to annul the decision’, preuzeti dužnost ‘to take office’, preuzeti odgovornost ‘to take responsibility’, održati sjednicu ‘hold a meeting’). According to the corpus and the administrative and legal texts (hrWaC, Narodne novine, Propisi.hr, Zakon.hr), it will be described syntactically potential of verbal components in verbal collocations. Both grammatical correlation between the components of verbal collocations (valency) and periphrastic potential of verbs will be taken into consideration. The intention is to observe communicative and pragmatic dimensions of verbal collocations. Finally, we will discuss the possibility of replacing the verb collocation with a single verb and also the normative status of verbal collocations in Croatian will be analyzed.

U članku se govori o položaju hrvatskoga jezika u službenim listovima u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1990. do 2005. godine. Hrvatski je jezik jedan od tri službena jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini pa je potrebno, s obzirom na njegov status, istražiti i njegov stvarni položaj u društvu. Budući da odabrani tekstovi pripadaju javnoj komunikaciji – a u tome je području uporaba standardnoga jezika obvezna – pozornost je usmjerena na jedan od najzastupljenijih stilova javne komunikacije, a to je administrativni funkcionalni stil. Za istraživanje položaja hrvatskoga jezika u navedenome razdoblju na planu toga stila istraženi su tekstovi sljedećih službenih glasila: Službeni list BiH, Narodni list HZ/RHB i Gradski službeni glasnik Grada Mostara (Službeni list grada Mostara). Prikupljena građa analizirana je prije svega na leksičkoj razini jer se na toj jezičnoj razini ponajbolje može odrediti status jezika u javnoj komunikaciji., The paper deals with status of Croatian language in official gazettes in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1990 to 2005. Croatian language is one of three official languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina, therefore it is necessary to explore its real position in the society, especially regarding its status. Since those texts are a part of public communication – and usage of standard language in that area is obligatory – attention is focused on one of the most represented public communication style, and that is administrative functional style. For exploring the position of Croatian language in the mentioned period regarding that style, the texts of the following official gazettes were analyzed: Službeni list BiH, Narodni list HZ/RHB and Gradski službeni glasnik Grada Mostara (Službeni list grada Mostara). Collected data were firstly analyzed at the lexical level since the status of language in public communication can be best determined at that linguistic level.

Introduction: One of the most effective factors on increasing effectiveness, efficacy and ultimately productivity, is the organizational manager styles. Due to every organization has unique condition it needed and its own management skills, managers' knowledge of the patterns and management theories, makes their job much easier and causes their organizations successes. Main objective of this study is finding different methods of the management in teaching and non teaching administrators in Kerman University of Medical sciences in different levels and their duties (planning, organizing, controlling). Methods: This is an applied study carried out as cross-sectional analytic method. The research population is all the high level and intermediate administrators. Tools of collecting data were two questionnaires: questionnaire Achecked the Fiddler methods and questionnaire B checked manager's performances. After evaluating validity and reliability those two questioners they were distributed among University's administrators. Data analysis was done as descriptive(frequencies, means, and standard deviations)and analytic(one way analysis of variances, regressions, Toki HSD test, Duncan, and Pearson's correlation and Spearman tests) using SPSS software. Results: About almost 49% of administrators in planning, and 48% of them in organizing, judged in upper level, and 40% in the medium level. Other finding showed that between their styles (duties oriented and relation oriented) and planning, organizing, and control there was significant correlations. Also between the mean of administrators control in different age groups and different years of services and levels of the their experiences there were meaning differences. Conclusions:According to our findings the duty oriented and relation oriented administrators both have good performances in planning and determining organizational goals. Also our findings showed that with a suitable organizational managing style in , duties could be arranged to improve organizations' performances. That means , the more managers' style are coordinated with the facts and needs of subordinate people, the more accomplish such as planning, organizing, and controlling, would achieved by administrators. Because management is a relation between control and influence, both duties oriented and relation oriented administrators are assure to achieve their goals.

Bachelor Thesis Magda Melichová, The Current Shape of the Administrative Style Abstract (in English) The bachelor thesis is trying to describe current shape of administrative style by analysing official notices from citizens to Tax Administration of the Czech Republic. With a support of principal stylistic works the thesis analyses collected texts mainly from the point of view of meeting the standards of administrative style. The thesis overlooks the extent of application of features and tools typical for this style, and searches for explanation of deviations and language defects. The thesis goes methodically from a formal shape of the analysed texts through a syntactic and lexical level to a morphological level of the analysed texts. The thesis maps the most common deviations and mistakes most reliable for potential misunderstanding of the texts.

Per pastaruosius dvidešimt metų pagausėjo Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) dokumentų vertimų į lietuvių kalbą, paspartėjo administracinės kalbos raida. Dėl interlingvistinės įtakos administracinio stiliaus tekstuose ėmė rastis naujų, kartais nemotyvuotai vertėjų pasirinktų kalbos ypatybių. Kaip žinoma, greičiausiai į pokyčius reaguoja leksika, kinta tam tikri stilistiniai skiriamieji leksikos vartojimo požymiai. Analizuojant administracinio lietuvių kalbos stiliaus žodžių vartojimą, daug naudingų duomenų teikia originalo ir vertimo tekstų gretinimas. Tyrimo aktualumą rodo daug vertimo (iš anglų, prancūzų kalbų į lietuvių k.) klaidų, taip pat lietuvių kalbos sistemos ypatybių, normų ir stiliaus nepaisymas. Straipsnyje analizuojamos ES Teisingumo Teismo generalinio advokato išvados prancūzų ir lietuvių kalba, tiriamasis objektas – prancūzų kalbai itin būdingos leksinės analitinės konstrukcijos ir jų vertimai į lietuvių kalbą. Tiriamąją medžiagą sudaro 444 puslapiai 2003–2013 metų generalinio advokato išvadų, padalytų į du lyginamuosius laikotarpius: 2003–2008 ir 2009–2013 metų tekstų imtis. Bendras analizuojamų dokumentų žodžių skaičius – 221 041 žodis. Teismų išvadų imčių skirstymas į du laikotarpius leidžia pastebėti tiriamųjų administracinių tekstų vertimo pokyčius per dešimt metų, nustatyti vertimų kokybės kitimą. Minėto tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėti prancūzų kalbos generalinio advokato išvadų leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų kiekybinį vartojimą ir nustatyti jų vertimo į lietuvių kalbą būdus. Tyrimas atliktas taikant kiekybinės, lyginamosios, vertimo analizės ir aprašomąjį metodus. Kiekybiškai ir kokybiškai išnagrinėjus 705 prancūzų kalbos leksinių analitinių konstrukcijų vertimą į lietuvių kalbą, nustatyti du dažniausi vertimo būdai: vertimas veiksmažodžiu perteikiant konstrukcijos referencinį turinį semantinių komponentų sinteze (60,2 proc. visų nagrinėtų pavyzdžių) ir vertimas daiktavardine konstrukcija (34,8 proc. pavyzdžių). Kiti vertimo būdai (vertimas daiktavardžiu (3,5 proc.), būdvardžiu, būdvardžio ir veiksmažodžio junginiu (0,9 proc.), prieveiksmiu (0,3 proc.) ir praleidimo atvejai (0,3 proc.)) sudaro tik 5 proc. visų nagrinėtų pavyzdžių. Tyrime nustatyti vertimo metodai leidžia tvirtinti, kad vertėjų sprendimus lėmė vertimo kalbos pobūdis, verčiamų prancūzų kalbos vienetų semantika ir stilistinės, žanrinės teksto ypatybės. Dviejų laikotarpių vertimo būdų lyginimo rezultatai rodo, kad Europos Sąjungos dokumentų vertimo kokybė pamažu gerėja, vertėjai tampa atidesni originalo ir vertimo kalbos skirtybėms, kalbos vienetų semantikai, geriau išmano lietuvių kalbos raiškos galimybes ir bendrinės kalbos normas. Over the past twenty years the translations of EU documents into Lithuanian have been on the increase; the development of the administrative language has been gathering pace as well. As a result of cross-linguistic influence, the texts of administrative style started featuring new, occasionally ill-founded, linguistic peculiarities selected by translators. Lexis was the fastest to react to changes; certain stylistic differential features of the use of lexis underwent changes as well. In the analysis of the use of words from the Lithuanian administrative language, the comparison of the texts of two languages – source text and its translation – is a source yielding numerous valuable data. The relevance of the topic under analysis is determined by frequent errors of translation from analytic (English, French, etc.) languages into a synthetic Lithuanian language as well as the disregard of the peculiar characteristics of the native language system, norm and stylistic use. The article analyses the opinions of the advocate-general of the Court of Justice of the European Union in French and Lithuanian languages. Lexical analytical constructions characteristic of the French administrative language and their translation into Lithuanian were selected the research object. The study material consists of 444 pages of the opinions of advocate-general of 2003–2013 divided into two comparative periods: texts written in 2003–2008 and in 2009–2013. The total number of words in the documents under analysis is 221,041 words. The distinction of the material under analysis into two periods enables to identify the methods of translating lexical analytical constructions under analysis into Lithuanian as well as the changes in the quality of translation over the past ten years. The following objective was brought forward in the study – to analyse the quantitative use of French lexical analytical constructions in the opinions of the advocate-general and to identify the methods of their translation into Lithuanian. The study is based on contrastive linguistics, quantitative and descriptive methods. The analysis results lead to the conclusion that in translating 705 French lexical analytical constructions found in the study material into Lithuanian and rendering their reference content, the component synthesis of semantic structures was usually selected, i.e. it is translated by a verb or its forms (60.2% of all examples under analysis), less commonly – by a noun construction (34.8% of the examples). Translation by a noun (3.5% of the examples), adjective, adjective and verb phrase (0.9% of the examples) and adverb (0.3% of the examples) are considered least common translation methods. To avoid semantically and stylistically excessive units, 0.3% of translation examples omitted lexical analytical constructions altogether. The methods of translation identified in the study lead to the conclusion that the selection of linguistic means in the target language depends on translator’s expertise, understanding of the meaning of the unit being translated and the knowledge of stylistic and genre peculiarities of the target language. The comparison of translation examples from the two periods in terms of the norm of the Lithuanian standard language shows that the translation quality of the EU documents is gradually improving; translators become more careful with regard to the peculiarities of the source and the target language, semantics of language units and are better versed in the norms of the Lithuanian standard language applicable in the administrative language.

Šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje išaugus vertimų poreikiui, sugriežtėjo reikalavimai vertimų kokybei. Rengiant profesionalius vertėjus, svarbų vaidmenį vaidina vertimų tyrimai, vertimo kritikos darbai, leidžiantys pastebėti konkrečios kalbų poros atskirų stilių, žanrų tekstų vertimo dėsningumus, tam tikrų teksto kalbos ypatybių vertimo polinkius. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami prancūzų kalbos administracinio ir publicistinio stiliaus konektoriai, jų pasiskirstymo dažnis ir vertimo į lietuvių kalbą strategijos. Prancūzų kalbos konektoriai, jų klasifikacijų įvairovė, funkcijos, vertimo galimybės aprašomos remiantis žymių lingvistų (J.-M. Adamo, P. Guiraud, E. Roulet, A. Reboulio, J. Moeschler, G. Martelio, ir kt.), vertimo teoretikų (J.-P. Vinay, J. Darbelnet, H. J. Vermeerio, Ch. Nord, M. G. Gonzaleso, A. Chestermano ir kt.) darbais. Atliekant tyrimą taikomi kokybinės, kiekybinės analizės, gretinamasis ir aprašomasis metodai. Atlikto kiekybinio konektorių pasiskirstymo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad skirtingą konektorių vartojimą prancūzų kalbos administraciniame (78 % visų surinktų pavyzdžių) ir publicistiniame (22 % visų pavyzdžių) stiliuje lemia stilistinė tekstų diferenciacija. Nagrinėjant tiriamųjų tekstų konektorių vertimo į lietuvių kalbą ypatybes, aptariamos trys vertimo strategijos: gramatinė tiesioginio vertimo strategija, semantinė sinonimų parinkimo strategija ir pragmatinė praleidimo strategija. Kiekviena strategija aptariama vertimo teorijos ir kalbos vartosenos požiūriu, teiginiai paremiami surinktais pavyzdžiais.

Straipsnyje aptariami Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos remto Europos Sąjungos dokumentų kalbos tyrimo, vykdyto 2010-2012 m., rezultatai. Tyrimo metu analizuotas veiksmažodžio „skatinti“ vartojimas administracinėje kalboje. Nagrinėti Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų duomenų bazėje „EUR-Lex“ skelbiami dokumentai. Tyrimo pradžioje manyta, kad veiksmažodis „skatinti“ dažniau vartojamas automatiškai keičiant tarptautinį žodį lietuvišku, tarkim, vietoj „stimuliuoti“, „aktyvinti“. Todėl atliekant tyrimą nagrinėti ne tik lietuviški, bet ir angliški tekstai. Tyrimo rezultatai nepatvirtino pirminės idėjos. Junginius, kuriuose vartojamas veiksmažodis „skatinti“, galima skirstyti į dvi grupes: junginiai su bendratimi; junginiai su daiktavardžiais. Junginiai su bendratimi (pvz. „skatinti priimti tinkamą sprendimą“, „naudotis piliečio teisėmis“) kalbos normos atžvilgiu abejonių nekelia, kas kita pasakytina apie junginius su daiktavardžiais. Ši grupė kelia šiokių tokių abejonių dėl jų normiškumo, o tokių junginių ES tekstuose gausu. Atskirti, kuris vartosenos atvejis yra netaisyklingas, o kuris galėtų būti pateisinamas, nėra lengva. Vartosena susipynusi – bendrinės kalbos norma, svyruojanti ties normos riba ir jau nebe norma. Junginiai „skatinti galimybes“, „skatinti potencialą“, „skatinti ekonomiką“ gali būti laikomi bendrinės kalbos norma, tačiau vietoje jų rekomenduojama vartoti: „didinti galimybes“, „stiprinti potencialą“, „plėtoti ekonomiką“ ir pan. Ne savo reikšme vartojamo veiksmažodžio junginiai – „skatinti būdus“, „skatinti strategiją“, „skatinti prieigą“, „skatinti aukštąjį mokslą“ – taisytini atsižvelgiant į kontekstą. Article deals with the usage of verb "skatinti" ('to encourage, to promote') in administrative language as it could be viewed in the results of scientific research "Europos Sąjungos dokumentų kalba" ("The language of European Union documents") carried out in 2010-2012 and financed by the State commission of the Lithuanian language. During this research documents from the database of European Union legislation EUR-Lex were analysed. At the beginning it was assumed that the verb "skatinti" is quite frequent because of automatic substitution of international words, for instance "stimuliuoti, aktyvinti" with a Lithuanian word. Therefore during the research both Lithuanian and English texts were analysed. The results of this research did not confirm the initial idea. All word combinations with the verb "skatinti" can be divided in two groups: combinations with infinitives; combinations with nouns. Combinations with infinitives, for instance "skatinti priimti tinkamą sprendimą" ('to promote an appropriate decision'), "naudotis piliečio teisėmis" ('to encourage usage of citizen's rights') and the like are correct, but this cannot be said about combinations with nouns. Such combinations are plentiful in EU documents, but there are doubts if they meet the requirements of codified norms. It is not easy to distinguish which case of usage is clearly incorrect and which can be tolerated. The usage frequently balances on the edge of the norm. Word combinations "skatinti galimybes" ('to promote opportunities'), "skatinti potencialą" ('to promote the potential'), "skatinti ekonomiką" ('to boost the economy') can be treated as correct, but the priority (at least in administrative style) should be given to combinations "didinti galimybes" ('to increase opportunities'), "stiprinti potencialą" ('to strengthen the potential'), "plėtoti ekonomiką" ('to develop the economy') and combinations with distorted meaning such as "skatinti būdus" ('to promote ways'), "skatinti strategiją" ('to promote strategies'), "skatinti prieigą" ('to encourage the access'), "skatinti aukštąjį mokslą" ('to promote higher education') should not be tolerated at all.

U članku se obrađuje sociolingvistička tema – status hrvatskoga jezika u javnoj komunikaciji u BiH od 1945. do 1967. godine. Iskustvo je pokazalo da je manje-više nijekana ili barem zamagljivana historičnost hrvatskoga jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini pa je u jezičnim politikama te države nijekan i sâm hrvatski jezik. Unatoč tomu historičnost hrvatskoga jezika u BiH održavala se različitim izvanlingvističkim (isticanjem niza povijesnih, etničkih, kulturnih i drugih posebnosti) i, dakako, lingvističkim sredstvima. Budući da se u članku govori o položaju hrvatskoga jezika u Bosni i Hercegovini u javnoj komunikaciji, a kako se standardni jezik ostvaruje kroz svoje funkcionalne stilove, pozornost je usmjerena na jedan od najzastupljenijih stilova u području komunikacije, a to je administrativni funkcionalni stil. Za istraživanje položaja hrvatskoga jezika u navedenome razdoblju na planu toga stila istraženi su tekstovi iz službenih glasila, i to: Službeni list NR BiH, odnosno Službeni list SR BiH i Službeni glasnik opštine Mostar. Prikupljena građa analizirana je na leksičkoj, fonološkoj, morfološkoj i sintaktičkoj razini., The article deals with sociolinguistic topic – status of Croatian language in public communication in BiH from 1945 to 1967. Experience has shown that historicity of Croatian language in Bosnia and Herzegovina was more or less denied or at least obfuscated, therefore the Croatian language was denied in language politics of that country. Despite that historicity of Croatian in BiH was preserved by different non-linguistic (pointing out many historical, ethnic, cultural and other particularities) and of course linguistic means. Since the paper deals with position of Croatian language in public communication in Bosnia and Herzegovina and since the standard language is realized through its functional styles, attention is directed to one of the most represented styles in the area of communication – administrative functional style. Texts from the official organs Official Journal NR BiH or Official Journal SR BiH and Official Gazette of Mostar Municipality were analyzed for the needs of research on position of Croatian language in the mentioned period and on that style plan. Collected materials were analyzed at the lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactical level.

Forensic linguistics might be defined as a branch of applied linguistics interested primarily in the interaction among language, crime and the law. The term itself was coined by Svartvik in 1968. Initially, the growth and development of forensic linguistics was relatively slow. However, in the past 15 years there has been a significant growth in the frequency with which the courts in many countries have called on the expertise of linguists. Being a relatively new discipline, it has not yet been strictly defined which sub– disciplines belong to its ambit. Forensic discourse analysis is concerned with institutional discourse in a variety of legal settings and its intersection with lay and social meaning, including selection and use of grammar and vocabulary in certain legal genres. This paper deals with witness statements in litigation proceeding before municipal courts in Croatia and analyses their syntactical and lexical features in order to determine which functional style(s) they belong to. In the Croatian language, witness statements are characterized by a functional style hybridity, since they exhibit characteristics of the administrative and the conversational functional style. In some countries, such and similar analyses were carried out on larger corpora of witness statements in order to draw a style profile that enables observing inconsistencies that might be used as a clue in veracity analysis of witness statements and as an aid to investigation. In order to obtain a comprehensive image of the witness statement legal genre in the Croatian language, which could, among other things, be used as an indication in establishing veracity, a significantly larger corpora, as well as witness statements from various types of legal proceedings and various types of courts, should be collected and analysed., Forenzička se lingvistika može definirati kao grana primijenjene lingvistike koja se ponajprije bavi međusobnim prožimanjem jezika, zločina i prava. Termin potječe iz 1968. godine (Svartvik). U početku se forenzička lingvistika razvija razmjerno sporo, no u zadnjih je petnaest godina zabilježen značajan porast broja slučajeva u kojima sudovi niza zemalja konzultiraju lingviste i pozivaju ih da svjedoče u svojstvu sudskih vještaka. Budući da se radi o relativno novoj disciplini, nije još strogo određeno koje joj poddiscipline pripadaju. Forenzička se analiza diskursa bavi institucionalnim diskursom u pravnom okruženju te njegovim isprepletanjem s laičkim i društvenim značenjem, uključujući odabir i uporabu gramatičkih struktura te leksika u pojedinim pravnim tekstnim vrstama. Ovaj se rad bavi sintaktičkim i leksičkim značajkama iskaza svjedoka u parničnim postupcima na općinskim sudovima u Hrvatskoj, kako bi se utvrdilo kojemu funkcionalnom stilu, odnosno funkcionalnim stilovima oni pripadaju. U hrvatskome jeziku iskaz svjedoka karakterizira hibridnost jer sadržava karakteristike i administrativno–poslovnoga i razgovornoga stila. U nekim su zemljama ovakve i slične analize provedene na velikim korpusima iskaza svjedoka kako bi se utvrdili stilski profili koji omogućuju uočavanje nepodudarnosti, što se može rabiti kao pokazatelj u analizi vjerodostojnosti iskaza i pomoć u istražnom postupku. Kako bi se dobila potpuna slika pravne tekstne vrste iskaz svjedoka u hrvatskome jeziku, koja bi između ostaloga mogla poslužiti kao pokazatelj prilikom utvrđivanja vjerodostojnosti, potrebno je prikupiti i analizirati znatno veći korpus te iskaze svjedoka iz različitih vrsta sudskih postupaka i s različitih vrsta sudova.

Este artículo muestra los resultados de la investigación realizada para identificar los estilos gerenciales y administrativos vigentes de las empresas dedicadas a la fabricación de muebles para el hogar del Área Metropolitana Centro Occidente. Así mismo, una propuesta que permite que ellas, desde su administración, sean altamente productivas, competitivas e innovadoras en una economía globalizada. This document shows the investigation results about the identification of actual managerial styles that are actually used in the furniture for home factories of the Area Metropolitana Centro Occidente. Besides, a proposal that lets these factories be highly productive, competitive and innovating from their administration in a globalized economy.

Teorinėje straipsnio dalyje nagrinėjamas „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“, einančių konstrukcijose po kilmininko formos žodžių, statusas. Apžvelgus, kaip tos formos vertinamos lietuvių kalbotyroje, įvertinus jų paskirtį, įrodoma, kodėl jos negali būti laikomos polinksniais. Svarbiausias įrodomasis argumentas – „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“ yra vartojamas ne tik dominuojančiose Ngen + „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“ modelio konstrukcijose, bet ir sudaro konstrukcijas su prijungtais derinamaisiais žodžiais; šiose konstrukcijose „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“ yra pagrindiniai nariai. Abiejų modelių konstrukcijos būna net gretybės, pvz.: „ekonomikos atžvilgiu“ ir „ekonominiu atžvilgiu“, „filosofų požiūriu“ ir „filosofiniu požiūriu“. Administracinei kalbai svarbiausios yra Ngen + „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“ modelio konstrukcijos. Nustatyta, kad konstrukcijos su „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“ yra vėlyvas suintelektintos lietuvių kalbos reiškinys. Nors jos yra standartiškos, bet turi atitikti 1) pagrindinių narių leksinio junglumo ir 2) paskirties reikšti pagrindo santykį kriterijus. Kodifikuota norma pažeidžiama, kai tomis konstrukcijomis reiškiami tiesioginio objekto, priežasties, požymio santykiai. Normos pažeidimų priežastis būna ir subjektyvi, kai administracinės kalbos vartotojai siekia tariamo pasakymų solidumo. Normos pažeidimų išvengiama, kai administracinėje kalboje pirmenybė yra teikiama ne konstrukcijoms su „atžvilgiu“, „požiūriu“, o įvairios formos atitikmenims, kurie, viena, turi neabejotiną vartojimo tradiciją, antra, tiesioginio objekto, priežasties, požymio santykius išreiškia tiksliau. The paper aims at analysing two constructions in Lithuanian – N Gen. + atžvilgiu, N Gen. + požiūriu, which for various reasons on different occasions have been frequently used in the language of documents. Having reviewed the presentation and evaluation of above constructions in the main dictionaries and normative works of the Lithuanian language, there is a conclusion to be made that a constructions are fairly new. It is also pointed out that whenever used to express a direct relationship with the object, the construction N Gen. + atžvilgiu violates the codified norm. Having analysed the material of over 1000 usage cases of both constructions, the paper suggests new insights about the usage of the constructions under investigation. The construction N Gen. + požiūriu is as frequent as the construction N Gen. + atžvilgiu. However, the former is more frequent in coordinative collocations. The codified norm is violated, if the construction is used to express direct relationship with the object. Its usage is narrowed by the lexical combinability of the word požiūriu. It has been identified that both constructions have to be avoided when expressing the characteristic relation of a presumption; priority is given to the most characteristic meaning of expression. The paper also gives general overview and evaluation of the cases when the above constructions have no semantic relations.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama lietuvių administracinės kalbos užuomazgos ir raida, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant kitų kalbų poveikiui. Vienas iš svarbių nekalbinių veiksnių, tiesiogiai veikiančių administracinį stilių, yra valstybės santvarka. Tik nepriklausomoje valstybėje gali formuotis ir stiprėti administracinis stilius. Kitų kalbų įtaka lietuvių administracinės kalbos raidai visą laiką daro didžiulį poveikį; jos pokyčiai susiję su skirtingų kalbų įtaka (Mažojoje Lietuvoje XVI–XVII a. vokiečių k., XVIII a. lenkų k., XIX–XX a. rusų k. įtaka). XX a. per gana trumpą 35 metų savarankiškos raidos etapą lietuvių administracinis stilius sutvirtėjo, susiformavo jo būdingosios ypatybės. Prasidėjus naujam valstybės etapui, prasideda ir naujas administracinės kalbos raidos etapas. XXI a. sustiprėjo anglų kalbos poveikis ir administracinei, ir bendrinei lietuvių kalbai apskritai. Dabar svarbiausias lietuvių administracinės kalbos uždavinys – išsaugoti savo savitumą, o ne aklai kopijuoti ES dokumentų tekstus. Iš jų perimti tai, kas tinka lietuvių kalbai, kai kuriuos dalykus pritaikyti pagal lietuvių kalbos specifiką, vengti pažodinių vertinių konstrukcijų, tačiau pasimokyti tokių dalykų, kurių lietuvių administracinei kalbai trūko, pavyzdžiui, dalykinio tikslumo, bet jį reikšti lietuvių kalbai būdingomis priemonėmis. The development of the Lithuanian administrative language has always been influenced by other languages. The first Lithuanian administrative texts to have survived until the present were translated from German. In the Grand Principality of Lithuania there were not many written administrative texts in the Lithuanian Language. They were translated from Polish. In the 19th and 20th centuries, administrative texts were compiled according to the example of the Russian language. At the end of the 20th century, English made a great influence on the Lithuanian administrative language. When the Republic of Lithuania joined the EU, the influence of the EU documents as well as the English language on the Lithuanian administrative language became inevitable.

Straipsnyje, remiantis lingvistiniais funkcinių stilių požymiais, analizuojami trijų laikotarpių –tarpukario, pokario Lietuvos ir Lietuvos Respublikos – Konstitucijos tekstų sintaksinės sandaros pokyčiai. Vidutinis sakinio ilgis – diferencinis tekstų požymis: mažiausias vidutinis sakinio ilgis (13,1 žodžių) yra pirmojo teksto. Trečiojo teksto vidutinis sakinio ilgis yra 18,6 žodžių. Antrojo laikotarpio teksto vidutinis sakinio ilgis beveik tris kartus didesnis negu pirmojo – 37,6 žodžių. Sakinių ilgio grupių paradigmos patvirtina trijų laikotarpių tekstų sintaksinės sandaros savitumą. Trečiojo laikotarpio teksto sakinių ilgio paradigma skiriasi nuo šių dienų juridinio postilio tekstų sakinių ilgio grupių paradigmos, turinčios daugiau bendrų bruožų su antrojo laikotarpio teksto sintaksine sandara. Juridinio postilio tekstų vidutinis sakinio ilgis ir sakinių ilgio paradigmų pokyčiai priklauso nuo vientisinių sakinių ilgio. Antrąją dažnumų poziciją pirmojo ir antrojo laikotarpio tekstuose užima sudėtiniai prijungiamieji sakiniai. Daugiausia šio tipo sakinių esama trečiojo laikotarpio tekste, nes itin retai vartojami kitų tipų sudėtiniai sakiniai, ypač bejungtukiai. Pirmojo teksto sudėtinių sakinių vartojimas savitas: į pirmąją vietą iškyla mišrieji sakiniai, kurių dažnumas šių dienų funkcinių stilių tekstuose nėra didelis. Toks mišriųjų sakinių vartojimas gali rodyti tam tikrą to meto rašytinės kalbos tekstų formavimosi kryptį. Kitų laikotarpių tekstuose nuosekliai didėja prijungiamųjų sakinių dažnumas, mažėja mišriųjų sakinių, gana tolygiai vartojami sujungiamieji sakiniai. The article investigates the sentence length of legal document texts which belong to three different periods. The texts of the first period clearly show that the average sentence consists of 13,1words, those of the third period - 18,6 words, and the average sentence length of the texts of the second period is 37,6 words. Text analysis reveals that texts of the third period experienced the influence of other languages, while texts belonging to the first period demonstrate great influence colloquialisms. Texts of the last period represent the style of the official documents.

For many decades, school leadership has been conceptualized in a variety of ways attempting to identify the critical elements necessary for effective school leadership. The expertise required for today's schools appears to be different from that required in the past, particularly as school leaders are expected to initiate change and "restructure" in order to obtain new and improved educational results. Traditional managerial skills, once deemed appropriate and effective for school administration, are now being replaced by styles that focus on cooperation and consideration, community building, open communication, and involvement with others. These behaviors appear to be present in women as they demonstrate their effectiveness in leadership roles as principals and superintendents. This descriptive study offers an in-depth look at the administrative behavior of three women. It documents their experiences and perspectives as high school principals. The purpose of the study is to contribute to the growing body of research on female leaders necessary to challenge the existing theories on school administration, which are based on traditional business management theory and formulated using an androcentric conceptual framework. Naturalistic inquiry guided the present study, which employed qualitative research methodology. Participant observations, complemented by interviews and reflective conversations, provided the data for analysis using grounded theory. A computer software program Ethnograph (Qualis, 1998) facilitated the organization and analysis of data. Case narratives, case reports, and a cross-case analysis report three women's behavior in their role as high school principals. Major conclusions include: (a) Each principal demonstrated a unique style of administrative behavior which seemed effectively matched to the needs of the school organization; (b) Each principal demonstrated a strong set of collegial or relational behaviors that focused on building community in order to support the school programs; and (c) Each principal demonstrated an ethic of care informed by a sense of fairness and loyalty to the policies and procedures associated with their bureaucratic organizational environment. The ethic of care that guided each principal's style suggests that these principals exercise a kind of power associated more with "effective agency" than with "command and control" power typically associated with traditional leadership. Additional research is needed to document the female leadership experience in schools in order to challenge and transform current administrative theory; research is also needed to explore the notion of "effective agency" as power. Practitioners, researchers, and other interested educational professionals are invited to use the behaviors identified in this study to reflect upon their own styles, because changing our schools is inevitably bound up with changing ourselves. Ph. D.